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Formative Assessment vs. Summative Assessment

Date post: 06-May-2015
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Assessment OF Learning (Summative) Assessment OF Learning (Summative) vs. vs. Assessment FOR Learning (Formative) Assessment FOR Learning (Formative)
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Page 1: Formative Assessment vs. Summative Assessment

Assessment OF Learning (Summative) Assessment OF Learning (Summative) vs. vs.

Assessment FOR Learning (Formative)Assessment FOR Learning (Formative)

Page 2: Formative Assessment vs. Summative Assessment

“When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative assessment; when the customer tastes the soup, that’s summative assessment.”

Paul Black

Page 3: Formative Assessment vs. Summative Assessment

Summative vs. Formative Assessments

With summative assessments, students are evaluated upon completion of the work and the focus is on the final product.

With formative assessments, students are evaluated during the work process and the focus is on improving the process. For example, a summative assessment would be a state achievement test and a formative assessment would be a teacher response to journal entries.

National Council of Teachers of English

Page 4: Formative Assessment vs. Summative Assessment

Formative assessment - Ongoing observations and methods of evaluation designed to measure student comprehension of a concept or task in order to identify areas that require enhanced or adapted instruction. It emphasizes the mastery of classroom content instead of the earning of grades or test scores and is conducted throughout the entire instructional process to gauge students’ progress. Results are then used to adapt instruction to meet students’ needs. Feedback is also used to help students achieve their learning goals and takes the form of specific suggestions for improvement and discussion of errors rather than merely providing the correct answer.

Examples of formative assessments include journals, learning logs, the minute paper, concept maps, directed summarization, anecdotal records, diagnostic tests, and quizzes.

Summative assessment - Evaluation administered at the conclusion of a unit of instruction to comprehensively assess student learning and the effectiveness of an instructional method or program.

LearnNC, University of North Carolina

Page 5: Formative Assessment vs. Summative Assessment

Teachers can build in many opportunities to assess how students are learning and then use this information to make beneficial changes in instruction. This diagnostic use of assessment to provide feedback to teachers and students over the course of instruction is called formative assessment. It stands in contrast to summative assessment, which generally takes place after a period of instruction and requires making a judgment about the learning that has occurred (e.g., by grading or scoring a test or paper).

Carol Boston, “The Concept of Formative Assessment,”

Page 6: Formative Assessment vs. Summative Assessment

Assessment for learning: Assessment for learning is formative, and involves both teachers and students in ongoing dialogue, descriptive feedback, and reflection throughout instruction.

Assessment of learning: Assessment of learning is summative, and involves determining the quality of the learning that has taken place at the end of a unit or theme, term, semester, or school year. Specific learning outcomes and standards are reference points, and grade levels may be the benchmarks for reporting.

Manitoba Department of Education (Canada)

Page 7: Formative Assessment vs. Summative Assessment

Formative assessment: Formative assessment is the process of gathering ongoing information (what teachers see and hear) during instruction to determine what students know and can do, and to provide descriptive feedback to improve learning and inform teaching. Feedback is generally directly connected to student learning goals and referenced to student-generated criteria.

Summative assessment: Summative assessment is the celebration, summary, evaluation, or judgment reached at the end of a topic, theme, unit, semester, term, or school year based on performances/products and formative assessment data.

Manitoba Department of Education (Canada)

Page 8: Formative Assessment vs. Summative Assessment

Assessment OF Learning Assessment OF Learning (Summative)(Summative)

The purpose is:The purpose is: To measure student achievement at a To measure student achievement at a

point in time for reporting and point in time for reporting and accountabilityaccountability

To sort students in rank orderTo sort students in rank order To maximize student learning through To maximize student learning through

standardized tests, etc.standardized tests, etc.

Page 9: Formative Assessment vs. Summative Assessment

Assessment FOR Learning Assessment FOR Learning (Formative)(Formative)

The purpose is:The purpose is: To promote further improvement of To promote further improvement of

student learning during the learning student learning during the learning processprocess

To involve students in the ongoing To involve students in the ongoing assessment of their own achievementassessment of their own achievement

Page 10: Formative Assessment vs. Summative Assessment

Primary UsersPrimary Users

Assessment of LearningAssessment of Learning Policy makersPolicy makers Program PlannersProgram Planners SupervisorsSupervisors

Assessment for LearningAssessment for Learning StudentsStudents TeachersTeachers ParentsParents

Page 11: Formative Assessment vs. Summative Assessment

Typical UsesTypical Uses

Assessment of LearningAssessment of Learning Certify competenceCertify competence Sort students Sort students

according to according to achievementachievement

Assessment for LearningAssessment for Learning Help students see and Help students see and

hit the targethit the target Help teachers identify Help teachers identify

and respond to student and respond to student needs.needs.

Page 12: Formative Assessment vs. Summative Assessment

Teacher’s RoleTeacher’s Role

Assessment of LearningAssessment of Learning Follow test Follow test

administration administration proceduresprocedures

Use results to help Use results to help student reach GPSstudent reach GPS

Assessment for LearningAssessment for Learning Inform students of Inform students of

targetstargets Modify instructionModify instruction Involve students in Involve students in

assessmentassessment

Page 13: Formative Assessment vs. Summative Assessment

Student’s RoleStudent’s RoleAssessment of LearningAssessment of Learning Study to meet Study to meet

standardsstandards Take the testTake the test Strive for the highest Strive for the highest

score possiblescore possible Avoid failureAvoid failure

Assessment for LearningAssessment for Learning Strive to understand Strive to understand

the targetthe target Act on classroom Act on classroom

assessment to improveassessment to improve Encourage successEncourage success


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