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Soviet bloc:-East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria ,Czechoslovaia, !rmenia, !zerbai"an, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, #azahstan,#yrgyzstan, $atvia, $ithuania, %oldova, Russia, &a"iistan, &urmenistan,

'raine and 'zbeistan(

POLAND FOREIGN RELATIONS IN 1956

)estern Bloc:- 'S! and allies

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Canal ;one to encircle the Egy*tian army in Sinai, But the Egy*tians tricedthem and 0ithdra0ed 1rom Sinai to 1ight them in the Canal3s cities (, so the/sraeli army enterred and occu*ied Sinai 0ith no 1ighting ,&he Public and the!rmy o1 Egy*t moltened in one man and continued to 1ight their enemy inPortsaid , the 1oriegn 1orces began to su11er heavy losses ,, the 'nited8ations intervened and denounced the tri*artite aggression on Egy*t anddemanded that the attacers to 0ithdra0 and *ressed the 'nited States 1orboth England and 2rance, as the Soviet 'nion threatened the aggressorStates, in addition to the revolution o1 0orers unem*loyed in England and2rance !gainst the government because o1 0hat they had been sub"ected tounem*loyment, and thus 1ailed assault and 1orced the aggressor States0ithdra0 its troo*s a1ter Egy*t agreed to the decision o1 the 'nited 8ationsEmergency 2orce *resence on the international border bet0een Egy*t and

/srael, and in Sharm el-Sheih area bordering the Gul1 o1 !5aba

&he most im*ortant reasons 1or the 1ailure o1 the tri*artite aggression onEgy*t is the intensity o1 the resistance and docing o1 the Egy*tian army and*eo*le against aggression, but there are other reasons 1orced the threecountries to 0ithdra0 5uicly as 1ollo0s:

+-&he Soviet 'nion3s o**osition to tri*arite attac

6-&he Soviet 'nion3s su**ort 1or Egy*t and threatening military interventionto sto* the aggression(

7-&he !rab Su**ort to Egy*t(

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bet0een Egy*t and /srael(

/t3s clear that Egy*t didn3t achieve a com*lete military victory, but achieved agreat *olitical victory (

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Poland In The Soviet loc

!1ter the Soviet invasion o1 German-occu*ied Poland in 9uly +??, Polishgovernment-in-e@ile *rime minister StanisAa0 %ioAa"czy 1le0 to %osco0 0ithChurchill to argue against the anne@ation o1 the %olotov-Ribbentro* Pact*ortion o1 eastern Poland by the Soviet 'nion( Poland served as the 1irst realtest o1 the !merican President Roosevelt3s Soviet *olicy o1 4giving4 to Stalinassuming noblesse oblige, 0ith Roosevelt telling %ioAa"czy be1ore the visit,4=on3t 0orry( Stalin doesn3t intend to tae 1reedom 1rom you4 and a1ter

assuring '(S( bacing, concluding 4/ shall see to it that your country does notcome out o1 this 0ar in"ured(4

%ioAa"czy o11ered a smaller section o1 land, but Stalin declined, telling himthat he 0ould allo0 the e@iled government to *artici*ate in the PolishCommittee o1 8ational $iberation P#)8 and later 4$ublin Committee4, 0hichconsisted o1 communists and satellite *arties set u* under the direct controlby the Soviet *leni*otentiary Colonel-General 8iolai Bulganin( !n agreement0as reached at the Dalta Con1erence *ermitting the anne@ation o1 most o1 the

%olotov-Ribbentro* Pact *ortion o1 Eastern Poland, 0hile granting Poland *arto1 East Germany in return( &herea1ter, the'rainian Soviet Socialist Re*ublicand the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Re*ublic 0ere e@*anded to includeeastern Poland(

&he Soviet 'nion then com*ensated 0hat remained o1 Poland by ceding to itthe *ortion o1 Germany east o1 the der8eisse line, 0hich contained much o1Germany3s 1ertile land( !n agreement 0as reached at Dalta that the Soviets3Provisional Government made u* o1 P#)8 members 0ould be reorganized 4on a

broad democratic basis4 including the e@iled government, and that thereorganized government3s *rimary tas 0ould be to *re*are 1or elections(

Pretending that it 0as an indigenous body re*resenting Polish society, theP#)8 too the role o1 a governmental authority and challenged the *re)orld)ar // Polish government-in-e@ile in $ondon( =oubts began to arise 0hetherthe 41ree and un1ettered elections4 *romised at the Dalta Con1erence 0ouldoccur( 8on-communists and *artisans, including those that 1ought the 8azis,0ere systematically *ersecuted( Ho*es 1or a ne0 1ree start 0ere immediatelydam*ened 0hen the P#)8 claimed they 0ere entitled to choose 0ho they0anted to tae *art in the government, and the Soviet 8#F= seized si@teen

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Polish underground leaders 0ho had 0anted to *artici*ate in negotiations onthe reorganization in %arch +? brought them to the Soviet 'nion 1or a sho0trial in 9une(

! communist *ro*aganda *hoto o1 a citizen reading the P#)8 %ani1esto,issued on 66 9uly +??

$ine 0aiting to enter a store, a ty*ical vie0 in Poland in +s and +s(

)hile underground leaders 0ere sentenced to long *rison terms, assurancesthat *olitical *risoners 0ould be released and that Soviet 1orces and security0ould leave 1ailed to be su**orted by concrete sa1eguards or im*lementation*lans( Polish government-in-e@ile 1igures, including StanisAa0 %ioAa"czy thenreturned to a *o*ular rece*tion, and 0ere able to lure several *arties to theircause, e11ectively undermining Bloc *olitics(

Stalin then directed that %ioAa"czy3s Polish Peo*le3s Party PS$ must

acce*t "ust one 1ourth o1 *arliamentary mandated seats, or else re*ressionsand *olitical isolation 0ould ensue( Polish Communists, led by )AadysAa0GomuAa and BolesAa0 Bierut, 0ere a0are o1 the lac o1 su**ort 1or their side,es*ecially a1ter the 1ailure o1 a re1erendum 1or *olicies no0n as 47 timesDES4 , 0here less than a third o1 Poland3s *o*ulation voted in 1avor o1 the*ro*osed changes included massive communist land re1orms andnationalizations o1 industry(

)hen the %ioAa"czy3s Peo*le3s Party PPP continued to resist *ressure to

renounce a ticet o1 its o0n outside the communist *arty bloc, it 0as e@*osedto o*en terror, including the dis5uali1ication o1 PPP candidates in one 5uarter

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o1 the districts and the arrest o1 over +, PPP activists, 1ollo0ed byvote rigging that resulted in GomuAa3s communists 0inning a ma"ority in thecare1ully controlled *oll(

%ioAa"czy lost ho*e and le1t the country( His 1ollo0ers 0ere sub"ected to

unlimited ruthless *ersecution( 2ollo0ing the 1orged re1erendum, in ctober+?., the ne0 government nationalized all enter*rises em*loying over *eo*le and all but t0o bans( Public o**osition had been essentially crushed by+?., but underground activity still e@isted(

2raudulent Polish elections held in 9anuary +?> resulted in Poland3s o11icialtrans1ormation to a non-democratic communist state by +?, the Peo*le3sRe*ublic o1 Poland( Resistance 1ighters continued to battle Communists in the'rainian anne@ed *ortions o1 eastern Poland, the Soviet res*onse to 0hich

included the arrest o1 as many as ., *eo*le bet0een +?? and +6, 0ithabout one third e@ecuted and the rest im*risoned or e@iled(

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Ru!!ia

/mmediately a1ter regaining inde*endence in ++, Poland 0as 1aced 0itha 0ar 0ith the ne0 Bolshevi Russia, 0ith the PolishSoviet )ar

eventually ending u* 0ith a Polish victory at )arsa0, s*oiling $enin3s*lans o1 sending his Red !rmy 0est to s*read the communist revolution(2or the ne@t t0o decades, Poland 0as seen by the Soviet 'nion as an

enemyI eventually an agreement 0ith 8azi Germany allo0ed the Soviet'nion to success1ully invade and destroy the Second Re*ublic in +7(&he brutal mass murder, no0n as the #atyn massacre, o1 6, Polisho11icers that too *lace soon a1ter0ard, in the bacground o1 variousSoviet re*ressions o1 Polish citizens, became another event 0ith lastingre*ercussions on the PolishRussian relations(

!1ter the Second )orld )ar and 0ith the !llies3 *ermission during the

Yalta ConferenceJ, the Soviet 'nion 0hose Eastern 1ront rolled u* 8aziGermany 1rom the East ended u* in control o1 the Polish territory( StalinJ

decided to create a communist, Soviet allied Polish state, the Peo*le3sRe*ublic o1 Poland( Poland became *art o1 the Eastern Bloc, as thePeo*le3s Re*ublic o1 Poland( Soviet control over Poland lessened a1terStalin3s death and GomuAa3s &ha0

J&he Dalta Con1erence, sometimes called the Crimea Con1erenceand codenamedthe !rgonautCon1erence, held 2ebruary ?++, +?, 0as the )orld )ar //meeting o1 the heads o1government o1 the 'nited States, the 'nited #ingdomand the Soviet 'nion, re*resented byPresident2ranlin =( Roosevelt, Prime %inister)inston ChurchillandPremier9ose*h Stalin,res*ectively, 1or the *ur*ose o1 discussing Euro*e3s *ost-0ar reorganization( &he con1erence

convened in the $ivadia Palacenear Daltain Crimea(

JJ 9ose*h Stalin or /osi1 Fissarionovich Stalin 0as the leader o1 the Soviet 'nion 1rom themid-+6s until his death in +7(Stalin and his regime have been condemned on numerousoccasions, most notably in +. 0hen his successor 8iita #hrushchev denounced his legacy and

initiated a *rocess o1 de-Stalinization(Stalin led the Soviet 'nion through its *ost-0arreconstruction *hase, 0hich sa0 a signi1icant rise in tension 0ith the )estern 0orld that 0ouldlater be no0n as the Cold )ar(

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"nited State! o# A$erica

n 9uly , +?, the 'S government recognized the communist governmentinstalled in )arsa0 by the Soviet government, thus abandoning the PolishGovernment in E@ileJ( !1ter +, Poland or the Peo*le3s Re*ublic o1 Polandsince +6 became *art o1 the Soviet bloc, and as such, !merica3s enemy inthe Cold )ar( 'S 1irst ambassador to *ost-0ar Poland, !rthur Bliss $ane,0rote a boo / Sa0 Poland Betrayed about ho0 the )estern !llies abandonedtheir 1ormer ally, Poland, to the Soviet 'nion(

J&he Polish government-in-e@ile, 1ormally no0n as the Government o1 the Re*ublic o1 Poland ine@ile , 0as the government in e@ile o1 Poland 1ormed in the a1termath o1 the /nvasion o1 Poland o1Se*tember +7, and the subse5uent occu*ation o1 Poland by 8azi Germany and the Soviet 'nion,0hich brought to an end the Second Polish Re*ublic(

=es*ite the occu*ation o1 Poland by hostile *o0ers, the government-in-e@ile e@erted considerablein1luence in Poland through the structures o1 the Polish 'nderground State and its military arm,the !rmia #ra"o0a Home !rmy resistance( !broad, under the authority o1 thegovernment-in-e@ile, Polish military units that had esca*ed the occu*ation 1ought under their o0n

commanders as *art o1 !llied 1orces in Euro*e, !1rica, and the %iddle East(

!1ter the end o1 )orld )ar //, as the Polish territory came under the control o1 the Peo*le3sRe*ublic o1 Poland, a Soviet satellite state, the government-in-e@ile remained in e@istence, thoughlargely unrecognized and 0ithout e11ective *o0er( nly a1ter the end o1 Communist rule in Polanddid the government-in-e@ile 1ormally *ass on its res*onsibilities to the ne0 government o1 the&hird Polish Re*ublic in =ecember +(

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"nited %in&do$

!t 1irst British relations to communist Poland 0ere largely neutral 0ith somesections o1 the 1ar le1t even being su**ortive o1 the regime( &he Polishgovernment in e@ile 1rom during the 0ar at ?7 Eaton Place in $ondon remainedin *lace, ho0ever, and no Poles 0ere 1orced to return home(

=uring the cold 0ar Poland retained a largely negative vie0 o1 Britain as *art

o1 the 0est( British e11orts mean0hile 0ere 1ocused at trying to brea Polando11 1rom the )arsa0 Pact and encouraging re1orms in the country(

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'e!t Ger$an(

=uring the early Cold )ar, relations 0ith )est Germany 0ere strained( )estGermany 0as *art o1 the )estern Bloc, 0hile Poland 0as in the Eastern Bloc(

Germany +?: )est Germany blue com*rised the )estern !llies3 zones, e@cluding

the Saarland*ur*leI the Soviet zone, East Germany red surrounded )est Berlin yello0

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Ea!t Ger$an(

/n +?, the 'SSR declared the Soviet occu*ation zone the historic middle*ortion o1 Germany to be a sovereign state named the =eutsche=emoratische Re*ubli German =emocratic Re*ublic, established in +?,0hile the Red !rmy and the )estern !llies3 occu*ation 1orces remained in*lace under the tri*artite Potsdam !greement +? 0hich established the!llied ccu*ation o1 Germany(

&he communist German =emocratic Re*ublic 0as established in the historic4%itteldeutschland4 %iddle Germany( 2ormer German territories east o1 theder and 8eisse rivers, mainly the Prussian *rovinces o1 Pomerania, EastPrussia, )est Prussia, '**er Silesia, $o0er Silesia, the eastern 8eumar o1Brandenburg, and a small *iece o1 Sa@ony 0ere thus detached 1rom Germany(&o com*ensate Poland 1or the 'SSR3s anne@ation o1 its eastern *rovinces, the!llies *rovisionally established Poland3s *ost-0ar 0estern border at theder8eisse lineJ at the Dalta Con1erence +?( !s a result, most o1

Germany3s central territories became the So0"etische Besatzungszone SB;,Soviet ccu*ation ;one( !ll other lands east o1 the der8eisse line 0ere *utunder Polish administration, 0ith the e@ce*tion o1 historic northern EastPrussia, 0hich 0ent to the 'SSR(

J&he der-8eisse line named a1ter the der and 8eisse rivers is the border bet0een Germanyand Poland since the end o1 the Second )orld )ar( !s a result o1 the de1eat Germany lostanother huge *art o1 its territory to Poland a1ter it already had to cede the 1ormer Prussian*rovinces o1 Posen and )est*reuKen as 0ell as *arts o1 u**er Silesia to the ne0ly 1ounded Polish

state a1ter the 2irst )orld )ar in ++(

&he *o*ulation o1 the eastern German *rovinces as 0ell as the German minority *o*ulation in 0hat0as Poland be1ore the Second )orld )ar +6 million either 1led be1ore the Russian army tocentral and 0estern Germany or 0ere later driven out o1 their homeland by 1orce o1 the Polishmilitia 0ho entered immediately a1ter the Russian army(

!s Poland anne@ed the German *rovinces and e@*atriated the native *o*ulation, Polish *eo*leoccu*ied those *rovinces and too over land and *ro*erty o1 the e@*atriated Germans( !bout +(million o1 the ne0 inhabitants had been driven out o1 their o0n homeland in eastern

PolandL)estern 'raine, Belarus, as the '(S(S(R( 0as not 0illing to give bac that *art o1+66-+7 Poland 0hich it had anne@ed in +7(&hroughout their e@istence East Germany and theSoviet 'nion maintained close di*lomatic relations( &he Soviet 'nion 0as the chie1 economic and

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*olitical s*onsor o1 East Germany(

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")raine

&he re*ublic su11ered severe 0artime devastation, es*( as a battleground bothin +?+?6 the German advance and +?7?? the Russian advance( %ost o1'raine3s +( million 9e0s 0ere illed by the 8azis during the 0arI many 0ere

shot outright in +?+, at such sites as Babi Dar 'r( Babyn Dar , outside #iev(=uring the 0ar 'rainian guerrillas 1ought against both Soviet and German1orces, and some anti-Soviet resistance continued until +7(

Polish-'rainian relations can be traced to the +.th-+>th centuries in thePolish-$ithuanian Common0ealth and the o1ten turbulent relations bet0eenthat state and the mostly *olonized nobility szlachta and the Cossacs( !ndeven 1urther into the +7-+?th centuries 0hen the #ingdom o1 Poland and the

Ruthenian #ingdom carried close ties(

&he ne@t stage 0ould be the relations in the years ++-+6, in thea1termath o1 )orld )ar /, 0hich sa0 both the Polish-'rainian )ar and thePolish-'rainian alliance( &he inter0ar *eriod 0ould eventually see inde*endentPoland 0hile the 'rainians had no state o1 their o0n, being divided bet0eenPoland and the Soviet 'nion( &his led to a deterioration o1 Polish-'rainianrelations, and 0ould result in a 1lare-u* o1 ethnic tensions during and

immediately a1ter )orld )ar // massacres o1 Poles in Folhynia and *erationFistula being the most in1amous(

)hile this le1t the Polish-'rainian relations in the mid-6th century in arelatively *oor state, there 0as little meaning1ul and inde*endent di*lomacyand contact bet0een the Peo*le3s Re*ublic o1 Poland and the 'rainian SSR(&he situation changed signi1icantly 0ith the 1all o1 communism, 0hen bothPoland and 'raine became 1ully inde*endent and could once again decide on1oreign *olicies o1 their o0n(

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Tur)e(

&urey'nited States relations in the *ost-)orld )ar // *eriod evolved 1romthe Second Cairo Con1erence in =ecember +?7 and &urey3s entrance into)orld )ar // on the side o1 the !llies in 2ebruary +?, as a result o1 0hich&urey became a charter member o1 the 'nited 8ations( =i11iculties 1aced byGreece a1ter the 0ar in 5uelling a communist rebellion, along 0ith demands bythe Soviet 'nion 1or military bases in the &urish Straits, *rom*ted the'nited States to declare the &ruman =octrine in +?>( &he doctrineenunciated !merican intentions to guarantee the security o1 &urey andGreece, and resulted in large scale '(S( military and economic su**ort( &hissu**ort mani1ested in the establishment o1 a clandestine stay behind army,

denoted the 4Counter-Guerrilla4, under *eration Gladio( !1ter *artici*ating0ith 'nited 8ations 1orces in the #orean )ar, &urey "oined the 8orth!tlantic &reaty rganization 8!& in +6(

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*hina

&he di*lomatic relations bet0een Peo*le3s Re*ublic o1 China and Poland beganon ctober , +?( =i*lomatic missions 0ere established shortly a1ter onctober >, +?( Poland 0as *art o1 the Soviet bloc and had 1riendly relations

0ith China and coo*erated in international issues such as the #orean 0ar(

=uring the +s due to the Sino-SovietJ s*lit, relations bet0een the t0ocountries degraded( But Poland did su**ort the Peo*le3s Re*ublic o1 China3scase 1or the 'nited 8ations *ermanent seat to return to the mainlandgovernment(

;hou Enlai the *remier in the +s made t0o state visits to Poland( $eaders

1rom Poland such as Bolesla0 Bierut, Ed0ard chab and 9oze1 Cyranie0iczhad visited China at various times during this *eriod(J&he Sino-Soviet s*lit +.+ 0as the 0orsening o1 *olitical and ideological relationsbet0een the Peo*le3s Re*ublic o1 China PRC and the 'nion o1 Soviet Socialist Re*ublics 'SSRduring the Cold )ar( /n the +.s, China and the Soviet 'nion 0ere the t0o largest Communiststates in the 0orld( &he doctrinal divergence derived 1rom Chinese and Russian national interests,and 1rom the rMgimes3 res*ective inter*retations o1 %ar@ism: %aoism and %ar@ism$eninism(

/n the +s and the +.s, ideological debate bet0een the Communist *arties o1 Russia andChina also concerned the *ossibility o1 *eace1ul coe@istence 0ith the ca*italist )est( Det, to theChinese *ublic, %ao ;edong *ro*osed a belligerent attitude to0ards ca*italist countries, an initialre"ection o1 *eace1ul coe@istence, 0hich he *erceived as %ar@ist revisionism 1rom the Soviet'nion(

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E&(+t

/n the +s, Gamal !bdel 8asser3s inde*endent and anti-im*erialist *olicyearned him enthusiastic su**ort 1rom the Communist government o1 the 'SSR,and Poland( Egy*t has been seeing to *lay a role in the resolution o1 the/sraeli-Palestinian con1lict( =uring the +. Suez Crisis, the Soviet 'nionsided 0ith Egy*t( &he 'SSR vie0ed the nationalization o1 the Suez Canal asim*ortant to removing )estern in1luence 1rom the %iddle East( !dditionally,

the Soviet 'nion 0as 0illing to 1und Egy*t because in return, it received accessto 0arm-0ater *orts, 0hich it des*erately needed to s*read its in1luence('SSecretary o1 State 9ohn 2oster =ulles 0as dee*ly sus*icious o1 Egy*tian*resident Gamal !bdel 8asser, 0ho he believed to be a recless and dangerousnationalist( 2ollo0ing Egy*t3s arms deal 0ith Czechoslovaia, ho0ever, others inthe Eisenho0er administrationJ convinced =ulles that the !merican aid might*ull 8asser bac 1rom his relationshi* 0ith the Soviet 'nion and *revent thegro0th o1 Soviet *o0er in the %iddle East( /n =ecember +, Secretary

=ulles announced that the 'nited States, together 0ith Great Britain, 0as*roviding nearly N> million in aid to Egy*t to hel* in the construction o1 the!s0an =am on the 8ile River( /n res*onse to 8asser3s increasing attacs on)estern colonialism and im*erialism and Egy*t3s continued dalliance 0ith theSoviet 'nion, Britain and the 'nited States 0ithdre0 1unds 1or the !s0an=am in 9uly +.( &hat action drove Egy*t 1urther to0ard an alliance 0ith theSoviet 'nion and 0as a contributing 1actor to the Suez Crisis later in +.(8asser res*onded to the aid cut by nationalizing the Suez Canal and the

Soviets then rushed to Egy*t3s aid(

J=0ight =avid 4/e4 Eisenho0er *ronounced L a z nha rL, eye-z n-ho0- rI ctober +?, + %arch 6, +. 0as the 7?th President o1 the 'nitedStates 1rom +7 until +.+( He 0as a 1ive-star general in the 'nited States!rmy during )orld )ar // and served as Su*reme Commander o1 the !llied2orces in Euro*e( /n ++, he became the 1irst su*reme commander o1 8!&(Eisenho0er 1orced /srael, the '#, and 2rance to end their invasion o1 Egy*t

during the Suez Crisis o1 +.(

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France

=uring the Cold )ar, Polish2rench relations 0ere *oor, due to both countriesbeing on the o**osite sides o1 the Cold )ar( 2rance3s bilateral relations 0iththe Soviet 'nion have e@*erienced dramatic u*s and do0ns due to Sovietinvasion o1 Czechoslovaia, and 2rance3s alliance in the 8!&( Egy*t and2rance seemed to be even more at odds than Britain and Egy*t, as 2rance

controlled more territories at the time o1 8asser3s ascension to *o0er( &hismade 2rance the *er1ect target 1or 8asser3s anti-colonial *olicies, 0hereasBritain only needed to be given the 1inal shove out o1 the %iddle East in8asser3s mind( &he Radio Cairo broadcasts vocalized this international tensionas 0ell, and 8asser3s o*en su**ort 1or !lgerian rebels 0ere seen as *er1ectreason to su**ort 8asser3s overthro0( 2rance 4stead1astly re1used to acce*tthe idea o1 an international authority Orunning the canal,4 and even morestaunchly o**osed the idea that the Egy*tians 0ould run it( &his 0as the only

0ay the t0o countries had direct and hostile interaction, 0hich made the SuezCanal the *er1ect battleground bet0een the t0o countries( 8ot only 0asEgy*t3s active 0orings against 2rench colonialism straining their relations, butalso 2rance3s aid to /srael(

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I!rael

&ension in relations bet0een /srael and the Soviet 'nion occurred on 2ebruary, +7, 0hen the 'SSR severed relations 0ith /srael( &he 'SSR used a bombincident on Soviet $egation in &el !viv as an e@cuse to end relations andclaimed that the government 0as res*onsible( &he /sraeli government receivedthis ne0s 0ith shoc and concern( &his 0as the 1irst breach in di*lomaticrelations that /srael had e@*erienced 0ith a su*er*o0er( &here is a generalconsensus that /sraeli charges against the =octors3 Plot and *ublic 0ant 1orim*rovement 1or the Soviet 9e0s 0ere deciding 1actors( )ithout /sraelQs1ierce hostility to the 1alse allegations o1 a =octorsQ Plot, the Soviet 'nionmost liely 0ould not have ended relations( !1ter the ru*ture, /srael continuedto s*ea out against the =octorQs Plot, and success1ully attracted internationalattention(

!1ter the death o1 Stalin in +7, the Soviet 'nionQs 1oreign *olicy 0as lesshostile( &he ne0 Soviet Prime %inister, Fyacheslav %olotov, *resented a ne0*olicy o1 o*enness and *eace1ulness( &his ne0 *olicy ins*ired /srael to initiaterelations 0ith the 'SSR again, on condition that /srael 0ould no longercriticize the 'SSR *ublicly, es*ecially regarding the Soviet 9e0s( %osco0began to su**ort the !rab states in the !rab-/sraeli con1lict in order to usethis con1lict 1or its o0n con1rontation 0ith the )est(

n !*ril >, +7 Egy*t, /ra5, and Syria declared the establishment o1 acommon 1ederation( &he destruction o1 /srael 0as their main goal( /n +, the'SSR made an arms deal 0ith Egy*t( &his angered /srael( )hile Britain sided0ith the 'S and agreed to 0ithhold 1urther 1unding 1or the construction o1Egy*t3s !s0an =am in 9uly +., they 0ere also 1urious at the action andbelieved that !merica3s 0ithdra0al o1 aid had *rovided the o*ening 1or Soviet*enetration o1 Egy*t( Both Britain and /srael no0 sa0 Egy*t as a threat toregional stability(

&he Suez Crisis occurred in the 1all o1 +.( !t this time, Britain, 2rance and/srael invaded Egy*t, claiming that they 0ere *rotecting the Suez Canal( &he

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'SSR sa0 this event as a threat to its security and international *restige bythe )est( Britain and 2rance lost *restige 0hen the 'nited States o**osedthe invasion and 1orced a 0ithdra0al( &he Suez Crisis 0as the 1irst clashbet0een /sraelQs security interests and the strategic interests o1 the 'SSR inthe %iddle East(

n addition to the di*lomatic su**ort, arms 1rom Czechoslovaia, *art o1 theSoviet bloc, 0ere crucial to /srael in the +? !rab-/sraeli )ar( =uring the0ar, the Soviet 'nion su**orted /srael 0hen it 0as attaced by !rab countriesthat o**osed the +?> 'nited 8ations General !ssembly resolution 1or the*artition o1 Palestine into a 9e0ish and an !rab state(

! ma"or e*isode in the Soviet relation to the !rab/sraeli con1lict 0as the

Suez Crisis, 0ith Egy*t negotiating an arms deal 0ith communistCzechoslovaia in Se*tember +, thereby ending Egy*t3s reliance on)estern arms( $ater, other members o1 the )arsa0 Pact also sold arms toEgy*t and Syria( /n *ractice, all sales 1rom the Eastern Bloc 0ere authorizedby the Soviet 'nion, as an attem*t to increase Soviet in1luence over the%iddle East( &he 'SSR threatened to attac /srael during both the +. SinaiCam*aign and the Dom #i**ur )ar( Political relations bet0een the t0ocountries remained *oor throughout the Cold )ar, 0ith the Soviet 'nion

hel*ing !rab states such as Syria, Egy*t, $ibya, Demen, !lgeria and /ra5im*rove their military ca*abilities by *roviding state-o1-the-art 0ea*onry andtraining(

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Ira,

/n 9anuary +, the Soviet government criticised the /ra5i governmentdecision to "oin the Baghdad PactJ, 0hich led to /ra5 cutting di*lomaticrelations 0ith the Soviets( %ainly, /ra5, during that time 0as against theSoviet(

J&he Central &reaty rganization also re1erred to as CE8& Central Eastern &reatyrganizationI original name 0as %iddle East &reaty rganization or %E& also no0n as theBaghdad Pact 0as 1ormed in + by /ran, /ra5, Paistan, &urey, and the 'nited #ingdom(

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Iran

&he end o1 )orld )ar &0o brought the start o1 !merican dominance in /ran3s*olitical arena, and 0ith an anti-Soviet Cold )ar bre0ing, the 'nited States5uicly moved to convert /ran into an anti-communist bloc, thus endingRussia3s in1luence on /ran 1or years to come(

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*-echo!lova)ia

!1ter )orld )ar //, both countries 1ell into the Soviet s*here o1 in1luencethe Eastern Bloc( ! brie1 series o1 border con1licts eru*ted again, as Polishand Czechoslovaian *oliticians and army commanders argued both over the*ast borders, and over the ne0ly ac5uired, 1ormerly German territories, but

*ressure 1rom the Soviet 'nion *ut an end to any serious con1lict( 'nderSoviet *ressure, in %arch +?> Poland and Czechoslovaia signed a treaty o11riendshi* and mutual assistance(

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Pa)i!tan

Since its establishment in +?>, Paistan3s 1oreign *olicy has encom*asseddi11icult relations 0ith the neighboring Soviet 'nion 'SSR 0ho maintained aclose military and ideological interaction 0ith the neighboring countries such as

!1ghanistan in the )est and /ndia in East as 0ell as East-Paistan( =uringmost o1 +?>++, the 'SSR su**ort 0as given to /ndiaI es*ecially on thecore-issue o1 #ashmir, over 0hich it has 1ought three 0ars(

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.un&ar(

he Peo*le3s Re*ublic o1 Hungary %agyar 8M*ztrsasg 0as the o11icialstate name o1 Hungary 1rom +? to + during its Communist *eriod underthe guidance o1 the Soviet 'nion( /t 0as in this communist rMgime that the1irst ma"or o**osition movement to the Eastern Bloc communism 0as 1ormedduring the Hungarian Revolution o1 +. in 0hich Hungarians demanded

1reedom, democracy, and an end to *olitical o**ression, but they 0ere 1orcedinto submission 0hen the Soviet Red !rmy invaded Hungary and 1orciblycrushed the revolution and illed the revolution3s leadershi*(