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FOUR KEY POINTS

IN EFFECTIVE

PROGRAMMING

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1.Periodic improvement

2.Coordination at all levels

3. stability of programs

4.Active involvement of concerned

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SCHEDULING

Establishing a time sequence for program step

providing specific time frame as to when each action is to be completed.

The program therefore is matched with logical timet

for purpose s of determining the number of people other resources needed to bring about closer coordina

with all the departments concerned.

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THREE CONSIDERATIONS IN TIMEDISTRIBUTION FOR SCHEDULING

1. PRINCIPLE OF THE CRITICAL FEW (ParetosPrinciple)

A small number of obstacles can give rise to a lo

problems , e.g.. in the first 25% of the total tim

something can go wrong such as communicatiotraining and motivation , delays for approval proces

and release and staff collaboration.

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2. PERT concept

PERT ( Program Evaluation and Review Technique)

Calculating the most pessimistic time, optimistic time and thelikely time to carry out a particular phase of the progrepeatedly over a period of time.

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Pessimistic time- maximum possible time required to accompltask.

Optimistic time- minimum possible time required to accomplistask.

Most likely time the best time of the time required to accom

task.

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3. TRADE OFF CONCEPT

A series of reasonable, acceptable, and logical calculations in order tfinally arrive at a schedule in getting the job done, e.g. addinresources like money, personnel, and facilities in order to delay antherefore buy time thereby minimizing or discarding program stepperforming some of the program steps at the same time.

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BUDGETS

Allocating resources to accomplish objeccarry out programs, e.g., materials, manpofacilities

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SIX TYPES OF APPROPRIATIONBUDGETS

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Appropriation budgets- a legislative

act authorizing the expenditure of adesignated amount of public fundsfor a specific purpose

S S O O O

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SIX TYPES OF APPROPRIATIONBUDGETS

1. Land building and equipment

2. Research and development for new produ

processes

3. Institutional advertising and other forms of pr

4. Training and development of personnel

5. Market penetration strategies

6.Market development strategies

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market penetration strategy

A market penetration strategy involves focusing on selling your existing pro

or services into your existing markets to gain a higher market share. This is thstrategy most organizations will consider because it carries the lowest amorisk.

Market Development strategy

Market development involves branching out in some way to increase custby improving access to a current product. In other words, a compafocusing on developing a bigger market for its existing product, as oppossay, developing a better product to attract new customers or trying texisting customers to buy more of its products.

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4 FACTORS IN THE BUDGETINGPROCESS

1. Separate budgets for each department , division or

subsidiary unit of the company.

2. A firm forecast based on planning premises or marketassumptions.

3. A well-balanced program to support the budget allocation.

4. A budgeting unit for clerical services , e.g., compiling andcirculating report, detailed analysis of proposed budget.