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Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels

Name: Marina YousifName: Marina Yousif

language: Sciencelanguage: Science

Grade: 9Grade: 9


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What are fossil fuels ?What are fossil fuels ?

Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural resources such as anaerobicFossil fuels are fuels formed by natural resources such as anaerobic

decomposition of buried dead organisms.decomposition of buried dead organisms.

A natural resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas containingA natural resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas containing

hydrocarbon.hydrocarbon.

They have been formed on earth for millions of years by decayedThey have been formed on earth for millions of years by decayedorganisms.organisms.

when its burned they produce carbon dioxide.when its burned they produce carbon dioxide.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel

http://www.biomelifestyle.com/wp-content/upload/2010/03/FossilFuels.jpg

news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8314501.stm
http://www.google.com/url?q=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8314501.stm&ei=cfvyS9byAYOglAepyICiDQ&sa=X&oi=define&ct=&cd=1&ved=0CA0QpAMoAQ&usg=AFQjCNEijpbeD3UZYHXszlV0nLHzhXyZPghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8314501.stm&ei=cfvyS9byAYOglAepyICiDQ&sa=X&oi=define&ct=&cd=1&ved=0CA0QpAMoAQ&usg=AFQjCNEijpbeD3UZYHXszlV0nLHzhXyZPg


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What are the different types of fossil fuels?What are the different types of fossil fuels?

There areThere are different types of fossil fuels which they are: coal,different types of fossil fuels which they are: coal,petroleum, wood, oil, natural gases, and diesel, wind, etcpetroleum, wood, oil, natural gases, and diesel, wind, etc

http://www.lenntech.com/greenhouse-effect/fossil-fuels.htmhttp://earthpaths4energy.com/BioFue1.gif


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How is coal formed?How is coal formed?

Coal was formed as massive amounts of vegetation died and fellCoal was formed as massive amounts of vegetation died and fell

into the swamp-like surfaces that existed in the heavily vegetatedinto the swamp-like surfaces that existed in the heavily vegetated

Earth of the Carboniferous Period. Huge mats of waterloggedEarth of the Carboniferous Period. Huge mats of waterlogged

plant material were formed that resisted decay.plant material were formed that resisted decay.

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_is_coal_formedhttp://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/images/peatcoal.gif


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The different stages of coal formation?The different stages of coal formation?

Organic plant matter at various stages of decay form peat, which underOrganic plant matter at various stages of decay form peat, which undercertain pressure and heat conditions experiences slow rates of bacterialcertain pressure and heat conditions experiences slow rates of bacterialdecay and eventually goes on to form coal. As peat is buried bydecay and eventually goes on to form coal. As peat is buried bysediment and becomes compressed, it slowly releases water and othersediment and becomes compressed, it slowly releases water and otherelements contained within it, resulting in an increasingly compact andelements contained within it, resulting in an increasingly compact andcarbon rich substance. The natural process converting plant matter tocarbon rich substance. The natural process converting plant matter to

peat may go through different stages, first forming lignite, then subpeat may go through different stages, first forming lignite, then subbituminous coal, bituminous coal and eventually anthracite coal.bituminous coal, bituminous coal and eventually anthracite coal.

http://www.articlealley.com/article_191413_22.htmlhttp://www.energy.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0018/20457/types-of-fossil-fuels.gif


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How is coal used as a fossil fuels?How is coal used as a fossil fuels?

Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce heatCoal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce heatthrough combustion.through combustion.

http://fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/coal/coal_history.htmlhttp://www.vinceoneill.com/images/jindara_riverina.jpg


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How is oil formed ?How is oil formed ?

Oil is formed from the remains of animals and plants (diatoms)Oil is formed from the remains of animals and plants (diatoms)

that lived millions of years ago in a marine (water) environmentthat lived millions of years ago in a marine (water) environment

before the dinosaurs. Over millions of years, the remains of thesebefore the dinosaurs. Over millions of years, the remains of these

animals and plants were covered by layers of sand and silt.animals and plants were covered by layers of sand and silt.

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=oil_home-basicshttp://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energyexplained/images/OILGASFORMATION.gif


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How is oil used as a fossil fuel ?How is oil used as a fossil fuel ?

Oil is used as a fossil fuel to help create motor gasoline and dieselOil is used as a fossil fuel to help create motor gasoline and diesel

fuel. It is used to make crayons, dish washing , heating houses, andfuel. It is used to make crayons, dish washing , heating houses, and

fueling the cars , we use fossil fuel for trucks, make product, andfueling the cars , we use fossil fuel for trucks, make product, and

motorcycle and other thing.motorcycle and other thing.

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=oil_home-basics


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How is natural gas formed ?How is natural gas formed ?

Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis, in aFormation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis, in a

variety of mostly endothermic reactions at high temperature and/orvariety of mostly endothermic reactions at high temperature and/or

pressure.pressure.

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_is_natural_gas_formed

https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0505/5aed7655d2d5b/5aed765cb5f49.jpg


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How is natural gas used as a fossil fuel ?How is natural gas used as a fossil fuel ?

Natural gasNatural gas is a gas consisting primarily of methane. It is foundis a gas consisting primarily of methane. It is found

associated with other fossil fuels, in coal beds, as methaneassociated with other fossil fuels, in coal beds, as methane

clathrates, and is created by methanogenic organisms inclathrates, and is created by methanogenic organisms in

marshes, bogs, and landfills. It is an important fuel source, amarshes, bogs, and landfills. It is an important fuel source, a

major feedstock for fertilizers, and a potent greenhouse gas.major feedstock for fertilizers, and a potent greenhouse gas.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://i.ehow.com/images/a04/fk/bt/natural-gas-200X200.jpg


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What are refineries and why are theyWhat are refineries and why are they

important to the production of fossil fuels ?important to the production of fossil fuels ?

Refineries is an industrial process plant where crude oil isRefineries is an industrial process plant where crude oil isprocessed and refined into more useful petroleum products, suchprocessed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such

as gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, and liquefiedas gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, and liquefied

petroleum gas. Refineries are important to the production of fossilpetroleum gas. Refineries are important to the production of fossil

fuels, because the fossil fuels undergo steps to help to purify thefuels, because the fossil fuels undergo steps to help to purify the

substances or something. They are important because oil refinerysubstances or something. They are important because oil refineryis a industrial process plant where crude oil is processed andis a industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and

refined into useful petroleum products.refined into useful petroleum products.

https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0505/5aed7655d2d5b/5aed765e38cdd.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery


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What kind of clean and oil catastrophe didWhat kind of clean and oil catastrophe did

the Exxon Valdez cause ?the Exxon Valdez cause ?TheThe Exxon ValdezExxon Valdezspilled approximately 10.9 million gallons of its 53 millionspilled approximately 10.9 million gallons of its 53 million

gallon cargo of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Eight of the eleven tanks on boardgallon cargo of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Eight of the eleven tanks on boardwere damaged. The oil would eventually impact over 1,100 miles of non-were damaged. The oil would eventually impact over 1,100 miles of non-continuous coastline in Alaska, making thecontinuous coastline in Alaska, making the Exxon ValdezExxon Valdezthe largest oil spill tothe largest oil spill todate in U.S. waters.date in U.S. waters.

The response to theThe response to the Exxon ValdezExxon Valdezinvolved more personnel and equipmentinvolved more personnel and equipment

over a longer period of time than did any other spill in U.S. history. Logisticalover a longer period of time than did any other spill in U.S. history. Logisticalproblems in providing fuel, meals, berthing, response equipment, wasteproblems in providing fuel, meals, berthing, response equipment, wastemanagement and other resources were one of the largest challenges tomanagement and other resources were one of the largest challenges toresponse management. At the height of the response, more than 11,000response management. At the height of the response, more than 11,000personnel, 1,400 vessels and 85 aircraft were involved in the cleanup.personnel, 1,400 vessels and 85 aircraft were involved in the cleanup.TheThe Exxon ValdezExxon Valdezdeparted from the Trans Alaska Pipeline terminal at 9:12departed from the Trans Alaska Pipeline terminal at 9:12pm, March 23, 1989. William Murphy, an expert ship's pilot hired to maneuverpm, March 23, 1989. William Murphy, an expert ship's pilot hired to maneuverthe 986-foot vessel through the Valdez Narrows, was in control of thethe 986-foot vessel through the Valdez Narrows, was in control of thewheelhouse. At his side was the captain of the vessel, Joe Hazelwood.wheelhouse. At his side was the captain of the vessel, Joe Hazelwood.Helmsman Harry Claar was steering. After passing through Valdez Narrows,Helmsman Harry Claar was steering. After passing through Valdez Narrows,pilot Murphy left the vessel and Captain Hazelwood took over the wheelhouse.pilot Murphy left the vessel and Captain Hazelwood took over the wheelhouse.TheThe Exxon ValdezExxon Valdezencountered icebergs in the shipping lanes and Captainencountered icebergs in the shipping lanes and CaptainHazelwood ordered Claar to take theHazelwood ordered Claar to take the Exxon ValdezExxon Valdezout of the shipping lanesout of the shipping lanesto go around the ice. He then handed over control of the wheelhouse to Thirdto go around the ice. He then handed over control of the wheelhouse to ThirdMate Gregory Cousins with precise instructions to turn back into the shippingMate Gregory Cousins with precise instructions to turn back into the shipping

lanes when the tanker reached a certain point. At that time, Claar waslanes when the tanker reached a certain point. At that time, Claar wasreplaced by Helmsman Robert Kaganreplaced by Helmsman Robert Kagan ..


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Continue the cause of the ExxonContinue the cause of the Exxon

ValdezValdezClean-up attempts can be more damaging than the oil itself, withClean-up attempts can be more damaging than the oil itself, withimpacts recurring as long as clean-up (including both chemical andimpacts recurring as long as clean-up (including both chemical andphysical methods) continues. Because of the pervasiveness ofphysical methods) continues. Because of the pervasiveness ofstrong biological interactions in rocky intertidal and kelp foreststrong biological interactions in rocky intertidal and kelp forestcommunities, cascades of delayed, indirect impacts (especially ofcommunities, cascades of delayed, indirect impacts (especially oftrophic cascades and biogenic habitat loss) expand the scope oftrophic cascades and biogenic habitat loss) expand the scope of

injury well beyond the initial direct losses and thereby also delayinjury well beyond the initial direct losses and thereby also delayrecoveries.recoveries.

Oil that penetrates deeply into beaches can remain relatively freshOil that penetrates deeply into beaches can remain relatively freshfor years and can later come back to the surface and affect nearbyfor years and can later come back to the surface and affect nearbyanimals. In addition, oil degrades at varying rates depending onanimals. In addition, oil degrades at varying rates depending onenvironment, with subsurface sediments physically protected fromenvironment, with subsurface sediments physically protected from

disturbance, oxygenation, and photolysis retaining contamination bydisturbance, oxygenation, and photolysis retaining contamination byonly partially weathered oil for years.only partially weathered oil for years.

Rocky rubble shores should be of high priority for protection andRocky rubble shores should be of high priority for protection andcleanup because oil tends to penetrate deep and weather verycleanup because oil tends to penetrate deep and weather veryslowly in these habitats, prolonging the harmful effects of the oilslowly in these habitats, prolonging the harmful effects of the oilwhen it leaches out.when it leaches out.

They also effect the sea birds and mammals.They also effect the sea birds and mammals.


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Deep water Horizon oilDeep water Horizon oilTheThe Deepwater HorizonDeepwater Horizon oil spilloil spill (also referred to as the(also referred to as the BP oil spillBP oil spill andand GulfGulf

of Mexico oil spillof Mexico oil spill) is a massive ongoing oil spill from an underwater oil gusher) is a massive ongoing oil spill from an underwater oil gusherin the Gulf of Mexico that started on April 20, 2010. The spill followed an oil wellin the Gulf of Mexico that started on April 20, 2010. The spill followed an oil wellblowout that caused an explosion on theblowout that caused an explosion on the Deepwater HorizonDeepwater Horizon offshore oiloffshore oilplatform 40 miles (64 km) southeast of the Louisiana coast. Eleven platformplatform 40 miles (64 km) southeast of the Louisiana coast. Eleven platformworkers are missing and presumed dead; the explosion also injured 17 others.workers are missing and presumed dead; the explosion also injured 17 others.The oil spill originates from a deepwater oil well 5,000 feet (1,500 m) below theThe oil spill originates from a deepwater oil well 5,000 feet (1,500 m) below theocean surface. Numerous estimates have been made for the amount of oilocean surface. Numerous estimates have been made for the amount of oil

discharging, ranging from 5,000 barrels (210,000 US gallons; 790,000 liters) todischarging, ranging from 5,000 barrels (210,000 US gallons; 790,000 liters) to100,000 barrels (4,200,000 US gallons; 16,000,000 liters) of crude oil per day.100,000 barrels (4,200,000 US gallons; 16,000,000 liters) of crude oil per day.The exact spill flow rate is uncertainin part because BP has refused to allowThe exact spill flow rate is uncertainin part because BP has refused to allowscientists to conduct accurate measurementsand is a matter of some debate.scientists to conduct accurate measurementsand is a matter of some debate.The resulting oil slick covers a surface area of at least 2,500 square milesThe resulting oil slick covers a surface area of at least 2,500 square miles(6,500 km2) according to estimates reported on May 3, 2010, with the exact size(6,500 km2) according to estimates reported on May 3, 2010, with the exact sizeand location of the slick fluctuating from day to day depending on weatherand location of the slick fluctuating from day to day depending on weather

conditions. In addition, on May 15, researchers announced the discovery ofconditions. In addition, on May 15, researchers announced the discovery ofimmense underwater plumes of oil not visible from the surface. The oil well isimmense underwater plumes of oil not visible from the surface. The oil well isestimated to hold 50 million barrels of crude.estimated to hold 50 million barrels of crude.

The oil spill may become one of the worst environmental disaster in the unitedThe oil spill may become one of the worst environmental disaster in the unitedstates history and other countries.states history and other countries.

Deepwater Horizon Oil catastrophe deepwater horizon was an ultra- deepwater.Deepwater Horizon Oil catastrophe deepwater horizon was an ultra- deepwater.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill


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What kind of effect dose it have on theWhat kind of effect dose it have on the

environment of the Gulf of Mexico? And whoenvironment of the Gulf of Mexico? And who

cleanupcleanupDispersants are part of the arsenal used in the battle against the oil spill in theDispersants are part of the arsenal used in the battle against the oil spill in theGulf of Mexico. No one knows what the effect will be on the environment, butGulf of Mexico. No one knows what the effect will be on the environment, butthere are some clues.there are some clues.

When the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded and sank in April, a small oilWhen the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded and sank in April, a small oilleak began. That oil leak has been growing and because it does not stop, itleak began. That oil leak has been growing and because it does not stop, itmay turn out into an environmental disaster without equal.may turn out into an environmental disaster without equal.

According to the scientific journal Nature, several weapons are being used inAccording to the scientific journal Nature, several weapons are being used inthe battle against the oil, mechanical as well as chemical.the battle against the oil, mechanical as well as chemical.

Attempts to stop the oil from spilling by capping the well have beenAttempts to stop the oil from spilling by capping the well have beenunsuccessful so far, but efforts are ongoing and will have to be successfulunsuccessful so far, but efforts are ongoing and will have to be successfuleventually since the alternative is too hideous to contemplate: waiting until theeventually since the alternative is too hideous to contemplate: waiting until thespill stops on its own. Eight hundred thousand liters of oil (5,000 barrels) arespill stops on its own. Eight hundred thousand liters of oil (5,000 barrels) arespilling out every day at the moment.spilling out every day at the moment.

In order to protect the coastline beaches and wetlands, floating booms areIn order to protect the coastline beaches and wetlands, floating booms areused to physically prevent the oil floating on the sea from reaching them. Thisused to physically prevent the oil floating on the sea from reaching them. Thisis at best a temporary measure, for choppy seas or a minor storm is all that isis at best a temporary measure, for choppy seas or a minor storm is all that isneeded to all but annihilate this protection.needed to all but annihilate this protection.

Crude petroleum tends to form large globs that are very hard to break downCrude petroleum tends to form large globs that are very hard to break downand that have detrimental effects on the environmentand that have detrimental effects on the environment

The human involve in the clean up, they also contain the spill and they useThe human involve in the clean up, they also contain the spill and they use

spray chemicals from the aircraft to disperse the oil.spray chemicals from the aircraft to disperse the oil.http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/291929


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PicturesPictures
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg


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At the endAt the end

Thank for you and hope to enjoy myThank for you and hope to enjoy my

amazing PowerPoint about fossil fuels.amazing PowerPoint about fossil fuels.

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