Foreign policy of the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

7/29/2019 Foreign policy of the Recep Tayyip Erdoan government - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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This article is part of a series on

Recep Tayyip Erdoan

Early life and career Electoral history

First cabinet Second cabinet Third cabinet

Civilmilitary ties Democratic initiative

Foreign policy Foreign trips 2023 vision

Justice and Development Party

Gallery: Picture, Sound, Video

Map of international trips made by Recep Tayyip Erdoan as prime

minister:

Visited countries

Turkey

Foreign policy of the Recep Tayyip Erdoan

governmentFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The foreign policy of the Recep Tayyip Erdoangovernment concerns the policy initiatives made byTurkey under its current Prime Minister, Recep TayyipErdoan, towards other states.

Contents

1 Background1.1 History

1.2 Doctrine1.3 Future2 Africa

2.1 Somalia3 Americas

3.1 Brazil3.2 Chile3.3 United States

4 Europe4.1 Armenia

4.2 European Union4.3 Greece and Cyprus4.4 Russia4.5 Spain

5 Middle East5.1 Egypt5.2 Iraq5.3 Iran5.4 Israel

5.5 Saudi Arabia5.6 Syria5.7 Qatar

6 See also7 References

Background

History

The European Union and NATO are the main fixtures and the main elements of continuity in Turkish foreignpolicy. Turkey experienced the direct impact of the post-Cold War atmosphere of insecurity, which resulted in a
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Former Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the

Erdoan government Abdullah Gl (2003-

2007) and Ali Babacan (2007-2009)

variety of security problems in Turkey's neighborhood. Themost urgent issue for Turkish diplomacy, in this context, wasto harmonize Turkey's influential power axes with the newinternational environment.

During the Cold War, Turkey was a "wing country" underNATO's strategic framework, resting on the geographicperimeter of the Western alliance. NATO's strategic concept,however, has evolved in the post-Cold War era and so hasTurkey's calculation of its strategic environment. Turkey'spresence in Afghanistan is an example of this change. Turkey's

involvement in NATO has increased during this government.[1]

Turkey also has advanced considerably in the Europeanintegration process compared with the previous decade, whenit was not even clear whether the EU was seriouslyconsidering Turkey's candidacy.

Turkey has been building relations with its neighbors (including Iran and Syria), under a doctrine called 'zerotroubles with neighbors'. These developments worried some Western observers that Turkey,[2] frustrated by itsstalled EU accession drive among other things, is seeking to recalibrate its foreign policy, not just by movingcloser to the Muslim world but also by turning away from the West. Members of the government rejected theseclaims.[3]

Doctrine

Turkish foreign policy under the AKP administration has been associated with the name of Ahmet Davutolu.Davutolu was the chief foreign policy advisor of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoan before he was

appointed foreign minister in 2009. As an academic, he has outlined his foreign policy doctrine in severalwritings, most important of which is his book Strategic Depth. The implementation of Davutolus foreignpolicy doctrine has contributed to a transformation of Turkish foreign policy and the rising importance ofTurkeys diplomatic role, especially in the Middle East.[4] While his doctrine is often dubbed as neo-Ottomanism, the use of this term is rather misleading. Ottomanism was a nineteenth-century liberal politicalmovement aiming to the formation of a civic Ottoman national identity overarching ethnic, linguistic and religiousidentities. The term was briefly reinstated as neo-Ottomanism to characterize the foreign policy overtures ofTurgut zal in the late 1980s. While these involved increased interest in the Middle East, they share little of theconceptual content of Davutolus vision.

Although geopolitics still comprises a key framework of Davutolus strategic thinking, it is supplemented byliberal elements, such as soft power, conflict resolution and promotion of win-win solutions. In his bookStrategic Depth, published in 2001, Davutolu elaborates on his strategic vision about Turkey. He argues thatTurkey possesses strategic depth due to its history and geographic position and lists Turkey among a smallgroup of countries which he calls central powers. Turkey should not be content with a regional role in theBalkans or the Middle East, because it is not a regional but a central power. Hence, it should aspire to play aleading role in several regions, which could award it global strategic significance. In Davutolus view, Turkey isa Middle Eastern, Balkan, Caucasian, Central Asian, Caspian, Mediterranean, Gulf and Black Sea country, cansimultaneously exercise influence in all these regions and thus claim a global strategic role. In view of these, he

rejects the perception of Turkey as a bridge between Islam and the West, as this would relegate Turkey to aninstrument for the promotion of the strategic interests of other countries.

Davutolu identifies two conditions for Turkey to succeed in its global strategic ambitions. The first refers to itsdomestic politics, while the second to its relations with neighbours. On the domestic front, Turkey needs to
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Ahmet Davutolu, the

current Minister of Foreign

Affairs

resolve its own Kurdish question, as well as bridge the growing rift between the Islamist and secularist elementsof Turkish society. Davutolu advocates the resolution of both conflicts on the basis of liberal principles:Turkeys strategic potential will be released if a fair and lasting solution for the Kurdish issue is reached, whichwill guarantee Kurdish minority rights within Turkey and a liberal consensus is achieved on the question ofsecularism between different segments of Turkish society. On the international front, Davutolu argues thatTurkey needs to resolve all the bilateral disputes which have hampered its relations with its neighbours. In whatwas coined as zero problem policy with neighbours, he states that in recent decades Turkey has wasted

crucial efforts and time in conflicts with its neighbours. For Turkey to become a regional leader and play a globalstrategic role, it needs to overcome phobic syndromes and establish cordial relations with all its neighbours. Itsforeign policy should aim to resolve all the pending disputes which Turkeys diplomatic inertia had accumulatedin the past, so it can seek its own global strategic role.

Developing close relations with all rising global powers, China, India, Russiaand Brazil, would be a key in that process. Seeking a leading role inintercivilisational and interreligious dialogue would become one of Turkeysleading priorities, as Turkey could capitalise on his historical and culturallegacy.[5]

Future

The "2023 vision" of the government, to mark the Turkish Republic's centennial,is formulated by Minister Ahmet Davutolu as followed:

First, Turkey aims to achieve all EU membership conditionsand become an influential EU member state by 2023. Second,it will continue to strive for regional integration, in the form ofsecurity and economic cooperation. Third, it will seek to playan influential role in regional conflict resolution. Fourth, it willvigorously participate in all global arenas. Fifth, it will play adetermining role in international organizations and become oneof the top 10 largest economies in the world.

To achieve them, Turkey must make progress in all directionsand in every field, take an interest in every issue related to

global stability, and contribute accordingly.[6]

Africa

Somalia

Main articles: 2011 East Africa drought and Somalia-Turkey relations

In 2011, a severe drought was affecting the entire East Africa region.[7] Said to be "the worst in 60 years",[8] thedrought has caused a severe food crisis that threatened the livelihood of more than 12 million people in Somalia

and neighbouring countries.[9] On August 19, 2011, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoan went to Somalia todraw international attention to the East African country's drought and famine situation. He became the firstleader from outside Africa to visit Somalina in nearly two decades. Erdogan, who was accompanied on the tripby his wife, daughter and an entourage consisting of cabinet members and their families, visited refugee campsand hospitals in Somalia to witness the devastation caused by the severe drought.
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Recep Tayyip Erdogan and BrazilianPresident Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva

Turkey will open an embassy in Mogadishu and take several measures to help Somalia improve itsinfrastructure, which include digging wells to improve water supply, building a major hospital, six field hospitalsand a highway from the Mogadishu Airport to the city center, as well as facilities for waste management to cleanup Mogadishu's rubbish-strewn streets, Erdoan said. He said Housing Development Administration of Turkey(TOK) will also build houses and schools in the famine-hit country.

A week later, the Turkish Prime Ministry Disaster & Emergency Management Directorate said that Turkishpeople collected a total of $201 million in donations for Somalia since the aid campaign started August 1.Somali President Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed was quoted in the Hurriyet newspaper as calling Prime MinisterErdogan's visit to Somalia an historic gesture.[10]

Americas

Brazil

Main article: Brazil-Turkey relations

In May 2009, Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silvavisited to Turkey after visiting China and Saudi Arabia as part ofhis three-nation tour. In 2010, Erdoan became the first Turkishprime minister ever to visit Brazil. He said that a new periodstarted between Turkey and Brazil. During his visit to Brazil,Erdoan received by Brazilian businessmen the medal of SaoPaulo's Industry Federation over his contributions to industry.[11]

In 2009, direct flights of Turkish Airlines started from Sao Paulo

to Istanbul. The Turkish Government encourages Turkishbusinessmen to form "Business Councils" and to participate intrade fairs and exhibitions in Latin America and the Caribbean.Turkish-Brazilian Business Council was established on the

occasion of the visit of the former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Abdullah Gl to Brazil in January 2006.

On May 16, 2010, after 17 hours of talks in Tehran, ministers from Brazil, Iran and Turkey had reached anagreement on the principles to revive a stalled nuclear fuel-swap deal backed by the United Nations. With theagreement signed by Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu, Iranian Foreign Minister Manuchehr Motakiand Brazilian Foreign Minister Celso Amorim, Iran is committed to give the 1200 kg of 3.5% enriched uranium

to Turkey in exchange for 20% enriched uranium it will receive from Western countries to be used as fuel in thenuclear research reactor in Tehran. "We did everything (the West) wanted and everything we could, now theyhave to say clearly whether they want to build peace or if they want to build conflict -- Turkey and Brazil are forpeace," President Lula said.[12]

Chile

Main article: Chile-Turkey relations

On July 14, 2009, Turkey signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Chile in Santiago. Erdoan became the

first Turkish prime minister to visit Chile.

Declaration of the year 2006 as the Year of Latin America and the Caribbean in Turkey gave further impetusto Turkey's "Action Plan for Latin America and the Caribbean". Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Industry, Tradeand Economy, representatives of the business organizations and academicians from the region as well as the
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Recep Tayyip Erdogan and U.S. President

Barack Obama following the G-20 Summit

afternoon session

Honorary Consuls in the region were invited to a series of events during the Latin American and CaribbeanWeek, which was organized in Istanbul and Ankara between 511 June 2006.

United States

Main article: Turkey United States relations

When Barack Obama became President of United States, hemade his first overseas trip to Turkey in April 2009.

At a joint news conference in Turkey, Obama said: "I'm trying tomake a statement about the importance of Turkey, not just to theUnited States but to the world. I think that where there's themost promise of building stronger U.S.-Turkish relations is in therecognition that Turkey and the United States can build a modelpartnership in which a predominantly Christian nation, apredominantly Muslim nation -- a Western nation and a nation

that straddles two continents," he continued, "that we can create a modern international community that isrespectful, that is secure, that is prosperous, that there are not tensions -- inevitable tensions between cultures --which I think is extraordinarily important."[13]

Europe

Armenia

Main article: Armenia-Turkey relations

Turkey was among the first countries in the world to recognize the state of Armenia after its independence in1991. After Armenia's occupation of the Azeri territory Nagorno-Karabakh, Turkey sided with its Turkic allyAzerbaijan over the Nagarno-Karabakh War by closing its borders with Armenia. Since then, the borderremains closed.

In 2005, international airspace between Armenia and Turkey was reopened. On February 21, 2008, PresidentAbdullah Gl sent a message of congratulations to the newly elected Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan andsaid "that he hoped the victory of Sargsyan in Armenia's presidential election would lead to a normalization ofrelations between their estranged countries." In reaction, Armenian President Sargsyan invited Gl to attend a

FIFA World Cup qualifier football match between the Turkish and Armenian national football teams. Afteraccepting the invitation, President Gl became the first Turkish head of state to visit Armenia on September 3,2008. This football diplomacy and new dialogue resulted in the signing of protocols between Turkish andArmenian Foreign Ministers in Switzerland to improve relations between the two countries.[14]

The Armenian Constitutional Court decided that the protocols cannot be interpreted or applied in the legislativeprocess and application practice of the Republic of Armenia as well as in the interstate relations in a way thatwould contradict the provisions of the preamble to the RA Constitution and the requirements of Paragraph 11 othe Declaration of Independence of Armenia. Turkey said that Armenian courts ruling on the protocols is notacceptable.[15] The parliament of Armenia and Turkey decided for the suspension of the retification process.

Between May 2005 and October 2006, the Turkish Ministry of Culture financed the restoration of an oldArmenian church located in an eastern Turkish province. The restoration had a stated budget of 2 million NewTurkish Lira (approximately 1.4 million USD) On September 19, 2010, a religious ceremony was held at thishistorical Armenian church after permission of the Turkish government for the first time in 95 years. It is opened
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Ahmet Davutolu and his Greek

counterpart Dimitrios Droutsas

to worshippers allowing to worship once a year for a single day. [16]

European Union

Erdoan was named by the European Voice Organization "The European of the Year 2004" for the reforms inhis country. Erdoan said in a comment that "Turkey's accession shows that Europe is a continent wherecivilisations reconcile and not clash." [17]

On 3 October 2005, the negotiations for Turkey's accession to the EU formally started during Erdoan's tenure

as Prime Minister.[18]

Greece and Cyprus

Main article: Greece-Turkey relations

During Erdoan's Prime Ministership, relations with Greece havebeen normalized. Political and economic relations are muchimproved. In 2007, Prime Minister Erdoan and Greek PrimeMinister Kostas Karamanlis met on the bridge over the EvrosRiver at the border between Greece and Turkey, for theinauguration of the Greek-Turkish natural gas pipeline, linking thelongtime Aegean rivals through a project that will give Caspiangas its first direct Western outlet and help ease Russias energydominance.

Turkey and Greece signed an agreement to create a CombinedJoint Operational Unit within the framework of NATO toparticipate in Peace Support Operations.[19]

Erdogan and his party strongly supported the EU backed referendum of Cyprus, 2004 to reunify the island. [20]

The Ecumenical Patriarchate in Istanbul continued to seek to reopen the Halki seminary on the island of Heybeliin the Sea of Marmara. The seminary was closed in 1971 when the patriarchate, to avoid the seminary beingadministered by the state, chose not to fulfill a government requirement for all private institutions of higherlearning to nationalize. Prime Minister Erdoan and Greek Prime Minister Papandreou are working together toimprove the rights of Christians in Turkey and Muslims in Greece. It is expected that the Greeks will open the

first legal mosque in Athens and the Turks will open the Halki seminary in Istanbul.

[21]

Russia

Main article: Russia-Turkey relations

For centuries, Turkey and Russia have been rivals for regional supremacy. With the rise of the Erdoangovernment, the two countries have realised that friendly relations are in the interest of them both. Accordingly,co-operation rather than rivalry appears to dominate the ties.

In 2002, trade between Turkey and Russia was worth some $5 billion. By the end of 2010, this figure reachedalmost $30 billion.

In December 2004, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited Turkey. This was the first Presidential visit in thehistory of Turkish-Russian relations besides that of the Chairman of the Presidium, Nikolai Podgorny in 1972. In
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Erdogan's trilateral meeting with Russian

President Vladimir Putin and Italian Prime

Minister Silvio Berlusconi in Turkey

November 2005, Putin attended together with the inaugurationof a jointly constructed Blue Stream natural gas pipeline inTurkey. This sequence of top-level visits has brought severalimportant bilateral issues to the forefront. The two countriesconsider it their strategic goal to achieve "multidimensional co-operation", especially in the fields of energy, transport and themilitary. Specifically, Russia aims to invest in Turkeys fuel and

energy industries, and it also expects to participate in tenders forthe modernisation of Turkeys military.[22]

President Medvedev described Turkey as one of our mostimportant partners with respect to regional and internationalissues. He continued We can confidently say that Russian-Turkish relations have advanced to the level of a

multidimensional strategic partnership.[23]

On May 12, 2010, Ankara and Moscow signed 17 agreements to enhance cooperation in energy and other

fields, including pacts to build Turkeys first nuclear power plant and furthering plans for an oil pipeline from theBlack Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. The leaders of both countries have also signed an agreement on visa-freetravel. Tourists will be able to get into the country for free and stay there for up to 30 days. [24]

Spain

Main article: SpainTurkey relations

The Alliance of Civilizations which is intended to respond to the need for a committed effort by the internationalcommunity, both at the institutional and civil society levels, to bridge divides and overcome prejudice,

misconceptions, misperceptions, and polarization which potentially threaten world peace, was initiated by PrimeMinister Jos Luis Rodriguez Zapatero of Spain, co-sponsored by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan ofTurkey.

During the visit of Prime Minister Zapatero to Turkey in November 2006, on the occasion of the Alliance ofCivilizations initiative, a Strategy Paper aimed at further strengthening Turkish-Spanish bilateral relations wassigned by the two Prime Ministers.

Middle East

Egypt

Main article: EgyptTurkey relations

Turkey's Prime Minister Erdoan was the first world leader to call for Egyptian leader Hosni Mubarak to heedthe peoples demands and leave his post to pave the way for a more democratic regime during the 2011Egyptian revolution.[25] Erdoan gave a speech to the members of the ruling AK Party, which was broadcastlive by some Arabic TV channels, including Al Jazeera.[26]

From here, I would like to make a very sincere suggestion to Egyptian President Mr. HusniMubarak and caution him: We are human beings. We are mortal. We are not immortal. We willall die and be questioned for what we have done in our lives. As Muslims, we will all end up intwo-cubic meter holes. We are all mortals. What is immortal is the legacy we leave behind;
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what is important is to be remembered with respect; it is to be remembered with benediction.We exist for the people. We fulfil our duties for our people. When the imam comes to us as wedie, he will not address us as the head of state, as the prime minister, or as the minister. I amnow talking to the trillionaires: the imam will not address you as trillionaires. He will address usall as simple men or women. What will come with you will only be the shroud. Nothing else.Therefore we must know the value of that shroud; we must listen to the voice of our conscienceand to the voice of our people; we must be ready either for our peoples prayers or for their

malediction. Therefore, I say that you must listen, and we must listen, to the peoples outcry, totheir extremely humanitarian demands. Meet the peoples desire for change with no hesitation.In our world today, freedoms can no longer be postponed or ignored.

On June 6, 2011, Erdogan said in a meeting with the delegation of representatives of Egypts youngrevolutionaries, who were visiting Turkey, that democracy guaranteed rights and basic freedoms, especially forwomen and children and that they should select a president with characteristics like honesty and sincerity, so thatthe people will gain a lot of support.[27]

After the ousting of President Hosny Mubarak, the Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoan made his first3 days official visit to Egypt on 12 September 2011, accompanied by six ministers and about 200businessmen.[28] This visit was considered a diplomatic success. Erdoan's historic visit to Egypt was met withmuch enthusiasm by Egyptians. Even though it was midnight, Cairo traffic was reported to be jammed asthousands rushed to welcome the Turkish Prime Minister with Turkish flags. CNN reported some Egyptianssaying "We consider him as the Islamic leader in the Middle East", while others were appreciative of his role insupporting Gaza.[28] Erdogan was later honored in Tahrir Square by members of the Egyptian Revolution YouthUnion, and members of the Turkish embassy were presented with a coat of arms in acknowledgement of thePrime Ministers support of the Egyptian Revolution.[29] The Times had penned his visit with the words, "He,

Erdogan Is Greeted like a Rock Star in Egypt".[30]

Iraq

Main article: Iraq-Turkey relations

On October 15, 2009, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoan visited the capital of Iraq. During this visit Iraqand Turkey signed 48 trade agreements by the Iraqi-Turkish Strategic Council in Baghdad. Agreements signedincluded sectors of security, energy, oil, electricity, water, health, trade, environment, transport, housing,construction, agriculture, education, higher education, and defense. On March 23, 2009, Abdullah Gl becamethe first Turkish head of state to visit Iraq in 33 years.

The Turkish government also warmed up relations with Iraqi Kurdistan by opening a Turkish university in Arbil,

and a Turkish consulate in Mosul.[31] While Turkeys policy against Iraq since the 2003 war had focused onpreventing the rise of an autonomous or independent Kurdish political entity and eliminating the presence of theKurdish WorkersParty in Northern Iraq, its policy under the influence of Davutolus doctrine moved fromcontainment to engagement. Turkey accepted the legitimacy of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) as afederal entity within Iraq and deepened economic and political cooperation with the Baghdad federalgovernment. Davutolu became the Turkish high-level official to visit Northern Iraq in October 2009. He metTurkeys erstwhile archenemy and President of the KRG Massoud Barzani and Prime Minister Nechervan IdrisBarzani and announced the opening of a Turkish consulate in Arbil. In his statements, Davutolu argued thatsuch a visit should have taken place long ago. Stating that he found Erbil very developed, Davutolu added, "Allof us will contribute to the even further development of Erbil. This will become a bridge between Iraq andTurkey. We are the gate of Iraq to the European Union. And Arbil is our gate opening to Basra."
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Erdoan walks out of the session at the

World Economic Forum in 2009, vows

never to return.[34]

On March 30, 2011, Recep Tayyip Erdogan became the first Turkish prime minister to visit the Kurdish regionof Iraq. The trip, in which he opened a new Turkish-built airport, is rich in significance given Turkeys ownhistory of conflict with Kurdish rebels. His host, Iraqi Kurdish regional President Masoud Barzani, praised

Erdogans decision to come as brave.[32] We believe your visit will build very strong bridges between Turkeyand our country and our region, he said, welcoming Erdogan to Arbil. Erdoan also visited Imam- Azam EbuHanife's tomb and Shiite Imams tombs in Kazimiya district of Baghdad. He then moved on from Baghdad toNajaf where he visited the shrine of Imam Ali. Erdoan then met with the religious leader Ali al-Sistani.[33]

Iran

Main article: Iran-Turkey relations

Relations with Iran also improved significantly. Energy cooperation moved beyond the purchase and transit ofIranian natural gas through Turkey to the development of Iranian hydrocarbon fields by Turkish companies.Moreover, Turkey claimed a key mediating role in the Iranian nuclear dispute. Distancing itself from the UnitedStates and the European Union, Erdoan made repeated statements on Western double standards regardingnuclear proliferation in the Middle East. Davutolu visited Tehran in February 2010 with the aim to broker a

deal on the issue of uranium enrichment. Irans nuclear ambitions were evidently an issue of utmost significancefor Turkish national security, as well as an opportunity for Davutolu to put his proactive foreign policy visioninto work.

Israel

Main article: Israel-Turkey relations

Erdoan is a supporter of a two-state solution for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. He also called for Israel's nuclear facilities tocome under IAEA inspection. Erdoan accuses Israel of turning

Gaza into an "open-air prison".[35]

At the 2009 World Economic Forum conference, the debatebecame heated in relation to the Gaza conflict. The IsraeliPresident Shimon Peres was heavily criticized by Erdogan (sittingbeside him) over the handling of the conflict as response toPeres' strong language. Erdoan also accused the moderator of

giving Peres more time than all the other panelists combined.[36]

Following the Gaza flotilla raid, tension between the twocountries dramatically mounted, when Erdogan stronglycondemned the raid, describing it as "state terrorism", calling for Israeli leaders responsible to be punished, andconcluding his speech by saying that "we are sick of your [Israel's] lies".[37]

Saudi Arabia

Diplomatic ties with Saudi Arabia were established in 1929. In recent years importance has been given toregional issues and to the improvement of bilateral relations to strengthen political, economic and military

ties.[38][39]

In August 2006, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz El Saud made a visit to Turkey. This was the first visit made by aSaudi monarch in forty years.[39] Soon after that, he made a second visit to Turkey in the following year on
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November 9, 2007.[39]

Turkish-Saudi trade volume has exceeded 3.2 billion USD in 2006, almost double the figure achieved in 2003.

In 2009, this amount reached 5.5 billion USD and the goal for the year 2010 was 10 billion USD. [40] Trade isexpected to increase even more, as the strategic locations of both countries translate into economies which arein a position to supplement each other.[39]

Syria

Main article: Syria-Turkey relations

During Erdoan's term of office, the diplomatic relations between Turkey and Syria have significantly improved.While the two countries had come to the brink of war in late 1998, due to Syrias support for the PKK,relations entered a blossom in 2004. In 2004, President Bashar al-Assad arrived in Turkey for the first officialvisit by a Syrian President in 57 years.[41] In late 2004, Turkish Prime Minister Erdoan signed a free tradeagreement with Syria. The visa restrictions between the two countries have been lifted in 2009, which caused aneconomic boom in the regions near the Syrian border. Political and economic cooperation grew ever stronger,

while Turkey repeatedly attempted to mediate between Syria and Israel with the aim to achieve a peaceagreement and the return of the Golan Heights to Syria.

Qatar

Main article: TurkeyQatar relations

Current high level visits have given a new momentum to the bilateral relations between the two countries. PrimeMinister Recep Tayyip Erdoan, accompanied by Minister of Energy and Minister of Finance, paid an official

visit to Qatar between April 13 and 15, 2005. The Prime Minister also attended Doha VIII Democracy,Development and Free Trade Forum as a keynote speaker. During the visits, both sides agreed to improve therelations especially in the economic and energy fields and strengthen their cooperation on the regional issues.

Prime Minister Sheikh Hamad bin Jabor bin Jassim Al Thani made a working visit to Turkey between March 7and 8, 2007.

Turkey's President Abdullah Gl, accompanied by Minister of Finance, Minister of Energy, Minister of PublicWork and Settlement, and a large group of businessmen, paid an official visit to Qatar between February 5 and7, 2008, during which the 1st Turkish-Qatari Business Forum was also held.

Foreign Minister Ali Babacan visited Qatar to attend The US-Islamic World Forum as a keynote speakerorganized by Qatari Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the US based Brookings Institute, as well as to have abilateral meeting with his colleague Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Sheikh Hamad bin Jassem bin Jabor AlThani.

See also

List of prime ministerial trips made by Recep Tayyip Erdoan

References

1. ^ Kanbolat, Hasan (July 27, 2010). "Turkish opening for NATO: Ambassador Hseyin Diriz"(htt ://www.toda szaman.com/columnists-217264-turkish-o enin -for-nato-ambassador-huse in-dirioz.html) .
http://www.todayszaman.com/columnists-217264-turkish-opening-for-nato-ambassador-huseyin-dirioz.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_government#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_bin_Jabor_bin_Jassim_Al_Thanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Qatar_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_government#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria-Turkey_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_government#cite_note-mfa.gov.tr-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_government#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_government#cite_note-mfa.gov.tr-39


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5. ^ Grigoriadis, loannis N. (April 2010). "The Davutolu Doctrine and Turkish Foreign Policy"(http://www.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%9F-%CE%95%CE%A1%CE%93%CE%91%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%A3-8_2010_IoGrigoriadis1.pdf) .Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP). http://www.eliamep.gr/wp-

content/uploads/2010/05/%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%9F-%CE%95%CE%A1%CE%93%CE%91%CE%A3%CE%99%CE%91%CE%A3-8_2010_IoGrigoriadis1.pdf.Retrieved April 17, 2011.

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9. ^The Guardian (UK), News > Global development, Supported by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Horn ofAfrica drought: interactive map (http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/interactive/2011/jul/04/somalia-hornofafrica-drought-map-interactive?INTCMP=SRCH) , Paddy Allen, Source: OCHA, 2 August 2011.

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12. ^ Ellsworth, Brian; Colitt, Raymond (May 28, 2010). "Brazil, Turkey press their Iran nuclear deal"(http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-48864120100527?feedType=RSS&feedName=everything&virtualBrandChannel=11709) . Reuters (Rio de Janeiro).http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-48864120100527?feedType=RSS&feedName=everything&virtualBrandChannel=11709.

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E9BD3?newsId=199092) . Today's Zaman (Istanbul). January 20, 2010.http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=D6687B4FF50035329757571A050E9BD3?newsId=199092. Retrieved January 27, 2010.

16. ^ Armenian mass a sign of growing tolerance (http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dd6c979e-c420-11df-b827-00144feab49a.html) . Financial Times. 2010-09-19.

^ " " = -
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. . . . . -MSNBC. 2004-12-01. http://arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com/news/298717.asp?cp1=1. Retrieved 2004-12-02.

18. ^ "EU enlargement past, present and future" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7529707.stm) . BBC News.2008-11-06. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7529707.stm. Retrieved 2009-02-01.

19. ^ "Turkish Foreign Ministers visit to Athens - Greek-Turkish agreement on confidence-building measures"(http://www.greekembassy.org/embassy/Content/en/Article.aspx?office=1&folder=24&article=22442) .greekembassy.org. http://www.greekembassy.org/embassy/Content/en/Article.aspx?office=1&folder=24&article=22442. Retrieved 2007-12-04.

20. ^ Dymond, Jonny (April 25, 2004). "Analysis: Turkey's Cyprus gamble"

(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3656919.stm) . BBC News (Istanbul).http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3656919.stm. Retrieved February 1, 2009.

21. ^ PM Erdoan asserts Turks rights in Greece in return for Halki Seminary(http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=pm-erdogan-asserts-turks-rights-in-greece-in-return-to-halki-seminary-2010-01-04) . Hrriyet Daily News. 2010-01-04.

22. ^ "Turkey-Russia relations" (http://www.euractiv.com/en/foreign-affairs/turkey-russia-relations/article-134083). euractiv.com. November 17, 2005. http://www.euractiv.com/en/foreign-affairs/turkey-russia-relations/article-134083.

23. ^ "Turkey, Russia eye strategic partnership in Medvedev visit" (http://www.todayszaman.com/news-209892-102-turkey-russia-eye-strategic-partnership-in-medvedev-visit.html) . Today's Zaman. May 11, 2010.http://www.todayszaman.com/news-209892-102-turkey-russia-eye-strategic-partnership-in-medvedev-visit.html.

24. ^ "Russia and Turkey agree on visa-free travel" (http://rt.com/politics/russ ia-turkey-visa-regime/) . RussiaToday. May 12, 2010. http://rt.com/politics/russia-turkey-visa-regime/.

25. ^ "Turkish PM proud of stance against Mubarak, slams opposition" (http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=erdogan-proud-of-his-stance-against-mubarak-slams-opposition-2011-02-15) .Hurriyet Daily News.February 15, 2011. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=erdogan-proud-of-his-stance-against-mubarak-slams-opposition-2011-02-15. Retrieved June 7, 2011.

26. ^ Joshua Keating (February 2, 2011). "Erdogan's Cairo speech"(http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/02/02/erdogans_cairo_speech) .Foreign Policy.http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/02/02/erdogans_cairo_speech. Retrieved June 7, 2011.

27. ^ Salwa Samir (June 6, 2011). "Erdogan speaks his mind on Egypt"(http://213.158.162.45/~egyptian/index.php?action=news&id=18960&title=Erdogan%20speaks%20his%20mind%20on%20Egypt) . The Egyptian Gazette.http://213.158.162.45/~egyptian/index.php?action=news&id=18960&title=Erdogan%20speaks%20his%20mind%20on%20Egypt. Retrieved June 7, 2011.

28. ^ ab "Turkish prime minister arrives for visit to Egypt as role widens"(http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/09/12/turkey.diplomacy/) . cnn.com. September 14, 2011.http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/09/12/turkey.diplomacy/. Retrieved September 15, 2011.

29. ^ "Egypt and Turkey, an Axis against Democracy?" (http://democrati.net/2011/09/30/egypt-and-turkey-an-axis-against-democracy/) . democrati.net. September 30, 2011. http://democrati.net/2011/09/30/egypt-and-turkey-an-axis-against-democracy/. Retrieved September 30, 2011.

30. ^ "Why Turkey's Erdogan Is Greeted like a Rock Star in Egypt"(http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2093090,00.html) . time.com. September 13, 2011.http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2093090,00.html. Retrieved September 15, 2011.

31. ^ Kene, Blent (November 2, 2009). "Turkish Foreign Ministers visit to Northern Iraq"(http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-191730-100-news-analysis-towards-a-new-era-in-ties-with-northern-iraq.html) . Today's Zaman. http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-191730-100-news-analysis-towards-a-new-era-in-ties-with-northern-iraq.html. Retrieved November 3, 2009.

32. ^ "Historic trip by Turkeys Erdogan to Iraqi Kurdish region" (http://www.euronews.net/2011/03/30/historic-trip-by-turkey-s-erdogan-to-iraqi-kurdish-region/) . March 30, 2011.http://www.euronews.net/2011/03/30/historic-trip-by-turkey-s-erdogan-to-iraqi-kurdish-region/. Retrieved April2, 2011.

33. ^ "PM Erdogan's visit to Iraq" (http://www.trtenglish.net/trtworld/en/newsDetail.aspx?HaberKodu=c2794df1-1862-41e2-8fba-88e535d4092a) . TRT. March 30, 2011.http://www.trtenglish.net/trtworld/en/newsDetail.aspx?HaberKodu=c2794df1-1862-41e2-8fba-88e535d4092a.Retrieved April 9, 2011.

34. ^ Bennhold, Katrin (January 29, 2009). "Leaders of Turkey and Israel Clash at Davos Panel"
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(http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/world/europe/30clash.html) . New York Times.http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/world/europe/30clash.html. Retrieved January 30, 2009.

35. ^ Haaretz Service (January 1, 2009). "Report: Turkish PM Erdogan says 'Palestine today is an open-air prison'"(http://www.haaretz.com/news/report-turkish-pm-erdogan-says-palestine-today-is-an-open-air-prison-1.266939) . Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/news/report-turkish-pm-erdogan-says-palestine-today-is-an-open-air-prison-1.266939. Retrieved September 8, 2010.

36. ^ "Turkish PM storms out of Davos' Gaza session, slams moderator"(http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/world/10887282.asp?gid=244) .Hrriyet.

http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/world/10887282.asp?gid=244. Retrieved 2009-02-01.37. ^ "Turkey urges UN to punish Israel for raid on Gaza flotilla" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MUXxLerFsY) . Youtube.com. 2010-05-31. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MUXxLerFsY. Retrieved2010-06-05.

38. ^ "Saudi Arabia - Turkey - King Abdullah Visit Expected to Open New Chapter in Relations"(http://www.susris.com/articles/2006/ioi/060808-saudi-turkey.html) . Susris.com. 2006-08-08.http://www.susris.com/articles/2006/ioi/060808-saudi-turkey.html. Retrieved 2012-11-09.

39. ^ abcd "Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs" (http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-political-relations-with-saudi-arabia.en.mfa) . Mfa.gov.tr. 2012-11-03. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-political-relations-with-saudi-arabia.en.mfa. Retrieved 2012-11-09.

40. ^ [1] (http://www.neurope.eu/articles/92934.php)

41. ^ "Trkiye, Suriye ile srail arasnda kolaylatrc rol stlenebilir"(http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2004/01/06/son/sontur16.html) (in Turkish). Milliyet.com.tr. January 6, 2004.http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2004/01/06/son/sontur16.html. Retrieved September 8, 2010.

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