FOUNDATIONS OF FOUNDATIONS OF MATTER NOTESMATTER NOTES

►MATTERMATTER- has _____________ and - has _____________ and occupies ____________________.occupies ____________________.

►All matter consists of tiny particles All matter consists of tiny particles called called ________________.________________.

massspace

atoms

Matter

► SOLIDSOLID-- has a _______ shape and volume has a _______ shape and volume► LIQUIDLIQUID-- has a _______ volume but takes the shape has a _______ volume but takes the shape

of the containerof the container► GASGAS-- has ___________fixed volume or shape has ___________fixed volume or shape

fixeddefinite

no

Solid

Liquid

Gas

► PHYSICAL PROPERTIESPHYSICAL PROPERTIES- - a __________________ of a a __________________ of a substance that can change without the substance substance that can change without the substance becoming a different substance becoming a different substance

► CHEMICAL PROPERTIESCHEMICAL PROPERTIES-- the _____________ of a the _____________ of a substance to change into a different substancesubstance to change into a different substance

► PHYSICAL CHANGEPHYSICAL CHANGE- a change in the _________ of a - a change in the _________ of a substance, but not in its _________________ nature; substance, but not in its _________________ nature; chemical bonds are not broken in a physical changechemical bonds are not broken in a physical change

► CHEMICAL CHANGECHEMICAL CHANGE- the change of substances - the change of substances into _____________ substances through a into _____________ substances through a ______________ of the atoms; a ______________ of the atoms; a ________________________________________________

characteristic

ability

formchemical

other reorganizationchemical reaction

►Matter Prezi: Matter Prezi: http://prezi.com/kbcpimj8z80o/?utm_chttp://prezi.com/kbcpimj8z80o/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copyampaign=share&utm_medium=copy

Learning CheckLearning Check►Element, Compound or Mixture?Element, Compound or Mixture?

Water  Oxygen  Sodium chloride (table salt)

 

Sea water  Gold  Soil  ranch dressing  Soda  Milk  Air  Steel  granite rock  Hydrogen  sugar dissolved in water  Kool-Aid™  Potassium  filtered apple juice  fresh squeezed lemonade  Arsenic  Carbon dioxide  

CompoundElement, diatomic

Compound

Heterogeneous mix. Element

Heterogeneous mix. Heterogeneous mix. Heterogeneous mix.

Heterogeneous mix., emulsion/suspension Homogeneous mix., solution

Homogeneous mix., solution, alloy Heterogeneous mix.

Element, diatomic

Homogeneous mix., solution

Homogeneous mix., solution

ElementHomogeneous mix., solution

Heterogeneous mix., suspension ElementCompound

► DISTILLATIONDISTILLATION- a method of - a method of separating the separating the components of components of a ___________ a ___________ that depends that depends on the on the differences in differences in the ease of the ease of vaporization of vaporization of the the components components

liquid

Separation TechniquesSeparation Techniques

► FILTRATIONFILTRATION- - a method of a method of separating the separating the components of components of a mixture a mixture containing a containing a ____________ ____________ and a and a ____________.____________.

solid

liquid

► CHROMOTOGRAPCHROMOTOGRAPHYHY – a method of – a method of separating separating components of a components of a heterogeneous heterogeneous mixture by their mixture by their polarities.polarities.

► Ex. Separating Ex. Separating components of ink components of ink on paper on paper

Separating a Mixture LabSeparating a Mixture Lab

Formulas of CompoundsFormulas of Compounds1. Symbols -1. Symbols -

a.a. used to represent the elementused to represent the elementb.b. first letter is capital, second letter (if necessary) is lower first letter is capital, second letter (if necessary) is lower

casecase

2. Subscripts –2. Subscripts –a.a. small number to the lower right of the element symbolsmall number to the lower right of the element symbolb.b. represents the relative composition of each element in a represents the relative composition of each element in a

compound or moleculecompound or molecule

3. Superscripts – 3. Superscripts – a.a. small number to the upper right of the symbol/formulasmall number to the upper right of the symbol/formulab.b. used to represent the charge of an ionused to represent the charge of an ion

4. Coefficients –4. Coefficients –a.a. big number in front of the formulabig number in front of the formulab.b. indicates the number of compounds presentindicates the number of compounds present

C = carbon Ca = calcium Cr = chromium

CO2 = 1 carbon, 2 oxygen Ba(NO3)2 = 1 barium, 2 nitrogen, 6 oxygen

Ca+2 NO3-1Br-1

3 CO2 = 3 carbon dioxide or 3 carbon, 6 oxygen

Modern Concept of the Modern Concept of the AtomAtom

The atom is made of three elementary particles.The atom is made of three elementary particles.ProtonsProtons

1. ____________ charge1. ____________ charge2. mass is almost equal to the mass of the 2. mass is almost equal to the mass of the

___________ ___________ 3. Found in the _____________3. Found in the _____________4. Number of protons is __________ to the 4. Number of protons is __________ to the

atomic numberatomic number

NeutronsNeutrons1. ____________ charge1. ____________ charge2. mass is __________________________ than 2. mass is __________________________ than

the protonthe proton3. Found in the _____________3. Found in the _____________4. Neutrons act as the glue that holds 4. Neutrons act as the glue that holds

together the nucleus.together the nucleus.- too few or too many neutrons can - too few or too many neutrons can result in nuclear instability and then result in nuclear instability and then radioactivityradioactivity

ElectronsElectrons1. ____________ charge1. ____________ charge2. mass is ___________________ 2. mass is ___________________

than the protonthan the proton3. Found moving around the 3. Found moving around the

nucleus at near the speed of nucleus at near the speed of light.light.

- sometimes called - sometimes called _______________________ or _______________________ or

____________________________________________4. The Quantum Mechanical 4. The Quantum Mechanical

ModelModel- currently accepted model of - currently accepted model of the atom (Chapter 11)the atom (Chapter 11)

- for now we will use the - for now we will use the Bohr model, rings of Bohr model, rings of electronselectrons

positive

neutronsnucleus

nucleus

equal

no or neutralslightly greater

negative

electron cloudcharge cloud

2000 x less

► Atoms are always _____________Atoms are always _____________► IsotopesIsotopes

Atoms with the __________ number of protons Atoms with the __________ number of protons but a ______________ number of neutronsbut a ______________ number of neutrons

A different number of neutrons results in a A different number of neutrons results in a different mass.different mass.

Mass of individual atoms is determined by Mass of individual atoms is determined by only the protons and neutrons, the electrons only the protons and neutrons, the electrons are too light to be significant.are too light to be significant.

► Mass Number = __________ + ___________Mass Number = __________ + ___________ Isotope notationsIsotope notations

► 4040K means that potassium has a mass number of 40K means that potassium has a mass number of 40► Potassium-40 also means a mass number of 40Potassium-40 also means a mass number of 40

neutral

protons

differentsame

neutrons

X = Element symbolX = Element symbolZ = Atomic number = # of protons in nucleus = # on periodic tableZ = Atomic number = # of protons in nucleus = # on periodic tableA = Mass number = # of protons + # of neutrons in nucleusA = Mass number = # of protons + # of neutrons in nucleus

ElemenElementt

SymbSymbolol

Atomic Atomic NumbeNumbe

r r

Mass Mass NumberNumber

NumbeNumber of r of

ProtonProtonss

Number Number of of

NeutronNeutronss

Number Number of of

ElectronElectronss

CarbonCarbon 1414CC 66ChlorineChlorine 3535 1717SodiumSodium 1111 1212

XA

Z

614 6 68

17 17181735Cl

1123Na 11 23 11

IonsIonsWhen an atom gains or loses an __________________ it takes on a When an atom gains or loses an __________________ it takes on a

charge and becomes an ioncharge and becomes an ionthe charge is determined by the #ethe charge is determined by the #e-- (negative charge) when (negative charge) when

compared to #pcompared to #p++ (positive charge) (positive charge)Calcium ions (CaCalcium ions (Ca+2+2) has 20 p) has 20 p++ and 18 e and 18 e-- because the calcium atom lost because the calcium atom lost

2 electrons2 electronsFluoride ions (FFluoride ions (F-1-1) has 9 p) has 9 p++ and 10 e and 10 e-- because the fluorine atom gained because the fluorine atom gained

one electronone electronPositive Ions are called _______________Positive Ions are called _______________Negative Ions are called _______________Negative Ions are called _______________

ElemenElementt

SymboSymboll

Atomic Atomic NumbeNumbe

r r

Mass Mass NumbeNumbe

rr

NumbeNumber of r of

ProtonProtonss

Number Number of of

NeutronNeutronss

Number Number of of

ElectronsElectrons

CarbonCarbon 1414CC-4-4 66ChlorineChlorine ClCl-1-1 3535 1717SodiumSodium NaNa+1+1 1111 1212

14 6 8 1017 18 18

11 23 10

6

1735

1123

Electron

CationsAnions

Early History of the ATOMEarly History of the ATOM

1.1. Democritus (Greek Philosopher 460 B.C.)Democritus (Greek Philosopher 460 B.C.)

2. Dalton’s Atomic Theory2. Dalton’s Atomic TheoryElements are made of tiny particles called ____________. Elements are made of tiny particles called ____________. All atoms of the same element are ________________ . All atoms of the same element are ________________ .

(Not really but close, isotopes)(Not really but close, isotopes)Atoms of a given element are ________________ from those of Atoms of a given element are ________________ from those of

any other element.any other element.Atoms of one element will combine with other atoms to form Atoms of one element will combine with other atoms to form

_________________ ._________________ .Atoms are __________________ during chemical reactions; they Atoms are __________________ during chemical reactions; they

are never created or destroyed. are never created or destroyed. (He was not talking (He was not talking about nuclear reactions)about nuclear reactions)

Atoms are indivisible and everywhere

Atoms

identical

different

compounds

indivisible

Atomic Theory TimelineAtomic Theory Timeline

Average Atomic MassAverage Atomic Mass

► Average Atomic Mass – the weighted average of the Average Atomic Mass – the weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an elementmasses of the isotopes of an element

► Every element is composed of several naturally occurring Every element is composed of several naturally occurring isotopes of that element-each with its own atomic massisotopes of that element-each with its own atomic mass

► A weighted average of the percentage of each isotope that A weighted average of the percentage of each isotope that exists versus the atomic mass of each isotope is used to exists versus the atomic mass of each isotope is used to calculate the atomic mass that appears on the periodic table.calculate the atomic mass that appears on the periodic table.Step 1) Change each percent abundance into a decimal weight. Step 1) Change each percent abundance into a decimal weight.

Step 2) Multiply each atom’s mass by its decimal weight to get Step 2) Multiply each atom’s mass by its decimal weight to get

the contribution for each isotope. the contribution for each isotope.

Step 3) Add all the contributions together to Step 3) Add all the contributions together to get the average get the average

atomic mass. atomic mass. ► Has units of amu, atomic mass unit.Has units of amu, atomic mass unit.

Example 1: The element copper occurs naturally as Example 1: The element copper occurs naturally as 69.17% of copper-63 with a mass of 62.9296 amu 69.17% of copper-63 with a mass of 62.9296 amu and 30.83% of copper-65 with a mass of 64.9278 and 30.83% of copper-65 with a mass of 64.9278 amu. What is the average atomic mass of copper?amu. What is the average atomic mass of copper?

Average Atomic Mass = Σ [(isotope mass) * (percent abundance of

isotope)]100

Example 2: The atomic weight of gallium is 69.72 amu. The masses of the naturally occurring isotopes are 68.9257 amu and 70.908 amu for 69Ga and 71Ga respectively. Calculate the % abundance of each isotope.

Learning CheckLearning CheckNaturally occurring element consists of 75.78% atoms with a mass of 34.969 amu and 24.22% atoms with a mass of 36.966 amu.  Calculate the average atomic mass.       b) Based on the average atomic mass, what is the element?

Nuclear ReactionsNuclear Reactions

Nuclear Reactions vs. Nuclear Reactions vs. Normal Chemical Normal Chemical

ChangesChangesNUCLEAR REACTIONSNUCLEAR REACTIONS involve the involve the

___________.___________.

PROTONSPROTONS and and NEUTRONSNEUTRONS are are ____________________________ in the nucleus, releasing in the nucleus, releasing

a a tremendous amount of energy.tremendous amount of energy.

““Normal” Normal” CHEMICAL REACTIONSCHEMICAL REACTIONS involve involve __________________________,, not protons and neutrons. not protons and neutrons.

NUCLEUS

REARRANGED

ELECTRONS

Nuclear InstabilityThe stability of a nucleus is

dependent on the neutron to proton ratio (N:Z)

For light nuclei (elements 1-20), the N:Z ratio should be 1:1

For heavy nuclei (elements above 20), the N:Z ratio should be 1.5:1

Why do Nuclear Reactions happen?

Atoms that lie either above or below the band of stability will undergo

nuclear decay to achieve stability.

Atoms that lie ABOVE the band of stability

have TOO MANY NEUTRONS.

Atoms that lie BELOW the band of stability

have TOO MANY PROTONS.

Two Types of Nuclear Two Types of Nuclear ReactionsReactions

___________– nucleus splits into smaller ___________– nucleus splits into smaller nuclei to become more stable.nuclei to become more stable.►atomic bombs (like those dropped on atomic bombs (like those dropped on

Hiroshima and Nagasaki).Hiroshima and Nagasaki).►Nuclear reactorsNuclear reactors

___________– nuclei fuse into one larger ___________– nuclei fuse into one larger nucleus to become more stable.nucleus to become more stable.►the sun (or any star)the sun (or any star)►Creating elements larger than Element 92 (U)Creating elements larger than Element 92 (U)

►Elements 1-92 occur naturally in the universeElements 1-92 occur naturally in the universe

Fission

Fusion

Half-LifeHalf-Life► Using the known half-life of elements to determine

the age of artifacts► Radioisotope: an unstable, radioactive atom that Radioisotope: an unstable, radioactive atom that

decays over time to become more stable.decays over time to become more stable.► Half-Life: the Half-Life: the

amount of time amount of time that it takes half that it takes half of a of a radioisotope radioisotope sample to sample to decay.decay.

TotalTime

Half-Life

Fraction of Radioactive

Atoms Remaining

Fraction of

Radioactive Atoms

Decayed

 0    

 1    

 2    

 3    

 4    

 5    

 6    

Ex 1) Assuming a half-life of 1599 years, how many years will be needed for the decay of 15/16 of a given amount of radium-226?   

Ex 2) The half-life of radon-222 is 3.824 days. How much time must past for 25% of a given amount of radon to remain?  

Ex 3) The half-life of radium-224 is 3.66 days. What was the original mass of radium-224 if 0.0800g remains after 7.32 days?

Nuclear DecayNuclear Decay

RADIATION: particles & electromagnetic RADIATION: particles & electromagnetic waves released during nuclear decay.waves released during nuclear decay.

Most radiation comes from the SUN & Most radiation comes from the SUN & COSMIC RADIATION. COSMIC RADIATION.

Nuclear Decay ProductsNuclear Decay Products

ALPHA ALPHA particle: particle: αα

is a Helium-4 nucleusis a Helium-4 nucleus

has has POOR PENETRATINGPOOR PENETRATING ability – ability – can be stopped by can be stopped by PAPER.PAPER.

42He or 4

2

0+1 or 0

+1e

0-1 or 0

-1eNuclear Decay ProductsNuclear Decay Products

BETA BETA particle: particle: ββ aka. aka. ELECTRON ELECTRON or or NEGATRONNEGATRON has a negative chargehas a negative chargeA NEUTRON emits a negatron and then BECOMES a A NEUTRON emits a negatron and then BECOMES a PROTONPROTON

POSITRON aka. ANTIELECTRON has a positive chargeA PROTON emits a positron and then BECOMES a NEUTRON

Penetrate BETTER than ALPHA particles, but can be stopped by an ALUMINUM sheet.

Nuclear Decay ProductsNuclear Decay Products

GAMMA GAMMA ray: ray: γγis a gamma is a gamma PHOTONPHOTON..

has has GREAT PENETRATINGGREAT PENETRATING ability – can ability – can ONLYONLY be stopped by be stopped by LEAD LEAD oror CONCRETE CONCRETE..

is very is very DANGEROUSDANGEROUS..

can be released with other forms of decay. can be released with other forms of decay.

0

0

Nuclear Decay ProductsNuclear Decay Products

NEUTRONNEUTRON: : nncan be ABSORBED or RELEASED during a can be ABSORBED or RELEASED during a nuclear reactionnuclear reaction

combine with other nuclei in secondary combine with other nuclei in secondary reactions, which could create harmful radiation.reactions, which could create harmful radiation.

has has GREAT PENETRATINGGREAT PENETRATING ability – can be ability – can be stopped by stopped by CONCRETECONCRETE..

n1

0

Nuclear Decay ProductsNuclear Decay Products

Nuclear EquationsNuclear Equations

Nuclear equations must be Nuclear equations must be BALANCEDBALANCED..

The sum of the The sum of the MASS NUMBERSMASS NUMBERS and and the sum of the the sum of the ATOMIC NUMBERSATOMIC NUMBERS must be the must be the SAMESAME on both sides of the on both sides of the equation.equation.

Reactants ProductsYield

Alpha Decay ReactionAlpha Decay Reaction

Mass # Change: decrease by ___Mass # Change: decrease by ___

Atomic # Change: decrease by Atomic # Change: decrease by ______

U Th + He238

92

234

90

4

2

4

2

Beta Decay ReactionBeta Decay Reaction

Mass # Change: ______________Mass # Change: ______________

Atomic # Change: increase by Atomic # Change: increase by ______

C N + e 14

6

14

7

0

-1

no change

1

Electron Capture ReactionElectron Capture Reaction

Mass # Change: ___________Mass # Change: ___________

Atomic # Change: decrease by Atomic # Change: decrease by ______

Cr + e V 51

24

0

-1

51

23

no change

1

Positron Emission ReactionPositron Emission Reaction

Mass # Change: _____________Mass # Change: _____________

Atomic # Change: decrease by Atomic # Change: decrease by ______

Cr V + e 49

24

49

23

0

+1

1

no change