SEKOLAH MENENGAH
KEBANGSAAN ???
CHEMISTRY FOLIO ( 20?? )
CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMER
MEDICINE
NAME :
CLASS :
IC NUMBER :
TEACHER’S NAME :
Heon—[email protected]
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Content1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 OBJECTIVE
3.0 INTRODUCTION3.1 Traditional medicines
3.2 Modern medicines
3.2.1 Analgesics
3.2.2 Antibiotics
3.2.3 Psychotherapeutic medicine
3.3 Drug abuse
4.0 Discussion
5.0 Conclusion
6.0 References
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1.0 INTRODUCTION OF MEDICINES
Medicines are chemicals that help to cure infection and maintain
our health and well being. Medicines can be obtained from natural
sources or synthetic chemicals. Any chemical that is used as
medicine is called a drug. Medicines that are obtained from plants
and animals are called traditional medicines. Medicines can be
classified as traditional medicines and modern medicines.
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2.0 OBJECTIVE
State examples of traditional medicines, their sources and
uses
State the types of modern medicines and their examples
State the functions of each type of modern medicines
Describe the possible side effects of using modern and
traditional medicines
Decribe the correct usage of modern and traditional
medicines
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3.0 INFORMATION AND DATA
3.1 Traditional medicineTraditional medicines are derived from plants or animals.
Traditional medicines are usually not processed. Any
medicinal plant containing alkaloid is potentially toxic to the
liver. Traditional medicines can cause serious side effects.
More research on the toxic and adverse effects of traditional
medicines should be carried out in order to ensure the safety
of these medicines to the public.
3.1.1 Some common medicinal plants and their
functionTraditional medicine Uses
Aloe vera (lidah buaya) To treat skin wounds
Centella asiatica (pegaga) To treat depression and for
longevity
Eurycoma longifolia (tongkat
ali)
To increse the male libido
Orthosiphon aristatus (misai
kucing)
To treat gout, diabetes and
rheumatism
Andrographis paniculata
(hempedu bumi)
To treat diarrrhoea, fever and
diabetes
Ocimum basilicum (selasih) To treat coughs, colds and
bronchitis
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3.1.2 Animals that have medicinal propertiesMedicinal animal FuntionsSea cucumber (gamat) To treat Japanese encephalitis
and hole in the heart
Centipede To treat lockjaw and convulsions
Ant To treat hepatitis B
Side effects of traditional medicines
1. It is generally believed that traditional medicines have little side
effects compared to modern medicines. In fact, traditional medicines
are sometimes used to counteract the side effects of some modern
medicines.
2. However, taking high doses of quinine for a prolonged period may
cause hearing loss. German health officials recently reported 40
cases of liver damage which were linked to the herbal medicine
containing kava-kava.
3. While the use of traditional medicine is rising globally, health
experts have insufficient data about how it affects patients.
4. The World Health Organisation( WHO) hopes to set up a global
monitoring system to monitor the adverse side effects of traditional
medicines.
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3.2 Modern medicineBefore the 20th century, most medicines were extracted
from plants (herbal medicines). Since 1900. Thousands of
modern drugs have been synthesised from organic compound.
Modern medicines can be classified as follows based on their
effects on the human body. Some examples of modern
medicines are analgesics, antibiotics, psychotherapeutic drugs.
Modern drugs have a trade name and a generic name. For
example, the analgesic aspirin (generic name) is sold under
different brand names such as Caprin and Disprin. Similarly,
paracetamol (generic name) is sold under the trade name of
Panadol. Modern medicines usually contain a mixture of
active ingredients prepared in different forms, such as
capsules, pills, solutions or suspensions. For example, Alka-
Seltzer (used as an antacid) contains sodium bicarbonate
(NaHCO3), citric acid and aspirin. It is the sodium bicarbonate
then neutralizes the excess stomach acid.Modern medicines
can be classified into a few categories according to their effects
on body:( a ) Analgesics
( b ) Antibiotics
( c ) Psychotherapeutic medicines
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3.2.1 Analgesics Analgesics is to relieve pain without causing
numbness or affecting consciousness. Analgesics
relive pain but do not cure the disease. Example of
common analgesics are aspirin, paracetamol and
codeine.
(a) Aspirin
Aspirin is used for relief, particularly where there is
inflammation involved, such as arthritic pain and
dental pain. The active ingredient in aspirin is
acetylsalicylic acid. Aspirin has the following
structural formula.
Side effects: Can cause bleeding in the stomach
because aspirin is vey acidic. Can cause allergic
reactions, skin rashes and asthmatic attacks
(b) Paracetamol
Paracetamol have the following structural formula.
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Thus, unlike aspirin, paracetamol is neutral in
nature. Paracetamol is similar to aspirin in its
effects (that is, reduces fever and relieves pain) but
it does not reduce inflammation. Paracetamol also
reduces or relieves flu symptoms such as fever,
bone aches and runny nose. An overdose of
paracetamol can cause liver damage.
(c) Codeine
Codeine is an analgesic used in headache tables
and in cough medicines. Most codeine is
synthesized from morphine. Codeine may cause
drowsiness when it taken. Abuse of this medicine
may lead to addition, depression and nausea.
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3.2.2 AntibiotiesAntibiotics are chemicals that destroy or prevent the
growth of infectious microorganism. Two examples
of antibiotics are penicillin and streptomycin.
Antibiotics are used to treat diseases caused by
bacteria. Antibiotics are not effective against diseases
caused by viral infections such as influenza, measles,
or small pox. Examples of antibiotics are
(a) Penicillin
Penicillin is derived from the mould Penicillium notatum.
Penicillin are used to treat diseases, caused by bacteria,
such as pneumonia, gonorrhea and syphilis. Penicillin is
only effective on certain bacteria. For example, it cannot be
used to treat tuberculosis.
(b) Streptomycin
Streptomycin is an antibiotic produced by soil bacteria of
the genus Streptomyces. It is used to treat tuberculosis,
whooping cough and some forms of pneumonia.
Both penicillin and streptomycin are broken down by
the acid in the stomach. Therefore, these antibiotics
are usually given by injection and are not taken orally.
Patient take full course of the antibiotics tomake sure
that all the bacteria are killed. Otherwise, he may
become ill again and the bacteria may become more Heon—[email protected]
resistant to the antibiotic. The side effects of
antibiotics are headache, allergic reaction, diarrhea.
3.2.3 psychotherapeutic medicineGood metal health is fundamental and essential to
personal wellbeing and the ability to lead a healthy,
balanced and productive life. People with mental
illness are not in control of their thoughts, feeling and
behaviours. These conditions can be helped with the
use of psychotherapeutic medications.
Psychotherapeutic medicines are used to alter
abnormal thinking, feeling or behaviours. These
medicines do not cure mental illness. However, they
can reduce many of the symptoms of mental illness
and help a person to get on with life.
Psychotherapeutic medicines are divided into three
categories based on the symptoms for which they are
primarily used as shown below.
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The example and side effects of some
psychotherapeutic medicines.
(a) Stimulant
Example Side effectsMethylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, amphetamine
High dose or excessive use of stimulants over long periods of time can lead to anxiety, hallucinations, severe depression, or physical and psychological dependence.
(b) Antidepressant
Example Side effectsTranquilisers Tranquilisers cause drowsiness, poor
coordinationor lightheadadness. Overdose of these drugs can lead to respiratory difficulties, sleeplessness, coma and even death
Barbiturates Barbiturates cause addition. People who rely on barbiturates to fight against insomnia sometimes kill themselves accidentally by taking an overdose
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psychotherapeutic medicine
stimulant-to reduce fatigue
Antidepressent-to reduce
tension and anxiety
Antipsychotic-to treat
psychiatric illness
(c) Antipsychotic
Example Side effectsChlorpromazine, haloperidol and clozapine
Antisphychotic medicines cause drowsiness, rapid heartbeat and dizziness.
3.3 Drug Abuse
Taking drugs excessively and without a doctor prescription s
called drug abuse. The use of certain drugs like ecstacy causes
depression which can last for weeks after it s consumed. The
other examples of drug is ice causes stroke and injuries to the
liver and kidneys.
Any natural or artificially made chemical which is used as a
medicines is called drug. Without the drug, a rug addict shoes
withdrawal symptoms. Common withdrawal symptoms
include nervousness, depression, stomach cramps, cold,
sweat, teary eyes, vomiting and diarrhea.
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Abuse potential
Depending on the actual compound, drug abuse may lead to
health problems, social problems, physical dependences or
psychological addiction.
Some drugs that are subject to abuse have central nervous
system ( CNS ) effects, which produce changes n mood, levels
of awareness or perceptions and sensations. Most of these
drugs also alter systems other than the CNS. But not all the
centrally acting drugs are subject to abuse, which suggests
that altering consciousness is not sufficient for a drug to have
abuse potential. Among drugs that are abused, some appear
to be more likely to lead to uncontrolled use than others
suggesting a possible hierarchy of drug-induced effects
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relative to abuse potential.
Approaches to managing drug abuse
In addition to being a major public health problem, some
consider drug abuse to be a social problem with far-reaching
implications. Stress, poverty, domestics and societal violence
and various diseases ( i.e. , injecting drug users as a source for
HIV/AIDS ) are sometimes thought to be spread by drug use.
Studies have also shown that individuals dependent on illicit
drugs experience higher rates of comorbid psychiatric
syndromes.
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4.0 Discussion
Differences between traditional medicines and modern medicines
Traditional medicines Modern medicines
-they are usually not processed -they are usually processed in laboratories
-they are derived from plant or animals -they are synthesized based on substances
found in nature
Correct ways of using medicines
In taking any medicine, we should know why the medicine is prescribed, how the medicine
should be used, what special precautions should be followed, what special diet should be
followed, what are the side effects, and what storage conditions are needed. In addition, we
should note the following points :
1. Self-medication
Do not prescribe medicines for yourself (self-medication) or for other people. Discuss
with your doctor and listen to him concerning the medicine to be taken.
2. Follow the instructions given
Follow the instructions given by your doctor or pharmacist concerning the dosage and
method of taking the medicine.
3. Medicines for adult and children
Medicines for adult should not be given to children and vice versa.
4. Side effects
Visit the doctor immediately if there are symptoms of allergy or other effects of the
drugs.
5. Expiry date
Like foods, medicines also have expiry date. Do not take medicines after their expiry
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Modern medicines
Psychotherapeutic medicinesAntibiotics
Stimulant Antidepressant Antipsychotic
Penicillin Streptomycin
dates.
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Medicine
Traditional medicines
Analgesics
Aspirin Paracetamol Codeine
Drug abuse
5.0 Conclusion
A medicine is used to prevent or cure diseases or to relieve pain.
Medicines can be classified as traditional medicines and modern
medicines. Traditional medicines are medicines which are obtained from
natural sources without being processed chemically. Traditional
medicines also refers to health practices, approaches, knowledge and
beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines,
spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly
or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain
well-being. Since the olden days, man has used plants, animals and
minerals to treat diseases. The traditional medicines include ginger, aloe
vera, mint leaves, garlic, lemon grass, quinine and cocoa.
Modern medicines are produced chemically and often involve drugs.
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Modern medicines are produced in the form of pills, capsules, emulsion,
paste and solution. Modern medicines include analgesics, antibiotics,
psychoterapeutic drugs, hormones and steroids. Analgesics are
medicines that relieve pain by acting on receptors on the nerve cells of
the spinal cord or brain. Examples of analgesics include aspirin,
paracetamol and codeine. Antibiotics are obtained from mold or other
microorganisms. It used to treat infection due to bacteria. Examples of
antibiotics include penicillin and streptomycin.
Psychotherapeutic drugs are used to treat psychiatric patients by altering
the emotions as well as the behaviour and thoughts of the patient.
Therefore, this category of medicine should not consumed
indiscriminately and without prescription from the doctor.
Psychotherapeutic drugs can be categorized into stimulants,
antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs. Stimulants are used to enhance
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or stimulate the mental activity, emotions as well as the activity of the
body of the patients. Examples of stimulants are amphetamine and
caffeine. Antidepressants are used to control depression, grim feelings,
worry, anxiety and panic in patients. Some examples of antidepressants
in the market today are tranquilizers and barbiturates. Antipsychotic
drugs are used to treat symptoms of a type of psychotic illness or mental
disorder known as schizophrenia. Common antipsychotic medicines are
chlorpromazine, haloperidol and clozapine.
Besides this, taking drugs excessively and without a doctor’s prescription
is called drug abuse. The use of certain drugs like ecstasy and ice
produce harmful side effects. In addition, some types of medicines may
cause harmful side effects if being misused without a doctor’s
instructions. The harmful side effects posed by medicines should be
seriously attended to and the doctor’s advice and instructions should be
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6.0 References
1 ) Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng Nguan Hong and
Umi Kaithom Binti Ahmad, 2006. Chemistry Form 5. Runz Creative
Sdn. Bhd.
2 ) Vijaya Viswanathan B.Sc. , Catherine Lee B.Sc.Ed.( Hons. ), 2007. New
Vision Chemistry SPM. Marshall Cavendish ( Malaysia ) Sdn. Bhd.
3 ) Jess Tan Bsc ( Hons ) Ed, MED : COMPLETE Text & Guide SPM ARAHAN
PENDIDIKAN
4 ) Traditional medicine,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine
Modern medicine,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_medicine
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5 ) Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng Nguan Hong, 2007.
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
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