Date post: | 31-Dec-2015 |
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Individual BehaviourIndividual Behaviour
• Biographical characteristics
• Types of ability
• Shape the behavior of others
• Examine four schedules of reinforcement
• Clarify the role of punishment in learning
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Intellectual Abilities
• Number aptitude
• Verbal comprehension
• Perceptual speed
• Inductive reasoning
• Deductive reasoning
• Memory ability
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Flexibility
Factors
Flexibility
Factors
Strength
Factors
Strength
Factors
Basic Physical AbilitiesBasic Physical Abilities
Other
Factors
Other
Factors
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Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
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Social Learning TheorySocial Learning TheoryLearn by observing others and through direct experiences
Models have influence when the following processes occur:
Get rewardedReinforcement
Motor Reproduction
Retention
Attentional Recognize
Remember
Do
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Methods ofMethods ofShaping BehaviorShaping Behavior
Methods ofMethods ofShaping BehaviorShaping Behavior
Negative Negative ReinforcementReinforcement
Negative Negative ReinforcementReinforcement
PositivePositiveReinforcementReinforcement
PositivePositiveReinforcementReinforcement
ExtinctionExtinctionExtinctionExtinctionPunishmentPunishmentPunishmentPunishment
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Types of Reinforcement
Continuous Intermittent
Reinforces desired
behavior every time
Reinforces desired
behavior often
enough to make
behavior worth
repeating
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Horse walk…….
• Akbar’s Handicap horse
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed-Interval
Fixed-Ratio
Variable-Ratio
Variable-Interval
Interval Ratio
Vari
ab
leFix
ed
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Behavior Modification
• Critical behaviors
• Baseline data
• Behavioral consequences
• Intervention strategy
• Performance improvement
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Organizational Applications
• Lotteries to reduce absenteeism
• Well pay versus sick pay
• Training programs
• Mentoring programs
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FactorsFactorsThat CanThat CanInfluenceInfluence
PerceptionPerception
FactorsFactorsThat CanThat CanInfluenceInfluence
PerceptionPerception
TheSituation
TheSituation
ThePerceiver
ThePerceiver
TheTarget
TheTarget
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Old Lady
• December in Pune is always very cold.
• Old women need to wear Sweater.
• A little cute girl.
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PERCEPTUAL PROCESSESPERCEPTUAL PROCESSES
Our personal world has stability.
1. There is an enduring aspect to our experience.
2. We seek some consistency in our world.
3. Constancies - see the same person as the same even with changes in clothing, hair color, size, and circumstances.
4. The perceptual act is a complex form of problem solving the goal of which is to create stability.
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PERCEPTUAL PROCESSESPERCEPTUAL PROCESSES
Our perceptual world is meaningful
1. Meaningful in the sense that the structure and stable events are not isolated from one another but are related over time.
2. Thus experience is meaningful because it is structured and stable and we realize that events have implications for one another.
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PERCEPTUAL PROCESSESPERCEPTUAL PROCESSES:: Our perceptual world is meaningful 3. Perceptual set is the primary influence in the individual perception process
a) Cultural expectationsb) Motivationc) Mood d) Attitude
4. Other factors influencing perception meaningful are:
a) Past experienceb) Languagec) Goals for the future
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Person perceptionPerson perception, the process of perceiving other individuals and the self, differs from object in some ways, but is also similar in some ways.
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Special features of person perceptionThe two characteristics [causal & similar] lead us to perceive social interactions as dynamic interactions of ““caused” behaviorcaused” behavior.