FOREST & LAND FIRES
IMPACT STUDY IN
KATINGAN-KAHAYAN
LANDSCAPE JANUARY 15, 2016
This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared
by Tetra Tech ARD.
This publication was prepared for review by the United States Agency for International
Development under Contract # AID-497-TO-15-00005. It was produced by Tetra Tech ARD.
The period of this contract is from July 2015 to July 2020.
Implemented by: Tetra Tech P.O. Box 1397 Burlington, VT 05402
USAID LESTARI Forest & Land Fires Impact Study in Katingan-Kahayan Landscape P a g e | 1
Forest & Land Fires Impact
Study in Katingan-Kahayan
Landscape
JANUARY 15, 2016
DISCLAIMER
This document is made possible by the support of the American People through the United
States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents of this document are
the sole responsibility of Tetra Tech ARD and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID
or the United States Government.
USAID LESTARI Forest & Land Fires Impact Study in Katingan-Kahayan Landscape P a g e | 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES ............................................................................................. 3
ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................................... 4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 5
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Project Background................................................................................................... 7
1.2. Forest & Land Fires in Katingan-Kahayan Landscape .......................................... 8
1.3. Purpose and Justification ........................................................................................ 9
2. Methodology .................................................................................................................. 11
3. Results ........................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 Economic Impact ..................................................................................................... 17
3.2 Health Impact ........................................................................................................... 23
3.3 Other Impact ............................................................................................................ 27
3.4 Fire Cause and Mitigation ....................................................................................... 28
4. Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 30
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LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES TABLE 1: SAMPLE FRAME ................................................................................................ 13 TABLE 2: SUMMARY OF GROUP DISCUSSIONS ............................................................ 16 TABLE 3: TOTAL AREA BURNED IN PULANG PISAU DISTRICT ..................................... 18 TABLE 4: HOUSEHOLD WELLBEING IN STUDY AREA ................................................... 19 TABLE 5: DEPENDENCY RATIO FOR EACH CLUSTER .................................................. 20 TABLE 6: PERCENTAGE OF PUPILS VS WORKING POPULATION ............................... 20 TABLE 7: INCOME DECREASED VS POVERTY LINE ...................................................... 22 FIGURE 1: CLUSTERING BASED ON NUMBER OF HOTSPOT ....................................... 12 FIGURE 2: HOTSPOT DISTRIBUTION IN THE TARGET VILLAGES ................................ 14 FIGURE 3: NUMBER OF HOTSPOT IN 2012 - 2015 .......................................................... 17 FIGURE 4: TOTAL AREA BURNED IN 3 DISTRICTS ........................................................ 18 FIGURE 5: ESTIMATED LOSS FOR RUBBER IN EACH AREA ......................................... 21 FIGURE 6: PRODUCTION LOSS FOR NON-BURNED LAND ........................................... 21 FIGURE 7: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS REPORTED DECREASE IN INCOME ..... 22 FIGURE 8: INCREASE IN HEALTH EXPENDITURE .......................................................... 23 FIGURE 9: AIR POLLUTANT INDEX .................................................................................. 24 FIGURE 10: NUMBER OF CASES OF RESPIRATORY INFECTION ................................. 25 FIGURE 11: NUMBER OF CASES OF DIARRHEA ............................................................ 26 FIGURE 12: NUMBER OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS ............................................................. 26 FIGURE 13: STATUS OF FLIGHTS .................................................................................... 27 FIGURE 14: FIRE CAUSE .................................................................................................. 28 FIGURE 15: RESPONSIBLE PARTIES .............................................................................. 28 FIGURE 16: MITIGATION EFFORTS SUGGESTED BY COMMUNITY .............................. 29
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ACRONYMS
BI Bank of Indonesia
BMKG Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi dan Geofisika (Indonesian Agency for
Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics)
BPBD Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah (Provincial Disaster
Management Agency)
BPS Badan Pusat Statistik (Statistical Bureau)
CA Conservation Area
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GIS Geographical Information System
GoI Government of Indonesia
IFACS Indonesia Forest and Climate Support
IFM Intergrated Fire Management
IR Intermediate Result
KR Key Result
LBA Landscape Baseline Analysis
LEDS Low Emission Development Strategy
LPHD Lembaga Pengelola Hutan Desa (Management Authority of Forest
Village)
M&E Monitoring & Evaluation
ME&L Monitoring, Evaluation & Learning
PPP Public Private Partnership
RAN/D-GRK Rencana Aksi Nasional/Daerah-Gas Rumah Kaca (National/Local Action
Plan for Greenhouse Gas)
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Forest and Land Fires Impact Study was conducted to determine the magnitude of
impacts from the 2015 Indonesian fire and haze crisis on LESTARI’s Katingan-Kahayan
Landscape in Central Kalimantan – one of the worst affected areas in the country. According
to the World Bank, the fire and haze crisis cost the Indonesian economy approximately 16
billion USD (IDR 221 trillion), more than twice the amount spent on reconstruction efforts
following the 2004 tsunami.1 As much research had already addressed macro level impacts,
this study focused its scope on livelihoods at the household level.
A mixed methodology approach was utilized, consisting of two components: (1) Quantitative
Survey and 2) Qualitative Group Discussion. For the Quantitative Survey, 30 villages were
selected, distributed evenly across 3 districts/municipality: Pulang Pisau, Katingan, and
Palangka Raya. 13 households were selected from each village for a total of 390
respondents. The qualitative component employed a total of 6 group discussions in 6
villages across the landscape. Two villages per district/municipality were selected.
The research team determined the following key impacts:
A total land area of 304,113 ha burned in the Katingan-Kahayan Landscape
An economic loss of 60,243 USD (IDR 821.65 million) from burned rubber
plantations
40% production loss in non-burned plantation/agricultural land
75% of household incomes negatively affected
207% increase in health-related expenditures
Widespread primary and secondary school closure
Hence households in the landscape suffered from a range of negative impacts to their
economy, health, and education. This underscores the importance of LESTARI’s IFM
approach in engaging with communities to raise awareness and understanding of the
importance of managing and preventing fire. By supporting the development of informed
constituencies, it is expected that communities will be able to more effectively engage on the
fire issue through governance platforms such as the Multi-Stakeholder Forum. This will
foster a transparent dialogue across stakeholders to develop commitments and embrace a
“shared-burden” to fire management – a cornerstone to LESTARI’s IFM approach.
1 Indonesia Economic Quarterly – December 2015. The World Bank.
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1. INTRODUCTION This study was undertaken to determine the magnitude of the 2015 forest and land fires’
impact in LESTARI’s Katingan-Kahayan Landscape, both at the landscape and
rural/household level. The study was performed by LESTARI‘s Monitoring & Evaluation
(M&E) Team from November – December 2015. This report summarizes the key findings
and is presented in four key sections: introduction, methodology, results and analysis, and
conclusion.
1.1 Project Background USAID’s LESTARI project supports the Government of Indonesia (GoI) to reduce
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and conserve biodiversity in carbon rich and biologically
significant forest and mangrove ecosystems. Built on the strong foundation of USAID’s
IFACS project, LESTARI applies a landscape approach to reduce GHG emissions,
integrating forest and peatland conservation with low emissions development (LEDS) on
other, already degraded land. This is achieved through improved land use governance,
enhanced protected areas management and protection of key species, sustainable private
sector and industry practices, and expanded constituencies for conservation among various
stakeholders. LESTARI is implemented under the leadership of Tetra Tech and a consortium
of partners including WWF-Indonesia, Winrock International, Wildlife Conservation Society
(WCS), Blue Forests, Yayasan Sahabat Cipta, PT Hydro South Pole Carbon, Sustainable
Travel International (STI), Michigan State University, and the FIELD Foundation. LESTARI
runs from August 2015 through July 2020.
LESTARI activities are targeted in six strategic landscapes on three of Indonesia’s largest
islands, where primary forest cover remains most intact and carbon stocks are greatest. In
northern Sumatra, the Leuser Landscape comprises significant portions of Aceh Selatan,
Gayo Lues, Aceh Tenggara, and Aceh Barat Daya districts, and includes the Aceh portion of
Leuser National Park and Singkil Wildlife Sanctuary. In Central Kalimantan, LESTARI works
in the Katingan-Kahayan Landscape, comprising Pulang Pisau, Katingan, and Gunung Mas
districts; Palangkaraya municipality; and Sebangau and Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National
Parks. LESTARI also works in four landscapes in Papua. Sarmi and Cyclops Landscapes
are located along the northern coast and comprise Sarmi district as well as Jayapura district
and municipality. The Lorentz Lowlands Landscape, comprising Mimika and Asmat districts
plus a large portion of Lorentz National Park, and the Mappi-Bouven Digoel Landscape are
located along Papua’s southern coast. LESTARI is managed from its headquarters in
Jakarta, with offices in each landscape as well as the provincial capitals of Aceh, Central
Kalimantan, and Papua
Overall Results of LESTARI are:
Key Result 1: At least 41% of total CO2-equivalent emissions reduced from land use,
land use change and deforestation averaged across all landscapes within the project
scope;
Key Result 2: At least 8.42 Million hectares of primary or secondary forest (and
peatland), including orangutan habitat, under improved management;
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IR 1: Improved Forest Management:
Key Result 3: Management of at least six Conservation Areas (CAs) improved,
resulting in the conservation of valuable orangutan and other key species habitat,
and the reduction in poaching of threatened and endemic species;
Key Result 4: At least ten Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) promoting low-
emissions conservation oriented development established;
Key Result 5: Funding leveraged from public and private sources, representing co-
investment in project outcomes;
IR 2: Improved Land Use Governance:
Key Result 6: Increased commitment of key private sector, government, and
community stakeholders regarding the positive benefits of conservation and
sustainable use of forests and the species they encompass;
Key Result 7: Policies, laws, regulations, and procedures in support of low emission
development and forest conservation and management increased, promulgated, and
enforced at all levels; and
Key Result 8: Model(s) for successful integration of district, provincial, and national
low emissions development and forest conservation strategies developed and shared
at all levels of government and with other key stakeholders.
1.2. Forest & Land Fires in Katingan-Kahayan Landscape The Katingan-Kahayan Landscape is located in Central Kalimantan, the third largest
province in Indonesia. The province is divided into three biophysical regions: coastal
mangroves and peat dominated swampland in the south; central plains and low hills formerly
covered by tropical rain forest but largely converted to agriculture; and higher hills and
mountainous areas that are generally still covered by forest and difficult to access. For the
purpose of the LESTARI project, the operational landscape is defined by Katingan, Pulang
Pisau, and Gunung Mas districts as well as Palangkaraya municipality.
31% of the landscape is covered in carbon-rich peatland. Even when there is no land cover
transition, emissions from peat using the RAN/D-GRK methodology account for 62% (24.5
Mio t.CO2-eq) of all land based emissions.2 The peatlands of Central Kalimantan have
undergone dramatic ecological and social change over the past few decades. Millions of
hectares have been drained and converted from forest to agricultural land and oil palm
plantations. These lands are at a much greater risk of uncontrolled fire, particularly when
rainfall is at below-normal levels.
In the Katingan-Kahayan Landscape and other parts of Indonesia, fire has long been an
integral part of agricultural practices and food production, providing fertility to soils while
helping to clear land for cultivation. Fire has also been used in land clearing for oil palm and
timber plantations. However, the uncontrolled spread of fire poses a serious risk to public
health, livelihoods, and conservation efforts in Indonesia. During the 1997-98 El Niño event,
2 LESTARI Landscape Baseline Analysis (LBA), September 2015.
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major forest and peatland fires resulted in regional haze, thousands of hospitalizations, and
an estimated 5-10 billion USD in economic losses at the national level.3
From June to October 2015, also recorded as an El Niño year, the landscape again suffered
from forest and land fires that generated the smoke-haze problem. Tacconi 4 noted that in El
Niño years, degraded peatlands may be the most significant risk factor for the generation of
smoke-haze. This has resulted in devastating impacts to the health and wellbeing of
communities, crippled local economies, and destroyed significant areas of forest and the
biodiversity that they harbor, while significantly exacerbating climate change on a global
scale.
In October 2015, Bank of Indonesia (BI) in Central Kalimantan published its assessment
report5 on the economic impacts of the smoke and haze in Central Kalimantan. The study
assessed impacts related to economic growth and inflation, as well as other indicators
including health, education, and government reputation. Though the study used data and
information for September 2015 (the smoke-haze problem deteriorated in October 2015), the
impacts revealed at the provincial level were significant. These include:
From a total area burned of 10,015 ha, 3.21% or 321.55 ha were estimated as rubber
plantations and 2.23% or 223.52 ha were estimated as oil palm plantations.
Economic losses suffered by smallholders and companies amounted to 680,000
USD (IDR 9.3 billion).
Occupancy rates for hotels decreased up to 10-15%, causing income losses up to
152,000 USD (IDR 2.07 billion).
On September 2015, the number of flights departing from and arriving at Central
Kalimantan decreased up to 43.68% or 358 flights. Total income loss for this industry
reached 50%.
BI estimated that smoke-haze pollution during September 2015 caused a fall in
annual economic growth for Central Kalimantan up to 0.04-0.10%.
Other impacts included 21,905 people suffering from respiratory infection, 8,165
people having diarrhea, and the closing of schools for up to one and half months.
The recurring fires and smoke-haze problems in Central Kalimantan resulted in a
decrease in public trust towards the local government.
1.3. Purpose and Justification Despite several publications on the 2015 forest and land fires in Indonesia, including the
recent BI report for Central Kalimantan province, the LESTARI project considered it
important to undertake its own study for the following reasons:
The BI report on fire and smoke-haze impacts was limited to data and information
gathered during September 2015. In the meantime, fire and smoke-haze incidents
3 Early Warning and Response to Peatland Fires in Central Kalimantan, Erica Allis, International Research Institute for
Climate and Society, Columbia University, USA. 4 Fires in Indonesia: Causes, Costs and Policy Implications, Luca Tacconi, Occasional Paper No. 38, CIFOR, 2003. 5 Dampak Kabut Asap terhadap Perekonomian Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah, Ekspedisi Indonesia Biru, Bank Indonesia,
October 2015.
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worsened during October 2015. The anecdotal information gathered prior to
undertaking field study indicated greater impacts than those reported.
While many research publications revealed impact on the macro level (national,
province), no research had been undertaken to understand negative impacts on the
micro level (rural, household).
The Landscape Baseline Analysis (LBA) found that projected emissions for the
Katingan-Kahayan Landscape constitute 58% of all baseline emissions over
LESTARI landscapes. This has significant consequence for the design of LESTARI in
the Katingan-Kahayan Landscape since maximum effort should be placed where
expected emissions are greatest. Therefore, peatland management is key and
should encompass all aspects of work within the peatland areas of the landscape.
Improving peatland management involves policy influence and advocacy work as a
means of realizing sustainable, transformative change. Hence gathering evidence of
forest and land fires impacts in this landscape is essential to enable the project to
communicate to policy makers in a convincing and constructive manner.
The primary objective of this study was to determine the magnitude of forest and land fires
impacts in the Katingan-Kahayan Landscape both at the landscape and rural/household
level. While it was understood that the forest and land fires resulted in a broad array of
impacts to GHG emissions, biodiversity, health, and the local economy, this study focused
its scope on livelihoods impacts from the household perspective. Nevertheless, this report
also presents data and information related to health and other impacts (e.g. education, traffic
accident, flight cancellation, etc.) gathered from primary and secondary data collection.
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2. METHODOLOGY This chapter outlines the methodological approach used for the study. It starts with a
description of the research design, which includes the quantitative component of the study
with a detailed account of the sample design. The chapter then describes the qualitative
component and outlines how the qualitative dimension of the survey was designed and
conducted. Finally, constraints and limitations in executing the study are articulated.
The methodology employed for this study involved a mix of methods. Mixed methodology is
generally preferable to any single method as the phenomenon being investigated can benefit
from the strengths of both quantitative and qualitative research paradigms. The
methodology, therefore, involved: 1) Quantitative Survey and 2) Qualitative Group
Discussion. Each of these is described below.
Glover and Jessup6 classified forest and land fires impacts into two categories: 1) Fire-
related damages (i.e., timber, agriculture, firefighting costs, carbon emissions, biodiversity,
direct forest benefits, indirect forest benefits) and 2) Smoke-haze related damages (i.e.,
health, tourism, transport, industrial production losses, fishing decline). Considering some
constraints such as timing, resources, and expertise, this study limited its scope on
livelihoods impacts from the household perspective (micro level). The research team
developed the hypothesis that households suffered much worse from the forest and land
fires incident than the level portrayed in published information. This assumption was built
upon anecdotal information provided to LESTARI field staff in Central Kalimantan by rubber
smallholders in Buntoi Village (Pulang Pisau District) who reported that 90% of their rubber
plantations had burned during the recent fires.
Despite being focused on forest and land fires impacts at the household or rural level, this
study also collected secondary data and information from districts and provinces to get a
wider perspective of impacts. Various relevant institutions were visited. The data gathered
includes information on health, flight cancellations, total area burned, traffic accidents,
market prices, and rubber production, among others.
Quantitative (Household) Survey
The forest and land fires impact study was conducted in two districts and one municipality in
the Katingan-Kahayan Landscape, comprising Pulang Pisau, Katingan, and Palangka Raya.
It is worth noting that the unit of analysis was the project landscape. Thus interpretation of
impacts at the provincial level should be done with caution because the sample of districts
was not chosen to statistically represent the Province of Central Kalimantan.
A few steps were undertaken in order to acquire a sample of households for this study. First,
the sample size was determined using population data. According to the National Statistical
Bureau (Badan Pusat Statistik or BPS) data in 2013, total population for the targeted
districts/municipality was 522,900 people. An initial working sample size was then calculated
6 Indonesia’s Fires and Haze: The Cost of Catastrophe, D Glover and T Jessup, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
International Development Research Centre, Singapore.
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using a 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error. A sample size of 390 respondents
was obtained to statistically represent data at the landscape level.
Village Selection: The second step was to select target villages. Considering the different levels of fire incidents within the three districts/municipality, the team decided to establish clusters based on a hotspot7 map provided by the LESTARI GIS unit. It was determined that there were 157 villages with hotspots across the three districts/municipality, or more than 50% of the 290 total villages.
FIGURE 1: CLUSTERING BASED ON NUMBER OF HOTSPOT
K-Means Cluster8 analysis was then used to divide all villages into three clusters: 1) Red –
villages with large numbers of hotspots; 2) Yellow – villages with medium numbers of
hotspots and 3) Green – area of villages where no hotspots were identified, but the area was
affected by forest and land fires. Figure 1 illustrates the clustering.
The next step was to determine the required sample of villages to visit. Effectiveness and
efficiency were the main considerations to establish this sample. It was decided that 30
villages would be targeted for surveying. This meant that 13 households should be selected
from each village for a total of 390 respondents. To be administratively efficient, 30 villages
were distributed evenly across target districts/municipality. In other words, 10 sample
villages were selected per district/municipality. Proportionate to size sampling method was
then used to divide the 10 villages into clusters (red, green, yellow). Finally, the target
villages to be surveyed in each cluster were determined using random sampling.
Household Selection: Household respondents within a village were selected using
systematic interval sampling while the starting points were determined by the field
supervisor. The length of the interval was two households. The short interval was utilized
due to the likelihood of finding villages with low population densities. However, when the
survey team found a densely populated area, the interval length could be extended to five
households. Table 1 presents the sample frame for this study, followed by an indicative map
of the study area in Figure 2.
7 Hotspots data obtained from MODIS and reflected number of hotspots until October 2015 8 Cluster analysis or clustering is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called a
cluster) are more similar (in some sense or another) to each other than those in other groups (clusters).
No hotspot identified in green area, but the area affected by forest and land fires
District/Municipality Area
Area with large numbers of
hotspot/center of fire
Area with medium numbers of hotspot
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TABLE 1: SAMPLE FRAME
District/ Municipality
Cluster Target Village Number of Hotspots
Sample of household per
Village
Palangka Raya
Red
Kalampangan 7 13
Habaring Hurung 17 13
Tangkiling 19 13
Bukit Tunggal 68 13
Yellow
Bereng Bengkel 1 13
Petuk Katimpun 2 13
Pager 3 13
Green
Langkai 0 13
Tanjung Pinang 0 13
Banturung 0 13
Katingan
Red
Tewang Tampang 5 13
Kampung Melayu 8 13
Baon Bango 34 13
Yellow
Telok 1 13
Tewang Karangan 2 13
UPT Hiang Bana 3 13
Dahian Tunggal 1 13
Green
Kampung Baru 0 13
Tewang Kadamba 0 13
Petak Bahandang 0 13
Pulang Pisau
Red
Gohong 155 13
Buntoi 108 13
Jabiren 26 13
Kanamit 73 13
Paduran Sabangau
761 13
Yellow Anjir Pulangpisau 3 13
Purwodadi 1 13
Green
Talio Muara 0 13
Badirih 0 13
Pangkuh Sari 0 13
TOTAL 1,298 390
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FIGURE 2: HOTSPOT DISTRIBUTION IN THE TARGET VILLAGES
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Respondents Selection: A respondent was selected from the surveyed households in each
of the villages. The criteria used for this selection included: 1) persons are considered ‘adult’
by BPS and 2) the persons are decision makers in the household or have knowledge or
responsibility to manage household budget. Such knowledge was necessary when the
respondent had to answer questions regarding livelihood and income.
Questionnaire: The questionnaire was divided into 5 groups
covering general information about the respondent and his/her
household; economic condition of the household pre and post fire
and smoke-haze incident; impacts on agriculture; impacts on health
of household members; aid received by households during the
incident; and causes and fire mitigation.
Anonymity: Anonymity was ensured in all data analysis and reporting. Respondents were
assured that, to protect confidentiality, only aggregate, anonymous data would be released.
Interviewers clearly stated that participation in the survey was optional, and respondents
were asked if they were willing to participate. Any respondent not comfortable with the
confidentially of the activity, or unwilling to take part for any other reason, was not required to
participate in the survey. In such cases, the interviewer thanked the individual, terminated
the interview, and immediately moved on to the next household according to the household
selection guidelines.
Quality Control: For quality control purposes, a supervisor was assigned to each team of
interviewers. These individuals carried out a series of witnessing and data cleaning. Data
cleaning included checking for missing data, verifying that the skipped responses were
properly executed, and verifying that proper response coding was used. The final field check
was performed by the Landscape M&E Specialist in Central Kalimantan. The completed
questionnaires were subsequently sent to the Jakarta office and passed through another
review process by the Jakarta M&E Specialist and data entry staff.
Data Analysis: Data analysis was completed using SPSS by a statistician
under technical guidance from LESTARI Monitoring, Evaluation and
Learning (ME & L) Coordinator. Secondary data was used to enrich the
analysis of the household survey.
This survey was interviewer-administered. Survey supervisors and
fieldworkers were recruited locally, mostly from the Regional Statistical Bureau (BPS)
networks – known as Mitra BPS or BPS partners – who are experienced in conducting
household surveys and familiar with the local culture and language. A training session was
held in Palangka Raya on November 11, 2015. The survey ran for two weeks from
November 13 to 27, 2015. Data entry and analysis was performed in the Jakarta office. A
total of 21 people were part of the survey team under direct supervision of LESTARI ME & L
Coordinator.
On average, each interview required one hour and 13 minutes.
The survey team successfully interviewed 390 respondents – 45%
female and 55% male. For secondary data collection, the team
visited more than 15 institutions in targeted districts/municipality,
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including government offices/dinas, hospitals/public health facilities, airport, markets, police
stations, and business associations.
Qualitative Group Discussions
Group discussions were conducted to
obtain more information about impacts,
causes, and fire mitigation at the
community level. The qualitative
component employed a total of six group
discussions in 6 villages across the
landscape. Two villages per
district/municipality were selected. One
represented the red cluster and the other
represented the green cluster. A total of
99 community members participated in
these sessions. Table 2 summarizes the
information of group discussions.
TABLE 2: SUMMARY OF GROUP DISCUSSIONS
District/ Municipality
Village Date Number of
participants
Palangka Raya Habaring Hurung November 14th, 2015 16 (9 female, 7 male)
Tanjung Pinang November 18th, 2015 15 (6 female, 9 male)
Katingan Kampung Melayu November 21st, 2015 17 (1 female, 16 male)
Petak Bahandang November 25th, 2015 17 (6 female, 11 male)
Pulang Pisau Talio Muara November 24th, 2015 15 (7 female, 8 male)
Gohong November 27th, 2015 19 (3 female, 16 male)
Group discussions were facilitated by field supervisors and attended by the Landscape M&E
Specialist. Follow-up questions and group sharing were used to glean insights from
participants. A guideline was provided to the facilitators.
Constraints and Limitations
Subtitutions were made to a few villages due to accessibility, but without ignoring
representation of clusters. Another limitation includes the limited scope of the study as
previously explained. Efforts were not made to assess fire-related damages such as impacts
on timber production, firefighting costs, carbon emissions, biodiversity, direct forest benefits,
and indirect forest benefits.
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3. RESULTS This chapter presents the results of the quantitative survey and qualitative group
discussions. First, the findings regarding economic impacts are discussed. This is followed
by an analysis of impacts on health and other indicators. Lastly, a section is presented on
fire causes and mitigation efforts. This underscores the importance of LESTARI interventions
to facilitate mitigation efforts with key stakeholders through an Integrated Fire Management
(IFM) approach.
3.1 Economic Impact
TOTAL AREA BURNED
Local communities reported that the 2015
fire and smoke-haze incident was the most
severe compared to similar incidents in
previous years. This report was in
accordance with the results of an analysis
on hotspot data performed by the LESTARI
GIS unit. The findings demonstrate a
significant increase in numbers of hotspots
in 2015 compared to those identified in 2012
– 2014. Figure 3 illustrates this situation.
Though the fire incident was remarkable, it was not easy to obtain exact figures for the total area burned in the survey area. Different figures were provided by various government offices. For instance, the provincial government reported that the total rubber plantation area burned in Pulang Pisau district during the recent fire incident was 428.40 ha. However, the district agricultural office in Pulang Pisau reported that 4,364 ha of smallholders’ rubber plantations were burned in 2015.
Using data provided by the Provincial Disaster Management Agency (Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah or BPBD), BI reported
FIGURE 3: NUMBER OF HOTSPOT IN 2012 - 2015
Source : MODIS Terra Aqua - FIRMS – NASA, data processed
that the total area burned in Central Kalimantan Province was 10,015 ha, of which 3.21%
was rubber plantation and 2.23% oil palm plantation. Nevertheless, information released by
the Government of Pulang Pisau indicates that 15,326 ha of land had burned in this district
(Table 3).
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2012 2013 2014 2015
94 90
6141026
574124
585
3077
42 43 208 305
Number of hotspot distribution in Katingan, Pulang Pisau & Palangka Raya
during Jan-Oct 2012-2015
Katingan Pulang Pisau Palangkaraya
USAID LESTARI Forest & Land Fires Impact Study in Katingan-Kahayan Landscape P a g e | 18
TABLE 3: TOTAL AREA BURNED IN PULANG PISAU DISTRICT
Sub-district
Total Area Burned (Ha)
Paddy Land Farm Land
Smallholders’ Plantation
Rubber Oil Palm Bush
Kahayan Kuala - - - - 50
Pandih Batu - 5 50 10 -
Maliku 6 - 501 700 1,787
Kahayan Hilir 240 100 325 40 1,800
Sebangau Kuala
- - 377 163 265
Jebiren Raya - 49 3,000 500 5,000
Kahayan Tengah
- 16 106 22 208
Banama Tingang
- 1 5 - -
TOTAL 246 171 4,364 1,435 9,110
Source: District Agricultural Office of Pulang Pisau, October 30, 2015
Hence this research study was not concerned with calculating an exact figure for total area burned in its target districts. Rather it was meant to demonstrate the severity of impact from the forest and land fires on livelihoods at the household level. Nevertheless, the lack of quality spatial data limits the effectiveness of policy interventions and intended outcomes. There is a clear need for better coordination between government agencies to ensure methods are standardized and high-quality, consistent data is utilized and disseminated. In addition to the information provided by local government offices, the research team tried to collect data from a village in Pulang Pisau for a case study. Data gathered from 126 villagers in Gohong Village demonstrates that 243 ha of smallholders’ rubber plantations were burned during the fire incident. Economic loss was estimated at 250,000 USD (IDR 3.4 billion). Management Authority of Forest Village in Gohong (Lembaga Pengelola Hutan Desa or LPHD)
FIGURE 4: TOTAL AREA BURNED IN 3 DISTRICTS
Source: GIS analysis using burn scar map, published by MoEF, 2015.
also reported that 30% of 3,155 ha of Hutan Desa in their village had burned.
Subsequently, an effort was made by the LESTARI GIS unit to run further analysis in order
to estimate the total area burned. Using burn scar data provided by the the Ministry of
Environment and Forestry, it was found that the total area burned in the Katingan-Kahayan
217.398
59.861
13.407Total Area Burned in 3 Districts in 2015 (ha)
Pulang Pisau
Katingan
Palangkaraya
USAID LESTARI Forest & Land Fires Impact Study in Katingan-Kahayan Landscape P a g e | 19
Landscape was 304,113 ha – a figure much larger compared to most published information.
Of those numbers, 290,666 ha was divided into three districts. This is presented in Figure 4.
The total area burned in Blok C (Ex-Mega Rice Project) was found to be 157,311 ha.
During group discussions, communities in red villages also reported that 80 – 95% of their
lands were burned. Despite different estimations of total area burned, the data indicates that
forest and land fire impacts in the Katingan-Kahayan Landscape were indeed devastating.
How did this situation subsequently affect households in the study area? The next section
will discuss households’ situation pre and post fire and smoke-haze incident.
HOUSEHOLD SITUATION
The research team successfully interviewed 390 households
comprising 40% households in the red area, 30% households in
the yellow area, and 30% households in the green area. Prior to
presenting fire and smoke-haze impacts on the household, the
households’ wellbeing before the fire incident should be
discussed.
Household Wellbeing: The analysis of household wellbeing used the poverty line approach. This involved calculating average monthly expenditure per capita. The results were then compared with the official poverty line declared by BPS for Central
TABLE 4: HOUSEHOLD WELLBEING IN STUDY AREA
Cluster % Households below poverty
line
% Households above poverty
line
Red 21% 79%
Yellow 27% 73%
Green 16% 84%
Kalimantan. On September 2015, the poverty line for this province was determined to be
26.59 USD (IDR 362,729) per capita per month (http://kalteng.bps.go.id/Brs/view/id/529).
The study found that in a normal situation (no fire incident), people living in the green area
have better wellbeing than those living in red and yellow areas. This is presented in Table 4.
Dependency Ratio: The dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in
the labor force (the dependent part) and those typically in the labor force (the productive
part). It is used to measure the pressure on the productive population. The analysis was
used to identify the area with a high dependency ratio and hence
more vulnerable to any disaster. In published international
statistics, the dependent part usually includes those under the
age of 15 and over the age of 64. The productive part makes up
the population in between ages 15 – 64. Table 5 presents the
dependency ratio in each cluster.
USAID LESTARI Forest & Land Fires Impact Study in Katingan-Kahayan Landscape P a g e | 20
TABLE 5: DEPENDENCY RATIO FOR EACH CLUSTER
Cluster Number of
Dependents
Number of Productive
People
Dependency Ratio
Red 135 514 26.26%
Yellow 101 401 25.19%
Green 80 357 24.64%
Total 316 1,272 24.84%
On average, a household in the study area consists of four household members. As the
dependency ratio increases, there may be an increased burden on the productive part of the
population to maintain the upbringing of the economically dependent. The data
demonstrates that the red area had the highest dependency ratio. Further analysis showed
that compared to the other clusters, the red area exhibited the highest percentage of pupils
and the lowest percentage of working population (Table 6). Hence, the conclusion can be
made that people living in red area were more vulnerable than those living in other areas.
Vulnerability increased in parallel with severe forest and land fire impacts, as will be
discussed further.
TABLE 6: PERCENTAGE OF PUPILS VS WORKING POPULATION
Cluster Percentage of
Pupils
Percentage of Working
Population
Red 30.23% 36.95%
Yellow 24.60% 40.48%
Green 23.80% 39.59%
Total 26.69% 38.78%
LIVELIHOODS IMPACT
More than two-thirds of those interviewed
owned plantations or agriculture land. Land
ownerships varies, but the majority of
households in red and yellow areas owned
more than five hectares of plantations or
agriculture land. The main commodities
cultivated by these smallholders were rubber
(51%), paddy (29%), and palm oil (13%).
Rubber plantations were found to be
dominant in red and yellow areas. While
paddy was the main commodity for
households in green area, some of them also
cultivated rubber for their livelihoods.
USAID LESTARI Forest & Land Fires Impact Study in Katingan-Kahayan Landscape P a g e | 21
FIGURE 5: ESTIMATED LOSS FOR RUBBER IN EACH AREA
From a total of 303 ha of rubber
plantations owned by sample households,
it was reported that 77% or 143 ha were
burned – 75 ha in red areas, 42 ha in
yellow areas, and 27 ha in green areas. All
burned areas were reported to have
productive rubber trees. Using data on
agricultural value, production cost, and net
income, the potential loss is estimated at
60,243 USD (IDR 821.65 million) or 220 to
550 USD (IDR 3 million to 7.5 million) per
ha. Figure 5 presents the estimated loss
for rubber in each area. Apart from
smallholders’ loss, the rubber business
association GAPKINDO (Gabungan
Perusahaan Karet Indonesia) reported a
decrease in productivity up to 30%.
During group discussions, communities in red areas areas in Katingan reported that 75% of
rattan gardens also burned during the fire. Other burned commodities include sengon
(Albazia falcataria), petai (Parkia speciosa), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), and palm oil.
FIGURE 6: PRODUCTION LOSS FOR NON-BURNED LAND
The study found that fire impacts were not
only suffered by those with burned rubber
plantations or agriculture land.
Smallholders whose land was saved from
fire also reported a significant decrease in
productivity. On average, production loss
in non-burned plantation/agricultural land
reached 40%. However, fire was not a
single cause for this situation. Long and
severe drought was perceived as the main
cause of low productivity. This was
compounded by a disrupted
photosynthesis process due to smoke-
haze and a significant decrease in working
hours due to low visibility. Figure 6
presents the percentage of production loss
in each area.
Likewise, group discussions revealed other impacts on livelihoods, such as fishing decline,
25% decrease in edible bird’s nest production, and a high mortality of poultry.
USAID LESTARI Forest & Land Fires Impact Study in Katingan-Kahayan Landscape P a g e | 22
Income Decreased,
Expenditure
Increased: No area
free from impact,
whether due to direct
burning, smoke-haze
generation, or by fire
causing other related problems.
Though hotspots were identified in red and
yellow areas where plantation and
agriculture lands dominate, the impact of
fire and smoke-haze on household income
was distributed almost evenly across all
areas.
FIGURE 7: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS REPORTED DECREASE IN INCOME
For example, 73.5% households in green areas – where no hotspots were identified –
reported that their incomes decreased. On average, more than 75% of those interviewed
agreed that the fire and smoke-haze incident affected their household incomes. Figure 7
indicates that there were more households in yellow areas reporting a decline in income than
those living in other areas. This situation was compounded by the fact that 100% of those
living under poverty line in yellow areas suffered from a decline in income, as shown in Table
6.
TABLE 7: INCOME DECREASED VS POVERTY LINE
Cluster Income
Decreased?
Household Wellbeing
Below Poverty Line
Above Poverty Line
Red Yes 67% 76%
No 33% 24%
Yellow Yes 100% 79%
No 0% 21%
Green Yes 74% 75%
No 26% 25%
The initial finding does not indicate that households living
above the poverty line have a better situation. Further
analysis found that households with an average monthly
income from 73 to 147 USD (IDR 1 to 2 million), both in red
and yellow areas, suffered from a decrease in income by
more than 75%. In other words, these households potentially
fell below the poverty line. With a high dependency ratio in
both areas, this decline was devastating. Through group
discussion, the research team learned that people did
anything to survive, including selling their furniture.
HOUSEHOLDS WITH
AVERAGE MONTHLY
INCOME OF IDR 1-2
MILLION SUFFERED
FROM A > 75%
DECREASE IN
INCOME
USAID LESTARI Forest & Land Fires Impact Study in Katingan-Kahayan Landscape P a g e | 23
Though the average decrease in income was less than 50% in all areas, this situation should
not be ignored because it may take months to years for households to return back to
stability. Moreover, this study found that a higher percentage of decline in income was
suffered by households working in the agriculture/plantation sector.
FIGURE 8: INCREASE IN HEALTH EXPENDITURE While incomes decreased,
households were burdened by
increases in expenditures. This
occurred not only because of
the increase in market prices
due to a disruption of goods and
services distribution, but also
because households had to
spend more on health-related
expenses.
According to survey data,
households spent more on
health, food, and water during
the fire and smoke-haze
incident. Health expenditures
increased an
average of 206.59% across all areas or three times higher than that spent in a normal
situation. The increase in health expenditures up to more than 300% was experienced by
households living in yellow areas, those who suffered most from income decline.
3.2 Health Impact The health impacts of air pollution from forest fires have been examined in a number of
studies across the globe, both immediately and with a time lag to assess the temporal
dimension. Fire haze is made up of highly visible particulate matter, both dense (PM10) and
fine particulate matter (PM2.5), the latter of which is easily absorbed by the human body,
reaching deep in the lungs and into the circulatory system. The major gases produced during
the biomass burning process include carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane
(CH4), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ammonia (NH3). The direct health
effects of these toxins is likely to be low as their concentration is dispersed in the open air.
However, the longer-term health effects from low-level exposure to carcinogens from
bushfire smoke may be a cause for concern. The WHO estimates that the 3.1 million outdoor
air pollution-related deaths globally each year are due to ischemic heart disease and strokes
(80%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute lower respiratory infections (14%),
and lung cancer (6%). Of those, 340,000 are due to landscape fire smoke (LFS).
Further, PM10 from wildfires appear to have different effects on health than urban PM10. An 8-
year study investigating air pollution levels, including those from bushfires, and hospital
0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300% 350%
Red
Yellow
Green
Increase in Health Expenditure
USAID LESTARI Forest & Land Fires Impact Study in Katingan-Kahayan Landscape P a g e | 24
admissions showed that a 10 µg/m3 increase in bushfire (but not urban) PM10 was
associated with a significant increase in all respiratory admissions.9
The Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (Badan Meteorologi,
Klimatologi dan Geofisika or BMKG) has declared values over 350 PM to be hazardous. On
October 16, 2015, a 1,759 µg/m3 PM10 was recorded in Palangka Raya. This level increased
significantly up to 3,700 µg/m3 by late October 2015. The haze was so thick that it turned the
air yellow, and pollution levels reached 10 times the minimum level considered ‘dangerous’.
FIGURE 9: AIR POLLUTANT INDEX
Official statistics show that from July to November 2015, there were 67,582 cases of acute
respiratory infection recorded in Central Kalimantan. Of those, 21,296 cases were recorded
for the Katingan-Kahayan Landscape (Katingan, Pulang Pisau and Palangka Raya). Figure
10 shows that the number of cases increased significantly in week 42 of October 2015,
especially in Palangka Raya. During group discussions, people reported that children and
the elderly were more vulnerable to smoke-haze exposure. A case of death due to
respiratory infection was also reported in one discussion. Most people stated that they did
not like to use masks because of feelings of discomfort or irritation. Further, the household
survey data shows that the highest number of cases of respiratory infection was found to be
in green areas, with individuals taking an average of 17 days of sick leave.
9 Compiled from many sources.
USAID LESTARI Forest & Land Fires Impact Study in Katingan-Kahayan Landscape P a g e | 25
FIGURE 10: NUMBER OF CASES OF RESPIRATORY INFECTION
Source: Provincial Health Office, data processed
Other than respiratory infection, this study also found an increase in the number of cases of
diarrhea under the same period from July to November 2015. Official statistics show that
22,206 cases of diarrhea were recorded in Central Kalimantan province. Of those cases,
4,377 cases were recorded specifically in the Katingan-Kahayan Landscape, comprising
1,843 cases in Katingan, 1,287 cases in Pulang Pisau, and 1,247 cases in Palangka Raya.
It was assumed that the smoke-haze caused a decrease in water quality. As with respiratory
infection, the survey data also reveals that cases of diarrhea were found to be higher in
green areas. The average number of days of sick leave taken due to diarrhea was 6. Figure
11 illustrates the data on cases of diarrhea per target district/municipality.
206 197 189 160
53
200 215 193
288212
251326
238 257
354288
432380375
521584
363
559502
593556 578
687 682
947 957
759
962
825771
1226
882
407
37 46 55 64 62 87 75 95147
196 221258 234 251
126185
310
451
221
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Mg26
Mg27
Mg28
Mg29
Mg30
Mg31
Mg32
Mg33
Mg34
Mg35
Mg36
Mg37
Mg38
Mg39
Mg40
Mg41
Mg42
Mg43
Mg44
Juli 2015 Agust 2015 Sep-15 Okt 2015 Nov-15
Number of Respiratory Infection Cases in Katingan, Palangka Raya & Pulang Pisau
July - 7 November 2015
Katingan Palangka Raya Pulang Pisau
USAID LESTARI Forest & Land Fires Impact Study in Katingan-Kahayan Landscape P a g e | 26
FIGURE 11: NUMBER OF CASES OF DIARRHEA
Source: Provincial Health Office, data processed
Notably, exposure to forest fires has more serious implications on infants and children’s
health because they are still developing physiologically, with potential consequences into
their adulthood.
Further, people also reported cases of eye, throat, and skin irritation. The survey data shows
that the highest number of cases for these health disturbances was found in the red area.
Increased traffic accidents due to low visibility were also recorded. Unfortunately, the
research team could only gather data from the police station in Palangka Raya. From August
to October 2015, traffic accidents had resulted in 59 victims and 8 deaths. The police station
in Palangka Raya estimated the potential loss at 7,504.20 USD (IDR 102.35 million).
FIGURE 12: NUMBER OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Agu-15 Sep-15 Okt-15
Number of Traffic Accidents in Palangka Raya
27 32 3650
28
60 6077
10495
109
155
111100
169
150141
167172
51 47
29
7892 95
74
42
6577
6780
8795
76
53 47 45 47
17 18
147
3138 39 44
6675
93 94109 110 112
6154
80
60
39
Mg26
Mg27
Mg28
Mg29
Mg30
Mg31
Mg32
Mg33
Mg34
Mg35
Mg36
Mg37
Mg38
Mg39
Mg40
Mg41
Mg42
Mg43
Mg44
Juli 2015 Agust 2015 Sep-15 Okt 2015 Nov-15
Number of Cases of Diarrhea in Katingan, Palangka Raya & Pulang PisauJuli - 7 November 2015
Katingan Palangka Raya Pulang Pisau
USAID LESTARI Forest & Land Fires Impact Study in Katingan-Kahayan Landscape P a g e | 27
3.3 Other Impact
Schools Activities
Schools activities in all survey areas
were significantly affected by the
smoke-haze generated from forest and
land fires. Schools were closed for
almost two months. When schools were
operational, study hours were extended
to enable students to recoup the lost
time. This situation was burdensome for
children not only because of exposure
to severe pollution, but also due to
physical exhaustion from especially
long study hours.
Impacts on Airline Industry
The airline industry was widely known as being significantly affected by the low visibility
produced by the smoke-haze in Central Kalimantan. The research team gathered data from
the Tjilik Riwut Airport Authority office in Palangka Raya. The data shows that from August to
October 2015, only 279 flights out of 1,698 had the status of on-time. The remaining number
of flights were cancelled, delayed, or not operated. This situation resulted in a 42% loss of
income for the airport authority. Figure 13 presents the status of flights operated from Tjilik
Riwut Airport from August to October 2015.
FIGURE 13: STATUS OF FLIGHT
295
463
664
279
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Delay Cancel No Operation On-time
Status of Flights
USAID LESTARI Forest & Land Fires Impact Study in Katingan-Kahayan Landscape P a g e | 28
3.4 Fire Cause and Mitigation Understanding the community’s attitudes and perspectives to forest and land fires in their
landscape is crucial to designing and implementing an effective and sustainable fire
management strategy. Such an understanding is a prerequisite to building a targeted
awareness raising campaign that mobilizes communities and secures their buy-in.
Hence the research team included three key questions on fire causes and mitigation efforts
in designing the quantitative survey. Firstly, survey respondents were asked to select all of
the major contributing factors to the recent forest and land fire crisis. 70% of survey
respondents correctly identified drought conditions, as brought on by the El Niño weather
phenomenon. Notably, only 35% selected land clearing by companies as a major cause.
This is illustrated in Figure 14 below.
FIGURE 14: FIRE CAUSE
Secondly, survey respondents were asked to list all of the major responsible parties for the
forest and land fire crisis. The results are depicted in Figure 15. The majority of respondents
listed the community (88%) and local government (74%) as key culprits. Less than half of
those surveyed (48%) identified private companies as responsible parties.
FIGURE 15: RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
35%
59%
70%
5%
51%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Land clearing by company
Land clearing by community
Drought
Land conflict
Cigarette
53%
74%
88%
48%
26%
National government Local government Community Company NGO
USAID LESTARI Forest & Land Fires Impact Study in Katingan-Kahayan Landscape P a g e | 29
Finally, survey respondents were asked to suggest the most effective fire mitigation
technique. The most common answer was socialization activities aimed at improving
knowledge and awareness amongst all key stakeholders.
FIGURE 16: MITIGATION EFFORTS SUGGESTED BY COMMUNITY
These survey results hold important implications for LESTARI’s IFM approach in the
Katingan-Kahayan Landscape. Communities are mostly aware that drought conditions
exacerbated the severity of fires, and that government bodies have failed to develop and
enforce effective policies. However, communities must also recognize that private sector
firms have engaged in unsustainable land conversion practices that contributed significantly
to the fire and haze crisis. Hence LESTARI can help to facilitate communities’ understanding
of a “shared burden” approach to IFM, as each stakeholder (community, government, private
sector) has a role and responsibility in managing and mitigating fire. As surveyed
communities suggested socialization as the top mitigation effort, this reflects their openness
to dialogue and a key entry point for LESTARI’s IFM work. By empowering communities with
knowledge, LESTARI can help to build consensus and improve communities’ engagement
with other stakeholders to support effective fire management and prevention practices.
45%
5%
23%
11%14%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Socialization Provision of fireequipment
Monitoring & lawenforcement
Landmaintenance
Built drainage
USAID LESTARI Forest & Land Fires Impact Study in Katingan-Kahayan Landscape P a g e | 30
4. CONCLUSION The results of this Forest and Land Fires Impact Study indicate that the impact of the 2015
Indonesian fire and haze crisis was devastating to the economic livelihood, health, wellbeing,
and education of households in LESTARI’s Katingan-Kahayan Landscape in Central
Kalimantan. Moreover, the results support the research team’s hypothesis that households
suffered much worse from the forest and land fires incident than the level portrayed in
published information.
The major underlying causes of these damaging fires are no secret. The unsustainable
clearing and burning of forests by both smallholders and large palm oil concessions, draining
of peatlands, and inadequate government capabilities regarding fire response and
prevention are all, to varying extents, responsible. This underscores the need for a broad-
scale response that convenes all stakeholders and recognizes the complexity and multi-
faceted nature of fire.
To meet such a challenge and mitigate future impacts to communities’ well being, an IFM
approach is crucial. LESTARI’s IFM consists of four pillars: Prevention, Preparedness,
Response, and Recovery. Prevention is the most important pillar, as it involves building a
broad basis of support amongst the community through awareness raising, education and
training, and stakeholder engagement. Survey respondents from this study most commonly
suggested socialization activities as a means for fire mitigation. This indicates a key entry
point for LESTARI to convene stakeholders, share evidence-based knowledge, and foster
cooperation in a manner that appreciates a “shared burden” approach to IFM. LESTARI’s
Multi-Stakeholder Forums (MSFs), at the provincial and district levels, present an ideal
platform for such transparent dialogue on the fire issue in order to gain stakeholders’
commitments towards sustainable land use.
Overall, this study will be utilized as an engagement tool to present evidence of forest and
land fire impacts in the Katingan-Kahayan Landscape and enable the LESTARI project to
communicate to key stakeholders in a convincing and constructive manner. It is expected to
contribute to LESTARI’s policy influence and advocacy work as a means of improving
community livelihoods and realizing sustainable, transformative change.
LESTARI
Wisma GKBI, 12th Floor, #1210
Jl. Jend. Sudirman No. 28, Jakarta 10210, Indonesia.
Phone: +62-21 574 0565 Fax: +62-21 574 0566
Email: [email protected]