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Fractured water quality governance

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69th SWCS International Annual Conference July 27-30, 2014 Lombard, IL
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PhD Student. In my past life I was a soil conservationist with NRCS. I’m going to speak to you today about research I conducted with my adviser, Adena Rissman and co-author Chaoyi Chang mapping public policies for nutrient reduction in a midwestern watershed 1
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PhD Student. In my past life I was a soil conservationist with NRCS. I’m going to speak to you today about research I conducted with my adviser,

Adena Rissman and co-author Chaoyi Chang mapping public policies for nutrient reduction in a midwestern watershed

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I’m going to share with you a case study of water quality governance in the YaharaWatershed of southern Wisconsin.

This is a region with an urban core around a chain of lakes connected by the Yahara River, and surrounded by a largely agricultural landscape.

Environmental governance in the Yahara W region is dominated by the issue of degraded surface water quality

The image at the bottom shows a major catalyst for water quality efforts: a toxic blue‐green algae bloom, or cyanobacteria that periodically erupts on the lakes. And the nutrient phosphorus is the primary culprit in algae growth, most from agricultural fields, but also coming from urban stormwater.

There has been no stat. significant reduction in P entering the top of the chain of lakes despite millions of dollars and years of work directed at nutrient reduction.

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Stepping back, this case of watershed management embodies federalism, or what i’mcalling multilevel governance.Management roles vary by scale and function from federal to state levels. On the right are just a few of the federal, state, county, and municipal organizations involved in water quality management in the Yahara watershed.

Martin Doyle, water policy scholar, suggests that federalist water policy  has the advantages of Adaptability to changing conditions, insofar as interventions by different agencies can be viewed as a series of experiments in governance. He also points to redundancy and competition in agency action as benefits of federalism, because they ensure attention and create the potential for innovation.

Yet in practice, the implementation of policies in a federalist system is carried out by a diverse array of public and private agencies in an arrangement that often seems more chaotic than productive.

In this research, I asked, using an empirical case of multilevel water quality governance, can a federalist system target areas of concern for water quality within a watershed?

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We addressed these questions through a GIS analysis and through interviews with agency staff and landowners.I compiled information on public policies that address P, N, and TSS runoff through literature and internet searches and interviews. Then based on data availability, I mapped a sample of 35 policies. This sample included acquisitions, incentives, regulations, and direct management implemented between 2007‐2012.

To illustrate how we did the GIS analysis, I show here a zoomed in picture of the center of the watershed ‐ the area around Madison ‐ to demonstrate where 5 policies apply on the ground. I mapped either the area of direct action (e.g. parcels where landowner holds permit or receives cost‐share), or area of potential action (e.g. land where erosion control rules should be applied or shoreland zones where landowners must abide by more stringent construction standards).

The interventions I highlighted here to illustrate are: ‐ County winter spreading‐ Municipal livestock ordinance‐ Federal CRP‐ WPDES permit allows municipality to implement runoff measures‐ State shoreland zoning, implemented by muni and county

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Other notable interventions not pictured here that I mapped include: ‐ Streambank protection easements, held by the County‐ Stormwater basins installed by municipalities‐ Fields with conservation practices paid for by the USDA EQIP

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Here you see heat maps in which I aggregated the 35 policies by 300 subbasins. Important to note that this analysis just mapped area of application, I did not weight policies by effectiveness, though hoping to do that in the future

To make the maps I totaled the relative area covered by 35 possible policies in each subwatershed to get this index of low to high policy coverage.

Here I show heat maps by gov level, divided by rulemaking and implementing levels

The figure reflects common understandings about policy application by diff levels of gov - that federal policies can impact a problem on a regional or state-wide scale. Federal rules fairly uniform

While local govs have a more fine-scale, variable impact These maps highlight the unique role of county receiving funding and mandates

and distributing them on the ground

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So overall, how well does a multilevel system of WQ governance target the areas of greatest concern?  

Compared concentrations of policy application by subbasin (on the right is the total concentration of policies) to modeled TP yield by subbasin from modeling done in 2010 for the County.

Negative correlation between areas of policy application and phosphorus load across all government levels

It’s important to explain here that I was not trying to demonstrate causality between policies and phosphorus runoff – I wanted to show in a given window of time, were policies concentrated where the runoff was occurring?

As you can see on the right, a lot of concentration occurred in urban areas, where it’s easier to apply blanket regulatory policies, for instance, while there may have been a certain lack of attention in key agricultural subwatersheds

____________________________________The variation within rural areas is due to regulations relating to slope and distance from water bodies, particularly those that are listed as impaired under the CWA, and to which individual landowners adopt conservation practices. At the bottom of the watershed, some of that heat comes from 303D listed water bodies, as well as from livestock siting ordinances in these towns.

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• So if overall the policies may not be targeting problem areas, what are some examples of barriers to targeting in a multilevel system?

• I’ll stick to agricultural interventions examples, as agriculture contributes the majority of phosphorus to surface water in the Yahara watershed. 

• This information is informed by interviews my research team did with water and land managers in municipal, county and state agencies over the last two years.

In the case of traditional agricultural nutrient management – that is, paying farmers to implement practices that prevent erosion of nutrients with funds from the USDA, the state and the County –I’ve identified a couple of general challenges to targeting here.

Funding constraints ‐ First, Agricultural conservation programs are primarily voluntary, which tends to reach 

producers with whom the County Conservation Division, which manages cost‐share implementation, has preexisting relationships. 

‐ Second, For most agricultural cost‐share programs in the watershed, the funds from federal, state and county programs are combined in one general fund, which means that they must be administered per federal NRCS rules. While Dane County may be interested in targeting conservation efforts toward areas contributing the most nutrient runoff to local waterways, USDA requires that properties be ranked through a system that incorporates national and statewide resource goals in addition to local goals, which may be in opposition to one another. 

Second larger category is Data access‐ Dane County has access to several sources of information about the biggest problem areas for 

nutrient pollution including models of phosphorus by subwatershed, and an index of the risk 

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of soil nutrient runoff for farms with nutrient management plans. However field‐specific soil phosphorus data are not public (this is true from farms receiving USDA funds for nutrient management and for those enrolled in some private programs), and certain organizations, such as the County executive’s office and local nonprofits, can’t access this information to effectively target their programming.

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In the case of traditional agricultural nutrient management, redundancy of govfunding and programs has failed to a certain extent to meaningfully address local targeting goals.

There is a lack of buy-in to federal programs by local growers

And because data access and progress measurement is difficult, a staffperson at the County felt that regional government kept piling more voluntary programs on, instead of using more targeted regulatory tools.

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So I wanted to end with a brief discussion of a new program that may increase targeting capacity in the region.

This is a new option in Wisconsin called the Watershed Adaptive Management Option, which is essentially a water quality trading program, another example of which you heard about in the last talk. WQT is a market‐based instrument that allows point source entities that are regulated under the Clean Water Act,, in this case the MMSD, to pay upstream unregulated sources under the Act, such as farms, to reduce pollutants such as phosphorus. This type of program has the potential to bring a lot of different actors to one table.

Thirty regional organizations – primarily municipalities, as well as utilities, nonprofits, and regulatory agencies – signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to make official their participation in the pilot project.

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A number of changes to nutrient governance have come about as a result of this recent project, and I only have preliminary evidence from interviews and a small survey on program participants’ perceptions of the pilot project, but this will be one of the case studies in my dissertation. 

One of the most significant developments since the implementation of the Adaptive Management Option pilot project is that it has catalyzed a recently‐formed farmer group called Yahara Pride – you can see their logo – which is interested partly in taking advantage of the increased attention on farm practices, and the opportunity to access non‐traditional, and what they term non‐regulatory, farm conservation funding, because they are paid primarily by local municipalities and utilities, rather than federal USDA funds. 

The farmers are able to influence the conservation practices that are funded by the WAMO in a very immediate way. Demonstration of farm practices. We don’t have discrete numbers yet on farmer participation – it may be that most of those who participate in the WAMO are those who are already implementing best practices on their farms funded by other programs.

But because there’s more opportunity to direct funding and engage in regional dialog under the auspices of CWA permit compliance, the AM option has brought about some tangible management changes, though it is too early to say whether it will result in reduced phosphorus levels in surface waters.

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And there is some concern that moving away from federal funding has sig. tradeoffs in terms of losing certain federal monitoring requirements and ensuring equitable distribution of funds. 

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So, a number of interesting points to wrap up,

‐ Spatial analysis is unusual in policy studies and can be used to identify patterns in multilevel governance. ‐ Polycentric water quality governance in the Yahara Watershed is spatially varied, and 

sometimes lacks buy‐in and the ability to target regional concerns‐ There are a number of structural constraints in a multilevel system to targeting a 

regional problem.‐ New options for local tailoring and implementation of state and national rules hold promise for achieving social and ecosystem results

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This talk will explore What polycentric water quality governance look like through a mapping visualizationAnd askUnder what circumstances does the redundancy of polycentric systems increase dialog around, local involvement in, and adaptiveness of water quality policies?Empirical case: Yahara Watershed nutrient management

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Water management in the US embodies federalism. Management roles vary by scale and function ‐ navigation controlled by national government; water quality standards by states; wastewater infrastructure by municipalities; levees and groundwater by special districts; and, in some cases, regional interstate agreements also apply (e.g., Colorado River Compact). As an example, this map shows the overlapping jurisdictions nationally of two federal water agencies: the USACE and the USEPA. Just two agencies with overlapping jurisdictions and mandates. 

Martin Doyle, water policy scholar, suggests that federalist water policy is advantaged because of its Adaptability. Redundancy, and Competition.

This federalist structure and characteristics are similar to that described by Elinor and Vincent Ostrom with regard to polycentrism. Federalism may be more hierarchical in theory, but in practice, the implementation of policies is carried out by a diverse array of public and private agencies in a sometimes chaotic and sometimes productive arrangement.

Scholars such as McGinnis, Blomquist, and Ostrom have argued that the redundancy of polycentric systems is generally beneficial because it can promote accountability and plurality, encourage dialog and local buy‐in, and create a safety‐net to ensure societal problems are addressed.

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I was interested in testing some of these assumptions with an empirical case of multilevel water quality governance. I’ll use the word multilevel and polycentric interchangeably, but it would be useful after the talk to discuss whether that’s appropriate.

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Here I’ve divided the policy coverage by conservation tool Regulation allows coverage of a large area for lower cost than incentives But much of the conservation literature suggests that regs afford mixed results

on a heterogeneous landscape. Whereas incentives often encourage more participation in agricultural areas.

This makes sense because regulation allows coverage of a large area for lower cost than incentives (Bengston et al., 2004). But conservation regulations have been shown to have mixed ecological results when applied to a heterogeneous landscape (Butsic et al., 2010). Incentives for environmental best management practices have been shown to encourage program participation to a greater degree than regulation in agricultural and natural area settings (Langpap, 2006), REF)

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The specific questions driving this research were:

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