Foundation Licence Theory - VK6SRhamradio.org.au/fl-docs/Foundation Licence Theory Lecture...8...

8 September 2008 TrainSafe Australia 1

Foundation Foundation LicenceLicence Training Part 1Training Part 1

Gateway to Amateur RadioGateway to Amateur RadioFred SwainstonFred Swainston

VK3DACVK3DAC

8 September 20088 September 2008 TrainSafe Australia TrainSafe Australia 22

IntroductionIntroductionThe foundation licence has been The foundation licence has been introduced to act as an entry point into introduced to act as an entry point into amateur radio.amateur radio.The study for the foundation licence The study for the foundation licence involves radio theory and practice.involves radio theory and practice.The requirements for the licence are The requirements for the licence are defined in the Licence Conditions defined in the Licence Conditions Determination (LCD). All Amateurs should Determination (LCD). All Amateurs should have a copy of the LCDhave a copy of the LCDThe content for the training is defined by The content for the training is defined by the foundation licence syllabus document.the foundation licence syllabus document.


IntroductionIntroduction

The syllabus has 9 sections. These are:The syllabus has 9 sections. These are:•• Nature of Amateur RadioNature of Amateur Radio•• Licence ConditionsLicence Conditions•• Technical BasicsTechnical Basics•• Transmitters and ReceiversTransmitters and Receivers•• Transmission Lines and AntennasTransmission Lines and Antennas•• PropagationPropagation•• InterferenceInterference•• SafetySafety•• Operating Practices and ProceduresOperating Practices and Procedures


IntroductionIntroductionTo study for the To study for the Foundation Licence Foundation Licence you should obtain the you should obtain the following documents:following documents:•• Foundation licence Foundation licence

syllabus documentsyllabus document•• The Foundation Licence The Foundation Licence

Conditions Conditions Determination (LCD)Determination (LCD)

•• The Foundation Licence The Foundation Licence Manual, that covers Manual, that covers the required radio the required radio theorytheory

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Set-up for Fox Hunting



The documentation can be obtained from The documentation can be obtained from the WIA web site the WIA web site www.wia.org.auwww.wia.org.au and and www.acma.gov.auwww.acma.gov.auYou will also need to arrange for You will also need to arrange for assessment. This is via a WIA accredited assessment. This is via a WIA accredited assessor, usually associated with a radio assessor, usually associated with a radio club. For an assessor near you look at club. For an assessor near you look at www.silvertrain.com.au/assessorswww.silvertrain.com.au/assessorsThe WIA Office will be able to assist with The WIA Office will be able to assist with the assessment details, (03)9729 0400the assessment details, (03)9729 0400

http://www.wia.org.au/

http://www.acma.gov.au/

http://www.silvertrain.com.au/assessors



This program is intended to assist those This program is intended to assist those attempting this licence, as well as to be a attempting this licence, as well as to be a guide to instructors providing the training guide to instructors providing the training for this licence.for this licence.The information in this program can be The information in this program can be found in the Foundation Licence Manualfound in the Foundation Licence ManualThe foundation licence manual should be The foundation licence manual should be studied in conjunction with this training studied in conjunction with this training programprogram


This ProgramThis Program

This program will follow the 9 sections in This program will follow the 9 sections in the foundation licence syllabus document.the foundation licence syllabus document.Questions, that are typical of the type of Questions, that are typical of the type of question asked in the theory examination, question asked in the theory examination, are included at the end of each section of are included at the end of each section of this programthis programSection 8 of the syllabus, the practical, is Section 8 of the syllabus, the practical, is not included in this presentation as it must not included in this presentation as it must be studied and then assessed be studied and then assessed ““hands onhands on””



The foundation licence exam has the The foundation licence exam has the following specifiedfollowing specified number of questions:number of questions:•• Section 1 and 2 combined Section 1 and 2 combined –– 7 questions7 questions•• Section 3 Section 3 –– 2 questions2 questions•• Section 4 Section 4 –– 2 questions2 questions•• Section 5 Section 5 –– 2 questions2 questions•• Section 6 Section 6 –– 2 questions2 questions•• Section 7 Section 7 –– 5 questions5 questions•• Section 8 Section 8 –– PracticalPractical•• Section 9 Section 9 –– 5 questions5 questions



The theory exam duration is 30 The theory exam duration is 30 minutes and includes both minutes and includes both regulations and theoryregulations and theoryThe theory exam consists of 25 The theory exam consists of 25 multiple choice questionsmultiple choice questionsYou must answer 18 of the 25 You must answer 18 of the 25 questions correctly to be assessed as questions correctly to be assessed as competent for the theory ie 70% competent for the theory ie 70%



The practical is covered in section 8 The practical is covered in section 8 of the Foundation Licence Syllabusof the Foundation Licence SyllabusThe duration of the practical is 30 to The duration of the practical is 30 to 40 minutes40 minutesAll sections of the practical must be All sections of the practical must be attempted and answered correctly. attempted and answered correctly. This means the candidate This means the candidate must must achieve 100%achieve 100%Practical requires Practical requires ““hands onhands on”” activityactivity


Section 1 The Nature of Amateur Section 1 The Nature of Amateur RadioRadio


Section 1 Nature of Amateur RadioSection 1 Nature of Amateur Radio

Amateur radio facilitates the hobby of Amateur radio facilitates the hobby of amateur radioamateur radioAll radio amateurs must have a licenceAll radio amateurs must have a licenceThere are other forms of licence such as There are other forms of licence such as CB, Marine, Point to Point Links and CB, Marine, Point to Point Links and BroadcastingBroadcastingAmateurs operate on bands that are Amateurs operate on bands that are allocated for amateur useallocated for amateur useAmateurs must not operate outside the Amateurs must not operate outside the allocated bandsallocated bands



The amateur service shares frequencies The amateur service shares frequencies with other band userswith other band usersOther users such as aeronautical, Other users such as aeronautical, broadcasting and maritime have bands broadcasting and maritime have bands allocated to them for their purposesallocated to them for their purposesAmateur operators must not operate on Amateur operators must not operate on bands allocated for other purposesbands allocated for other purposesThe Licence Conditions Determination The Licence Conditions Determination (LCD) indicate the bands allocated for (LCD) indicate the bands allocated for amateur operation amateur operation –– use the LCDuse the LCD’’s to look s to look up a Foundation Licence frequency up a Foundation Licence frequency allocationallocation


Amateur Band PlanAmateur Band Plan

Amateur band plans help amateurs Amateur band plans help amateurs make best use of the frequency make best use of the frequency spectrum and provide for better on spectrum and provide for better on air operating.air operating.The band plans are an agreed The band plans are an agreed position between amateurs and the position between amateurs and the WIAWIABand plans can be found in the Band plans can be found in the Foundation Licence manualFoundation Licence manual



The following is a typical question The following is a typical question you may be asked in the foundation you may be asked in the foundation licence theory exam: licence theory exam: A Radio AmateurA Radio Amateur’’s licence allows the s licence allows the amateur to operate on the:amateur to operate on the:

A. Marine bandA. Marine bandB. Broadcast bandB. Broadcast bandC. Amateur bandC. Amateur bandD. Aeronautical bandD. Aeronautical band



The answer is:The answer is:C. An amateurC. An amateur’’s licence allows them s licence allows them to operate only on the allocated to operate only on the allocated amateur bandsamateur bands


Section 2 Licence ConditionsSection 2 Licence ConditionsFoundation Licence holders are subject to Foundation Licence holders are subject to conditions that are defined in four conditions that are defined in four government documents. These government documents. These documents are:documents are:Radiocommunications Act 1992Radiocommunications Act 1992Radiocommunications Regulations 1993Radiocommunications Regulations 1993Radiocommunications Licence Conditions Radiocommunications Licence Conditions (Amateur Radio) Determination No.1 of (Amateur Radio) Determination No.1 of 1997 1997 –– as amendedas amendedRadiocommunications Licence Conditions Radiocommunications Licence Conditions (Apparatus Licence) Determination 2003(Apparatus Licence) Determination 2003


Section 2 Licence ConditionsSection 2 Licence Conditions

The primary function of an The primary function of an Amateur Licence is to authorise a Amateur Licence is to authorise a person to:person to:

Self train in radio communicationsSelf train in radio communicationsCommunicate with other amateur Communicate with other amateur radio operatorsradio operatorsConduct technical investigations Conduct technical investigations into radio communicationsinto radio communications



An amateur licence allows An amateur licence allows intercommunication between other intercommunication between other radio amateurs. The exception being radio amateurs. The exception being when:when:

There is an emergency or distress There is an emergency or distress situationsituationWhere authorised by a Radio Where authorised by a Radio InspectorInspector


Section 2 Licence ConditionsSection 2 Licence ConditionsRadio Amateurs are permitted to send Radio Amateurs are permitted to send ““third partythird party”” messages to other amateurs messages to other amateurs in Australia on behalf of a third person in Australia on behalf of a third person provided it is not for gain, commercial provided it is not for gain, commercial purpose an advertisement or purpose an advertisement or entertainment or relate to the business or entertainment or relate to the business or financial affairs of any person.financial affairs of any person.Australian amateurs are not permitted to Australian amateurs are not permitted to send third party messages via amateurs send third party messages via amateurs in other countries unless there is an in other countries unless there is an arrangement with Australia.arrangement with Australia.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

See page 56 in manual See page 71 in manual



A A ‘‘MaydayMayday’’ is a distress message and has is a distress message and has priority over all other communicationspriority over all other communicationsMayday messages must be passed to the Mayday messages must be passed to the appropriate authoritiesappropriate authoritiesUrgent messages are associated with Urgent messages are associated with ‘‘Pan Pan PanPan’’ callscalls‘‘Pan PanPan Pan’’ calls should receive priority and calls should receive priority and should be reported to the appropriate should be reported to the appropriate authorityauthority

Presenter

Presentation Notes

See page 57 in manual



Radio Amateurs must provide correct Radio Amateurs must provide correct station identification at the beginning station identification at the beginning and end of each transmissionand end of each transmissionIdentification must be given at least Identification must be given at least every 10 minutes during every 10 minutes during transmissionstransmissionsIdentification requirements apply to Identification requirements apply to all transmissions including test all transmissions including test transmissionstransmissions


Section 2 Licence ConditionsSection 2 Licence ConditionsCallsigns in the Australian Amateur Service must Callsigns in the Australian Amateur Service must be able to be identified.be able to be identified.VK = AustraliaVK = Australia0 through 9 indicates the state or territory0 through 9 indicates the state or territoryThe following letters are personal identificationThe following letters are personal identificationFoundation licence holders have a prefix plus a Foundation licence holders have a prefix plus a four letter callsign commencing with F (FXXX)four letter callsign commencing with F (FXXX)Standard licence holders have a prefix plus a Standard licence holders have a prefix plus a three letter callsign commencing with H, L, M, N, three letter callsign commencing with H, L, M, N, P or V(XX)P or V(XX)Advanced licence holders have a prefix plus a Advanced licence holders have a prefix plus a two or three letter callsign.two or three letter callsign.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Pages 69 and 70 in manual


Section 2 Licence ConditionsSection 2 Licence ConditionsTransmission of messages that are Transmission of messages that are encoded for the purpose of obscuring their encoded for the purpose of obscuring their meaning are not permitted, except for the meaning are not permitted, except for the purposes specified in the amateur LCDpurposes specified in the amateur LCDTransmissions containing any form of Transmissions containing any form of commercial entertainment are not commercial entertainment are not permittedpermittedFoundation Licence holders are only Foundation Licence holders are only allowed to use specified frequency bands allowed to use specified frequency bands and emission modes. These are specified and emission modes. These are specified in the Licence Conditions Determinationin the Licence Conditions DeterminationFoundation Licence holders are not Foundation Licence holders are not permitted to use permitted to use ““digital modesdigital modes””


Section 2 Licence ConditionsSection 2 Licence ConditionsA Foundation Licence holder is A Foundation Licence holder is limited to a maximum of 10 limited to a maximum of 10 watts peak envelope power on watts peak envelope power on SSB and 10 watts average SSB and 10 watts average power on AM, FM and CWpower on AM, FM and CWEquipment used by Equipment used by Foundation Licence holders is Foundation Licence holders is limited to commercially made limited to commercially made transmitting equipmenttransmitting equipmentFoundation licence holders are Foundation licence holders are not permitted to build or not permitted to build or modify transmitting modify transmitting equipmentequipment

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Picture is a 50kW broadcast transmitter modulator Chapter 2



Any Amateur OperatorAny Amateur Operator’’s change of s change of address must be notified to the address must be notified to the ACMAACMARadio Amateurs must not operate an Radio Amateurs must not operate an Amateur station to cause harmful Amateur station to cause harmful interference to radiocommunicationsinterference to radiocommunicationsIn order to avoid interference the In order to avoid interference the ACMA has the right to restrict the ACMA has the right to restrict the operation of an Amateur Stationoperation of an Amateur Station


Section 2 Licence ConditionsSection 2 Licence ConditionsRadio inspectors have a right to require an Radio inspectors have a right to require an Amateur to produce their licenceAmateur to produce their licenceA Foundation Licensee can allow a suitably A Foundation Licensee can allow a suitably licenced person to operate their station.licenced person to operate their station.Otherwise the station should be kept Otherwise the station should be kept locked and secure to prevent unlawful locked and secure to prevent unlawful operationoperationEvery radio amateur including foundation Every radio amateur including foundation licence holders should have a copy of the licence holders should have a copy of the Licence Conditions Determination and Licence Conditions Determination and have a general understanding of the LCD have a general understanding of the LCD contentscontents



Foundation licence holders are not Foundation licence holders are not permitted to operate an amateur permitted to operate an amateur station in an automatic mode or a station in an automatic mode or a computer controlled modecomputer controlled modeFoundation licence holders are not Foundation licence holders are not permitted to operate an amateur permitted to operate an amateur station connected to the public station connected to the public telephone network including internettelephone network including internet



An amateur station An amateur station licence authorises licence authorises radio amateurs to radio amateurs to use radio use radio communication as communication as specified by the specified by the LCD LCD



The bands that radio amateurs are The bands that radio amateurs are allocated are:allocated are:

A.A. To make use of manufactured radio To make use of manufactured radio equipmentequipment

B.B. To allow use of the bands independent To allow use of the bands independent of the sun spot cycleof the sun spot cycle

C.C. To minimize the likelihood of To minimize the likelihood of interference to other servicesinterference to other services

D.D. Totally eliminate interferenceTotally eliminate interference



A Foundation Licence holder may A Foundation Licence holder may allow other persons operate their allow other persons operate their station if the person:station if the person:

A.A. Is another licenced amateurIs another licenced amateurB.B. Is an Australian citizenIs an Australian citizenC.C. Has a Commonwealth passportHas a Commonwealth passportD.D. Is a member of the same family Is a member of the same family



An amateur with a call sign An amateur with a call sign VK4NSW would indicate:VK4NSW would indicate:

A.A. A New South Wales amateurA New South Wales amateurB.B. A Victorian amateur with a full call A Victorian amateur with a full call

licencelicenceC.C. A Queensland amateur with a standard A Queensland amateur with a standard

licencelicenceD.D. A Queensland amateur with a A Queensland amateur with a

Foundation licenceFoundation licence



What authorises amateur radio What authorises amateur radio activities in Australia:activities in Australia:

A. the LCDA. the LCDB. the WIAB. the WIAC. C. certificate 3 in Electrotechnologycertificate 3 in Electrotechnology

D. an amateur licenceD. an amateur licence

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Correct answer is D



While listening to a frequency not in While listening to a frequency not in the amateur band you hear a the amateur band you hear a mayday call. You must:mayday call. You must:

A. Tune to another frequency A. Tune to another frequency B. Contact an advanced amateur B. Contact an advanced amateur C. Report and provide assistanceC. Report and provide assistanceD. Advise the person to change to D. Advise the person to change to an amateur frequencyan amateur frequency



Who can require you to produce Who can require you to produce your amateur licence:your amateur licence:

A. State policeA. State policeB. WIAB. WIAC. ACMA Radio InspectorsC. ACMA Radio InspectorsD. a person receiving interferenceD. a person receiving interference



The transmitting equipment that a The transmitting equipment that a Foundation Licence holder should use is:Foundation Licence holder should use is:

A. A. commercial equipment, unmodifiedcommercial equipment, unmodified

B. surplus military equipmentB. surplus military equipmentC. equipment that meets a commercial C. equipment that meets a commercial specificationspecificationD. Mains operated equipment onlyD. Mains operated equipment only


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical Basics


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsThe universe is made up of The universe is made up of mattermatterAll matter is made of All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are made up atoms. Atoms are made up of electrically charged of electrically charged particles called protons and particles called protons and electrons.electrons.These charged particles These charged particles give rise to electricity as give rise to electricity as we understand it, and we understand it, and apply in today's electronic apply in today's electronic applications including applications including Amateur RadioAmateur Radio

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Electrons move when a force is applied Electrons are negative Atoms are always seeking to become discharged



Static ElectricityStatic ElectricityStatic electricity is produced by Static electricity is produced by moving electrons from one place to moving electrons from one place to another by applying a forceanother by applying a forceWe often see or feel the result of We often see or feel the result of static electricity such as:static electricity such as:

•• The slight electric shock when we cross a The slight electric shock when we cross a carpet or get out of a carcarpet or get out of a car

•• LightningLightning



When two bodies When two bodies are charged to are charged to different potentials different potentials there is an electric there is an electric potential between potential between the bodiesthe bodiesLike charges repelLike charges repelUnlike charges Unlike charges attractattract

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Law of electric charges



Electric CurrentElectric CurrentAn electric current is an ordered An electric current is an ordered movement of electrons from the movement of electrons from the negative terminal to the positive negative terminal to the positive terminal of an electricity source, such terminal of an electricity source, such as a battery.as a battery.

Current is measured in amperes Current is measured in amperes (amps).(amps).



The battery The battery produces an produces an abundance of abundance of electrons from a electrons from a chemical reactionchemical reactionThe battery The battery produces a voltage produces a voltage called an called an electromotive force electromotive force (EMF)(EMF)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Conductors are metal, usually copper



Conductors and InsulatorsConductors and Insulators•• Metal wires that join circuits are Metal wires that join circuits are

conductorsconductors•• Most metals are good conductors in Most metals are good conductors in

particular aluminium and copperparticular aluminium and copper•• A small amount of electrical pressure A small amount of electrical pressure

(voltage) can make electrons move (voltage) can make electrons move along a conductoralong a conductor


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsConductors and InsulatorsConductors and Insulators•• Insulators do not allow electric current to Insulators do not allow electric current to

pass easilypass easily•• Insulators are plastics, dry wood, ceramic, Insulators are plastics, dry wood, ceramic,

porcelain, glass etcporcelain, glass etc•• Very large electrical pressure (very high Very large electrical pressure (very high

voltage) must be applied to move voltage) must be applied to move electrons in insulatorselectrons in insulators

•• These voltages usually damage the These voltages usually damage the insulating materialinsulating material


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsDirect current (DC) Direct current (DC) electrons flow in one electrons flow in one direction, direct direction, direct current comes from a current comes from a batterybatteryAlternating current Alternating current (AC) the electrons (AC) the electrons flow in one direction flow in one direction stop and then flow in stop and then flow in the other direction. the other direction. Alternating current Alternating current comes from an comes from an alternator and is the alternator and is the type of electricity that type of electricity that is the 240v mains is the 240v mains powerpower

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Sometimes alternators are called AC generators.


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsThe amount of electrons that can move The amount of electrons that can move down a wire is dependent on how thick down a wire is dependent on how thick the wire is and how long it is.the wire is and how long it is.The thicker the wire the lower the The thicker the wire the lower the resistance to the electronsresistance to the electronsThe longer the wire the higher the The longer the wire the higher the resistance to the electrons.resistance to the electrons.If the electrical pressure is increased more If the electrical pressure is increased more electrons can be made to flow along a electrons can be made to flow along a given conductorgiven conductor

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Resistance is the opposition to current flow



Current is measured in Current is measured in Amperes (Amps), abbreviation Amperes (Amps), abbreviation A symbol IA symbol IElectrical pressure is measured Electrical pressure is measured in Volts, abbreviation V or Ein Volts, abbreviation V or EElectrical resistance is Electrical resistance is measured in Ohms, the measured in Ohms, the symbol is the Greek capital symbol is the Greek capital letter Omegaletter Omega


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsMathematically:Mathematically:

where: where: I = the I = the currentcurrent in amperesin amperesE = the EMF in voltsE = the EMF in volts

R = resistance in ohmsR = resistance in ohms ..Formula transposition:Formula transposition:

E = I x RE = I x RIf I is unknown, cover I and find If I is unknown, cover I and find

remaining. remaining. Therefore,Therefore, I = E/R I = E/R

If R is unknown, cover R and find If R is unknown, cover R and find remaining.remaining.

Therefore,Therefore, R = E/IR = E/I

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Need to complete several problems with group in relation to ohms law Provide a hand out sheet of problems


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsSymbolsSymbols

Cell or batteryCell or batteryFuseFuseOpen and closed Open and closed switchswitchResistorResistorAntennaAntennaEarthEarthMicrophoneMicrophoneSpeakerSpeaker

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Demonstrate other symbol for resistance



Presenter

Presentation Notes

Schematic circuit


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsResistance is the Resistance is the opposition to opposition to current flowcurrent flowResistors are Resistors are components that components that exhibit resistanceexhibit resistanceResistor colour Resistor colour codecodeSize related to Size related to power dissipationpower dissipation

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Size relates to power dissipation



Power is the rate at which energy is Power is the rate at which energy is changed from one form to another or work changed from one form to another or work is doneis doneThere are three power formulasThere are three power formulas



Unit of power is Unit of power is the wattthe watt1 volt applied to a 1 volt applied to a circuit causing 1 circuit causing 1 amp of current to amp of current to flow will cause 1 flow will cause 1 watt of power to be watt of power to be dissipateddissipated

Presenter

Presentation Notes

How 240v AC gets to our home of work – relate this to power


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical Basics22kV = 22000 Volts22kV = 22000 Volts2mV = two thousandths of a volt2mV = two thousandths of a volt22kOhms = 22 thousand Ohms22kOhms = 22 thousand Ohms1MOhm= One million Ohms1MOhm= One million Ohms15mA= 15 thousandths of an amp15mA= 15 thousandths of an amp120micro amp= 120 millionths of an amp120micro amp= 120 millionths of an ampNote that there a number of multiple and submultiple units. Note that there a number of multiple and submultiple units. Those most often used in radio and electronics are shown Those most often used in radio and electronics are shown below.below.


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsFrequency is measured in Hertz Frequency is measured in Hertz abbreviation Hzabbreviation HzHertz is the number of cycles an AC has Hertz is the number of cycles an AC has per secondper secondThe 240 volt electricity supply is 50 HzThe 240 volt electricity supply is 50 HzAudible frequency range 20Hz to 15kHzAudible frequency range 20Hz to 15kHzVoice frequency for radiotelephony 300Hz Voice frequency for radiotelephony 300Hz to 3kHzto 3kHz



Radio FrequenciesRadio Frequencies

•• 300kHz to 3MHz Medium frequency (MF)300kHz to 3MHz Medium frequency (MF)•• 3MHz to 30MHz High frequency (HF)3MHz to 30MHz High frequency (HF)•• 30MHz to 300 MHz Very high frequency 30MHz to 300 MHz Very high frequency

(VHF)(VHF)•• 300MHz to 3000MHz Ultra high frequency 300MHz to 3000MHz Ultra high frequency

(UHF)(UHF)


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsFrequencyFrequencyPeriodPeriodWavelength Wavelength CycleCycleRadio waves travel at the speed of light, Radio waves travel at the speed of light, abbreviation C, which is 300 million metres per abbreviation C, which is 300 million metres per secondsecond


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsConverting frequency to wavelength and Converting frequency to wavelength and vice versa vice versa

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Give frequencies and ask group for wavelength Give wavelength and ask group for frequency



Electric current is:Electric current is:

A. The voltage applied to a conductorA. The voltage applied to a conductorB. The opposition offered to electrons B. The opposition offered to electrons

in a circuitin a circuitC. Movement of electrons from negative C. Movement of electrons from negative

to positiveto positiveD. The rate at which electrical energy is D. The rate at which electrical energy is

changed to light energychanged to light energy

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The answer is C



Good conductors are:Good conductors are:

A. Silicon and germaniumA. Silicon and germaniumB. Glass and porcelainB. Glass and porcelainC. Wood and CeramicC. Wood and CeramicD. Copper and AluminiumD. Copper and Aluminium

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The answer is D



If 10 volts is applied to a circuit If 10 volts is applied to a circuit consisting of a resistance of 5 ohms consisting of a resistance of 5 ohms the resultant current will be:the resultant current will be:

A. 0.5 ampA. 0.5 ampB. 2 ampB. 2 ampC. 15 ampC. 15 ampD. 20 ampD. 20 amp

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The answer is B



1000 volts is often represented as:1000 volts is often represented as:

A. 1mVA. 1mVB. 1MVB. 1MVC. 1nVC. 1nVD. 1kVD. 1kV

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The answer is D


End of part 1End of part 1

Continue with part 2.Continue with part 2.

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