For improvement of your plating quality Hull Cell Test Kit For improvement of your plating quality...

1

2

For improvement of your plating quality

Hull Cell Test Kit

In plating process, proper maintenance of bath is very important to keep the quality and to obtain demanded function of plated film. However, the state of bath changes with the passage of time during actual plating process. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain the state of bath by regularly test with various ways. The test for plating is mainly classified into two category. The first category is quantitative test such as chemical analysis and physicochemical measurement such as pH, specific gravity and so on. The second category is qualitative test with actual electrodeposition, such as Hull Cell test, Harling Test and so on. Among them, Hull Cell Test, which allows to show the state of bath with only small amount of solution and short time, is very useful tool for actual plating field. Particularly, by preparing standard plated sample in advance, Hull Cell test allows to predict the occurrence bath troubles. You can check the “Wellness” of bath very easily by using Hull Cell test.

The current density distribution on a test-piece can be calculated using the following formula:

What can be identified through a“Hull Cell Test”?

*1 : Current density dependence of alloy composition can be determined through combining Hull Cell test and other methods such as XRD. *2 : Prediction can be made through periodic sample comparisons or by conducting repeated Hull Cell tests.

1 Range of optimal current density for the plating-bath 7 Evaluation of levelling power by making polishing flaws on Hull Cell plates2 Range of burnt deposit for determining limiting current density 8 Determination of alloy composition for alloy plating *13 Covering power ( to what extent can current density be lowered to obtain satisfying plating fim ) 9 Evaluation of dummy plating effect, etc. in eliminating impurities4 Evaluation of plating-bath composition balance 10 Effects of activated carbon treatment and filtering treatment5 Lack or excess of brightener and additives 11 Prediction of bath-trouble occurrence *26 Mixture and/or effect of impurities 12 Estimation of optimal timing for adding various chemical solutions *2

C.D = I.(5.10-5.24.logL)C.D : Current Density (A/dm2) I : Total Current (A) L : Distance from the edge of high current side on cathode plate

( Please note that values measured are based on average current distribution and therefore, slight changes must be considered depending on the type of plating-bath. )

Hull Cell Test Kit

High LowCurrent Density

Test result example Nickel Plating ( Watts bath ) Full-Scale ( 100mm×67mm )

The left side of the photo is the high current density area close to the anode and the right side is the low current density area. Example , where it appears blackened, is9 the “burnt deposit” area and because of the scorched plating film, it can not be applied to actual products. Example is the “dull-plating” area and tiny bubbles can be observed. In this case, the optimal current density condition would be the condition applied in Example where brightness has been obtained. The full-scale picture shown right is the example in which the difference of appearance in different current density is emphasized. In Hull Cell test, various useful information such as, presence of inorganic impurity, balance of compositions in solution, whether pH is appropriate or not, effect of additives and so on are appears on one test-piece. Repeating Hull Cell test many times, various know-how are accumulated, and you will be able to predict the occurrence of trouble in advance and to find out the solution for it in a short time.

A

A

Burnt depositA Dull platingB BrightnessC

C

C

B

B

3

4

Usage Examples of Hull Cell Test KitTest for the amount of brightener or inorganic contamination in Ni plating.

Test conditions such as current with/without agitation and so on, should be determined by “What you want to know.”

Long Hull Cell whose length is twice of that of Standard Hull Cell makes it much clear to show “Throwing power” and “Deposition ratio for each current density”.

Conditions should be changedaccording to a purpose of test.

Usage Example

1

Test for the amount of brightener and composition

balance of solution( 3A, 5min, without agitation )

Reference

Excessive Brightener

Sn-Ag Plating 2A, 5min with agitation ( Paddle )

Reference

contaminated with Zn

Test for deposition ratio in alloy plating with “Long Hull cell”

Usage Example

2

Saving of expensive solution for noble metal plating with“Tenori Hull Cell”

Usage Example

3

“Tenori Hull Cell” makes it possible to test with only 33mL of solution. Required amount of solution is 1/8 of that in the case using standard Hull Cell.

Result of Pd-Co Plating Test(Photo provided by EEJA : Palladex PC-100)

Standard Size

Tenori Size

Test of Sn Plating and Alloy plating with agitation using “Smart Hull Cell”.

Smart cell is placed on the stirrer,and rotate a stirring bar. Solution flows in the direction of the arrow in this figure, It will begin overflow circulation.

Smart Hull Cell

Test of high speed plating (max ~130A/dm2, ~75m/min), using “High Speed Plating Hull Cell” and “Agitation Effect Test Equipment”.

High speed plating Hull Cell and Agitation Effect Testing Kit

Test for agitation in alloy plating and high speed plating

Usage Example

4

40μm

Solution surface

Only tin isdeposited

Use withstandard Hull Cell

Use with Hull Cell (Long-Type)

Test for inorganiccontamination

( 1A, 5min, with air agitation )

Patent-Registered

5

[ Example of Testing Specification : Bright Nickel Bath ] Testing to determine the effect of additives/bath-composition: Effect on composition itself can be observed by setting the following plating specifications: 3A / 5-minutes / No agitation.

Testing to identify metal impurities: Metal impurities can be more easily identified in low current density areas by setting the following plating specifications: 1A / 5-minutes / agitation.

Examples of Testing Specification by Plating Solution Type

*1 Metal impurities in bright nickel plating solution can be identified at the low-current density side ( Air-agitation is essential )*2 Mixture of chloride ions can be determined by observing bare spots and the rear side, *3 Hull cell test alone may not be sufficient to identify the brightness range or to determine existence of metal impurities. In such cases, another

method for identification is to wash the test-piece with water, dry it well, dip it ( to about 1/2 the length of the test-piece ) in 0.5% nitric acid and then further conduct chromate treatment to 1/2 of the dipped part.

*4 Tenori : Tenori Hull Cell ( Small-sized )

Hull Cell Test Procedures (Test Processes)If it is not clear what to prepare for a Hull Cell test, first confirm the instruments and testing conditions required by referring to the general testing samples listed below. Tests should be conducted by setting conditions to match the actual operation environment, taking into account the purpose of testing. Please read the details of testing procedures thoroughly so as to be aware of precautions that must be followed during the testing process. Since chemical solutions will be used in testing, careful attention should be paid in the handling and storage of such solutions.

Videos of Hull Cell Test are available. You can see the videos of experiment and experimental results and so on.Check this QR code or URL shown bellow.http://www.yamamoto-ms.co.jp/en/movie/index.html

Types of Plating Solution Hull Cell Anode Cathode( test-piece )

Specification ExamplesRemarksTotal Current

( A )Time

( min. )Temp.( ℃ ) Agitation

Copper

Copper Cyanide Thermostatic-Control-Type

Oxygen-freeCopper Iron

2~3 5~10

20~60

Air/

Hull CellCathode Rocker

Copper Sulfate Air-Agitation-TypeDiaphragm-Type

PhosphorousCopper Iridium-plated Titanium Brass

20~30

CopperPyrophosphate

Thermostatic-Control-Type

Oxygen-freeCopper 2 5 50~60

Nickel

Nickel( Watts-bath based ) Thermostatic-

Control-Type

ElectrolyticNickel Brass

Copper

1 5

40~60

Air *1

2~3 5 Air/ NoneNickelSulfamate

SK Nickel( Sulfur depolarized nickel )

Chromium Hexavalent-Chromium Chromium Lead with 5%

Tin Content

Brass5~10 1~3 40~60 None

*2

Nickel PlatedBrass

Zinc

Zinc Cyanide

Standard-Type Zinc Iron1

5

20~35None/

Hull CellCathode Rocker

*3Zincate20~30

Zinc Chloride 2

Tin Tin Sulfate Standard-Type Tin Iron 1 5 18~20 Hull CellCathode Rocker

NobleMetal

Silver CyanideThermostatic-Control-Type

Standard-TypeSmartTenori

Silver

Nickel PlatedBrass

0.5~1 5~10 20~30

Hull CellCathode Rocker *4

Rhodium Platinum platedTitanium

1

5 40~60

Alkaline Gold Thermostatic-Control-Type

SmartTenori

CarbonPlatinum plated

Titanium1~3 50~65

Acid Gold Platinum platedTitanium 3~5 20~50

QR Code is registered trademark ofDENSO WAVE INCORPORATED

in Japan and other countries.

6

Various Types of Hull Cell

According to purpose of use, there are various types of hull cell tanks, anode plates, cathode plates, etc.

No. Product No. Product Name Features

B-54-HW Tenori Hull Cell (Air-Agitation-Type) For noble metal plating. It is eco-friendly since hull cell test can be performed with one eighths(⅛)of the tank’s volume(approx. 33mL). Air-agitation is also possible.

B-55-H Tenori Hull Cell (Standard-Type) Optimal for noble metal plating since hull cell test can be performed with one eighths (⅛)of standerd tank’s volume (approx. 33mL). Heating by use of thermostatic water bath (warming in hot water) is possible.B-55-HG Tenori Hull Cell (Standard-Type Glass)

B-55-G Hull Cell (Standard-Type, Glass) Same type as B-55, but made of glass. Heating by use of thermostatic bath (warming in hot water) is possible.

B-53W Hull Cell (Thermostatic-Control-Type) Air-agitation and heating by use of heater.

B-54W Hull Cell (Air-Agitation-Type) Air-agitation is possible.

B-55 Hull Cell (Standard-Type) Without air agitation and heating

B-54-DW Diaphragm-type Hull Cell (Air-Agitation-Type) Hull cell designed to reduce decomposition of additives caused by use of insoluble anodes.

B-55-L Hull Cell (Standard/Long-Type)

By extending the length of cathode-side in Hull Cell in horizontal direction, more detailed observation withvery wide current-density range become possible.

B-55-LG Hull Cell (Standard/Glass Long-Type)

B-53-LW Hull Cell (Thermostatic-Control/Long-Type)

B-54-LW Hull Cell (Air-Agitation/Long-Type)

B-56 Hull Cell (Chromium) For chromium plating. To prevent sharp rise in temperature, perforated hull cell is fixated inside a 1 L rectangular-type tank. (Made of PVC).

B-53-SMW Smart Hull Cell PAT. In addition to heating by use of heater and air agitation, air agitation by overflow method can also be performed. Therefore, can be used for plating for which air agitation can not be applied. Can also be used for composite plating.

Hull Cell Tanks

Anode / Cathode PlatesProduct No. Anode Plates Product No. Cathode Plates (100pcs. included)

B-59-P02 Sumitomo Electrolytic Nickel B-60-P01A IronB-59-P04 Zinc B-60-P02 Stainless-steel (SUS304)

B-59-P06 Stainless-steel (SUS304) B-60-P03 BrassB-59-P07 Sumitomo SK Nickel ( Sulfur depolarized nickel ) B-60-P04 Aluminum (A1085P)

B-59-P08 Phosphorus Copper B-60-P05 CopperB-59-P10 Oxygen-free Copper B-60-P06 Phosphor BronzeB-59-P11 5% Tin-contained Lead B-60-P07 Stainless-steel (SUS316) 50pcs. includedB-59-P12 High-Purity Tin B-60-P01LA Iron for Hull Cell Long Tank (67×200mm)

B-59-P15 Carbon B-60-P03L Brass for Hull Cell Long Tank (67×200mm)B-59-P17 Silver B-60-P05L Copper for Hull Cell Long Tank (67×200mm)B-59-P18 Titanium Platinum B-61-E Hull Cell Scale

B-61-L-E Hull Cell Scale (Long-Type)

B-61-E Hull Cell Scale

※English Version is available & picture shown here is Japanese Version.

※Please request for information of other products, as we provide a wide range of products other than those listed.

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

6

7

7

8

8

9

9

14

14

13

13

12

12

11

11

10

10

7

No. Product No. Product Name Unit No. Product No. Product Name UnitB-93-YTC300 Thermostat YTC300 (AC100-230V, 300W) 1 unit. B-60-P01A Hull Cell Cathode Plate Iron (film coating type ) /100 pcs. 1 Box.B-53W Hull Cell (Thermostatic-Control-type Tank) MODEL 3w 1 pc. B-60-P03 Hull Cell Cathode Plate Brass /100 pcs. 1 Box.B-58W Hull Cell Heater (DC48V,100W) 1 pc. B-60-P05 Hull Cell Cathode Plate Copper /100 pcs. 1 Box.B-55 Hull Cell (Standard-type Tank) 250mL/267mL 1 pc. B-61-E Hull Cell Scale English Ver. 1 pc.B-59-P02 Hull Cell Anode Plate Sumitomo Electrolytic Nickel (for Watts-Bath) 1 pc. B-52-TIB-E Hull Cell Techical Information Book (English) 1 Vo.B-59-P04 Hull Cell Anode Plate Zinc 1 pc. B-75-P14A Speed Controler 1 unit.B-59-P07 Hull Cell Anode Plate Sumitomo SK Nickel (for Sulfamate Bath) 1 pc. B-69SW Hull Cell Paddle Cathode Rocker Set 1 unit.B-59-P08 Hull Cell Anode Plate Phosphorous Copper (for Copper Sulfate Bath) 1 pc. B-69SW-P01 Hull Cell Paddle Cathode Rocker Lead Wire ( black : 2 wires, 1.5m, w / Titanium Clamp) 1 pair.B-59-P10 Hull Cell Anode Plate Oxygen-free Copper (Electrolytic Copper) 1 pc. B-52-P05-4 10A Lead Wire w/Titanium Clip (Red) 1 pc.B-59-P12 Hull Cell Anode Plate High-Purity Tin 1 pc.

2

76

555

1

3

444444

2

5

1

3

4

7

6

Hull Cell Test Kit YTC300 Paddle Cathode Rocker Set

B-52W-YTC300-G1

Use for tests not being able to apply air agitation, such as gold, silver and solder plating. This new Paddle Cathode Rocker is more compact than our conventional product, Hull Cell Cathode Rocker (B-69A). This Cathode Rocker Set can be apply for not only Thermostatic-Control-type but also Air-Agitation-type and Standard-type.※ This set cannot apply for Long-type and Chromium Hull Cell.※ Air Pump is sold separately.

1 2 3

5 6

Hull Cell Test Kit

2

No. Product No. Product Name Unit No. Product No. Product Name UnitB-93-YTC300 Thermostat YTC300 (AC100-230V, 300W) 1 unit. B-59-P08 Hull Cell Anode Plate Phosphorous Copper (for Copper Sulfate Bath) 1 pc.B-52-P03 Thermostat Stand (w/clamp) 1 pc. B-59-P10 Hull Cell Anode Plate Oxygen-free Copper (Electrolytic Copper) 1 pc.B-53W Hull Cell (Thermostatic-Control-type Tank) MODEL 3w 1 pc. B-59-P12 Hull Cell Anode Plate High-Purity Tin 1 pc.B-58W Hull Cell Heater (DC48V,100W) 1 pc. B-60-P01A Hull Cell Cathode Plate Iron (film coating type ) /100 pcs. 1 Box.B-52-P05 Hull Cell 10A Model-2 Lead Wire 2 pcs. (Length:1m /Anode-side clip made of titanium) 1 unit. B-60-P03 Hull Cell Cathode Plate Brass /100 pcs. 1 Box.B-55 Hull Cell (Standard-type Tank) 250mL/267mL 1 pc. B-60-P05 Hull Cell Cathode Plate Copper /100 pcs. 1 Box.B-59-P02 Hull Cell Anode Plate Sumitomo Electrolytic Nickel (for Watts-Bath) 1 pc. B-61-E Hull Cell Scale English Ver. 1 pc.B-59-P04 Hull Cell Anode Plate Zinc 1 pc. B-52-TIB-E Hull Cell Techical Information Book (English) 1 Vo.B-59-P07 Hull Cell Anode Plate Sumitomo SK Nickel (for Sulfamate Bath) 1 pc.

1 44

2 43 5

55

444

1

3 4

5

Hull Cell Test Kit YTC300B-52W-YTC300

Hull cell test is a simple and effective testing-method, by which electroplating characteristics can be examined. Since plating-film of a wide range of cathode current densities can be observed on a single test-piece, it is possible to conduct studies of optimal plating conditions and effects from lack or excess of chemicals ( such as additives ) , existence of trace amount of impurity and deposition distribution on alloy films.※ Air pump is sold separately.

1 2 3

4

4

5

※

※

8

specificationTank Volume 250mL / 267mLMaterial AcrylOuter (Installation) Dimensions

71 ( D ) × 128 ( W ) × 68 ( H )

Heatproof Temp 65℃

specificationTank Volume 250mL / 267mLMaterial GlassOuter (Installation) Dimensions

73 ( D ) × 134 ( W ) × 69 ( H )


Hull CellsHull Cell (Thermostatic-Control-Type)B-53W

Hull cell designed to fit a heater into the base part and to agitate with air.Recommended for plating requiring both heating and agitation.Avoid use of hexavalent-chromium plating solution.Heater ( B-58W ) is sold separately.

specificationMaterial AcrylOuter (Installation) Dimensions

117 ( D ) × 150 ( W ) × 95 ( H )


Hull Cell (Standard-Type, Glass Long-Type)B-55-LG

L o n g - t y p e h u l l c e l l f o r u s e w i t h thermostatic tank for high-temperature plating of 65℃ or over.

Hull Cell (Air-Agitation-Type)B-54W

Hull cell designed to agitate with air. Recommended for plating requiring air agitation without heating.Optimal for copper sulfate plating.

Hull Cell (Standard-Type)B-55

Classic type of hull cell. Recommended for plating that does not require either heating or agitation. Mainly for plating of solder, tin, etc.

Hull Cell (Thermostatic-Control / Long-Type)B-53-LW

Hull cell with longer cathode plates than standard hull cells, making it easier to observe the low-current-density areas.Optimal for barrel plating and alloy plating. The length of the cathode is twice that of the standard-type ( 200mm ). Designed to fit a heater into the base part and to agitate air. Heater ( B-58W ) is sold separately.

specificationTank Volume 510mLMaterial AcrylOuter (Installation) Dimensions

115 ( D ) × 300 ( W ) × 95 ( H )



101 ( D ) × 145 ( W ) × 80 ( H )



111 ( D ) × 143 ( W ) × 82 ( H )


specificationTank Volume 430mLMaterial GlassOuter (Installation) Dimensions

73 ( D ) × 247 ( W ) × 69 ( H )



75 ( D ) × 250 ( W ) × 70 ( H )



115 ( D ) × 300 ( W ) × 80 ( H )



160 ( D ) × 210 ( W ) × 95 ( H )


Smart Hull Cell (500mL)B-53-SMW

Hull cell designed to let the solution overflow and circulate, by use of a stirrer. Recommended for composite plating with powders, etc. Stirrer ( W/Stand ) and heater are sold separately.( Avoid use of hot stirrer. )

Diaphragm-type Hull Cell (Air-Agitation-Type)B-54-DW

When using insoluble anodes such as iridium oxide, the oxygen generated from the anode causes additives to decompose excessively. Diaphragm-type hull cell is d e s i g n e d t o g r e a t l y r e d u c e t h e decomposition of additives. Optimal for copper sulfate plating and chromium plating.

Hull Cell (Standard-Type Glass)B-55-G

Hull cell for use with thermostatic tank. Recommended for high-temperature plating of 65℃ or over.

Hull Cell (Air-Agitation / Long-Type)B-54-LW

Hull cell with longer cathode plates than standard hull cells, making it easier to observe the low-current-density areas.Optimal for barrel plating and alloy plating. The length of the cathode is twice that of the standard-type ( 200mm ).Air agitation function is available.

Hull Cell (Standard / Long-Type)B-55-L

Hull cell with longer cathode plates than standard hull cells, making it easier to observe the low-current-density areas.Optimal for barrel plating and alloy plating. The length of the cathode is twice that of the standard-type ( 200mm ). Air agitation function is not available.

Patent-Registered

9

About the Hull Cell Test Hull Cell Test Procedures (Test Processes) Saving and Controlling Methods Monitoring of Hull Cell Test Results Test Panel Evaluation Examples ( Experiment Conditions of Various Evaluation Examples )

Nickel Plating Bath Copper Plating Bath Zinc Plating Bath Tin Plating Bath Hexavalent-Chromium Plating Bath Trivalent Chromium Plating Bath Hull Cell Test Troubleshooting Specialized Hull Cells Related Topics

Hull Cells


47 ( D ) × 78 ( W ) × 45 ( H )


Tenori Hull Cell ( Standard-Type )B-55-H

Hull cell designed to conduct hull cell test with 1/8 fluid volume compared to standard types.

specificationTank Volume 33mLMaterial GlassOuter (Installation) Dimensions

37 ( D ) × 68 ( W ) × 35 ( H )


Tenori Hull Cell ( Standard-Type Glass )B-55-HG

Hull cell designed to conduct hull cell test with 1/8 fluid volume compared to standard types. Hull cell for using with thermostatic tank. Recommended for high-temperature plating of 65℃ or over.

specificationMaterial Acryl

Hull Cell Current-Density ScaleB-61-E

Current-density can be easily read by just placing the scale against hull cell cathode plate, eliminating the need for cumbersome calculations. ( The product shown in this photo is Japanese version )

HULL CELL TECHNICAL INFORMATION BOOKB-52-TIB-E

specificationMaterial Acryl

Hull Cell Current-Density Scale ( Long-Type )B-61-L-E

Current-density can be easily read by just placing the scale against the long hull cell cathode plate, eliminating the need for cumbersome calculations.( The product shown in this photo is Japanese version )


65 ( D ) × 83 ( W ) × 73 ( H )


Tenori Hull Cell ( Air-Agitation-Type )B-54-HW

Hull cell designed to conduct hull cell test with 1/8 fluid volume compared to standard types. Optimal for noble metal plating. Air agitation function is available.

specificationTank Volume 1000mLMaterial Heat-resistant PVCOuter (Installation) Dimensions

140 ( D ) × 180 ( W ) × 110 ( H )


Hull Cell ( Chromium-use ) 1 L B-56

Hull cell dedicated for chromium plating, during which the temperature rises rapidly. A perforated hull cell is placed inside a 1L square tank.

Hull cell test has been used as a powerful tool for on-site test in the field of electroplating. In order to further utilize Hull Cell test, we recommend to refer to our “HULL CELL TECHNICAL INFORMATION BOOK”. This booklet is filled with a lot of useful information, not only basic instruction, but also easy-to-understand electrochemical concepts, examples of actual test results with full-color photographs etc.

Content14

6 7 8

52 3

10

Plating Test Kits

1

3

5

24

6

7

8

High Speed Plating Hull Cell Testing KitA-45W

New-type of Hull Cell Test Kit for high-speed plating, enabling hull cell data to be obtained for various agitation speeds. The High Speed Plating Hull Cell and Agitation Effect Testing Equipment assembly can be used for almost all kits, with some exceptions, and can also be applied for control of regular plating solutions. . Plating is performed by rotating test-pieces (Φ8 [mm]×100 [mm] rod-type) by motor.. Distribution of current density can be easily obtained by calculation using a formula.. The state of deposited film (bright, burnt, or dull) can be judged from exterior appearance.. Optimal anode position for a hoop line can be examined through administering control of

agitation speed, electrical quantity and electricity power-up speed.. Also applicable for control of plating solutions in barrel plating and regular plating.. Rotating unit can be selected from two motor-types: 3000rpm and 300rpm.

※ Several test-piece types are available such as brass, copper or iron. Prices of anode-plates differ by type.

1

4

7

2

5

8

3

6

Patent-Registered

Hull Cell Test kit for High Speed plating (HCHS) is specially developed for the test of high speed plating, by Yamamoto-MS. In HCHS, as a cathode, rotational rod is used, instead of cathode plate in normal Hull cell. The structure of HCHS resembles a standard Hull Cell turned sideways in vertical position. This structure allowed to obtain very wide-range of current density distribution simultaneously on one cathode rod, that is, high current density is obtained at the region close to anode and low current density is obtained at the region far from anode.In HCHS, by rotating cathode rod with motor, high speed agitation, which is required in high speed plating, is achieved. For example, with test piece of 8mm diameter, if the test piece (cathode rod) is rotated at 40rpm, agitation speed on cathode surface become 1m/min. In the range of 10 ~ 3000 rpm, current density distribution on cathode rod is independent to rotational speed, and given by the formula shown below.

[ Basic cathode current density distribution formula ]

Dk = I ( a - b log x ) ................................. Formula (1)

Dk : cathode current density ( A/dm2 )

I : total current ( A )

a,b : constant determined by plating solution type and cathode current efficiency x : distance from tip of test-piece ( cm ) ( provided, 1cm x 9cm )

Cathode current density distribution formula for nickel plating solution in HCHS

Dk = I ( 5.35 - 2.39 log x ) ...................... Formula (2)Example of Test Result

( according to the difference of agitation speed )Example of current distribution

on cathode in HCHS

Principle of Hull Cell Test for High Speed Plating ( HCHS )

specificationTank Volume 5LOuter (Installation) Dimensions 420 ( D ) × 460 ( W ) × 1010 ( H )mm

Main Unit Weight 20kgRotator Capacity 70W

No. Product No. Product Name UnitA-45-P01 High Speed Hull Cell Main Tank MODEL Ⅰ (incl. jigs) 1 unit.

A-45-P02W High Speed Hull Cell, Agitation Effect Testing Kit 5L Outer-Tank used for both HC/Agitation units MODEL Ⅰw 1 unit.

A-45-P05W High Speed Hull Cell, Agitation Effect Testing Kit Standard Cathode Connection Jigs 1 set

A-45-P07 High Speed Hull Cell Cathode Fixation Bar (w/Teflon Coating) 1 pc.A-45-P08 High Speed Hull Cell, Agitation Effect Testing Kit Lead Wires 1 pc.A-45-P11 Various Anode Plate Types for High Speed Hull Cell 1 pc.A-45-P12 High Speed Hull Cell Cathode Test Bar incl. 50 bars 1 BoxB-93-YTC300 Thermostat YTC300 (AC100-230V, 300W) 1 unit.B-50-KTSG121513 Stainless-steel G-type Clasp (Width: 12mm×15 ,φ13) 2 pcs.

B-83W2 300W Quartz Small Drop-in Heater (Diam. φ15×310mm, Heater Section 150mm) 2 pcs.

B-50-KTSG122016 Stainless-steel G-type Clasp (Width: 12mm×20 ,φ16) 2 pcs.

1

2

3

4

5

6

Agitator (IKA) ,Stand (IKA) , stirrer (IKA) is not included.7 8

[ ]

11

Agitator (IKA) ,Stand (IKA) , stirrer (IKA) is not included.7 8

1234

5

6

7

8

Agitation Effect Testing kitA-46W

New testing method for high speed plating. The effect of agitation speed can be measured while applying constant current-density on a single test piece. The kit's High Speed Plating Hull Cell and Agitation Effect Testing Equipment can be used for almost all kits, with some exceptions, and can also be applied for control of regular plating solutions. . Plating is performed by rotating test-piece (Φ64 [mm]×t0.3 [mm] disk-type) by motor.. Uniform current density distribution can be obtained by use of a shied-plate (accessory). Film

with uniform current density, but varied agitation speed, can be obtained on a single test-piece.. Agitation speed (peripheral speed) proportional to the diameter is generated over the test-piece.. Also applicable for control of plating solutions in barrel plating and regular plating.. Also applicable for basic experiments of precision plating, such as plating on to silicon wafers.. Agitation Effect Testing kit can be selected from two motor-types: 3000rpm and 300rpm.

※ Several test-piece types are available such as brass, copper or iron. Prices of anode plates differ by type.

1

4

2

5

3

6

Patent-Registered

Agitation Effect Testing kit for High Speed plating (AEHS kit) is the equipment applying Hull Cell Test for High Speed Plating, HCHS. HCHS is the method to observe the difference of plated result according to current density with same agitation speed (rotational speed). On the other hand, AEHS is the method to observe the plated result according to agitation speed with same current density. In AEHS, low agitating speed and high agitating speed are achieved at the same time, on one rotating cathode disc, though current density is almost same. By the effect of shield plate, almost uniform current density is achieved in the region of r = 0.5 ~ 2.5 cm, r is the distance from rotational axis. The diameter is test-pieces is 64 mm, the effective area for plating is 0.31 dm2, respectively. The rear side (rear of plating surface) of test-piece is coated by green insulating film.

[ Basic cathode current density distribution formula ]

Dk = a . I ................................. Formula (3)

Dk : cathode current density ( A/dm2 )

I : total current ( A )

a : constant determined by plating solution type and cathode current efficiency valid in the region of r = 0.5 ~ 2.5 cm. ( r is distance from the rotational axis. )

[ Current density distribution in Ni plating solution ]

Dk = 2.11 × I ........................... Formula (2)Structure of AETHS Example of Results in AEHS

specificationTank Volume 5LOuter (Installation) Dimensions 420 ( L ) × 460 ( W ) × 1010 ( H )mm

Main Unit Weight 20kgRotator Capacity 70W

Plating Test Kits

7 8

Principle of Agitation Effect Test for High Speed Plating ( AEHS ) Comparison of the results ofHCHS and AEHS

Agitation Speed100rpm 400rpm 1600rpm 2400rpm

60A / dm2

120A / dm2

No. Product No. Product Name Unit

A-45-P02W High Speed Hull Cell, Agitation Effect Testing Kit 5L Outer-Tank used for both HC/Agitation units MODEL Ⅰw 1 unit.

A-45-P05W High Speed Hull Cell, Agitation Effect Testing Kit Standard Cathode Connection Jigs 1 set

A-45-P08 High Speed Hull Cell, Agitation Effect Testing Kit Lead Wires 1 pc.B-93-YTC300 Thermostat YTC300 (AC100-230V, 300W) 1 unit.B-50-KTSG121513 Stainless-steel G-type Clasp (Width: 12mm×15 ,φ13) 1 pc.

B-83W2 300W Quartz Small Drop-in Heater (Diam. φ15×310mm, Heater Section 150mm) 2 pcs.

B-50-KTSG122016 Stainless-steel G-type Clasp (Width: 12mm×20 ,φ16) 2 pcs.A-46-P01 Agitation Effect Testing Kit Jig 1 pair.A-46-P07 Agitation Effect Testing Kit Cathode Fixation Bar (w/Teflon Coating) 1 pc.A-46-P11 Various Anode Plate Types for Agitation Effect Testing Kit 1 pc.A-46-P12 Agitation Effect Testing Kit Cathode Plate incl. 50 pcs. 1 Box.

1

2

34

5

6

12

AnodeHull Cell Anode PlatesB-59

A wide variety of materials are available for anode plates (i.e., phosphorous copper, oxygen-free copper (electrolytic copper), nickel, SK nickel (Sulfur depolarized nickel ), lead, zinc, tin, iron, solder, brass, carbon, stainless-steel, platinum plated titanium, silver, iridium-plated titanium ) enabling the user to select the anode appropriate for the purpose of the Hull Cell test.In most situations, anode bags are not necessary for Hull Cell tests conducted within a short length of time. If the need for an anode bag arises, there is an effective method of covering the anode with “filter paper.” ( Refer to lower figure ).

Various Anode Plate Types for Hull Cell ( 64 × 64 × t 2mm )

Product No. Product Unit Product No. Product Unit

B-59-P02 Hull Cell Anode Plate Sumitomo Electrolytic Nickel ( for Watts-Bath )

1 pc.

B-59-P13-4 Hull Cell Anode Plate Solder 9 : 1

1 pc.

B-59-P03 Hull Cell Anode Plate Pure Lead B-59-P13-5 Hull Cell Anode Plate Solder 95 : 5

B-59-P04 Hull Cell Anode Plate Zinc B-59-P14 Hull Cell Anode Plate 5% Silver-contained Lead ( for Chromium Bath )

B-59-P05-1 Hull Cell Anode Plate Brass 6 : 4 B-59-P15 Hull Cell Anode Plate Carbon ( t 3 )

B-59-P05-2 Hull Cell Anode Plate Brass 7 : 3 B-59-P16 Hull Cell Anode Plate Cadmium

B-59-P06 Hull Cell Anode Plate Stainless-steel ( SUS304 ) B-59-P17 Hull Cell Anode Plate Silver ( t 2 )

B-59-P06-2 Hull Cell Anode Plate Stainless-steel ( SUS316 ) B-59-P17-1 Hull Cell Anode Plate Silver ( t 1 )

B-59-P07 Hull Cell Anode Plate Sumitomo SK Nickel ( for Sulfamate Bath )( There are Variations in Thickness ) B-59-P18 Hull Cell Anode Plate Platinum-plated Titanium ( for acidic noble metal Bath )

B-59-P08 Hull Cell Anode Plate Phosphorous Copper ( for Copper Sulfate Bath ) B-59-P19 Hull Cell Anode Plate Cobalt

B-59-P10 Hull Cell Anode Plate Oxygen-free Copper ( Electrolytic Copper ) B-59-P20 Hull Cell Anode Plate 5% Antimony-contained Lead

B-59-P11 Hull Cell Anode Plate 5% Tin-contained Lead ( for Hexavalent Chromium Bath ) B-59-P23 Hull Cell Anode Plate Pure Iron

B-59-P12 Hull Cell Anode Plate High-Purity Tin B-59-P24 Hull Cell Anode Plate Titanium

B-59-P13-1 Hull Cell Anode Plate Solder 6 : 4 B-59-P25 Hull Cell Anode Plate 5% Antimony-contained Lead

B-59-P13-2 Hull Cell Anode Plate Solder 7 : 3 B-59-P28 Hull Cell Anode Plate Iridium-plated Titanium

B-59-P13-3 Hull Cell Anode Plate Solder 8 : 2 B-59-P18H Tenori Hull Cell Anode Plate Platinum-plated Titanium ( 31 × 31 × t 2mm )

Filter Paper

Our Uncompromising Stance on the Production of Anode PlatesSince more dissolving occurs on the high-current density side than the low-current density side, gradual anode thickness variation will occur during use. Although at first minor, continued use will cause changes in the original anode-cathode distance and the thicker the anode plate, the more obvious such difference will become. If this situation continues, depending on the solution-type used, the proper anode-cathode distance required for hull cell tests may not be reproduced and reliable experiments will not be possible ( thus leading to different results between manufacturing sites involved ). For this reason, at Yamamoto-MS, time and effort are devoted in the producing of thinly rolled anode plates, so as to keep differences occurring in anode-cathode distances to an absolute minimum.

[ Thickness : 2mm ]

At high current density region, result is strongly influenced.

13

CathodeHull Cell Cathode PlatesB-60

Warping or burring is rarely found in Yamamoto-MS’s cathode plates.Accurate evaluation is possible since there is close-to-zero warping of the plate or around the edges. (Warped cathode plates cause changes in the distribution of the electric current; this leads to inaccurate evaluation.)

In order to implement thorough quality management, frequent checking of both the front and the rear sides of the cathode plates is necessary to evaluate macro-throwing power and impure substances inside the bath. However, observations which involve delicate evaluation cannot be made unless brightness of both the rear and the front sides is stabilized.

Slight changes can be detected in testing with certainty only when the quality of the tank and the cathode/anode plates are stabilized.

The case hairline by polishing process of plate appeared

Influence of buffpolishing mark

Warp at edge

Warp of cathode plate interferes

correct evaluation.

Superiority of our Cathode Plates

Disturbance in current distribution due to warping of cathode/anode plates.

Warping of the edge-parts will cause electric current to flow around to the rear side.

Comparison of the Warp( L: Yamamoto’s, R: Competitor )

( a ) Flat Plate ( Yamamoto’s ) ( b ) Warping Plate

Clip

Clip

Clip

Clip

Our Uncompromising Stance on Production of Cathode PlatesFeatures of YAMAMOTO-MS Hull Cell Test-piecesThe greatest feature of Yamamoto-MS test-pieces is that the cathode plate surface condition is consistent on both sides and that there is no warping (excluding our low-priced version) or adhesives remaining on the test-pieces. These are the features that differentiate Yamamoto-MS products with those of other companies. At Yamamoto-MS, we pride ourselves in the severe quality management that we have been practicing for over several decades.

Various Cathode Plates for Hull CellProduct No. Product ( Standard goods 67 × 100 × t0.3mm / 100pcs ) Unit Product No. Product ( 67 × 200 × t 0.3mm / 100pcs ) UnitB-60-P01A Hull Cell Cathode Plate Iron ( film coating type )

1 Box

B-60-P01LA Long Hull Cell Cathode Plate Iron ( film coating type )

1 Box

B-60-P02 Hull Cell Cathode Plate Stainless-steel ( SUS304 ) B-60-P03L Long Hull Cell Cathode Plate BrassB-60-P03 Hull Cell Cathode Plate Brass B-60-P05L Long Hull Cell Cathode Plate CopperB-60-P04 Hull Cell Cathode Plate Aluminum ( A1085P ) Product No. Product ( 34 × 50 × t 0.3mm / 100pcs )B-60-P05 Hull Cell Cathode Plate Copper B-60-P01H Tenori Hull Cell Cathode Plate IronB-60-P06 Hull Cell Cathode Plate Phosphor Bronze B-60-P03H Tenori Hull Cell Cathode Plate BrassB-60-P07 Hull Cell Cathode Plate Stainless-steel ( SUS316 ) / 50pcs. ( t0.5mm ) B-60-P05H Tenori Hull Cell Cathode Plate CopperProduct No. Product ( Low-priced goods 75 × 100 × t0.3mm / 100pcs )B-60-P03W Hull Cell Cathode Plate ( Low-priced goods ) BrassB-60-P05W Hull Cell Cathode Plate ( Low-priced goods ) Copper

Our products Competitors' products

[ Standard goods ] [ Low-priced goods ]

Test pieces polished to have glossiness for both sides We are the only maker providing Test pieces applied glossy finishing for both sides in the world.※ As of February, 2015.

A variety of cathode plates such as iron, copper, brass and stainless-steel ( SUS304 . SUS316 )is available. Depending on the purpose of the test, undercoating may be necessary. For example, in chromium plating tests, nickel plating is sometimes applied as undercoating.The exterior appearance of the plating film is greatly affected by the degree of polishing of the material surface. A steady and reliable evaluation cannot be made if the surface of the material is not of uniform smoothness. Yamamoto-MS’s cathode plates are finished to a bright surface, without performing buff polishing, due to concerns regarding finishing patches that occur by each lot and to prevent warping. Instead of buff polishing, special double-sided polish finish is achieved by an automatic machine, resulting in an extremely uniform surface and brightness on both sides, while controlling patches that result from different lots. Production and quality management are being administered by drawing fully upon our originality and ingenuity born from our experiences of the past several ten years, along with the cooperation of copper elongation manufacturers, who provide us with raw materials. Other factors which also contribute to making our products special are adoption of custom-maid easy-to-peel protective sheets that maintain an appropriate degree of viscosity, metal die and leveller technologies and storage methods.

No glue residueIn Yamamoto-MS, to protect the plating-surface, special adhesive sheets are used. With these adhesive sheets, no residue remains on the plating-surface since glue is not used. Use of protective sheets applying glue will result in glue-residue remaining on the surface, which will frequently affect the test results.

Bright surfaced rear side (bright finish on both sides)Although the rear sides of our hull cell cathode plates are not covered by adhesive protective sheets, they are also completed to a consistent finish, thus enabling observation of minor electrodeposition on the rear sides. We recommend our users to compare this feature with cathode plates of other companies. Evaluation of plating film around to the rear side (covering power, bimetallic ion effects) is greatly influenced by the state of rear-side finish and therefore, this evaluation method can be considered as an important know-how.

Bright surfaced rear side ( bright finish on both sides )Although the rear sides of our hull cell cathode plates are not covered by adhesive protective sheets, they are also completed to a consistent finish, thus enabling observation of minor electrodeposition on the rear sides. We recommend our users to compare this feature with cathode plates of other companies. Evaluation of plating film around to the rear side (covering power, bimetallic ion effects) is greatly influenced by the state of rear-side finish and therefore, this evaluation method can be considered as an important know-how.

No variations observed in plating-surfaces Varied surface conditions affect evaluations of detailed and precise test results. Yamamoto-MS hull cell cathode plates, after the final machine process, are polished to a smooth, hairline finish on both sides of the test-piece. By implementing thorough process management, both the plating and the rear sides are completed to uniform surface roughness, with hardly any differences observed in individual pieces or lots. On the other hand, cathode plates of other companies are finished with buff polishing and although the plating-surfaces may seem flat and smooth, buff-finish patches and individual and lot differences of the surface can be frequently observed. Yamamoto-MS places utmost importance on the maintaining of a consistent surface condition and due care is given in this area.※ In Japan, many domestic plating specialists administer plating control based on detailed and precise

test results and even the slightest change in the surface condition will not be accepted.

Bright surfaced rear side (bright finish on both sides)Although the rear sides of our hull cell cathode plates are not covered by adhesive protective sheets, they are also completed to a consistent finish, thus enabling observation of minor electrodeposition on the rear sides. We recommend our users to compare this feature with cathode plates of other companies. Evaluation of plating film around to the rear side (covering power, bimetallic ion effects) is greatly influenced by the state of rear-side finish and therefore, this evaluation method can be considered as an important know-how.

No warping test-piece ( in our regular test-pieces, excludes low-priced pieces ) With warped test-pieces, it is difficult to accurately administer solution control because minor differences occur in current distribution each time according to the degree of warping. Consistent anode-cathode distances are crucial in some solutions, such as copper sulfate plating solution. At Yamamoto-MS, test-pieces are rejected during inspection if even the slightest warping is found. We ensure zero-warping for all our products (excluding our low-priced version, for which inspection process is omitted). On the other hand, warping is observed in cathode plates of other companies by each lot and the degree of warping also differs by lots.

Compared with products of other companies[ Reseached by Yamamoto-MS: March 2015 ]( )

1

3

2

4

14

Thermostat / Heater

specificationModel YTC-300 YTC-1KLRating AC 100-230V±10%, 50/60Hz, 524VA AC 100-240V±10%, 50/60Hz, 1KVA

Rating Output DC48V, 300W ( 25-100W, 1-3pcs. or 300W,1pcs. ) AC 100-240V,1KW ( 500W, 2pcs. or 1KW,1pcs. )Setting Range 0-100℃, Resolution 0.1℃

Outer (Installation) Dimensions 160mm ( W ) × 350mm ( D ) × 230mm ( H ) 160mm ( W ) × 200mm ( D ) × 230mm ( H )Main Unit Weight 5.4kg 3.7kg

Fuse AC 250V, 5A, φ5 × 20mm HT ( Time lag-type, High breaking capacity ) AC 250V, 16A ( Time lag-type ) / AC 250V, 16A ( Quick cutoff )Transient Overvoltage Overvoltage CategoryⅡ

Pollution Degree 2

StandardsSafety IEC60101-1EMC EN61326-1 ( IEC61326-1 )

MaterialThermostat Cabinet : SPCC / Ni-Plated, AluminiumTemperature Sensor Liquid-wetted Member : PTFELiquid Level Sensor Liquid-wetted Member : PP,PTFE

Heater DC48V, 25-300W, Exclusive Heater with Thermal Fuse AC100-230V, 50-1000WTemperature Sensor Pt100Liquid Level Sensor Float Type ( Sepalately sold )

Accessories Temperature Sensor 1 pcs, AC cable with plug ( AC250V, 5A, C Type ) Temperature Sensor 1 pcs, AC cable with plug ( AC250V, 10A, C Type )

Product Product No. Rating Specifications MaximumTemperature

TankProduct No. Product

Hull Cell Heater B-58W AC / DC 48V,100WTotal Length : 163mm,Tube Diameter : 11mm,Heater Section : 85mm

MAX 70℃

B-53W Hull Cell ( Thermostatic-Control-Type )

B-53-SMW Smart Hull Cell ( 500mL )

B-53LW Hull Cell ( Thermostatic-Control / Long-Type )

B-77-P01W Haring Cell Tank B-72-P01WJ Spiral Contract-Meter TankA-53-M3-P01W Micro Cell ( lll w ) TankA-56-0500W Smart Cell 500WB-74-M1-P02W Micro Barrel Tank

Hull Cell Heater DC48V, 100WB-58W

Thermal fuse equipped near heater element detects dry-boiling, and if it occurs, thermal fuse blows within 1 minute.※For safety, non-self-reset type

thermal fuse is used.

Themal Fuse

Spec ia l l y des igned s t ruc ture provides good waterproof and hardly damaged. Heater is tightly fixed to tank with two screws. Therefore, the accident due to coming off of heater dos not occurs.

Thermostat Specially designed thermostat that fulfills international standards. Current supplied to heaters are monitored all the time, and if abnormal current is detected, output is shut off immediately.

All of dedicated heaters equip with thermal fuses, and in case of dry-boiling, thermal fuses blow.

B-93-YTC300 B-93-YTC1KL

15

Although Yamamoto-MS has many varieties of hull cells, all were created in response to actual needs in the field. For example, the type for test-pieces twice as long as regular pieces was our response to a request from a solution maker who found evaluations difficult to make with the conventional test-piece in developing a high-performance liquid. The type that uses a stirrer for overflow agitation was to accommodate plating solutions for which composite plating and air agitation was unfeasible. Additionally, the palm-sized type was created to curb costs of experiments using gold plating and other expensive plating solutions.

01

With Yamamoto-MS test-pieces, because of the extremely small differences between lots, it is possible to achieve the same brightness on both sides, with smooth and even surfaces. By maintaining quality, we are able to ensure stable supply, which is crucial to making severe evaluations. If the base brightness is unstable, minute differences will go unnoticed. Also, any warping in the test-pieces will change the flow of the electric current, even with the same solution, resulting in variations in the film’s external appearance. By using Yamamoto-MS test-pieces, you can be assured that work can be satisfactorily completed as they are expected to be done.It is no easy feat to continue providing test-pieces of stable quality. We have been able to do so only through the commitment of our skilled specialists who, with their wealth of experience and technical expertise, have dedicated themselves to providing thorough support to our customers.

03

Clear acrylic resin tanks are known for making it easy to observe how plating is applied and gas is generated. Although tanks made from acrylic resin can be found in other Asian countries, it is known that their dimensions can differ with every order or that they break immediately when used, along with other defects.In Yamamoto-MS, water tank dimensions remain constant and the perforations made for air agitation are uniformly sized. Exactly the same results can be reproduced even when experiments are performed many times and moreover, our products are strong and long-lasting despite repeated use.The photograph on the right shows a product we sold over 40 years ago (please note the stamp of company’s former name) that is still actively used.

Cells from over 40 years ago that is still in active use (Photograph taken at a Japanese public institution on Feb. 23, 2015)

02

04

COLUMN Yamamoto-MS’s Progress in Developing Hull Cell Test Kits

The wide variety of types we produce is our response to demands in the field.

First-rate Test-pieces Indispensable to Making Difficult Evaluations

Providing Products of Highly Stable Quality

Continuing to be a Company that Strongly Supports CustomersWe often hear from our customers of how Yamamoto-MS equipment has helped them in their work such as commercialization of new products based on successful R&D or when they were able to manufacture products that were previously difficult to plate or which were too expensive to manufacture. As a company, nothing makes us more happy than receiving such feedback from our customers, since it is our mission to provide products and services that make the impossible possible for our customers or that allow them to satisfactorily complete their work as they are expected to be done. We intend to continue working together day by day, with a commitment to satisfying as many customers as possible, while seeking to become a company trusted and admired all over the world.

President Wataru Yamamoto

Design, development and manufacture of wet surface treatment equipment ( 100L Volume ), wet surface treatment testing equipment,

wet surface treatment analyzers (excluding coating appli-cation)

Design, development and manufacture of wet surface treatment-related products (equipment/chemicals)

Major electrics/device manufacturersRaw/Primary Materials Manufacturer MEMS-related laboratories & manufacturersLIGA, MEMS-related laboratories & manufactures Automotive industrial manufactures / aerospace affiliated manufactureresPCB / electronics parts manufacturing plantsPrecision machinery industrial manufacturesPlating divisions / laboratories of other manufacturersNational/public laboratoriesUniversity laboratoriesPlating specialistsPlating chemicals manufacturing companiesPlating Skills Assessment Committee (Japan)

Line of Business

Major Customers

Corporate ProfileEstablished Yamamoto-Shoten at 3-6, Hongokuchou, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, TokyoStarted distribution of Sulphameters (kit for measuring sulphuric acid in chromium plating solution)Admitted as a Sustaining Member of Metal Finishing Society of Japan (the current The Surface Finishing Society of Japan)

Relocated to 5-28-1, Sendagaya, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo Specialized the company's business-line to the manufacture of plating testing equipment and analytical reagents

Changed company name to Yamamoto-Shoten Co., Ltd.Changed company name to YAMAMOTO-MS Co., Ltd.Increased capital from JPY 42,000,000 to JPY 63,000,000Increased capital to JPY 75,600,000Registered ISO9001 Certification Increased capital to JPY 80,000,000

*In 1998, English name has changed from YAMAMOTO MEKKI SIKENKI to YAMAMOTO-MS Co., Ltd.

1950

December 1961

August 1964July 1975October 2000November 2002May 2004November 2004

History

ISO9001

We also sell to other countries than the above. Please contact us for more information.

Price change and Specification ModificationPlease be aware that in order to improve our products,

we may modify specifications or other aspects and price is subject to change without giving prior notice.

YAMAMOTO-MS Co., Ltd. 151-0051 5-28-1, Sendagaya, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo JapanTel : +81-3-3352-2475 FAX : +81-3-3350- 0775URL http://www.yamamoto-ms.co.jp/en/ E-mail [email protected]

Tokyo

Japan

here

Date post:	09-Mar-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	duongtuong
View:	216 times
Download:	3 times

For improvement of your plating quality Hull Cell Test Kit For improvement of your plating quality...

Documents