Forest Structure and the Species Composition of the...

Research ArticleForest Structure and the Species Composition of the ParqueEstadual Mata Atlacircntica Located in Goiaacutes State Brazil

Ismael Martins Pereira 1 JovanMartins Rios1 Vagner Santiago do Vale1

Vera Luacutecia Gomes-Klein2 Ademilson Coneglian1 and Ednaldo Cacircndido Rocha1

1Universidade Estadual de Goias (UEG) Campus Ipameri Ipameri GO Brazil2Department de Botanica Universidade Federal de Goias (UFG) Avenida Esperanca SN Campus Samambaia (Campus II)Goiania GO Brazil

Correspondence should be addressed to Ismael Martins Pereira ismaelmpufggmailcom

Received 22 August 2017 Accepted 10 December 2017 Published 15 January 2018

Academic Editor L M Chu

Copyright copy 2018 Ismael Martins Pereira et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

The Parque Estadual Mata Atlantica (PEMA) Goias state Brazil is an Atlantic Forest reserve which has not been studied yet Theaims were to investigate plant biodiversity and characterize the flora to support the management planWe adopt the point-centeredquarter method to inventory the tree-shrub and lianas with the diameter at breast height more than or equal to 5 cmThe study wasperformed through 186 km of transect with 187 sampled points We sampled 748 individuals and identified 109 species 82 generaand 51 families The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (1198671015840) was 397 and Pieloursquos evenness (119869) was 0846 both considered highTheFabaceae family was the most diverse with 20 species Aspidosperma polyneuron an endangered tree species had greater relativedominance and importance valueThe floristic similarity analysis indicated that the PEMAvegetation belongs to the seasonal forestcurrently very fragmented and degraded Due to several anthropogenic threats we suggest the following recommendations preventthe exploitation of species avoid hunting control invasive grasses prevent forest fires and promote environmental educationThisstudy demonstrates the importance of PEMA for species conservation Therefore this study is essential for the development ofmanagement plan and the conservation of PEMA biodiversity

1 Introduction

The Atlantic Forest Domain (AFD) is the second largestAmerican rainforest [1] recognized as a global biodiversityhotspot [2] This forest originally covered ca 148 millionhectares approximately 92 is distributed in 17 Brazilianstates and the remainder belongs to Argentina and Paraguay[3 4]

The classification of Brazilian vegetation recognizes twogroups in the Atlantic Forest Domain rainforests and sea-sonal forests [5] The rainforests occur near the coast TheSeasonal Dry Neotropical Forests (SDNF) are inland in thecountry as enclaves in the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes[5 6] These forests occur in disjunct patches scatteredthroughout the Neotropic and the major biomes whereSDNF is in contact are the savanna woodland (eg the

Cerrado) lowland tropical rainforest and montane forest[7] An estimate indicates that the extent of SDNF makes upabout 15 of the Cerrado area (ca 300000 km2) in smallareas or up to tens of thousands of square kilometers forexample ldquoMato Grosso Goianordquo in central region of Goiasstate and ldquoTriangulo Mineirordquo in Minas Gerais state [8]Other disjunctions of SDNF in the valleys of Sao Franciscoand Parana rivers in Goias and Tocantins states are notmeasured [9]

Despite the importance of the Atlantic Forest it is veryfragmented and degraded and therefore the remnants areimportant for conservation [10] Thus the conservation ofAFD becomes a challenge due to various factors (firesdeforestations and fragmentation) especially because of thehigh level of human disturbance [11] It is necessary to

HindawiInternational Journal of EcologyVolume 2018 Article ID 1219374 9 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520181219374

2 International Journal of Ecology

conduct floristic studies and to create new reserves especiallyin higher diversity areas [12ndash15]

The aims of the present study were to inventory the floraof tree-shrubs and lianas of Parque Estadual Mata Atlantica(PEMA) located in the Agua Limpamunicipality Goias stateBrazil to improve the knowledge of local flora and to supportthe management plan of PEMA

2 Materials and Methods

21 Characterization of the Study Area PEMA was estab-lished by Decree 6442 of April of 2006 The PEMA is man-aged by ldquoSecretaria do Meio Ambiente Recursos HıdricosInfraestrutura Cidades e Assuntos Metropolitanos (SEC-IMA)rdquo of Goias State Brazil It covers about 940 hectares andis located in themunicipality of Agua Limpa southern regionof Goias state (18∘2110158400310158401015840 S 48∘7610158408510158401015840W) (Figure 1)

The average elevation of PEMA is 611m bordered byBrisas Reservoir that belongs to the Itumbiara hydroelec-tric dam Goias Brazil (Figure 1) The soils are Dys-trophic Litholic Neosols-Eutrophic Haplic Cambisols to redEutrophic Argisols [16] The climate is characterized by twodistinct seasons a hot and rainy season from November toMarch and a dry season from April to October [17] Theclimate is classified as Aw (Koppen) (tropical with summerrains)The average annual temperature is 235∘C and averageannual rainfall is 1314mm for Agua Limpa city Goias [17]

22 Vegetation Inventory and Data Analysis We used thepoint-centered quarter method (PCQM) for phytosociolog-ical survey The distance between sampling points was 10mtotaling 187 sampling points in 186 km of nine transects Weregistered the distance from the point height and diameterfrom all trees shrubs and lianas live or dead whose diameterat breast height (DBH) was equal to or larger than 5 cmWe analyzed the following phytosociological parametersShannon-Wiener diversity index (1198671015840) Pieloursquos evenness (119869)[18] relative density (RD) relative dominance (RDo) relativefrequency (RF) and importance value (IV) [19]

The species accumulation curve was constructed to eval-uate sampling sufficiency The estimation of species richnesswas performed using the Jackknife 1 estimator [20] in theEstimateS program version 91 [21] These results were usedfor construction of observed (MaoTao) and estimated speciesaccumulation curves

The presenceabsence matrix for all species founded inPEMA was compared with other domains Atlantic ForestDomain (AFD) including Seasonal Dry Neotropical Forests(SDNF) Cerrado and Amazonian Rainforest (ARF) Thecategorization of the main phytophysiognomy in which thespecies occurs was based on the literature records [8 22ndash24] This data matrix was used to perform a cluster analysisusing the Jaccard Similarity Index as a measure of similaritybetween PEMA and the other biomes by Unweighted PairGroup Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) Statisticalanalyses were done in R program (R Core Team 2017)(httpswwwR-projectorg) using the ldquoveganrdquo package(Oksanen et al 2017) (httpsCRANR-projectorgpackage=vegan) (last access in 04092017)

The individuals were identified in situ or by botanicalsamples in laboratory analysis The fertile botanical materialwill be deposited in the Universidade Estadual de Goias(UEG) herbarium Species nomenclature was standardizedaccording to the Plant List (httpwwwtheplantlistorg) theInternational Plant Name Index (httpwwwipniorg) andJardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro (httpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrreflorafloradobrasilFB90947)TheAPG IVwas usedfor the botanic classification of species genera and families[25]

3 Results

Thestudywas performed through 186 kmof transectwith 187sampled points We sampled 748 individuals and identified109 species 82 genera and 51 families The Shannon-Wienerdiversity index (1198671015840) was 397 and Pieloursquos evenness (119869) was0846 The estimated richness was higher than the observedrichness (Figure 2)

The most representative families in species number wereFabaceae (20) Malvaceae (7) Myrtaceae (6) Apocynaceae(5) Bignoniaceae Euphorbiaceae Rubiaceae and Sapin-daceae with four species each Chrysobalanaceae MeliaceaeMoraceae Rutaceae and Salicaceaewere represented by threespecies each totaling 63 of all identified species (Figure 3)

The species with the highest relative density (RD)were Casearia gossypiosperma (763) Myrcia splendens(562) Metrodorea stipularis (442) Myracrodruon urun-deuva (375) Syagrus oleracea (375) AnadenantheracolubrineMyrcia rostrata (361)Trichilia claussenii (275)Apuleia leiocarpa (268) and Casearia rupestris (241)These species contributed with approximately 4043 of theliving individuals (Table 1) Another 39 species contributedwith only a single individual The four species with highestrelative density (RD) are the same with regard to relativefrequency (RF) C gossypiosperma (612) M splendens(565) M stipularis and S oleracea (393) The specieswith highest values of the relative dominance (RDo) wereAspidosperma polyneuron (1504) followed by A colub-rina (1056) Hymenaea courbaril (799) Ceiba speciosa(668) Enterolobium contortisiliquum (536) Carinianaestrellensis (506) Attalea phalerata (424) Apuleia leio-carpa (328) Aspidosperma discolor (327) and M urun-deuva (238) The sum of top 10 species in terms of IVcorresponded to 4321 from the total Dead individualspresented the highest IV and the second largest relativedensity (RD = 723)

Six endangered plants were identified in the PEMAlowast(A leiocarpa garapa Astronium fraxinifolium goncalo alvesA polyneuron peroba rosa Bowdichia virgilioides Kunthsucupira preta Cedrela fissilis cedro and M urundeuvaaroeira) (Table 1)

Cluster analysis of floristic similarities showed that about80 of the PEMA species were shared with the SDNF ThePEMA species compared to other biomes showed two well-defined groups (PEMA-Dry Neotropical Seasonal Forest andAFD) indicating gt75 of species similarity from PEMAwith AFD (Figure 4) Additionally 68 of the PEMA speciesalso occur in Cerrado (Figure 4) The group including only

International Journal of Ecology 3

0 2 41(Km)

Brazil

state

Limpamunicipality

Parque Estadual

guaAacute

Goiaacutes

Mata Atlacircntica(PEMA)

Figure 1 Parque Estadual Mata Atlantica (PEMA) in Agua Limpa municipality Goias state Brazil Satellite image Google Earth 2016

the Amazon Rainforest suggests that only about 27 of thePEMA species also occur in the Amazon (Figure 4)

4 Discussion

Previous phytosociological studies in the Seasonal DryNeotropical Forests indicated index rarely exceeding 35 [26]However the Shannon-Wiener diversity index obtained inthis study (1198671015840 = 397) as well the evenness (119869 = 0846)was higher These values are equivalent to other studies inwell-preserved semideciduous seasonal forest remnants [26]For example Pereira et al [27] obtained a diversity indexof 1198671015840 = 358 in a seasonal forest located in the same riverbasin of the PEMA Thus PEMA has a great biodiversityin the shrub-tree strata [28] Moreover the diversity estima-tor proposed by Heltshe and Forrester [20] indicated thatthe estimated richness was higher than observed richness(Figure 2) Besides the sample sufficiency measured by thespecies accumulation curve indicates that it has not reachedan asymptote (see Figure 2) Schilling and Ferreira [29]reported that community boundaries in tropical forests aredifficult to define especially due to high species richness sothe curve does not stabilize even with large samples

The Fabaceae family presented the greater diversity sinceit is a characteristic family from seasonal forests which iswell represented in most studies in Atlantic Forest Domain[29 30] In PEMA the common pattern for forests wasobserved where few species are abundant and many speciesare rare [30] For example the 10 species with the highestrelative density contributed approximately 4043 of theliving individuals Another 39 species contributed to only oneindividual However many of these species can be considerednumerically rare only for a given area at a given time butnot necessarily from a biological viewpoint [31] For examplethe dominant speciesAspidosperma polyneuron is common insemideciduous seasonal forests (SSF) [32 33] but is listed asendangered species because of its high economic value anddeclining population [34 35]

A total of 54 dead individuals represented about 7 of thesampled plants and the highest IV (1887) and RF (785) andsecond largest RD All these values are considered relativelyhigh when compared to those found in riparian forest (IV= 992 RD = 388) [27] The high rate of dead individualsresulted from disturbances like fires since their thin barkdoes not tolerate high temperatures therefore tree mortalityinfluences the forest dynamics [36]


Richness estimatedRichness observed

21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 1811Sampled points

0

50

100

150

Spec

ies r

ichn

ess

Figure 2 Accumulation curves of observed and estimated speciesfrom Parque Estadual Mata Atlantica (PEMA) Dots and trianglesindicate the species richness bars indicate confidence intervals (119901 lt005)

Faba

ceae

Mal

vace

aeAp

ocyn

acea

eM

yrta

ceae

Bign

onia

ceae

Euph

orbi

acea

eRu

biac

eae

Sapi

ndac

eae

Chry

soba

lana

ceae

Meli

acea

eM

orac

eae

Ruta

ceae

Salic

acea

eO

ther

s 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Repr

esen

tativ

ity (

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Spec

ies n

umbe

r

Figure 3Themost representative families in species number of theParque Estadual Mata Atlantica (PEMA) Goias Brazil

For the lianas the relative density (RD = 415) andimportance value (IV 895) were relatively low totaling only31 individuals However the lianas can be represented byhigh percentages (15ndash25) of the individuals in tropicalforests [37] In the Amazon the lianas percentages mayreach up to 44 of the forest species caused mainly by

changes in environmental gradients [38] Thus like the deadindividuals the lianas influence the dynamics structure andthe diversity of tropical forests [39]The increase in density oflianas mainly due to forest disturbances becomes an impactindicator [38 40] Although the high densities of lianascan be considered a negative factor to forest [41 42] lianasare important component of forest ecosystems originallyrecognized by Darwin

The results of cluster analysis showed that about 80of the PEMA species were common to the SDNF and asimilarity gt75 of the PEMA species also occurred in AFD(Figure 4) PEMA is a transitional area between Cerradoand AFD Thus PEMA is clearly SDNF belonging to theinlandAtlantic Forest Domain [26]This forest is conditionedto dual climate seasonality a season with intense summerrains followed by a dry period [26 43] A total of 68 ofthe PEMA species also occurred in Cerrado The similarityof SDNF to Cerrado was already reported by Francoso etal [30] who found that the Atlantic Forest Domain has thegreatest number of flora shared with the Cerrado and it is themost important neighboring biome influencing the Cerradofloristic composition

The Atlantic Forest Domain is one of the most threatenedtropical biomes with much of the forest in small and isolatedremnants (less than 50 ha) [44] In general the AFD isextremely fragmented with only 117 from its original cover[4] mainly the Seasonal Dry Neotropical Forests [12] Thisforest destruction is caused mainly by agricultural expansion[45] occurring in Brazilian central region and ecotones areasof Cerrado and Atlantic Forest Domain [28] resulting in bio-diversity loss [11] This study emphasizes the importance offloristic inventories and biodiversity assessments necessaryto understanding the current richness and conservation offorest biodiversity [43] Therefore the biological knowledgeis important for guidance of conservation polices [30] anda holistic approach is necessary to solve the conservationproblems [46] Thus PEMA is extremely important forbiological conservation due to attributes such as high bio-diversity For example in the fauna group PEMA housesat least 23 species of medium and large mammals sevenof which are listed as endangered in Brazil [47] For theplant group this reserve has at least six endangered species[48] Therefore this protected area shelters 13 endangeredspecies of plants and animals showing their importance forbiodiversity maintenance

5 Conclusions

PEMA is an important reserve for the conservation of thebiodiversity of Seasonal Dry Neotropical Forests currentlythreatened by human activities The reserve contains at least13 threatened species of plants and animals In additionit has a high biodiversity and because this forest is wellconserved is a priority in conservation and managementactions Thus this study provides data for the developmentof a management plan and the conservation of PEMAbiodiversity


Table 1 Phytosociological features of Parque Estadual Mata Atlantica (PEMA) Goias

Species Biome Family IN RD RDo RF IVDead individuals mdash mdash 54 7 23 364 785 1872lowast119860119904119901119894119889119900119904119901119890119903119898119886 polyneuronMullArg 1 2 Apocynaceae 10 134 1504 141 1779Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell) Brenan 1 2 3 Fabaceae 27 362 1056 314 1731Casearia gossypiosperma Briq 1 2 3 Salicaceae 57 763 235 612 1610Myrcia splendens (Sw) DC 1 2 Myrtaceae 42 562 103 565 1231Metrodorea stipularisMart 1 2 3 Rutaceae 33 442 196 393 1031Hymenaea courbaril L 1 2 3 Fabaceae 7 094 799 094 987Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kuntze 1 2 3 4 Lecythidaceae 16 214 506 251 972Ceiba speciosa (A St-Hil) Ravenna 1 2 3 Malvaceae 8 107 668 126 900Cipos or lianas mdash mdash 31 415 041 440 895lowast119860119901119906119897119890119894119886 leiocarpa (Vogel) JFMacbr 1 2 3 Fabaceae 20 268 328 298 894lowast119872119910119903119886119888119903119900119889119903119906119900119899 urundeuva Allemao 1 2 3 Anacardiaceae 28 375 238 267 880Syagrus oleracea (Mart) Becc 2 Arecaceae 28 375 088 393 855Myrcia rostrata DC mdash Myrtaceae 27 362 114 314 790Attalea phalerataMart ex Spreng 1 2 3 4 Arecaceae 10 134 424 141 699Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell) 1 2 3 Fabaceae 5 067 536 079 682Trichilia claussenii C DC 1 2 3 Meliaceae 22 295 084 267 646Terminalia argenteaMart 2 3 4 Combretaceae 9 121 320 141 582Aspidosperma discolor A DC 1 2 3 4 Apocynaceae 7 094 327 110 530Croton floribundus Spreng 1 2 Euphorbiaceae 14 187 140 188 516Casearia rupestris Eichler 1 2 3 Salicaceae 18 241 036 220 497Trichilia catigua A Juss 1 2 3 4 Meliaceae 17 228 042 204 474Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart) 1 2 3 Fabaceae 13 174 097 188 460Jacaratia spinosa (Aubl) ADC 1 2 3 Caricaceae 8 107 154 126 387Aspidosperma subincannumMart 2 3 Apocynaceae 13 174 033 157 364Aspidosperma eburneum Allemao ex Sal 1 4 Apocynaceae 6 080 157 094 331Celtis iguanaea (Jacq) Sarg 1 2 3 Cannabaceae 10 134 035 126 294Dilodendron bipinnatum Radlk 2 3 Sapindaceae 8 107 057 126 290Tabebuia roseoalba (Ridl) Sandwith 1 2 Bignoniaceae 10 134 033 110 277Unidentified species 5 mdash mdash 8 107 065 063 235Licania alba (Bernoulli) Cuatrec mdash Chrysobalanaceae 8 107 028 094 229Apeiba tibourbou Aubl 2 3 4 Malvaceae 6 080 053 094 228Cordiera sessilis (Vell) Kuntze 2 3 Rubiaceae 6 080 021 094 195Copaifera langsdorffii Desf 1 2 3 Fabaceae 4 054 068 063 184Guazuma ulmifolia Lam 1 2 3 4 Sapotaceae 5 067 038 079 184lowast119862119890119889119903119890119897119886 fissilis Vell 1 2 3 Meliaceae 5 067 038 079 183Schefflera morototoni (Aubl) Maguire 1 2 3 4 Araliaceae 4 054 062 063 178Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl) Marchand 1 2 3 4 Burseraceae 4 054 060 063 177Rhamnidium elaeocarpum Reissek 1 2 3 Rhamnaceae 5 067 024 079 169Bauhinia forficata Link 1 2 3 Fabaceae 5 067 014 079 159Inga edulisMart 1 2 Fabaceae 5 067 029 063 159Qualea parvifloraMart 3 Vochysiaceae 4 054 039 063 155Alibertia edulis (Rich) A Rich ex DC 1 2 3 4 Rubiaceae 5 067 008 079 153Pouteria torta (Mart) Radlk 3 4 Sapindaceae 4 054 024 063 140Unonopsis guatterioides (A DC) RE Fr 1 2 3 4 Annonaceae 4 054 020 063 136Cardiopetalum calophyllum Schltdl 1 2 3 4 Annonaceae 4 054 019 063 135Erythrina verna Vell 1 Fabaceae 4 054 013 063 130Eugenia leitonii D Legrand 1 Myrtaceae 2 027 071 031 130Ouratea castaneifolia (DC) Engl 1 2 3 Ochnaceae 4 054 010 063 126lowast119860119904119905119903119900119899119894119906119898 fraxinifolium Schott 2 3 Anacardiaceae 4 054 006 063 122Matayba guianensis Aubl 1 2 3 4 Sapindaceae 3 040 048 031 120Inga veraWilld 1 2 3 Fabaceae 4 054 011 047 112Cecropia pachystachya Trecul 1 2 3 4 Urticaceae 3 040 019 047 106


Table 1 Continued

Species Biome Family IN RD RDo RF IVTrema micrantha (L) Blume 1 2 3 Cannabaceae 4 054 005 047 106Diospyros inconstans Jacq 1 2 3 4 Ebenaceae 3 040 016 047 103Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart ex DC) 1 2 3 Bignoniaceae 2 027 043 031 102Myrocarpus peruiferum LF 1 2 4 mdash 3 040 008 047 095Luehea divaricataMart amp Zucc 1 2 3 Malvaceae 1 013 063 016 092Albizia polycephala (Benth) Killip 1 2 Fabaceae 2 027 025 031 083Sterculia striata A St-Hil amp Naudin 2 3 4 Malvaceae 2 027 023 031 081Cupania vernalis Cambess 1 2 3 Sapindaceae 3 040 009 031 081Drimys brasiliensisMiers 1 2 4 Winteraceae 3 040 006 031 077Sapium glandulosum (L) Morong 1 2 3 Euphorbiaceae 2 027 019 031 077Styrax camporum Pohl 1 2 Sterculiaceae 2 027 016 031 075Matayba guianensis Aubl 1 4 Sapindaceae 2 027 014 031 072Piper aduncum L 1 2 3 4 Piperaceae 2 027 009 031 067Albizia niopoides (Spruce ex Benth) 1 2 3 Fabaceae 2 027 008 031 067Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam 1 2 3 Rutaceae 2 027 006 031 065Ficus citrifoliaMill 1 2 3 Moraceae 2 027 006 031 064Psidium cattleianum Afzel ex Sabine 1 2 Myrtaceae 3 040 003 016 059Styrax pohlii A DC 3 Styracaceae 1 013 030 016 059Unidentified species 3 mdash mdash 1 013 026 016 055Luehea grandifloraMart 2 3 4 Malvaceae 1 013 020 016 049Sloanea guianensis (Aubl) Benth 1 2 Elaeocarpaceae 1 013 019 016 048Maclura tinctoria (L) DDon ex Steud 1 2 3 4 Moraceae 1 013 018 016 047Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke mdash Fabaceae 1 013 017 016 046Zanthoxylum riedelianum Engl 1 2 3 Rutaceae 2 027 002 016 044Nectandra lanceolata Nees amp Mart 1 2 3 Lauraceae 1 013 011 016 040Andira anthelmia (Vell) JFMacbr 1 Fabaceae 1 013 010 016 039Hirtella glandulosa Spreng 1 2 3 4 Chrysobalanaceae 1 013 008 016 037Sorocea bonplandii (Baill) WCBurger 1 2 3 Moraceae 1 013 006 016 035Platypodium elegans Vogel 2 3 Fabaceae 1 013 006 016 035Inga cylindrica (Vell) Mart 1 Fabaceae 1 013 006 016 035Aralia warmingiana (Marchal) J Wen 1 2 3 4 Araliaceae 1 013 005 016 034Cnidoscolus urens (L) Arthur 1 2 Euphorbiaceae 1 013 005 016 034Agonandra brasiliensisMiers ex Benth 1 2 Opiliaceae 1 013 004 016 033Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham) Mattos 3 Bignoniaceae 1 013 003 016 033Roupala montana (Huber) KS Edwards 3 Proteaceae 1 013 003 016 033Aloysia virgata (Ruiz amp Pav) Juss 1 2 Verbenaceae 1 013 003 016 032Croton urucurana Baill 1 2 Euphorbiaceae 1 013 002 016 032Unidentified species 1 mdash mdash 1 013 002 016 031Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce ex Mull) 4 Apocynaceae 1 013 001 016 030Handroanthus vellosoi (Toledo) Mattos 1 2 3 Bignoniaceae 1 013 001 016 030Hirtella glabrata Pilg 2 Chrysobalanaceae 1 013 001 016 030Terminalia glabrescensMart 1 2 3 Combretaceae 1 013 001 016 030Inga sessilis (Vell) Mart 2 3 Fabaceae 1 013 001 016 030Cordiera macrophylla (KSchum) Kuntze 2 3 Rubiaceae 1 013 001 016 030Unidentified species 2 mdash mdash 1 013 001 016 030Aspidosperma sp mdash Apocynaceae 1 013 001 016 030Erythrina falcata Benth 1 2 Fabaceae 1 013 001 016 030Luehea paniculataMart 1 2 3 Malvaceae 1 013 001 016 030Piper tuberculatum Jacq 2 3 4 Piperaceae 1 013 001 016 030Tocoyena formosa (Cham amp Schltdl) 2 3 Rubiaceae 1 013 001 016 030Unidentified species 4 mdash mdash 1 013 001 016 030Croton floribundus Spreng 1 2 Euphorbiaceae 1 013 001 016 030Pseudobombax tomentosum (Mart amp Zucc) 2 3 Malvaceae 1 013 001 016 030


Table 1 Continued

Species Biome Family IN RD RDo RF IVMyrcia undulata OBerg 1 Myrtaceae 1 013 001 016 030Casearia decandra Jacq 1 2 Salicaceae 1 013 001 016 030Pterodon emarginatus Vogel 1 Fabaceae 1 013 001 016 030Dipteryx alata Vogel 1 Fabaceae 1 013 001 016 013lowast119861119900w119889119894119888ℎ119894119886 virgilioides Kunt 1 Fabaceae 1 013 001 016 0131 Atlantic Forest (AF) 2 Seasonal Dry Neotropical Forest (SDNF) 3 Cerrado 4 Amazonian Rainforest NI number of individuals RD relative density() RDo relative dominance () RF relative frequency () IV importance value lowastEndangered species in the PEMA The categorization of the mainphytophysiognomy in which the species occurs followed Oliveira-Filho and Fontes (2000) Ratter et al (2003) Oliveira-Filho et al (2005) and Lorenzi (20142016ab)

Cluster analysis UPGMA

Jaccard Index

AR

Cerrado

AFD

PEMA

SDNF

0 02 04 06 08 1

(cophenetic correlation coefficient = 098)

Figure 4 Cluster analysis for correlation of PEMA vegetation and Atlantic Forest Domain (AFD) Amazonian Rainforest (AR) Cerradoand Seasonal Dry Neotropical Forest (SDNF)

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this manuscript

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge ldquoSecretaria do Meio AmbienteRecursos Hıdricos Infraestrutura Cidades e AssuntosMetropolitanos (SECIMA)rdquo for granting the license for thestudy of PEMAThe authors also acknowledge ldquoPro-Reitoriade Pesquisa e Pos-Graduacao (PrP) daUniversidade Estadualde Goias (UEG)rdquo for the scientific initiation scholarship toJovan Martins Rios

References

[1] M Tabarelli C A Peres and F P L Melo ldquoldquofew winnersand many losersrdquo paradigm revisited emerging prospects fortropical forest biodiversityrdquoBiological Conservation vol 155 pp136ndash140 2012

[2] N Myers R A Mittermeler C G Mittermeler G A B daFonseca and J Kent ldquoBiodiversity hotspots for conservationprioritiesrdquo Nature vol 403 no 6772 pp 853ndash858 2000

[3] R C Forzza J F A Baumgratz C E M Bicudo et al Catalogode Plantas e Fungos do Brasil Rio de Janeiro Jardim Botanicodo Rio e Janeiroe 1st edition 2010

[4] M C Ribeiro J P Metzger A C Martensen F J Ponzoni andM M Hirota ldquoThe Brazilian Atlantic forest how much is leftand how is the remaining forest distributed Implications forconservationrdquo Biological Conservation vol 142 no 6 pp 1141ndash1153 2009

[5] IBGE Manual Tecnico da Vegetacao Brasileira InstitutoBrasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica 2012

[6] J R Stehmann R C Forzza A Salino M Sobral D Pinheiroand L H Y Kamino Eds Plantas da Floresta Atlantica Rio deJaneiro Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro 2009

[7] R T Pennington M Lavin and A Oliveira-Filho ldquoWoodyplant diversity evolution and ecology in the tropics perspec-tives from seasonally dry tropical forestsrdquo Annual Review ofEcology Evolution and Systematics vol 40 no 7th pp 437ndash4572009


[8] A TOliveira-Filho J A Jarenkow andM J N Rodal ldquoFloristicrelationships of seasonally dry forests of eastern South Americabased on tree distribution patternsrdquo in Neotropical Savannasand Seasonally Dry Forests Plant Diversity Biogeography andConservation J A Pennington R T Lewis and G P RatterEds pp 159ndash192 CRS Press Edinburg UK 2006

[9] B A Pereira F Venturoli and F A Carvalho ldquoFlorestasestacionais no cerrado uma visao geralrdquo Pesquisa AgropecuariaTropical vol 41 no 3 pp 446ndash455 2011

[10] TWGillespie B Lipkin L Sullivan D R Benowitz S Pau andG Keppel ldquoThe rarest and least protected forests in biodiversityhotspotsrdquo Biodiversity and Conservation vol 21 no 14 pp3597ndash3611 2012

[11] B Doug E Pipa L Katherine M May-Tobin S Roquemoreand E Saxon The Root of the Problem UCS PublicationsCambridge UK 2011

[12] R F Haidar J M Fagg J R Pinto et al ldquoFlorestas esta-cionais e areas de ecotono no estado do Tocantins Brasilparametros estruturais classificacao das fitofisionomias flo-restais e subsıdios para conservacaordquo Acta Amazonica vol 43no 3 pp 261ndash290 2013

[13] A M Z Martini P A Fiaschi A M Amorin and J L PaixaoldquoA hot-point within a hot-spot a high diversity site in BrazilrsquosAtlantic Forestrdquo Biodiversity and Conservation vol 16 no 11pp 3111ndash3128 2007

[14] I M Pereira V L Gomes-Klein andM Groppo ldquoDistributionand conservation of davilla (dilleniaceae) in Brazilian AtlanticForest using ecological niche modelingrdquo International Journalof Ecology vol 2014 Article ID 819739 2014

[15] M Q Matos and J M Felfili ldquoFlorıstica fitossociologia ediversidade da vegetacao arborea nas matas de galeria doParque Nacional de Sete Cidades (PNSC) Piauı Brasilrdquo ActaBotanica Brasilica vol 24 no 2 pp 483ndash496 2010

[16] IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatıstica 2006Mapas de Solo do Brasil Mapas deUnidade de Relevo do BrasilDisponıvel em ltftpgeoftpibgegovbrmapas tematicosmapas muraisgt

[17] C A Alvares J L Stape P C Sentelhas J L De MoraesGoncalves and G Sparovek ldquoKoppenrsquos climate classificationmap for Brazilrdquo Meteorologische Zeitschrift vol 22 no 6 pp711ndash728 2013

[18] A E Magurran Ecological Diversity and its MeasurementPrinceton University Press London UK 1988

[19] D Muller-Dombois and H Ellenberg Aims and Methods ofVegetation Ecology John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA1974

[20] J F Heltshe and N E Forrester ldquoEstimating species richnessusing the jackknife procedurerdquo Biometrics vol 39 no 1 pp 1ndash11 1983

[21] R K Colwell A Chao N J Gotelli et al ldquoModels and esti-mators linking individual-based and sample-based rarefactionextrapolation and comparison of assemblagesrdquo Journal of PlantEcology vol 5 no 1 pp 3ndash21 2012

[22] D A Carvalho A T Oliveira-Filho E d Vilela and N CurildquoFlorıstica e estrutura da vegetacao arborea de um fragmentode floresta semidecedual as margens do reservatorio da usinahidreletrica Dona Rita (Itambe do Mato Dentro MG)rdquo ActaBotanica Brasilica vol 14 no 1 pp 37ndash55 2000

[23] H Lorenzi Arvores Brasileiras Instituto Plantarum NovaOdessa Brazil 6 edition 2014


[25] M W Chase M J M Christenhusz M F Fay et al ldquoAnupdate of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification forthe orders and families of flowering plants APG IVrdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 181 no 1 pp 1ndash20 2016

[26] S d Lopes I Schiavini A P Oliveira and V S Vale ldquoAnecological comparison of floristic composition in seasonalsemideciduous forest in Southeast Brazil implications forconservationrdquo International Jounal of Forest Research vol 20122012

[27] I Pereira G Jeronimo K Fonseca and A Coneglian ldquoFloristicand phytosociological study of gallery forest in CerradordquoRevista Agrotecnologia - Agrotec vol 6 no 2 pp 1ndash19 2015

[28] N S Soares C A Goncalves G M Araujo and C LomonacoldquoFloristic composition and abundance in forest fragments acase study from Southern Goias Brazilrdquo Bioscience Journal vol31 no 4 pp 1238ndash1252 2015

[29] A C Schilling and L Ferreira ldquoCurva de acumulacao deespecies e suficiencia amostral em florestas tropicaisrdquo RevistaBrasileira de Botanica vol 31 pp 179ndash187 2008

[30] R D Francoso R F Haidar and R BMachado ldquoTree species ofSouth America central savanna endemism marginal areas andthe relationship with other biomesrdquoActa Botanica Brasilica vol30 no 1 pp 78ndash86 2016

[31] A N Oliveira and I L Amaral ldquoFlorıstica e fitossociologiade uma floresta de vertente na Amazonia Central AmazonasBrasilrdquo Acta Amazonica vol 34 no 1 pp 21ndash34 2004

[32] Y R BoloventaPopulacoes Arboreas Nativas Estao Regenerandono Maior Fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual doNorte do Parana Universidade Estadual de Londrina LondrinaBrazil 2009

[33] L A B Jorge T M Millani R C B Fonseca and A AArruda ldquoDiameter structure and spatial arrangement of themost abundant species in a seasonal semideciduous forestfragment in Botucatu Southeastern Brazilrdquo Floresta e Ambientevol 22 no 3 pp 355ndash367 2015

[34] G Martinelli T Messina and T M L S Filho Livro vermelhoda flora do Brasil - Plantas raras do Cerrado vol 1 Riode Janeiro Andrea Jakobsson Instituto de Pesquisas JardimBotanico do Rio de Janeiro CNCFlora 1st edition 2014

[35] G Martinelli and M A Morais Livro Vermelho da Flora doBrasil

[36] W A Hoffmann R Adasme M Haridasan et al ldquoTreetopkill not mortality governs the dynamics of savanna-forestboundaries under frequent fire in central Brazilrdquo Ecology vol90 no 5 pp 1326ndash1337 2009

[37] C B Murray-Smith N A Brummitt A T Oliveira-Filho et alldquoPlant diversity hotspots in theAtlantic coastal forests of BrazilrdquoConservation Biology vol 23 no 1 pp 151ndash163 2009

[38] E A Oliveira B S Marimon T R Feldpausch et al ldquoDiversityabundance and distribution of lianas of the CerradoAmazonianforest transitionrdquo Plant Ecology Diversity vol 7 no 1-2 pp 231ndash240 2017

[39] L G Lohmann C D Bell M F Calio and R C WinkworthldquoPattern and timing of biogeographical history in the Neotrop-ical tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae)rdquo Botanical Journal of theLinnean Society vol 171 no 1 pp 154ndash170 2013

[40] B L P Villagra E P C Gomes R J Burnham and S R NetoldquoDiversity and abundance of climbers from the Atlantic ForestSoutheastern Brazilrdquo Biodiversity and Conservation vol 22 no11 pp 2505ndash2517 2013


[41] A N Oliveira I L Amaral M B Ramos and K M FormigaldquoAspectos florısticos e ecologicos de grandes lianas em tresambientes florestais de terra firme na Amazonia Centralrdquo ActaAmazonica vol 38 no 3 pp 421ndash430 2008

[42] S A Schnitzer and F Bongers ldquoIncreasing liana abundanceand biomass in tropical forests emerging patterns and putativemechanismsrdquo Ecology Letters vol 14 no 4 pp 397ndash406 2011

[43] S Jayakumar S S Kim and J Heo ldquoFloristic inventory anddiversity assessment - a critical reviewrdquo Proceedings of theNational Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences vol1 pp 151ndash168 2011

[44] P K Lira L R Tambosi R M Ewers and J P Metzger ldquoLand-use and land-cover change in Atlantic Forest landscapesrdquo ForestEcology and Management vol 278 pp 80ndash89 2012

[45] B Phalan M Bertzky S H M Butchart et al ldquoCrop expansionand conservation priorities in tropical countriesrdquo PLoS ONEvol 8 no 1 Article ID e51759 2013

[46] D Lindenmayer and M Hunter ldquoSome guiding concepts forconservation biologyrdquo Conservation Biology vol 24 no 6 pp1459ndash1468 2010

[47] E C Rocha K L Soares and I M Pereira ldquoMedium-andlarge-sizedmammals inMata Atlantica State Park southeasternGoias Brazilrdquo Check List vol 11 no 6 article no 1801 2015

[48] G Martinelli and M A Morais Livro Vermelho da Flora doBrasil Instituto de Pesquisas do Jardim Botanico do Rio deJaneiro 2013

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2018

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Chemistry ArchaeaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

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ScienticaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

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Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

AgricultureAdvances in


Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom


conduct floristic studies and to create new reserves especiallyin higher diversity areas [12ndash15]

The aims of the present study were to inventory the floraof tree-shrubs and lianas of Parque Estadual Mata Atlantica(PEMA) located in the Agua Limpamunicipality Goias stateBrazil to improve the knowledge of local flora and to supportthe management plan of PEMA

2 Materials and Methods

21 Characterization of the Study Area PEMA was estab-lished by Decree 6442 of April of 2006 The PEMA is man-aged by ldquoSecretaria do Meio Ambiente Recursos HıdricosInfraestrutura Cidades e Assuntos Metropolitanos (SEC-IMA)rdquo of Goias State Brazil It covers about 940 hectares andis located in themunicipality of Agua Limpa southern regionof Goias state (18∘2110158400310158401015840 S 48∘7610158408510158401015840W) (Figure 1)

The average elevation of PEMA is 611m bordered byBrisas Reservoir that belongs to the Itumbiara hydroelec-tric dam Goias Brazil (Figure 1) The soils are Dys-trophic Litholic Neosols-Eutrophic Haplic Cambisols to redEutrophic Argisols [16] The climate is characterized by twodistinct seasons a hot and rainy season from November toMarch and a dry season from April to October [17] Theclimate is classified as Aw (Koppen) (tropical with summerrains)The average annual temperature is 235∘C and averageannual rainfall is 1314mm for Agua Limpa city Goias [17]

22 Vegetation Inventory and Data Analysis We used thepoint-centered quarter method (PCQM) for phytosociolog-ical survey The distance between sampling points was 10mtotaling 187 sampling points in 186 km of nine transects Weregistered the distance from the point height and diameterfrom all trees shrubs and lianas live or dead whose diameterat breast height (DBH) was equal to or larger than 5 cmWe analyzed the following phytosociological parametersShannon-Wiener diversity index (1198671015840) Pieloursquos evenness (119869)[18] relative density (RD) relative dominance (RDo) relativefrequency (RF) and importance value (IV) [19]

The species accumulation curve was constructed to eval-uate sampling sufficiency The estimation of species richnesswas performed using the Jackknife 1 estimator [20] in theEstimateS program version 91 [21] These results were usedfor construction of observed (MaoTao) and estimated speciesaccumulation curves

The presenceabsence matrix for all species founded inPEMA was compared with other domains Atlantic ForestDomain (AFD) including Seasonal Dry Neotropical Forests(SDNF) Cerrado and Amazonian Rainforest (ARF) Thecategorization of the main phytophysiognomy in which thespecies occurs was based on the literature records [8 22ndash24] This data matrix was used to perform a cluster analysisusing the Jaccard Similarity Index as a measure of similaritybetween PEMA and the other biomes by Unweighted PairGroup Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) Statisticalanalyses were done in R program (R Core Team 2017)(httpswwwR-projectorg) using the ldquoveganrdquo package(Oksanen et al 2017) (httpsCRANR-projectorgpackage=vegan) (last access in 04092017)

The individuals were identified in situ or by botanicalsamples in laboratory analysis The fertile botanical materialwill be deposited in the Universidade Estadual de Goias(UEG) herbarium Species nomenclature was standardizedaccording to the Plant List (httpwwwtheplantlistorg) theInternational Plant Name Index (httpwwwipniorg) andJardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro (httpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrreflorafloradobrasilFB90947)TheAPG IVwas usedfor the botanic classification of species genera and families[25]

3 Results

Thestudywas performed through 186 kmof transectwith 187sampled points We sampled 748 individuals and identified109 species 82 genera and 51 families The Shannon-Wienerdiversity index (1198671015840) was 397 and Pieloursquos evenness (119869) was0846 The estimated richness was higher than the observedrichness (Figure 2)

The most representative families in species number wereFabaceae (20) Malvaceae (7) Myrtaceae (6) Apocynaceae(5) Bignoniaceae Euphorbiaceae Rubiaceae and Sapin-daceae with four species each Chrysobalanaceae MeliaceaeMoraceae Rutaceae and Salicaceaewere represented by threespecies each totaling 63 of all identified species (Figure 3)

The species with the highest relative density (RD)were Casearia gossypiosperma (763) Myrcia splendens(562) Metrodorea stipularis (442) Myracrodruon urun-deuva (375) Syagrus oleracea (375) AnadenantheracolubrineMyrcia rostrata (361)Trichilia claussenii (275)Apuleia leiocarpa (268) and Casearia rupestris (241)These species contributed with approximately 4043 of theliving individuals (Table 1) Another 39 species contributedwith only a single individual The four species with highestrelative density (RD) are the same with regard to relativefrequency (RF) C gossypiosperma (612) M splendens(565) M stipularis and S oleracea (393) The specieswith highest values of the relative dominance (RDo) wereAspidosperma polyneuron (1504) followed by A colub-rina (1056) Hymenaea courbaril (799) Ceiba speciosa(668) Enterolobium contortisiliquum (536) Carinianaestrellensis (506) Attalea phalerata (424) Apuleia leio-carpa (328) Aspidosperma discolor (327) and M urun-deuva (238) The sum of top 10 species in terms of IVcorresponded to 4321 from the total Dead individualspresented the highest IV and the second largest relativedensity (RD = 723)

Six endangered plants were identified in the PEMAlowast(A leiocarpa garapa Astronium fraxinifolium goncalo alvesA polyneuron peroba rosa Bowdichia virgilioides Kunthsucupira preta Cedrela fissilis cedro and M urundeuvaaroeira) (Table 1)

Cluster analysis of floristic similarities showed that about80 of the PEMA species were shared with the SDNF ThePEMA species compared to other biomes showed two well-defined groups (PEMA-Dry Neotropical Seasonal Forest andAFD) indicating gt75 of species similarity from PEMAwith AFD (Figure 4) Additionally 68 of the PEMA speciesalso occur in Cerrado (Figure 4) The group including only


0 2 41(Km)

Brazil

state

Limpamunicipality

Parque Estadual

guaAacute

Goiaacutes




4 Discussion






21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 1811Sampled points

0

50

100

150

Spec

ies r

ichn

ess


Faba

ceae

Mal

vace

aeAp

ocyn

acea

eM

yrta

ceae

Bign

onia

ceae

Euph

orbi

acea

eRu

biac

eae

Sapi

ndac

eae

Chry

soba

lana

ceae

Meli

acea

eM

orac

eae

Ruta

ceae

Salic

acea

eO

ther

s 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Repr

esen

tativ

ity (

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Spec

ies n

umbe

r






5 Conclusions






Table 1 Continued



Table 1 Continued



Jaccard Index

AR

Cerrado

AFD

PEMA

SDNF

0 02 04 06 08 1





Acknowledgments


References





















































Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018





0 2 41(Km)

Brazil

state

Limpamunicipality

Parque Estadual

guaAacute

Goiaacutes




4 Discussion






21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 1811Sampled points

0

50

100

150

Spec

ies r

ichn

ess


Faba

ceae

Mal

vace

aeAp

ocyn

acea

eM

yrta

ceae

Bign

onia

ceae

Euph

orbi

acea

eRu

biac

eae

Sapi

ndac

eae

Chry

soba

lana

ceae

Meli

acea

eM

orac

eae

Ruta

ceae

Salic

acea

eO

ther

s 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Repr

esen

tativ

ity (

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Spec

ies n

umbe

r






5 Conclusions






Table 1 Continued



Table 1 Continued



Jaccard Index

AR

Cerrado

AFD

PEMA

SDNF

0 02 04 06 08 1





Acknowledgments


References





















































Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018






21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 1811Sampled points

0

50

100

150

Spec

ies r

ichn

ess


Faba

ceae

Mal

vace

aeAp

ocyn

acea

eM

yrta

ceae

Bign

onia

ceae

Euph

orbi

acea

eRu

biac

eae

Sapi

ndac

eae

Chry

soba

lana

ceae

Meli

acea

eM

orac

eae

Ruta

ceae

Salic

acea

eO

ther

s 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Repr

esen

tativ

ity (

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Spec

ies n

umbe

r






5 Conclusions






Table 1 Continued



Table 1 Continued



Jaccard Index

AR

Cerrado

AFD

PEMA

SDNF

0 02 04 06 08 1





Acknowledgments


References





















































Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018








Table 1 Continued



Table 1 Continued



Jaccard Index

AR

Cerrado

AFD

PEMA

SDNF

0 02 04 06 08 1





Acknowledgments


References





















































Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018





Table 1 Continued



Table 1 Continued



Jaccard Index

AR

Cerrado

AFD

PEMA

SDNF

0 02 04 06 08 1





Acknowledgments


References





















































Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018





Table 1 Continued



Jaccard Index

AR

Cerrado

AFD

PEMA

SDNF

0 02 04 06 08 1





Acknowledgments


References





















































Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018

















































Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018















Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018






Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018




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