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Forest Functions ManagementForest Functions Management
V.N. PandeyV.N. Pandey
Conservator of ForestsConservator of Forests
January 6, 2003January 6, 2003
Disaster Management InstituteDisaster Management Institute
Importance of forestsImportance of forests
BiodiversityBiodiversity
Two-thirds of earth’s terrestrial speciesTwo-thirds of earth’s terrestrial species
Building blocks for selection and breedingBuilding blocks for selection and breeding
Only a fraction tappedOnly a fraction tapped
Under threat (10% of the world’s tree species Under threat (10% of the world’s tree species threatened)threatened)
Percentage of species threatendPercentage of species threatend
12.5%
44%
57%
67%
75%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Plants
Birds
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammel
Importance of forestsImportance of forests
Landscapes and waterLandscapes and water
• Slow erosionSlow erosion
• Reduce sedimentationReduce sedimentation
• Protecting rivers, coastlines and fisheriesProtecting rivers, coastlines and fisheries
• Chemistry of water (Ground water, streams, lakes)Chemistry of water (Ground water, streams, lakes)
• Prevent desertification and natural disasters caused by Prevent desertification and natural disasters caused by flooding and landslidesflooding and landslides
• Central role in nutrient cycleCentral role in nutrient cycle
• Regulate water supply and hydrological cycle.Regulate water supply and hydrological cycle.
Importance of forestsImportance of forests
ClimateClimate
– Carbon sequestrationCarbon sequestration
– Cause precipitation – equable climateCause precipitation – equable climate
CommercialCommercial
Wood productsWood products
Non-wood productsNon-wood products
(Desire to use natural materials)(Desire to use natural materials)
-Recreational services-Recreational services
Importance of forestsImportance of forests
Rural LivelihoodsRural Livelihoods
Subsistence needsSubsistence needs
Small scale tradingSmall scale trading
Food securityFood security
Small-scale agriculture productionSmall-scale agriculture production
EmploymentEmployment
Importance of forestsImportance of forests
Energy SecurityEnergy Security
– Biomass 15% of the world’s energy consumptionBiomass 15% of the world’s energy consumption
– Developing countries fuel wood accounts for more Developing countries fuel wood accounts for more than 70% of all energy usethan 70% of all energy use
– Potential renewable sourcePotential renewable source
Women and ChildrenWomen and Children
– CollectionCollection
– Small scale forest based enterprisesSmall scale forest based enterprises
Cultural and recreational valueCultural and recreational value
Ecosystem ManagementEcosystem Management
Ecologically viableEcologically viable Socially desirableSocially desirable
Economically feasibleEconomically feasible
Sustainable managementSustainable management
Forest economic valuesForest economic values (US$)(US$)
Type of valueType of value Tropical forestsTropical forests Temperate forests Temperate forests (UK only)(UK only)
Non-Timber Non-Timber extractive valueextractive value
0 - 500 - 50 00
Non-extractive valueNon-extractive value
recreationrecreation
5 - 105 - 10 5 – 45 (uplands)5 – 45 (uplands)
75 – 630 (lowlands)75 – 630 (lowlands)
EcologicalEcological 3030 Not estimatedNot estimated
CarbonCarbon 600 – 4400600 – 4400 200 – 375200 – 375
Non-use valuesNon-use values 2 - 272 - 27 Not estimatedNot estimated
India in respect of WorldIndia in respect of World
2% of land area2% of land area
1.8% of forest land1.8% of forest land
16% of human population16% of human population
18% of livestock population18% of livestock population
7% of biodiversity (species diversity)7% of biodiversity (species diversity)
Land useLand use
Agricultural landAgricultural land - Agro/Farm forestry- Agro/Farm forestry
Forest landForest land - Natural forests- Natural forests
- Plantations- Plantations
Other landOther land - Environmental forestry- Environmental forestry
FORESTFOREST PURPOSEPURPOSE ACTIVITIESACTIVITIES
ProtectionProtection Water /Soil Water /Soil conservationconservation
Soil moisture Soil moisture conservation conservation worksworks
Protected AreaProtected Area Biodiversity Biodiversity conservationconservation
Habitat Habitat improvementimprovement
ProductionProduction Timber Timber productionproduction
Selective fellingSelective felling
PROBLEMSPROBLEMS OPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIES
Rising demand of forest Rising demand of forest productsproducts
Awareness, better appreciation Awareness, better appreciation
Degradation/depletion of natural Degradation/depletion of natural forestsforests
25-30 m ha unproductive land25-30 m ha unproductive land
Loss of biodiversityLoss of biodiversity Store house of biodiversity - Store house of biodiversity - medicinal plantsmedicinal plants
Forest firesForest fires Better returns from NWFPBetter returns from NWFP
Soil erosionSoil erosion Eco-tourismEco-tourism
Water lossWater loss Community participationCommunity participation
Environmental/Ecological Environmental/Ecological problemproblem
Agro/Farm forestryAgro/Farm forestry
International conventions International conventions
FCCC, CBD, CCDFCCC, CBD, CCD
NeedNeed
Sustainable productionSustainable production
Reduce pressure on natural forestsReduce pressure on natural forests
Land conservationLand conservation
Reduce deforestationReduce deforestation
Creation of employmentCreation of employment
Intensive plantationIntensive plantation
Promote Agro/Farm forestryPromote Agro/Farm forestry
Forest capital indexForest capital indexFirst-order indicatorsFirst-order indicators
– Surface areaSurface area– Standing biomassStanding biomass– Net primary productivityNet primary productivity– Species richnessSpecies richness– Species diversitySpecies diversity
Second-order indicatorsSecond-order indicators– Age class of treesAge class of trees– Leaf area indexLeaf area index– Soil fertilitySoil fertility– Soil organic matterSoil organic matter– Health of forest standHealth of forest stand
appropriate weightage (one dimensionless appropriate weightage (one dimensionless number)number)
Background
National Forest Policy, 1988 envisaged people’s participation in management of forests
GoI, MoEF Resolution 1990
GoMP Resolution 1991(Degraded forests& also Well stocked forests)
Three more resolutions 1995, 2000, 2001
Population Population - 60.38 m - 60.38 m
Villages (total)Villages (total) - 51,806- 51,806
Forest fringe villagesForest fringe villages - 21,797- 21,797
Tribal populationTribal population - 15.4%- 15.4%
Livestock populationLivestock population - 31m - 31m
Migratory livestock Migratory livestock - 2 m- 2 m
StatisticalStatistical ProfileProfile
Forest Area . - 9.52 mhaForest Area . - 9.52 mha
31% of Geographical Area31% of Geographical Area
12% of India's total forest area12% of India's total forest area
Ecologically sensitiveEcologically sensitive
Protected Areas - 1.08 mha Protected Areas - 1.08 mha
(9 National Parks & 25 WLS)(9 National Parks & 25 WLS)
Country's 17% Tiger populationCountry's 17% Tiger population
Protected Areas
RDH
Private and community land
Open Forest
Closed Forest
Production Catchment Area Treatment
EDP
RDF
VRDP
Production Forestry
5 Km.
Density 0.4
Density >0.4
VFC
FPC
Z2 Z3 Z4 Z1
Strategy of Forest ManagementStrategy of Forest Management
Z1- Protected Areas (National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries)Z2- Closed Forests outside the P.A.(Density >0.4)Z3- Open Forests (Density < 0.4)Z4- Private and Community Land
RDH- Rehabilitation of Degraded HabitatRDF- Rehabilitation of Degraded ForestsVFC- Village Forest CommitteeFPC- Forest Protection CommitteeVRDP- Village Forest Development ProgrammeEDP- Eco Development Programme
Z1- RDH- Biodiversity Conservation through Rehabilitation of Degraded Habitat &
Eco Development Programme. Z2- ANR- Assisted Natural Regeneration with participation of FPC Z3- RDF- Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests & Village Resource Development Programme with participation of Village Forest Committee
Z4- Pvt. Extension & Research Centers & ILU
IMPACT - Forest ConservationIMPACT - Forest Conservation
Increase in Natural RegenerationIncrease in Natural Regeneration Reduction in fire incidence Reduction in fire incidence Control of grazing & illicit fellingControl of grazing & illicit felling Rehabilitation of degraded forestRehabilitation of degraded forest
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ChangesSOCIO-ECONOMIC Changes Attitudinal change Migration Reduced Increase in Agriculture
Production Food Security - Grain
Bank
Emancipation from the money lendersEmancipation from the money lenders Education & Health CareEducation & Health Care Income Generation OpportunitiesIncome Generation Opportunities Empowerment of people, especially Empowerment of people, especially
womenwomen Women Self Help Groups formedWomen Self Help Groups formed
Kulhad Bandi in JhabuaKulhad Bandi in Jhabua
JFMCs -Current status-After reorganization about 6,000 new committees formed-Currently 12,658 Committees 7,928 VFCs 4,055 FPCs 675 EDCs
-Area coverage 5.2 m ha (54% forests)-Families involved 1.6 m-SHGs 3,803-Grain Banks 3,085 -Bank deposits Rs. 510 m (March2002)
Salient features of resolution 2001
-All the villager voters as members-A women as Chairperson or Vice-chairperson-Executive Committee *33% women members *Landless and disadvantaged represented-JFMC members, while discharging forest protection duties, have the same protection as available to public servants- A Joint Secretary from among the villagers, may take over as Secretary later
-Better share in usufructs