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Program Development: Formulating Strategies
Milan K.Dinda Ph.D
What leads to success?
Political science
Why are some princes successful and others are not? … Is it a matter of luck?...
Machiaveli
Political science
Why are some princes successful and others are not? … Is it a matter of luck?...
For it is those princes who match their actions to circumstances that survive and other do not
Machiaveli
Biology
It is not the strongest species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but the ones most responsive to change
Charles Darwin
Why Strategies?
• What determines success?
– Match actions to circumstances: Users, service delivery system, technologies, social, political and economic context
– Use resources optimally to achieve goals
– Direct energies of the whole organization towards achieving goals
Strategy
Match action to circumstances
But what about implementation?
Strategic Management
Strategy
Structure
Staff
Systems
Skills
Style
Shared values/vision?
Strategic leadership
Goals
Objectives
Vision
Vision-reality gap
Inspire/
empower
Planning
organizing
Monitoring/Evaluating
Leadership
Management
Doing the right thing
And Doing them right
Focus on self
USER
TECHNOLOGYSERVICES
Socio-economic Status,
User Perspectives
Gender
Policies, Programmes,Access, AvailabilityQuality of Service
Availability,Characteristics
Social, Cultural, Economic and Political
Context
What is a strategy?
• Its is a fundamental choice affecting a mission, values, product or service level and mix, clients or users, cost, financing, organization or management of a program.
• What is fundamental?– Would make a significant difference– Is long term– Will affect the status of the program/organization
– Other
Program strategy:
Which services/information to be provided to whom and in what sequence
Functional strategy:
How to mobilize demand?
How to mobilize services (access, availability, affordability,qualityofService)?
How to mobilize resources (financial, physical, others)?
Program Development:Need for Strategic Approach
• A large number of problems need to be addressed
• Many interventions are possible• Need to ensure quality of service
Need to choose carefully
Program Development:Need for Strategic Approach
• Any interventions need to be culturally sensitive, technologically appropriate and financially affordable
• One strategy may not work everywhere so district and local level strategies are needed
• Multiple disciplines need to be involved• some interventions need to be tested before
their large scale implementation
Program Development:Need for Strategic Approach
• For success:– formulate right strategies– implement them right
– Involve implementers in formulating strategies
– Increase their skills in implementation– Monitor and evaluate
Manual
• Situation analysis
• Response analysis
• Develop strategies
• Mobilize resources
Common approach to strategy development
• 1. Where are we now?
• 2. Where do we want to go?
• 3. How do we get there?
• 1. Situation and response analysis
• 2. Strategic objectives
• 3. Strategy
3. What are the different ways of developing visions and strategies?
• 1. Conventional way - Start with situational analysis.
• 2. The new way - Start with defining a shared vision.
Disadvantages of common practice
• 1. Situation analysis is often more descriptive (indicators list) and less analytical.
• 2. “Visions” are set lower because reference point is the current situation (often depressing).
• 3. Encourages only incremental changes, not fundamental ones.
Should visions be based on situation analysis?
• Should we want only what we can have given the current situation?
• Should we aim for what we truly want and change the current situation?
An alternative way
• 1. Where do we want to go?
• 2. Where are we now?• 3. Why is there a difference?
• 4. What needs to change?
• 5. How do we get there?
An alternative way - different wording
• 1. What do we want to happen?
• 2. What is happening now?• 3. Why is there a difference?
• 4. What needs to change?
• 5. How do we create the change?
Comparison
• OLD WAY
• Situation
analysis• Strategic
objectives
• Strategy
• NEW WAY• Shared vision• Situation
statementRoot cause analysis
• Strategic objectives
• Strategy
Formulating Strategies
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analysis
Results based analysis
Strategic issues management
Stakeholder analysis
SWOT Analysis
• Build on strengths
• Remedy weaknesses
• Exploit opportunities
• Protect against threats
Results Chain or Pyramid
Resources
Staff
Funds
Facilities
Supplies
Training
INPUTS ACTIVITIES OUTPUTS/ OUTCOMES
IMPACT
IEC
Counseling
Treatment
Care/service
Other
OutputsTechnology availability
No. of persons trained
OutcomesBehavior changeAttitude changeChange in income,statusIncrease in social support/ social capital
Long-term changes in
HDI
Household Economic Sustainability
Social norms
Coping capacity in the community
Economic impact
Reduce vulnerability
Reduce risk
Reduce impact
Where to Focus
Types of Strategies
Focus on key factors of success
Build on strengths
Pursue new initiatives
Exploit where, when and how services are delivered
Improve operations
Log Frame Matrix
Aims of the program
Objectively verifiable indicators
Means of verification
Risks and assumptions
Goal/Purpose
Outcomes
Outputs Activities
Inputs