Forces of Change

The Specie Circular (1836)

Due to Jacksons pet banks, and speculation in western lands, rampant inflation affected the country Jackson decides to issue the SCRequired future purchases of federal lands be made only in gold or silverJacksons goal is to curb land speculation and slow inflation

Essential Question:

Champion of the Common Man?KingAndrew?OR"Andrew Jackson, I am given to understand, was a patriot and a traitor. He was one of the greatest of generals, and wholly ignorant of the art of war. A writer brilliant, elegant, eloquent, and without being able to compose a correct sentence, or spell words of four syllables. The first of statesmen, he never devised, he never framed a measure. He was the most candid of men, and was capable of the profoundest dissimulation. A most law-defying, law-obeying citizen. A stickler for discipline, he never hesitated to disobey his superior. A democratic aristocrat. An urbane savage. An atrocious saint.James Parton, Father of the American Biography, 1830sWhat were thedemocratictrendsin the 19c?Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860

Campaigning on the Stump

Changes of Andrew Jacksons PresidencyPresident is viewed as a representative of the people.He is seen as an expression of the democratic spirit of them as wellShown by Jacksons incredible use of the veto: doing the will of the peopleEnd to only the rich having a stake-in-society

Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.new belief that all classes can participate fully

Why increased Democratization? White male suffrage given to all.Spoils system/Rotation in OfficeRise of Third PartiesTwo-party system returned in the 1832 election:Dem-Reps Natl. Reps.(1828) Whigs (1832) Republicans (1854)Democrats (1828)

Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)Caucus---small group of individuals who would choose a candidateConvention---members from the political parties nominate a candidate. Eliminated, King CaucusDirect Primary---allow registered voters to participate in choosing a candidate1790 to 18281828 to 1900Current System UsedParty nominating committees.Voters chose their states slate of Presidential electors.Which changes of Jacksonian Democracy would you consider to be positive?Which would be negative?Which changes are still with us today? Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of Victory over his Supporters

The Reign of King Mob

TheNullificationIssueTariff BattlesTariff of 1816 on imports of cheap textiles.Tariff of 1824 on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton imports.Tariff of 1828 higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.The South alone was adamantly against it.As producers of the worlds cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.They were negatively impacted American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more expensive!The Webster-Hayne DebateSen. Daniel Webster[MA]Sen. Robert Hayne[SC]

Federal government versus States right debate continues!Hayne mentions nullification.Votes in the House for the Tariff of Abomination

The Nullification CrisisJackson favored states rightsbut not if it would lead to disunionTariff of 1832 was passed which further upset the SouthSouth Carolina chose to follow VP John C. Calhouns (SC) nullification theory 1832-SC held a special convention to nullify the Tariff of Abominations and a new Tariff passed in 1832States that both Tariffs are unconstitutionalSC passed a resolution forbidding the collection of TariffsJacksons responseResponseTold Secretary of War to prepare for military actionPersuaded congress to pass a Force Bill giving the president authority to take military action in SCIssued a proclamation to the people of SC stating that nullification and disunion were treasonRESULTS: Jackson opened the door for compromise by suggesting to congress that they lower the tariffDid not send in federal troopsSC postponed nullification and later formally rescinded itCherokeesSoon after the creation of the USA, many Cherokee felt that the only way to save their land, was by following Jeffersons adviceThey created an alphabet and learned how to read and writeThey farmed and set up towns with meetings and elected mayors

The Cherokee ConstitutionWe, the people of the Cherokee Nation, in National Convention assembled, in order to establish justice, insure tranquility, promote the common welfare, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of freedom acknowledging, with humility and gratitude, the goodness of the Sovereign Ruler of the Universe in permitting us so to do, and imploring His aid and guidance in its accomplishment--do ordain and establish this Constitution for the government of the Cherokee Nation.

Indian RemovalWhat was Jacksons Goal for the land?1830 Indian Removal ActCherokee Nation v. GA (1831)

Worcester v. GA (1832)Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!

Indian Removal Act of 1830Trail of Tears

An 1832 Cartoon:KingAndrew?Why was Jackson referred to as King?Is this accurate? Why, Why not?

Should Jackson be criticized for pushing the Indians off their land? Or is he forgiven since this was a commonly held opinion of the Native American people at that time?Did Jackson contradict his own beliefs in the Nullification Crisis? Or was this necessary for the preservation of the country?

Jacksons fight over the Second Bank of the United StatesThe Second Bank of the U.S.Name is misleadingit was a private bank that was granted a charter by the governmentIt was a storehouse for government/public funds and provided stability for the ups and downs of the economyPresident was Nicholas Biddle who ran the bank well; however many felt that he served the interests of the wealthyJackson felt this went against his idea of democracyhe also felt that some of the branches supported Adams in 1828

The Bank and the Election of 1832Biddle was pushing for a bill to renew the Banks CharterJackson viewed this as an attempt to block his re-election!Biddle & his associates preferred Clay.Clay was Jacksons chief political rivalRemember the Election of 1824? The Veto of the Maysville Road Project?Jackson vetoes the bill on the grounds that the bank was unconstitutional (?)

NicholasBiddle[an arrogant aristocrat from Philadelphia]31 Jackson is supported by many in the country who saw the bank as favoring the wealthyClays power play failed, and Jackson wins re-election in a landslideJackson feels this is his mandate to quickly destroy the Bank

1832 Election ResultsThe Monster Is Destroyed!Jackson withdraws federal funds from the BUS and puts them in pet banks (state banks that he favored)He fired two Treasury Secretarys and is censured by the Congress1836 the charter expired.1841 the bank went bankrupt!

The Downfall of Mother Bank

Results of the Specie CircularBanknotes lose their value.Land sales plummeted.Banks stop lending money.Businesses began to fail.Unemployment rose.The Panic of 1837!The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!

IT IS ANDREW JACKSONS FAULT!!!!!!

Reduction in credit started in England and spread to AmericaLed to a number of bank failures1837After 8 years as President I have only two regrets: That I have not shot Henry Clay, or hanged John C. Calhoun.