Document compiled for Foreign Policy Committee There is a realization within the Afghan regime that they are bound to accommodate Pakistan’s wishes in the future policy set-up. Particularly, in the situation emerging after the Pak-US strategic dialogue where it became apparent the US also needs Pakistan is backing in Afghanistan. The US has declared Pakistan their indispensable ally for their success in Afghanistan because they understand that without Pakistan’s active support success is not possible. Pakistan’s policies towards Afghanistan are clear and unchanged. Pakistan has always wanted Afghanistan, the brotherly neighbour on the western side, to be a friendly country. Both its democratic government and the military seek to have a friendly and stable Afghanistan given the fact that anything happening there has impacts in Pakistan and vice versa. Pakistan former Foreign Minister Qureshi while re-stating the government’s policy towards Afghanistan stated that Pakistan aimed at a peaceful, friendly and stable Afghanistan. Pakistani military’s stand on Afghanistan was also made known once again by COAS General Ashfaq Kayani when he said that Pakistan wanted a peaceful, stable and friendly Afghanistan. It has always been crucial for Pakistan to have long-term security on its western border since it has a problem-prone eastern border. The second important matter for Pakistan is to see Afghanistan becoming a country with strong and stable state institutions including both the army and and the police. Pakistan is concerned over broader Indian role in Afghanistan for its own security reasons and has often emphasized limited role for India in Afghanistan. Most specifically, Pakistan wants the US and Afghan governments to check the Indian aspirations of having a part in the training of the Afghan army and police which is not acceptable to Pakistan as it poses threats to its strategic interests. In fact it has been clearly pointed out that an environment in Afghanistan hostile to Pakistan would not be in favour of anyone as it would strain Pakistan's cooperation and efforts in fighting the militancy. To overcome the current volcanic mess of insurgency both Pakistan and Afghanistan have a unanimous approach on resolving the issue. The Pak-US strategic dialogue has clearly dispelled the doubts from the minds of Pakistani and Afghan policy makers. Pakistan had for the past few years kept on convincing the US that military strategy alone was not a workable solution for ending extremism in Afghanistan; but the US has its own way of handling the situation. Now both Pakistan and Afghanistan are committed to bringing the
Transcript
Document compiled for Foreign Policy Committee
There is a realization within the Afghan regime that they are bound to accommodate
Pakistan’s wishes in the future policy set-up. Particularly, in the situation emerging after the
Pak-US strategic dialogue where it became apparent the US also needs Pakistan is backing in
Afghanistan. The US has declared Pakistan their indispensable ally for their success in
Afghanistan because they understand that without Pakistan’s active support success is not
possible.
Pakistan’s policies towards Afghanistan are clear and unchanged. Pakistan has always
wanted Afghanistan, the brotherly neighbour on the western side, to be a friendly country.
Both its democratic government and the military seek to have a friendly and stable
Afghanistan given the fact that anything happening there has impacts in Pakistan and vice
versa. Pakistan former Foreign Minister Qureshi while re-stating the government’s policy
towards Afghanistan stated that Pakistan aimed at a peaceful, friendly and stable
Afghanistan. Pakistani military’s stand on Afghanistan was also made known once again by
COAS General Ashfaq Kayani when he said that Pakistan wanted a peaceful, stable and
friendly Afghanistan. It has always been crucial for Pakistan to have long-term security on
its western border since it has a problem-prone eastern border. The second important
matter for Pakistan is to see Afghanistan becoming a country with strong and stable state
institutions including both the army and and the police. Pakistan is concerned over broader
Indian role in Afghanistan for its own security reasons and has often emphasized limited role
for India in Afghanistan. Most specifically, Pakistan wants the US and Afghan governments
to check the Indian aspirations of having a part in the training of the Afghan army and
police which is not acceptable to Pakistan as it poses threats to its strategic interests. In fact
it has been clearly pointed out that an environment in Afghanistan hostile to Pakistan would
not be in favour of anyone as it would strain Pakistan's cooperation and efforts in fighting
the militancy.
To overcome the current volcanic mess of insurgency both Pakistan and Afghanistan have a
unanimous approach on resolving the issue. The Pak-US strategic dialogue has clearly
dispelled the doubts from the minds of Pakistani and Afghan policy makers. Pakistan had for
the past few years kept on convincing the US that military strategy alone was not a
workable solution for ending extremism in Afghanistan; but the US has its own way of
handling the situation. Now both Pakistan and Afghanistan are committed to bringing the
Document compiled for Foreign Policy Committee
insurgents to the negotiating table through political strategy to end the war. President
Karzai and Pakistani institutions, in collaboration as well as independently, are making
efforts in their own ways for persuading hardcore elements to renounce insurgency.
Regional cooperation: Karzai’s suggestion
Since both Pakistan and Afghanistan are engulfed in economic crises they have agreed to
broaden bilateral trade further. Afghanistan being a landlocked country is 21 dependent on
Pakistan for trade expansion. There have been bilateral meetings on national security
matters, economic needs being one of them. Pakistan had taken part in the reconstruction
of Afghanistan earlier also, though progress had been slow. So far,
Pakistan has completed the reconstruction of a road from Turkham to Jalalabad in the
eastern Nangarhar province of Afghanistan. Lately Pakistan is involved in remodelling the
road to turn it into a dual carriage highway. Other than trade sector, Pakistan is also
engaged in building a hospital in Kabul, known as the Jinnah Hospital Complex. There is a
department at the Kabul University. Allama Iqbal Faculty of Arts, gifted by the people of
Pakistan.
During President Karzai’s visit to Islamabad in March 2010, Pakistan’s role remained
prominent at the talks as it proposed to enhance cooperation in transit trade,
reconstruction, and technical projects. They agreed to develop the communication network,
boost trade to $15 billion a year by 2015 and enhance cooperation in education with
exchange programmes and doubling scholarships from 1,000 to 2,000.
In agriculture, creation of a Pakistan-Afghanistan food bank is under consideration, while in
the energy sector joint strategies for early implementation of trans-Afghan energy projects
were agreed, with particular focus on CASA-1000 and Turkmenistan Afghanistan-Pakistan
gas pipeline. A Joint Declaration was signed by the two foreign ministers, Shah Mehmood
Qureshi and Dr. Zalmai Rassoul, for developing roads, rail and bus services and air
connectivity and upgrading the existing facilities. Priority was given to completing Peshawar-
Jalalabad Expressway and feasibility study of Peshawar-Jalalabad rail link.
Pakistan and Afghanistan are also planning to establish a Silk Route, CEOs Forum and
Pakistan-Afghanistan Reconstruction Consortium for reconstruction and development
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purposes. Both countries considered setting up economic and industrial zones. Summits on
trilateral basis with Iran and Turkey have also been welcomed by both the countries. During
the meetings the focus was on framing a roadmap for forging strong relations and
promoting economic prosperity in Afghanistan and the region. A friendly and peaceful
environment is very much needed that’s why regional cooperation has become a priority for
all — Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran. To end hostility, Turkey acted as a mediator between
Pakistan and Afghanistan. Therefore, both Pakistan and Afghanistan are pursuing mature
policies. A progressive change is seen and there is a realization of the necessity of defeating
insurgency through utilizing their commonalities and sharing resources with each other for
creating a stable relationship and a peaceful region.
Indian Scenario
It took several decades after the World War II to mend relations between the people of
Germany and those of France. The formation of the European Union, giving rise to higher
levels of economic well being resulting from enhanced economic cooperation has been
instrumental in reducing the enmities not only between France and Germany but across the
Western Europe and receding the memories of the atrocities of the World War II from the
minds of most people, especially of the next generation which came of age by the 1970’s.
Skeptics would argue that in the case of India and Pakistan, the Kashmir dispute is sui
generis and thus the improvement of relations is dependent upon its resolution. In this case,
one can draw lessons from North Ireland, which has been a bone of contention between the
United Kingdom and Ireland as well as a huge number of people living in Norhern Ireland.
The Irish Republican Army has agreed to lay down its arms, and has also stopped any
terrorist activity either in Ireland or in the UK, after thirty years of conflict. Can the same not
be at tempted in Kashmi r , whi ch has become a s imi lar ly intractable problem between
India and Pakistan as well among the people living in various parts of Jammu and Kashmir.
More significant are the costs to the consumer and the producer - the most significant
segments of the social dynamo. A look at IndoPak trade is rather instructive about the need
to make economics central to all our efforts. However, a large informal, illegal, border, call it
what-you-like trade indicates the contrary. Though official bilateral trade figures are pegged
at slightly less than $400mn, illegal trade is $1.5-2bn. Informal trade, through third country
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like the foundry equipment purchase, is another $1bn. Some talk of a range of $2-8bn!
Official trade figures apart, informal and illegal trade is mere guesstimates. Nevertheless,
they indicate the huge potential for trade.
A Bilateral Investment Treaty can readily neutralize the supply side constraints in Pakistan
and the fear of being swallowed by the giant Indian economy. At the end of the day despite
huge trade deficits countries have not stopped trading with China. Even Nepal, Bangladesh
and Sri Lanka have FTA ís with India. If it ís only politics pulling Indo-Pak back, then the new
norm needs to be reiterated, which is, economics will drive politics for all future and
practical purposes. India should not be looked as a competitor alone, for sure India will win
the numbers game in the short run due to its huge market size, however, Indian market
should be eyed as the hub of investments and transfer of technology not alone for Pakistan
but for the whole region
Regional politics - Risks for Pakistan’s interests
Afghanistan with so much untapped resources and prospects of known US intentions
alongside the policy of regionalism proposed and encouraged by President Karzai opens up
avenues for other regional players as well in the country. In addition to this, Afghanistan
holds a very significant geo-strategic position for interested parties.
India evidently having the status of the fifth largest socio-economic investor in Afghanistan
with a huge presence both in terms of resources and men in almost every sector of the
country poses great risks for Pakistan’s interests. Through public and private sectors
involvement India has earned goodwill of the Afghans which is really challenging for
Pakistan in gaining their goodwill in its favour. Besides, New Delhi with Karzai’s help was
able to expand its power in the course of time through opening a number of consulates
which are also used for covert activities against Pakistan.
However, India is not the only actual and potential competitor facing Pakistan’s interests
and influence in Afghanistan. Seeing an opening in the region Iran has become too eager to
come out of the isolation imposed by the US and international community. Iran shares close
historical, cultural, linguistic and ethnic links with Afghans. Iranian firms have been actively
contributing to the reconstruction of Afghanistan. Iranian aid totals more than US $280
Document compiled for Foreign Policy Committee
million so far and trade volume between the two countries is more than $1.3 billion. Iran
has reserved $100 million for building a university in Kabul. Iran’s presence and strong
influence is very much visible in the Herat province of Afghanistan. Not only this, Iran also
hosted Afghan refugees like Pakistan and has almost 900,000 legalized Afghan refugees
whereas illegal residents’ number is not known. Iran is keen on building stronger relations
with Afghanistan though it does not support the reconciliatory process introduced by
President Karzai because Iran never recognized Taliban’s legitimacy.
China in need to fulfil its potential demands is seeking new opportunities in Afghanistan.
Both China and Afghanistan are looking towards building partnership for meeting their
economic requirements. China has a progressive economy which constantly requires natural
resources like copper, oil and gas for its growth. Afghanistan with so many reserves offers
an opportunity to explore and utilize these resources. In 2008 China’s Jiangxi Copper
Company and China Metallurgical Group Corporation made a joint investment of $3.5
billion which earned them full mining rights for developing Afghanistan’s Aynak Copper
field. Aynak Copper field is the world’s largest undeveloped field. China is also involved in
constructing a $500 million power plant and a railway track from Tajikistan to Pakistan
which will bring about 10,000 employments for Afghans and $400 million in royalties
annually to Afghan government. China is also engaged in developing communication
networks, restoration of irrigation projects, public hospitals and road restoration projects
awarded by European Union (EU).
President Karzai knowing the potential and means of assistance Russia holds has also
welcomed Russian engagements in Afghanistan. Russia has been encouragedfor investing in
Afghanistan and restoring old ties. Russia wrote off 93 per cent of Afghanistan’s Soviet-era
debts to strengthen bilateral relations. There seems to be a revival of frequent diplomatic
visits particularly from the Afghan side and Moscow reopened its consulate in Mazar-i-
Sharif. Moscow has expressed its readiness to rebuild war-torn Afghanistan and is
reconstructing the 142 facilities built by the Soviet Union in the country. This also included
the reconstruction of the strategic 2.7-km-long Salang tunnel built by the Soviet Union in
1964 and destroyed in 1994. Russia is also actively supplying humanitarian aid and
assistance. It shipped 18,000 tons of flour and is giving anti-narcotics training to Afghan
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police, etc. Russia is also eager to resume cooperation in aiding the military and offering
military-technical supplies.
Therefore Pakistan, in contrast to the abovementioned potential regional players’
contribution and eagerness, has been slow in contributing towards the reconstruction effort
in Afghanistan. For the past many years Pakistan has been associated with the war and
military side of the country that has left the people worn out. Afghans look towards
countries which are taking care of their necessities. That is why there is an atmosphere of
animosity towards Pakistan and its presence in the country while countries like India, Iran,
China and Russia are always welcome due to their assistance. Pakistan in pursuing its
interests and influence in the country is confronted with the challenge of conflicting
interests of these strong, influential regional players. Also, no matter how dreadful the
situation is in Afghanistan, it is a sovereign country where the people are much aware of
their necessities and have strong opinion over issues. Convergence of Afghan interests with
those of Pakistan depends on the future course of events and how stable the situation
remains with Pakistan’s help. For Pakistan there are restraints in Afghanistan while
competing with these economic giants in one place that may develop into a conflict of
interests.
Regional Security Perspective (China, Iran, Afghanistan and India)
The politico-strategic environment of Asia remains fluid post Cold War and the Gulf War,
not entirely due to the Arab-Israel conflict and other inter-state territorial disputes in the
region, rather due to the American military intervention in Afghanistan and Iraq after the
September 11 attacks in USA. America’s pursuit of Afghanistan and Iraq can now said to be a
miscalculation that jumped into this disastrous military action in pursuit of its strategic
interests. Pakistan’s support for the American war on terrorism has left the country in dire
situation compared to its neighbor India, who remained on the sidelines of the conflict, in
waiting for a bigger role in the region. With new peace initiatives sweeping across the
Middle East, Pakistan stands in a dilemma on sustaining her longstanding anti-Zionist
stance. The internal situation of the country under the premiership of Yousaf Raza Gillan
and the Presidency of Asif Ali Zardari is no better positioned or prepared to evolve the
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political scenario in comparison to the doctorial regime of General Pervez Musharraf, who
maintained the stance of staying in power at all cost, like his predecessor General Zia ul
Haque. Though, one could not see any different fait for the General as well as Pakistan once
America decided to de-induct their troops from Afghanistan and Iraq. Pakistan’s main
security concern has always been due to the Pakistan-India relations and this is the major
issue affecting the relation between all countries of the region. The known reality of the
economic and military strength of its neighbour, India, Pakistan remains in constant threat.
Pak-US relations are broadly affected by the factor of nuclear non-proliferation, where
Pakistan regards its nuclear policy as its sovereign right and is unwilling to compromise with
the US on this issue (Junkun, 1992). The demise of the Soviet Union gave Pakistan the
opportunity to think about collaboration for economc gains wih Central Asia Republics as
well as the founding member of he ECO, but this was short lived due to the latest imbroglio
in Afghanistan, and India was unaffected due to this relations.
Policy options for Pakistan
As a consequence of Afghanistan’s deteriorating situation spilling over across the border,
Pakistan is also preparing policies by looking at options available in the wake of US
withdrawal. The situation following the Pakistan-US strategic dialogue and the shift in
Afghanistan’s policies presents certain crucial options for Pakistan to play in the future.
There are important lessons for Pakistan as well in the strategic dialogue which the
policymakers should not ignore. They should not get swayed by the exaggerated remark of
Foreign Minister Qureshi talking of an “180-degree” turning point in Pak-US bilateral
relations. The most important message for Pakistan from the current process under
discussion is that history might be repeating itself where the US and the coalition forces
would withdraw depending on the domestic situation in the US while Pakistan would be left
alone to deal with the mess in both Afghanistan and Pakistan.
The governing institutions in Pakistan while formulating future policies need to understand
that there are limitations to US assistance and support for Pakistan.
For example, the India factor in Afghanistan is a core national security concern for
Pakistan while evidently is it does not have any crucial importance in the US. The US
listened to Pakistan’s unease over the unbalanced American attitude in the region
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yet remained non-committal on the subject. Pakistan must realize that for resolving
national security issues the US cannot be relied upon always because Pakistan’s
concerns may not be United State’s top-priority concerns. Thus instead of asking US
assistance in each and every sector,
Pakistan must understand the dire needs of the country and the resources it has.
Mobilizing its own resources and skills for findings ways of resolving problems is
highly essential for Pakistan’s survival in the international world and building strong
presence in the region than pursuing a US-centric approach. The US assistance to
Pakistan in significant civilian sectors is beneficial yet more alarming. It easily gives
opportunities to the US to influence and interfere in Pakistan’s internal affairs. It
increases the likelihood of more US drone strikes in Pakistan which will further
destabilize the country. Not only this, longer presence of US in Pakistan would be
justified on the grounds of assistance to Pakistan. Pakistan needs to be alert and
careful of too much American involvement in its affairs because that will not go in
its favor. Pakistan remains important for the US because of its nuclear facility that
they want to get hold of.
Another important subject that needs immediate attention of policymakers is the
development and protection of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas 29 (FATA) of
Pakistan. Pakistan has been operating against its homegrown militants which is not
only destructive in nature but has caused unlimited displacement of people. The
best course of action for Pakistan is to secure FATA as quickly as possible before the
full momentum of war transfers from Afghanistan into Pakistan. No matter what
situation turns out to be in Afghanistan, Pakistani government and armed forces just
cannot afford to ignore the changing scenario in its troubled areas and the shifting
US policies aimed at securing their own interests in Pakistan. Too much US
concentration on Afghan problems might lead to ignoring troubles inside Pakistan.
This should not be allowed to happen as Pakistan’s western region is excessively
vulnerable to the turbulent Afghan situation and Indian manipulations.
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Only the following options are envisaged:
a. High Profile Security Collaboration.
b. Low Profile Economic Integration.
2.1. High Profile Security Collaboration
Security collaboration at a high level can help Pakistan offset potential threat by seeking
closer military alliance with China, Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asian Republics.
This option offers following merits and demerits:
However the ethos of foreign policy has to stem from the honest realities of life. Accent on
economic cooperation in the ECO is a realistic approach. There is a vast economic potential
for a population of 350 million inhabiting the territory from Caspian Sea to the Indus valley.
Pakistan can, however, accrue benefits from the Central Asian Republics if peace comes to
Afghanistan, which is becoming a complicated affair after the military intervention of the US
and allies.
In short, Pakistan is faced with most dominating pervasive and consistent threat of her life
since inception. In the changed global environment, importance of Pakistan as friend and
ally of the US was always changing depending upon whether US needed Pakistan’s support
or not. The US used Pakistan as on required basis. She became a friend rather special friend
when the US needed Pakistan, and faced sanctions when not required. That summersault in
our relations with the US not only destabilised the country internally, especially politically
but also placed Pakistan in a vulnerable situation externally. Under the prevailing security
environment, there is a dire compulsion for Pakistan to seek Friends and Relief Zones closer
home because of lack of strategic depth, weak ec
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Merits
• A well-defined path with clear sense of direction.
