FPA - Realism

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Realism: the state, national interest

and foreign policyTopik 3 Rabu 16 Sept 21!

"rodi #" $ohort 2

"rof% &antarto &andoro

"rodi #iplomasi "ertahanan

'nhan

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The Realist "aradigm* +ans )orgenthau

Si principles of political realism -)ongenthau, Politics Among Nations.

The tenets of Realism

The notion of state

The international system

States/ foreign policy formation

* "atterns of foreign policy

* Relati0e poer capability base

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Si principles of political realism

1% "olitics is go0erned by obecti0es las 4R theory is arational theory that reflects these las

2% "olitics is an autonomous sphere, independent ofeconomics and personal morality

3% 4nternational politics is about national interests thoughthese interests reflect the political and cultural contetithin hich foreign policy is formulated

5% The political ethics is different from the uni0ersal moralprinciples

!% "articular nations cannot impose their nationalaspirations on other nations

6% "essimistic knoledge of human nature is in the centreof international politics

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The tenets of Realism*the notion of

stateThe notion of state defined through poer: states are about pursuit and

maimisation of poer:

1% acuiring it,

2% increasing it,

3% proecting it

7ational interest:

5% acuisition of poer

!% obecti0e national interest in terms of optimi8ation of political

influence of a country in the international political en0ironment

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The tenets of Realism*the notion of

international system

Self*help system:

Refers to the ultimate dependence of state on its on resources

to promote its interests and protect itself

1% 9narchy

2% ero*sum competition

3% &alance of poer

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States/ foreign policy formationRationale of state foreign policy:

to ad0ance state/s interests and sur0i0al

"atterns of foreign policy:

1% Status uo2%4mperialist

3% "restige

Relati0e poer capability base:

Resource base:

1% capital and industrial base

2% military capability

3% population si8e and education le0el

5% natural resource base

!% technological base

6% internal market capacity transstate resources

)obilisation base: domestic control system and political regime nationalist predispcommunity

Superordinate actors on international stage: foreign policy makers as rational problem

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"attern of foreign policy

1% Status uo 2%4mperialist

3% "restige

Relati0e poer capability

Resource base:

1% capital and industrial base2% military capability

3% population si8e and educationle0el

5% natural resource base

!% technological base

6% internal market capacitytransstate resources

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-)obilisation base:

1% domestic control system and political regime

2% nationalist predisposition of the community

Superordinate actors on international stage:foreign policy makers as rational problem* sol0ers

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?0er0ie

#efining(redefining national security

Theori8ing national security

Realism and national security

Security studies and national security

7ational security and 9merican grand strategy

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@hat is securityA

Take a minute and ot don the key ideas that come to

mind hen you think of concept of securityA

Think about ho these different ideas might impact the

ay a decision maker approaches foreign policy

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#efining national security

$rucial concept for foreign policy but no uni0ersal

definition of hat it is

Traditional meaning of national security: protecting and

securing the physical sur0i0al of the state from eternal

-military. threats

"rotecting territory from foreign in0asion

Security redefined -e%g% @olfers, &u8an. epanded from

military: health, economics, en0ironment, etc% T+B

$?"B7+9CB7 S$+??D

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@hose security and from hatA

$larify the Ereferent obect/ of security -hose

securityA.

+uman security: indi0iduals as referent obect

-and state itself as possible threat.

Threats: -security from hatA. subecti0ely defined,

and idened, like security itself

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#eepening F &roadening of Security

Thus, see concept of security mo0ing in to directions:

#eepening * from state to indi0idual

&roadening * from military threats to things like health,

en0ironment, economy etc%

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Theori8ing national security

Realism: focuses on the eternal sources of national security threats

-outside the boundaries of so0ereign state, from the anarchical

system.

Critical Theory: analy8es threats inside andoutside the state -Threat of

po0erty, en0ironmental degradation and domestic repression ofessential human rights, all reside inside the state%.

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$ont/

Constructivism:

security and threats as social constructions

ho e understand these concepts and processes that can change

our understanding

en0isages security communities hereby states share the collecti0e

sense of identity and security

Integrative approaches:

combining internal and eternal factors into a comprehensi0e

national security policy -Deffler.

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=or realists, the fundamental national interestof all states isnational

security% The three S/s/:

Statism:

states as central actors makes security a per0asi0e element of

foreign policy

Sur0i0al:

central goal of all foreign policyuse force as a legitimate

-element. instrument of statecraft

"oer 0s security debate

-offensi0e 0s% defensi0e realism.

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Self*help:

take appropriate steps to ensure sur0i0al,

balance of poer as enduring structural feature

The security dilemma

efforts to build defensi0e capabilities in one state can

be percei0ed as threatening to others, hich causesthem to build their on defenses, hich can in turn be

threatening to the original state

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1>s,

hich placed indi0iduals at the centre of security strategies%

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7ational security and 9merican grand

strategy

Grand strategy

is a crucial component of a state/s foreign policy

it is the o0erall 0ision of a state/s national security goals,

and

a determination of the most appropriate means by hich

to achie0e these goals%

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$ont/

4t entails a 3-stepprocess:

1% #etermine the state/s 0ital security goals%

2% 4dentify the main source of threats to these

goals, internal and eternal%

3% 9scertain the key political, economic and

military resources that can be employed as

foreign policy options to reali8e national security

goals%

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9merican grand strategy

9 0ariety of different grand strategies can be

identified for the 'nited States:

1% 7eo*isolationism: interest based foreign polic

2% Diberal internationalism

3% "rimacy

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9merican grand strategy

Neo-isolationism: 9merica should focus on its

on national interests%

9cti0ist, globalist role is no longer needed in

post*$old @ar era%

'S is secure from eternal threats ith

poer to guarantee its security%

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$ont/Liberal internationalism: an epansi0e 9merican national interest, -that

includes orld peace., necessitates multilateral engagement in

pursuit of common goals%

The 'S not immune from military threats%

$entral:

democracy,

human rights,

interdependence and

role of institutions

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Primacy:

1% "reser0ing 'S poer as the undisputed pre*eminentpoer in the international system%

2% 'S must ensure its military dominance, pre0enting

emergence of a multi*poer structure%

3% 4nstitutions seen as restraining unilateral options

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Guestion for the class

@hich of the three do you think the 'S has taken

in recent yearsA

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The anses is :

There is a good deal of e0idence to suggest that 'S

has based its foreign policy on a grand strategy ofprimacy

4t is orthhile to ask hether this strategy is

sustainable as e0idence suggests that attempts tocounterbalance the 'S are underay%

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States feel insecure

States feel insecure, leading them to increase

their military capabilities%

Realists ad0ocate a policy of offshorebalancing that attempts to maintain 9merica/s

relati0e poer and national security in an

emerging multipolar orld%11(3(1!

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Thank you and good luck

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