Date post: | 30-Dec-2015 |
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Questions about the Project?• Done in groups• ~4 members• Projects must have at least two real users (who are
not members of the team)• Find a project that you can get excited about• Find people with shared goals, vision, and work
style• Get started now!
– If you have a project, start selling it
Types of Projects• Induce change:
– Take an existing interaction and make it more efficient or add new capabilities
• Invent new forms– Enable new behaviors
Refrain from• Building from the “ground up”• Investing too much in the “back end”• Yet another attempt at a well known or commonly
pursued interface:
– To do lists, grocery finders, course schedulers, apartment finders, mail or news readers, etc.
Friday
You will conduct a brainstorming activity with a small group.
You don’t NEED to have a specific idea for this.
Next Monday
You will each make a ONE MINUTE pitch of an idea.
You will submit two power point slides prior to class.
Hall of Fame or Shame?
• My task: after taking a cup and filling it with soda, I need to put a lid on the cup
Analysis
• Why is the first one a candidate for Hall of Shame, while the other is a candidate for the Hall of Fame?– Mappings
• But: must consider context
A two-person game• Start with the numbers 1, 2, 3, ..., 9
• Alternate turns, taking one number at a time• Player one Xs out the number they want to take• Payer two circles the number they want to take
• A player wins when they have any 3 numbers that sum to 15– e.g., 1, 3, 9, 5 wins because 1+9+5 equals 15
• If numbers are all used with no winner, the game is a draw
Now, observe
• Do you really need the numbers?
• An interface is a representation of a problem/task
• A well-designed interface can wholly transform a task, making it much simpler
Moving On – Today’s Objectives
• “Refresh your memory" of some basic human psychology
• Begin to discuss design principles based on these principles
Human Cognition
• It’s Human-Computer Interaction, User Interface Design so we need to understand something about human capabilities
• … so a very brief overview of human cognitive capabilities as relevant to HCI
Human Cognition
• Attention
• Perception and recognition
• Memory
• Learning
• Problem solving and reasoning
Attention
• From the range of available possibilities, select what to concentrate on
• Visual or auditory scanning
• Factors that affect ease of focusing on the right stuff:– Specificity of goals– Information display
Attention – Design Implications
• Information relevant to the current task should be salient
• Graphical techniques – layout, ordering, organization, underlining, color, animation – can be used to achieve this goal
• But don’t visually clutter the interface: plain interfaces can be easier to use
Attention - Example
• My Task – Enter the query “task centered user interface design” into a search engine.
• Consider two interfaces that support web search; evaluate both from the perspective of being able to focus on where to enter your query.
Perception
• Acquiring information from the environment
• Involves using different senses • Vision is dominant sense for sighted people
• Results in internal experience of external events
Perception – Design Implications
• Icons should be designed so users can easily distinguish their meanings
• Sounds should be clearly audible and distinguishable
• Text should be legible and distinguishable from the background
Also true for auditory cues
• Microsoft Money generates the “Exclamation” sound whenever a new transaction is entered into an account.– Annoying in it’s own right– But is this the proper choice of sounds?
Memory• Short-Term Memory
– Instant, effortless recall – Severely limited capacity – “7 plus or minus 2”– “Chunking”– Fragile
• Long-Term Memory– “Unlimited” capacity– Takes time/effort to store and retrieve– Interpretative– Retrieval is context-sensitive– rote memory vs. relationships vs. explanation
Memory (continued)
• People are really good at remembering some things– Visual cues, especially faces
• People are much better at recognizing things than recalling them
• People are good at associative reminding• People remember the typical case and the
exceptions
Memory – Design Implications
• Don’t make users remember complicated procedures
• Limit number of items in text menus• Design interfaces that promote recognition
over recall• Give users resources to help them visually
encode information (colors, icons, time stamps, etc.)
Groups of Contacts
Icons Representing
Individual contacts
Group Icons
Visual representation of contacts – recognition, not recall
Pictures
Spatial organization of information
Learning
• Acquiring new knowledge or skills
• Exploratory learning – learning by doing
• Scaffolding or “training wheels”
Learning – Design Implications
• Create interfaces that encourage exploration– Easy to try out and undo actions
• Design interfaces that constrain and guide users to select the right action
• Provide multiple, linked representations
Problem solving and reasoning
• Conscious/reflective activity– Thinking over one’s options– Figuring out the best option or solution– Making a plan– Weighing pros and cons
Problem solving – Design Implications
• Provide the proper information and aids
• But, even better – design to make problem-solving and reasoning unnecessary
Example
• What’s the best flight from Vancouver to Montreal?– Time– Layovers– Plane changes– Price– …
Representation 1
AC 117 Vancouver Calgary 7:00 9:00
Cdn 321 Vancouver Calgary 9:00 12:00
Cdn 355 Calgary Montreal 13:30 19:30
AC 123 Calgary Toronto 12:30 16:30
AC 123 Toronto Montreal 16:45 17:30
* Time zones: van-cal + 1 ; cal – tor, mon + 2
Representation 2
Vancouver
Calgary
Toronto
Montreal
7 9 11 13 15 17
8 10 12 14 16 18
10 12 14 16 18
20
AC 117
AC 123
Cdn 321
Cdn 355
Another Example:Tax Preparation Software
• User doesn’t have to do computation
• User doesn’t have to figure out which form to use
• Instead, software poses questions that users are likely to be able to answer