Fragments of Diogenes of Oenoanda Discovered and Rediscovered

Fragments of Diogenes of Oenoanda Discovered and RediscoveredAuthor(s): Martin Ferguson SmithSource: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 74, No. 1 (Jan., 1970), pp. 51-62Published by: Archaeological Institute of AmericaStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/502905Accessed: 11/10/2008 05:46

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Fragments of Diogenes of Oenoanda Discovered

and Rediscovered

MARTIN FERGUSON SMITH

PLATES 11-16

In an article published in this journal a few years ago C. W. Chilton relates the history of the text of Diogenes of Oenoanda.1 The story is, as he says, an interesting one, and it may be useful to begin with a brief summary of it.

The Epicurean Diogenes was unknown until, between 1884 and I895, substantial fragments of his great philosophical inscription, carefully carved on blocks of local limestone and dating from about A.D. 200, were discovered by French and Austrian

archaeologists in the Lycian city of Oenoanda. In 1892 G. Cousin2 published the 64 fragments

discovered by him and his French colleagues. How- ever, he failed to provide drawings, measurements, or even detailed descriptions of the stones, and his copying was sometimes inaccurate and incomplete. In I895 the Austrians R. Heberdey and E. Kalinka, answering an appeal made by H. Usener (who in I8923 had re-edited all but the most fragmentary of the fragments, making many brilliant restorations and valuable comments), re-examined all those edited by Cousin which they could find (there were thirteen4 which they were unable to find), and discovered twenty-four5 new fragments. They took measurements of the stones and made a careful scale drawing of each block.8

As Chilton points out, it is upon the text of He- berdey and Kalinka7 that subsequent work on the inscription has been chiefly based. This work has been admirable. By far the most valuable contribu- tion has been made by J. William, editor of the first Teubner text published in I907,8 who with

1 "The Inscription of Diogenes of Oenoanda," AJA 67 (I963) 285-286 (hereafter Chilton).

2 "Inscriptions d'Oenoanda," BCH I6 (I892) I-70. 8 "Epikureische Schriften auf Stein," RhM 47 (I892) 414-

456. 4HK II, 12, 20, 27, 36, 44, 47, 5I, 68, 76, 79, 87, 88. 5 Not 26, as stated by Chilton, 285. 6 A few minor inaccuracies in their drawings are mentioned

infra. 7"Die Philosophische. Inschrift von Oinoanda," BCH 21

(I897) 346-443. 8 Diogenis Oenoandensis fragmenta (Leipzig I907).

wonderful skill arranged the fragments in their probable order and made numerous restorations. His text has been further improved by other scholars, notably R. Philippson,9 A. Grilli, who has pro- duced an Italian translation and commentary?1 and, more recently, a text of the fragments,l and Chilton himself, who has soundly edited the second Teubner text published in I967.12

What is disappointing about the history of Dio- genes studies since I895 is that archaeologists, de- terred no doubt by the remoteness and difficulty of the site, have failed to heed the repeated ap- peals of Diogenes scholars who have urged them to search for more fragments;13 for the 88 fragments published by Heberdey and Kalinka probably com- prise little more than one-quarter of the entire inscription.

Chilton, the latest scholar to deplore the fact that no new investigation of Oenoanda has been carried out, also regrets the apparent disappearance of the known part of the inscription.l4 He states that G. E. Bean, who visited Oenoanda in I952, in answer to an enquiry wrote to say that he saw only one already published block.15 However, in a postscript to his article,'6 Chilton describes a visit which he paid to Oenoanda in order to measure the probable site of the stoa in which the inscription was set up and see for himself whether the stones copied by Heberdey and Kalinka had survived. He reports finding four published fragments (Heberdey and Kalinka [-=HK] 64, 48, 41, 31), all to the north17 of the great walll8 in or near

9 "Diogenes von Oinoanda," RE Suppl. 5 (193I), I53-170. 10 "I Frammenti dell'Epicureo Diogene da Enoanda," Studi

di Filosofia Greca (Bari I950) 347-435. 11 Diogenis Oenoandensis fragmenta (Milano I960). 12 Diogenis Oenoandensis fragmenta (Leipzig I967). 13 See Chilton 285-286. 14 Chilton 286. 15 Chilton does not give the number of this stone. 16 Chilton 286. 17 On the curious matter of the position of HK 31, see infra

under that number. 18 On the great wall and the "esplanade," see infra.


which most of the fragments were discovered, on what Cousin19 called the "esplanade." He did not find the block seen by Bean. Having pointed out that this is only a small proportion of the number seen by HK, he says "there seems no reason to doubt that the rest are also there, either buried in the soil or hidden under the masses of masonry lying everywhere," and he concludes that there is almost certainly more of Diogenes' inscription to be discovered.

In July 1968 and June-July 1969 I visited Oenoan- da and made two discoveries. On my first visit I found that more than half the stones seen by HK- and most of the major ones-survive.20 Many of them are neither buried in the soil nor hidden under masonry, so that it would seem that Chilton's investigation of the site was not very thorough.

On my second, longer visit I made a more careful search than before over a wider area, and was rewarded with the discovery of four new stones of the inscription21-the first additions to be made this century to the text of Diogenes.

If there ever was any doubt that there is still much more of the inscription to be found, it should be dispelled by the discovery of these new fragments. My own investigation, in which I was as- sisted by one youthful villager, was necessarily a very limited one, and it seems a reasonable assump- tion that a systematic excavation of the site by an archaeological team would enrich our knowledge of the Epicurean philosophy and of its remarkable and loveable Lycian adherent by uncovering many more of the stones that have not been seen or read for perhaps fifteen centuries. It is my earnest hope that a serious examination of the site will be under- taken in the very near future.

Before dealing with the fragments, it may be useful to indicate the situation of Oenoanda and give a brief description of the site.

Oenoanda is situated 75 km. NE of the port of Fethiye (ancient Telmessus). The city is on the s ridge of a hill projecting into the high plain of

19 Cousin (supra n. 2) 56. 20 See infra. 21 Discussed in the last part of this article. 22 When T. A. B. Spratt and E. Forbes visited Oenoanda

in I842 (Travels in Lycia [London I847] I 272-276), the wood was so dense that they had to climb the trees in order to make out the relative positions of the buildings, and had the greatest difficulty in finding the theater which Forbes and R. Hoskyn had overlooked in I84I (Journal of the Royal Geographical Society I2 [I842] part 2, p. 156). For the convenience of archaeologists in the future, the work of clearing the site of trees and bushes is being continued apace by the goats and

Seki. For the modern visitor it is most convenient to ascend the hill from the village of Incealiler on the E side. The hill is wooded, but not nearly so densely as it was in the nineteenth century.22 The ruins of the city, which the locals call Asar Bel, are quite extensive, the most impressive remains being the splendidly constructed and well preserved Hel- lenistic city walls at the s end and the theater nestling in a hollow of the hill at the N end.

After climbing more than iooo feet from the village of Incealiler to an altitude of over 4400 feet, one finds oneself near the NE corner of the "esplanade"-a large square in the N of the city, which may have been the agora.23 The s side of the "esplanade" is bounded by the great wall (pl. ii, fig. I) in or near which most of the fragments of the

inscription were found. The wall extends for about Ioo yards. Two hundred yards s of the great wall is a rectangular, paved area (pl. II, fig. 2), measuring ca. 54 x 27 yds.,24 which evidently had rows of columns inside running parallel to the N and s sides (the longer sides) and the E side (one of the shorter sides). Diogenes himself tells us that he had the

inscription set up in a stoa25 and, although only three fragments26 were found near this paved area, it is probably the ruin of the building which he used. If so, it must be assumed that in later an-

tiquity most of the inscribed blocks were removed from the stoa and used in the great wall and in other buildings.27

The most natural and convenient way to describe the position of the fragments is in relation to the great wall. I will deal first with the already published fragments, beginning with those s of the wall. Among the hundreds of stones lying, often in heaps, on this side of the wall (it was the s side which originally yielded most of the fragments) I found 29 published blocks.

Very close to the great wall near the E end is a cluster of fragments comprising (in order, E-w) HK 7, 3I, 38, 6, 37, 5 and I6.

HK 7 (pl. ii, fig. 3), a fragment of the treatise

camels that are driven up the hill every day in summer. 23 Heberdey and Kalinka (supra n. 7) 347, suggest that

the "esplanade" was the, agora, and I am inclined to agree with them on account of its size. Others, including Spratt and Forbes (supra n. 22) I 274, and Cousin (supra n. 2) 57, prefer to regard the paved area s of the great wall as the agora.

24 Chilton 286. 25 Chilton fr. 2, col. V, line 12. 26 HK I0, 30, 50. 27 One wonders why the inscription was removed. Was the

stoa destroyed in war or by earthquake? Or was it demolished by persons who objected to the Epicurean document?

52 [/JA 74

FRAGMENTS OF DIOGENES OF OENOANDA

on old age,28 lies face up. It is worn, but legible for the most part.

HK 37 and 38 (pl. II, figs. 4-5), are both fragments of the letter to Antipater on the infinite number of worlds,29 and 38 is a continuation of

37. The stones were originally discovered side by side,30 and they still lie close to one another. Al-

though both lie face up, they are well preserved and easily legible. Clearly visible below the beginning of several of the lines are the horizontal punctuation strokes (7rapaypafai) that occur only in the ethical treatise, the letter to Antipater, and two of the three introductory fragments (HK 57 and

59).31 The asterisk before the beginning of the tenth line of the complete column on HK 38 marks the

beginning of the speech. HK 31 (pl. II, fig. 6), a maxim, lies face up, and

its condition seems to have deteriorated since its

discovery. Nevertheless most of the letters are legible. It is strange that Chilton32 states that he saw this fragment N of the great wall. The stone was discovered on the s side;33 so unless, instead of HK

3I, Chilton meant HK 39 which is near to other

fragments seen by him, it looks as though he made an error of identification.

HK 6 (pl. I2, fig. 7), a fragment of the old age treatise, was already damaged when originally discovered, and most of the letters that were visible to the Austrian archaeologists can be made out.

HK 5, which lies face up, and HK i6, which is next to it and partly hidden by it, are worn, but

again most of the letters can be read. Both stones

belong to the treatise on old age. A few yards s of this cluster of fragments is HK

15, another old age fragment. The stone stands

upside-down and is in very poor condition. I noticed that HK's drawing of it is inaccurate in one small respect: according to their drawing, the first letter of the third line is completely obliterated, but part of the vertical and horizontal strokes of tau or gamma is visible.

Next to HK 15, also standing upside-down, with one end hidden under a fallen tree, is a broad five- line stone. It is so badly weathered and worn that almost all the letters are obliterated. However, from

28 On the place of the old age treatise in the inscription, see infra, under New Fragment 4.

29 On the letter to Antipater's place in the inscription, see infra, under New Fragment i.

30 Cousin (supra n. 2) 5. 31 Sometimes curved Irapaypacpai are used. 32 Chilton 286. 33 Cousin (supra n. 2) 26.

its measurements and the few letters that with great difficulty I was able to make out, I am almost certain that it is HK 9, yet another fragment of the treatise on old age, which was discovered s of the great wall.34

A few yards nearer the w end of the great wall HK 82, which belongs to the ethical treatise,35 lies on its side. This stone, in poor condition when originally found, has evidently suffered further damage, but is still legible for the most part on the left.

Close to HK 82, but nearer the w end of the wall, is HK 8, a fragment of the treatise on old age. This stone, a continuation of HK 7,36 lies face up and, although on the left, thanks to a covering of earth, many of the letters are faintly preserved, the right is so badly worn that few letters can be made out.

A few yards s of HK 82, about Io yards from the great wall, is HK 56 (pl. 12, fig. 8), part of the letter to Antipater. This block too lies face up and, although on the right it is well preserved, on the left most of the letters have been obliterated.

A few yards further w and a little nearer the great wall, by the stump of a tree, is HK 58, an introductory fragment in which the author ex- plains his reasons for setting up the inscription. The block is the largest fragment of the inscription yet found, being 1.58 m. in width and bearing five columns of text. It is in an upright position and, although much of the text can still be read, its condition has deteriorated since it was copied by HK.

Two yards beyond HK 58 the main part of HK 6537 lies face up. This large block is part of the ethical treatise. On the right it is badly weathered; on the left it is better preserved. A large part of the stone (most of the first column) has recently broken off. My guess is that the block was acci- dentally broken when the tree, by the stump of which HK 58 lies, was felled.

Beside HK 65 are two small fragments. One is the smaller part of HK 63, the larger part of which is some distance further w on the same side of the wall. The fragment lies face up and is very worn.

34 Cousin (supra n. 2) 31. 35 On the ethical treatise and its place in the inscription, see

infra, under New Fragment i. 36 See infra, under New Fragment 4. 37 After the stone was copied by Cousin, but before it was

copied by HK, three small fragments broke off on the right. Although these fragments were refound by the Austrians, I did not see them.

53 1970]


The other small fragment is HK 33 which belongs to the treatise on old age. It is partly buried and

easily legible. Several yards nearer the w end of the great wall,

and about 20 yards from it, HK 62, an ethical block, rests face up. The stone is worn, but most of what was legible to HK can be read with difficulty. I observed that HK's drawing of the block is inaccurate in one small respect: the penultimate letter of col. I, line I3 is definitely alpha.

A little nearer the w end of the great wall and about halfway between it and HK 62 I found HK

70 lying face up. The condition of this ethical block, which was poor on the left and at the bottom when originally discovered, has deteriorated further, although on the right most of the letters can be made out.

North of HK 70, very close to the great wall, are HK 67, 2i and 24. HK 67 (pl. 12, fig. Io), another ethical block, which lies upside down and partly buried, is in a good state of preservation. HK 21 (pl. 13, fig. II) is perched upside-down on top of some stones. It is worn, but still just legible for the most part. HK 24 (pl. 12, fig. 12), which lies face

up, can be read without difficulty. Both HK 21 and

24 are fragments of the Letter to Mother.38 Several yards further from the great wall and

about 20 yards nearer the w end HK 46 and 66 lie face up side by side. HK 46 is weathered, but legible for the most part. HK 66 (pl. I2, fig. 9), the text of which is continued on HK 67, is in good condition. HK 46 belongs to the letter to Antipater, HK 66 to the ethical treatise.

A few yards further w, close to the great wall, two ethical blocks, HK 80 and 8i, lie within a few feet of one another. HK 80 (pl. 13, fig. 13) rests face up in a hollow. It was partly hidden by brushwood and is well preserved. HK 8i, a continuation of HK 80, is in a more exposed position and is not

nearly so well preserved, although most of the letters can be made out. In the photograph of HK 80 a ligature may be seen at the end of col. I, line 6.

A little to the w of HK 80 and 8I and a little further from the great wall the major part of HK 63 lies face up. The upper part of this ethical fragment is buried under large stones, and I was unable to examine it; as for the lower part, the letters are not well preserved except where a covering of soil has protected them.

38 On the authorship of the letter, and its place in the inscription, see infra, under New Fragment 3.

39 Cf. HK (supra n. 7) 4I8.

A few feet beyond HK 63 I found a fragment o.I85 m. high and 0.3I m. wide. This is the bottom

right corner of HK 45, the major part of which lies several yards further w, and it is evident that, as in the case of HK 65, the stone has been broken quite recently.

Just beyond the fragment of HK 45 and a little nearer the great wall HK 73, an ethical block, lies on its side. It was not easy to find, because the

greater part of it (the whole of col. II) is buried under large stones, and the upper half of the remainder was covered with earth and brushwood. As one would expect, the protected part of the text is much better preserved than the exposed part. The depth measurement of this stone is 0.80 m., not 0.30 m. as given by HK.

Close to HK 73 are HK 75 and 53 and the major part of HK 45.

HK 75 (pl. 14, fig. 14) belongs to the ethical treatise. Although the stone lies face up, it is for the most part well preserved and easily legible. I did not find the small fragment bearing letters of line 15, which broke off soon after the original discovery of the stone.39

HK 53, a fragment of the physics treatise,40 rests upside-down. It was very severely damaged when originally discovered. The few letters that were legible to HK can be made out with difficulty.

The major part of HK 45 rests upside-down under a bush 3-4 yards w of HK 53, close to the w end of the wall. This large block, a fragment of the physics treatise, is well preserved.

All the above fragments are on the s side, the stoa side, of the great wall. Now we will move over to the N, the "esplanade" side. Here I found 14 published fragments.

Beneath a tree near the E end of the great wall, about 21/2 yards from it, is HK 60, upright, but partly buried in the ground. The stone, which belongs to the ethical treatise, stands in a sheltered position and is well preserved, especially at the bottom where it has been protected by a covering of earth.

A little further from the great wall HK 6i (pl. 15, fig. I5) lies face up. Although most of the letters can be read, the condition of this ethical block has deteriorated since it was copied by HK. Ac- cording to HK's drawing, the letters of Xpovot in col. I, line i are much more widely spaced than

40 On the physics treatise and its place in the inscription, see infra, under New Fragment I.

[AJA 74 54


usual, and Grilli41 tentatively suggests that the word was re-inscribed after the erasure of a mistake. But, in fact, HK's drawing is inaccurate, and the spacing of the letters is normal. HK are also mistaken in showing a space after v6ui v in col. II, line 12.

About 5 yards north of HK 6i, HK 64, i8, 41, 39 and 59 are to be found close together.42

HK 64 (pl. I5, fig. I6), another ethical block, is one of the fragments seen by Chilton. It was, as he reports,43 partly buried. The upper part of the stone is worn and the first three lines are difficult to read. But, except in the middle of the second column, where the text was already partly obliterated when the stone was originally discovered, the remainder of the fragment is very well preserved. There is a minor inaccuracy in HK's drawing of the stone. According to HK, line I5, which is part of Epicurus, Sent. 4, begins with half an omikron followed by a nu. In fact, an omikron does not appear, and never can have appeared on the stone, and the line begins with half a nu.

The text of HK i8, a fragment of the treatise on old age, can be read without difficulty.

HK 4I, which belongs to the physics treatise, lies face up, a little to the E of HK 64. Chil- ton found it possible to read "only an occasional word";44 but he must have examined the block in an unfavourable light, for the greater part of the text is easily legible.

HK 39, another fragment of the physics treatise, is just N of HK 41, in an upright position. The stone was already badly damaged when discovered

by HK in 1895, and its condition has deteriorated further. Except at the beginning of the last two lines, the text has been almost completely obliterated.

HK 59 (pl. 13, fig. I7), an introductory fragment, lies on the N side of HK 64. It is very weathered, especially at the sides and at the top. Its condition has evidently deteriorated since its original discovery.

North of HK 59, about 40 yards from the great wall, is HK 55 (pl. I4, fig. i8). This block, which bears part of the title of the ethical treatise, stands upright under a tree. All the letters are preserved, although some are faint.

About 80 yards N of HK 55 is HK 32 (pl. 14, fig. 19). This stone, which bears a maxim, lies on

41 65 (supra n. I ). 42 HK 64, 41, and 59 were originally discovered close to-

gether; cf. Cousin (supra n. 2) 7.

its side in a small hollow and is well preserved. In their copy of this fragment HK record the sixth letter (the fifth letter wholly preserved) of the first line as sigma and allege45 that the stonemason carved it by mistake for omikron, which the sense requires. However, an examination of the stone shows that the mistake is HK's; for the letter is clearly omikron.

Under a large tree about 4 yards further N is HK 28 (pl. 14, fig. 20). This block too bears a maxim.

Although the stone lies face up, its condition is excellent; indeed the text is clearer than that of any other fragment I saw. HK omit to give the depth measurement of this fragment: it is 0.3I m.

A few yards w of HK 6i, about 5 yards from the great wall, is HK 48 (pl. 15, fig. 21) in an upright position. Chilton found this large fragment of the physics treatise "very worn."46 But the block was already damaged when it was originally discovered, and most of what was legible to HK can be read without much difficulty. Again I suggest that Chilton must have been tricked by the light which certainly can be very deceptive, sometimes making a fragment appear much more worn than it is.

About 20 yards w of HK 48, about 51/2 yards from the great wall, opposite HK 21, 24 and 67, HK 42 (pl. I5, fig. 22), another physics fragment, is to be found under a tree and, just beyond it, HK I (pl. I4, fig. 23) which is either part of the title of the whole inscription or, less probably, part of the title of the treatise on old age. Both stones lie face up. HK 42 is badly worn, and much of the text is very difficult to read. As for HK I, AloyEvo is

easily legible. At a very considerable distance from the great

wall, about 30 yards up the slope beyond the NW corner of the "esplanade," HK 57 lies face up under a bush. The text of this fragment, which, like HK 58 and 59, is introductory, is easily legible.

As well as searching the area of the "esplanade" and the great wall, I looked vainly in and around the stoa for the three fragments (HK 10, 30, 50) which the Austrian archaeologists found there. I also made a particularly careful search for the 13 fragments edited by Cousin which HK were unable to refind-but without success. As for the 32 fragments seen by HK which I failed to find, some I have probably overlooked; but it is likely that

43 Chilton 286. 44 Chilton 286. 45 HK (supra n. 7) 354. 46 Chilton 286.

1970] 55


not a few are lying face down or buried under other stones. If so, one may perhaps be thankful, because these stones will probably be better preserved than those that are exposed to the elements and other harmful influences; it is noticeable that those stones that are partly buried under soil or other stones are, in general, better preserved than those that have no such protection.

And now, having dealt with the already published fragments, I will devote the remainder of this article to the four new stones of the inscription.

NEW FRAGMENT I (pl. I6, fig. 24)

Location and description The fragment is on the "esplanade," near the w

end of the great wall, about 15 yards from it, on the N side of a large tree. It was buried in the ground in an upright position with only the first two lines, both very worn, projecting above the surface.47

The block (of whitish limestone) is complete, except for some chips along the edges. H. 0.47 m., W. 0.755 m., Depth 0.36 m. The part of the stone that was buried, though worn and damaged in places, is, for the most part, legible. The stone bears the last letters of a column, and two complete columns. Each column contains 14 lines of small letters (1.4-2.2 cm. high, with the exception of small omikron 0.9 cm. high).

Position in the inscription The physical appearance of the stone, as well as

its subject matter, shows that it is a fragment of the physics treatise; for, although the fragments of the physics treatise, the ethical treatise and the letter to Antipater all bear columns with 14 lines of small letters, the surviving blocks of the letter to Antipa- ter are o.56-o.59 m. high, and the ethical blocks are 0.57-0.62 m. high and also have, after a gap beneath line 14, an additional line of larger letters which continues without interruption across the stones and consists of Epicurean ethical maxims.48 The stones of the physics treatise, however, have no line 15 and are 0.46-0.48 m. high. Moreover, rapa- ypa4al occur in the ethical treatise and the letter to Antipater, but never in the physics treatise.49

47 For the protection of the stone, the earth has been replaced, so that the block is exactly as I found it.

48 The only exception is HK 55 (Chilton fr. 23) which bears part of the title of the ethical treatise.

49 The three surviving stones of Diogenes' introduction (HK 57-59), which evidently stood in the second lowest course of the inscription before the beginning of the physics treatise, are

The blocks of the physics treatise were placed in the second lowest course of the inscription, above the ethical treatise and the letter to Antipater. There were either three or four courses, each course consisting of stones of roughly equal height. The tallest blocks were placed at the bottom of the inscription, the least tall blocks at the top. The fact that the stones of the physics and ethical treatises and the letter to Antipater are inscribed with small letters implies that they were placed at or near eye level. On the other hand, the least tall blocks, at the top of the inscription, are inscribed with large letters, no doubt because they were above eye level.50

As for the place of the fragment in the physics treatise, it is closely connected with Chilton fr. 7 (HK 52) in which Diogenes refutes the Stoic ex- planation of sleep-images (aco-rCata) as being empty illusions of the mind (KEVa (cKtaypact ,a7Tra Tr &tLavoias). Col. II of the new fragment, col. III, lines i-5, and probably also col. I, are part of Diogenes' refutation of Democritus' theory of sleep-images. Then, in col. III, lines 6-I4, the author refers to both the Stoic and the Democritean theories, pointing out that they are erroneous in different ways.

The new fragment is to be placed after, and not before, Chilton fr. 7. One can be sure of this for several reasons: i) In Chilton fr. 5, col. II, lines 7ff, Diogenes, in his list of the philosophers whom he is going to refute, mentions the Stoics before Democritus. 2) One would expect the Stoic theory, being less close than Democritus' atomic conception to the Epicurean view, to be disposed of first (it is probable that in the passage beginning in col. III, line 14 of the new fragment Diogenes went on to explain the Epicurean view). 3) In col. III, lines 6-14 of the new fragment make clear that the Stoics, as well as Democritus, have already been refuted. 4) In the same passage Diogenes twice mentions the Stoics before Democritus. This again indicates that the Stoics were refuted first.

However, the new fragment is not a continuation of Chilton fr. 7, since fr. 7, col. III, and col. I of the new fragment cannot be linked up. Probably only one block separated the two fragments. 0.465-0.48 m. high and bear columns with I4 lines of small letters, but two of these stones (HK 57 and 59), unlike the fragments of the physics treatise, do have 7rapa'ypa0ai.

50 On the arrangement of the inscription, see especially Wil- liam (supra n. 8) vi-xx, Philippson (supra n. 9) 154-I56, Chilton (supra n. 12) ix-xIm.

56 [AJA 74


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Ka L XkoycrTbv Kal TO

OVTL Trpoo-XaXEZt -q'17 ZV]

. rvi9ovav. tvaotrFie .EpIXF. [j]'xavov yPya XE-

irro0t vfiLLVecr ovm Kal

crTepeFL.viaS fVO'reo /38a- 0ooS OVK EXO'U([t]v ravTa rpocr- etvat. v ovrok FLEV oVv Ka-

rTa To evavrov eITXavr-

0rjo-av ot sE r? LtKO[I K<[ai] [] )- ItOKcpLTO. Olt Aev yap Itco-

LKO&I Kal ^v EXOVUtL svva-

p,LV T7tr (Cavrao-rtv aCatL-

povv7atc AyFLOKptTO 8E

Kat )V OVK EXOVCa- Xa[pl]- ET,ra. v 7? &s wvcris civ EVV

Argument The conclusion of the argument of the fragment

and of the passage preceding it (including Chilton

61 Titi Lucreti Cari De Rerum Natura Libri Sex (Oxford I947, I950) III I266.

52 For the Epicurean doctrine, see Diog. Laert. Io.32, quoted

57

fr. 7) is stated in col. III, 6-14: "So these theorists- the Stoics and Democritus-have gone astray in opposite ways. For the Stoics deprive the images of power which they do possess, while Democritus endows them with power which they do not possess." The Stoic conception of sleep-images as being "empty illusions of the mind" has already been mentioned. As for Democritus' attitude to sleep- images, this is described by Plutarch, Quaest. Conv. 8.I0.2 p. 734 F (Diels A 77, Usener 326). As C. Bailey51 says, Democritus apparently held that visions seen in sleep "not only revealed the external shapes of things but conveyed images of the move- ments of the mind, the intentions, and passions of those whose images were received: he was therefore inclined to attribute to them a greater importance than to the 'idols' of vision." Epicurus certainly did not think that sleep-images are simply products of the imagination and have no external, material cause.52 He agreed with Democritus that they are real in that they are, like the mental visions which we experience when we are awake, caused by real Ec&oXa or atomic films entering and stir- ring the mind. But (and this is where he seems to have disagreed with Democritus), although the images seen in sleep are true in the sense just mentioned, they may deceive us: for example, EScoXa that have emanated from different objects may meet and unite, causing us to see a non-existent hybrid monster; or the mind may be penetrated by the E8twXa of a dead person, causing us to have a vision of that person. We are deceived because, when we are asleep, we cannot apply the test of confirmation (er/tiaprSpr/c'o) to the images, and our memory, being dormant, is unable to tell us that the person, whose image we see, is dead.53 So the images seen in sleep are real, but (paradoxi- cally) not necessarily true.

So little of col. I is preserved that it is difficult to be sure of the argument. It would appear that Diogenes, in refutation of Democritus, dealt with the fear created by images seen in sleep. Probably he argued that the fact that sleep-images cause us fear does not prove that there is real cause for fear.

In col. II, lines 4ff, Diogenes, continuing his argument against Democritus, seems to be saying (in line 4 the text is uncertain-see note infra- and in lines I-3 mostly obliterated) that it is of virtually no significance that images seen in dreams

by Grilli (supra n. o1) 377: r re Trwv atLPvoeLvv cfavriradaira Kal (T&) Kar' v.ap dX\77f , KVi e 'yp *' TO e ,IU7 8v ov KZvet.

53 See Lucr. 4.732ff, 757ff.

1970]

Text Col. I

5

10 [eOV

[/tEO0a EK Tov

Col. II

5

Io

Col. III

5

IO


cause us to experience joy, because we are asleep. So, he continues (lines 7-10), dream-images speak empty words, the reason for their ability to do so being their great SvvaYts (line 9), by which he presumably means the extreme subtlety and mobil- ity of the EL8&oXa (cf. col. III, lines 2-3) which enable them to penetrate and stir our minds and, when we are asleep, deceive them. In lines IO-I4 he suggests that, if sleep-images are not empty, we surely cannot suppose that they are sentient and rational and that they really talk to us, for (col. III, lines 2-6) fine films with no solidity or depth could not possibly possess powers of sensation, reason, and speech.

Notes Col. 1-2.

Col.

I Text completely obliterated. II

3. At the end of the line probably read ievaL, with a full stop after it.

4-5. I suggest irap' oviev [Ecr]tL TO uia I Trv,

KTX., although the penultimate letter of line 4 looks more like v than ,u.

5. The fifth letter of the line is either r or v. avriv, sc. r7v (oao'artov (or TavTrarov). Ev3bpocTvv7r occurs in a saying of Epicurus quoted by Diogenes Laertius, 10.I36 (Use- ner 2). The use of the word is chiefly con- fined to poetry until the 4th century B.C.,

but it is not uncommon in late prose. 7. Spaces are frequently used, even in those

treatises where rapayparat occur (see supra under HK 37 and 38, and New Frag- ment I), to indicate punctuation. Cf., e.g., col. III, lines 6 and 14.

9. TavTa, sc. r& acLatC7ra. 13. Tc. Iota subscript never occurs in the in-

scription. 14. Tpoo-XcaXe . An uncommon verb, apparent-

ly not used before the 4th century B.C.

rj7U/v. Diogenes regularly uses epsilon iota for long iota.

Col. III -2. The text in the first i ? lines is almost il-

legible. The letters at the beginning of line 2 are perhaps the ending of a participle (-/E'votI) in agreement with 1GLEv.

2. dcarqXavov, sc. ecft.

3. vLeCrwtv, in reference to the E'&oXa. Epicurus

I

in his extant writings does not use v/jyv as a synonym for E'&oXov, but Lucretius (4.3I, 51, 95) uses membrana.

4. carEpEkvitag. Epicurus several times uses the word of solid bodies in his discussion of sense-perception (Ep.ad Hdt. 46ff).

5. TavTa, sc. sensation, reason, and speech. Cf. col. II, lines I2-I4.

Io. Although there is no space for a letter before AtLO/Kptrog, the beginning of a new sentence is suggested by the fact that the stonemason has carved the horizontal stroke of the delta at a lower level than the preceding letters in the line.

14. 8E answers /Iev in line 6. After riv read either Evv [Trv4ov] or Ev Vl [rvco cOavra- ao-(v (or aola-drcov)]: "In fact, the nature of the images in sleep . . ." Presumably the

Epicurean view of sleep-images was ex- plained in the following lines.

NEW FRAGMENT 2 (pl. I6, fig. 25)

Location and description

The fragment is on the w side of the "esplanade," 50-60 yards from the great wall. It was found lying on its side under a bush in a shallow hollow, with most of its face hidden by other stones. It is evident that it had been used in a wall or building beside the "esplanade."

The block (of yellowish-brown limestone) is complete except that the bottom right corner has been chipped away. H. 0.62 m., W. 0.45 m., Depth 0.40 m. The upper part of the text is, for the most part, well preserved, but on the lower part of the stone, especially on the left, the text is in many places badly worn or obliterated. Beneath line 14 the surface of the block has broken off, except on the left. The stone bears the last letters of a column on the left, and a complete second column. There are 14 lines of small letters (1.5-2.2 cm. high, with the exception of small omikron I.o cm. high). The fifteenth line of larger letters, which must have run right across the stone,54 has completely disappeared.

Position in the inscription Even if not one word of this fragment were legi-

ble, one could deduce from its height that it belongs to the ethical treatise. As I have already point-

54 Cf. supra, under New Fragment i.

58 [AA,41,4 74


ed out, the ethical treatise, which was in the lowest course of the inscription, is inscribed on blocks 0.57-0.62 m. high.

The fragment is to be placed immediately before Chilton fr. 34 (a translation of which is given infra), for although much of the text in the last four lines is uncertain, the general argument is not in doubt and it is evident that this argument is continued in fr. 34. Moreover, col. II, line 14, which is mostly legible, confirms the link-up between the two fragments, and it should be noticed that EL 8' in fr. 34, col. I, line 6 is correlative with Ei 'Iev in col. II, line 8 of the new fragment, and that the apodosis of both conditions is in the form of a question. Further confirmation that fr. 34 is a continuation of the new fragment might have been provided if letters of line 15 had survived, even though the letters contained in line 15 of fr. 34 do not belong to a previously known Epicurean maxim.

Text Col. I .K.Ea

.. 9v Xl-

5

E. EXa

.pov Trarov

.EO-7L

epov

l~. .

V7TEp

V09 IO

Col. II

5

yvo0 LErTa/3aiv?Ev [a]-

ef 7ral vXad EK OcroW/d-

T()v Eg E t)Uara UpE- ra o rpra pra ta0-a-

pjvat Katl Er arretpov Tr

{ro} yELvecrOat (t0rTep ov-

K epovvrog avro& TVwo,

'EVre6cKXet1. v EL p:ev (p0ovd?[s] Ka' Ka0 &v-

Io aL f aLj LEL PELV ? -7

55 At the risk of being censured for pedantry, I prefer this name to the popular, but inaccurate term, metempsychosis.

56 Grilli (supra n. io) 409 suggests that the beginning of Chilton fr. 34, col. I was preceded by el iuev al kvXal aw,ucaao avvovOat Woov fvOcrLv gXovoaL, d8v'aros EarTv i, and it will

be noticed that, so far as the argument is concerned, his con-

.EK. OLKXELO'EVOTE?L

Eiv [ Sd]OyV LV-tLV Kat TOV-

TOV .... tCLETa fEet.v

[a]vras, ri -ot SvaTca ?1

Argument The new fragment and Chilton fr. 34 are part

of Diogenes' argument against Empedocles' theory of metensomatosis.55 It was essential for Diogenes, as it was for Lucretius (3.67off), to refute this the-

ory in order to show that there is nothing to fear in death.

In the first half of col. II of the new fragment Diogenes refers to Empedocles' belief that souls continually pass from one body to another in an endless cycle of death and rebirth. Then, in lines 8ff, he argues that, if Empedocles means that souls survive independently of the body and, when

separated from the body, do not have a living nature, their transmigration (perav/3ao-cs, Chilton fr.

34, col. I, line I) is impossible;56 "for [what follows is a translation of fr. 34] in the intervening time, during which their transmigration occurs and

by which their living nature is interrupted, every- thing will be dissipated. But, if in some way souls do have such a nature-which they must have- when they are bodiless, why on earth do you bother

yourself-let alone them-by shifting them about and transferring them from one living creature to another? . . . It would be preferable to make the souls absolutely imperishable and independent and not subject them to the ordeal of a lengthy and circuitous journey, so that eventually your theory, though still fallacious, would command greater re-

spect. Otherwise, Empedocles, we shall disbelieve

you and your transmigrations."57

Notes Col. I

I. ['Evrrco] K[X]ea? 2-3. Perhaps read [r]ov t 1[XOrobov].

4. [IIv0ay6]pov?

Col. II i. The horizontal stroke above the first two

letters may well be a wapaypaor. Although the 7rapaypawfr is usually placed beneath

jecture is basically correct. 57 The text translated is that of Chilton. The last letters of

each line of col. I are missing. The restorations and emendations, which are mostly those of William, are plausible, and the general sense of the passage is not in doubt.

59 1970]


the beginning of the line, it is twice (in HK 39 and 70, col. III = Chilton fr. 18 and 27, col. IV) placed above the first line of a column. Cf. HK (supra n. 7) 353. -vo9. Probably the termination of a mid. partic., e.g. o0oLievo, or 7ryov/.LEvo,. iLET/ra,3civev. Used again of transmigration in Chilton fr. 34, col. I, line 3. Cf. fr. 34, col. I, line i; col. II, line 14.

I-2. After 4fera/3aivlvE the surface of the stone is chipped away. The first letter of line 2 is either cr or e: there is what may be a faint trace of a horizontal stroke or a slight mark on the stone. [da]E seems the most

probable reading. 5. Er' aTTEtpov =ad infinitum. 6. The stonemason has mistakenly repeated To

from the end of the previous line. Similar errors occur in HK 51 (= Chilton fr. 14), col. I, lines 5-6 and 6-7, and in HK 45 (= Chilton fr. 8), col. II, lines 7-8. It is noticeable that in each case the error is made at the beginning of a new line. yetveOrEat = yiveOtOat. See note supra on New Fragment i, col. II, line 14.

8. 'EvTreSoKXEVL. Diogenes, who has a vigorous style, is fond of making a direct address to the philosopher whose theory he is refuting. Thus he addresses Heraclitus (Chilton fr.

5, col. III, lines 9-o0), Democritus (Chilton fr. 6, col. II, lines 9-io), and Empedocles again (Chilton fr. 34, col. II, lines 12-13). As for the form of the name, Diogenes usually, but not always, retains v in compounds before a following labial-cf., e.g., crvv- /laivetv, crvv,/3 in Chilton fr. 38, col. II, lines 5-6, but crvuL3ovXiav in Chilton fr. 2, col. IV, line 2. Et ptev. Answered by El 8' in Chilton fr. 34, col. I, line 6.

8-I4. In places the text is difficult to read or il-

legible. I cannot make anything of line II.

In lines Io-II probably read ir/l [8]e or

/,U [8]'. In line 12 I have supplied [(;]ov from Chilton fr. 34, col. I, line 4. In line I3,

58 For the location of HK 28 and 32, see supra, under those numbers.

69 See notes infra on col. I, line 4, col. I, line Io-col. II, line 3, and col. II, lines 3-6.

60 The attribution of the letter to Epicurus is almost certainly correct, although William (supra n. 8) xx-xxx, argues that the author was Diogenes. The arguments in favour of the Epi-

after roVlTrov, perhaps read .e[8os]. Trans- late: "If you think that the souls survive even by themselves and [you do] not

[mean] to change them (av'ra, sc. rag iavxaa) into a living nature and [form],

how, I ask you, is the transmigration (,tera- /3aco-t, fr. 34, col. I, line i) possible?"

14. (roI. Ethical dative.

NEW FRAGMENT 3 (pl. I6, fig. 26) Location and description

The fragment is about 50 yards NE of HK 28 and

32,58 beyond the NE corner of the "esplanade." It was found lying face down beneath a tree.

The block (of grayish-brown limestone) is broken on the left and there are chips along the

right and bottom edges: otherwise it is complete. H. 0.405 m., W. 0.30 m., Depth 0.23 m. The text is well preserved, no doubt because the stone had been lying face down. The stone bears the last letters of one column and half of a second column, each column containing ten lines. The letters are

larger than those of the two preceding fragments, being 2-3 cm. high (the height of the small omikron in line 3 is 1.4 cm.).

Argument and position in the inscription

Although the text is well preserved, the smallness of the fragment makes it difficult to be certain of the argument. It would seem, however, that the author is emphasizing the necessity of pursuing philosophy in order to dispel fear (of death and/or the gods?) and attain perfect happiness.59

It is the physical appearance of the stone which enables one to conclude that the fragment almost certainly belongs to the Letter to Mother, whose author is generally supposed to be not Diogenes, but Epicurus.60 Only the fragments of the Letter to Mother (HK 21-24 = Chilton fr. 52-53) have all the following features: i) Large letters. 2) A column or columns of ten lines on each stone. 3) No wide margin at the top or bottom. 4) A height measurement of 0.38 m. to 0.4I m.61 The new fragment has all these features. The fragment does not link up with any of the already published fragments of the letter, but its subject-matter suggests curean authorship have been put most strongly and convincingly by Philippson (supra n. 9) I65-166. The only scholar to have followed William since the appearance of Philippson's artide is, so far as I am aware, Bailey (supra n. 51) II 1035. Chilton (supra n. I2) 79, strangely does not express any opinion con- cerning the authorship of the letter.

61 HK 21, 22 and 23 are 0.41 m. high, HK 24 0.38 m.

60 [AJA 74


that it was placed soon after Chilton fr. 52 (HK 21-22).

The Letter to Mother was almost certainly placed in the third course of the inscription, above the

physics treatise. That it was placed high up is indicated by the large letters in which it is inscribed, and confirmed by the fact that the stones are less tall than those of the physics and ethics treatises.

Text Col. I o0

5

?1 vac. t v_

/lCaKo] plOV at vac.

wv

.vv

ov

. v

IO

Col. II

5

IO

Notes Col. I

8E OVK &. E[X (0 Kact rept

0o/8EpoL. V -cr-[--- - E]-

TrofLev 7rav[- - - - v] t XoCo-oE[ V- - - XP ]-

o'riLov TroL

Ka,raxp& o[e Tr avTcv vo0. v Kac T

av 0rooov

4. lcaKcdptOv. A favourite Epicurean word to describe the perfect bliss enjoyed by those who have attained drapatJa. Cf., e.g., Epi- curus, Sent. I; Ep. ad Hdt. 78, 79, 80; Ep. ad Men. 123. The word also occurs in a

fragment of the Letter to Mother (Chilton fr. 52, col. III, line 6).

5. The penultimate letter, only half of which is on the stone, is either X or, more probably, a. In the space after t (there would have been room for two letters) there is a chis- eled triangle, evidently a punctuation-mark.

7. A stroke of the third letter from the end of the line is visible on the edge of the stone.

8. oSv? o-col. II, line 3. I suggest e.g. [ovro]t [ 8e OVK

(koE[Xov^rat paSt] | W9 KaCt irept [Oavarov] I

bO/3EpoL: "These people (i.e. non-Epicure- ans) are not easily helped (i.e. to see how damaging fear of death is), even when they are afraid of death." For the disastrous ef- fect that fear of death has on a man, see Lucretius, 3.37ff. The other major obstacle to the attainment of happiness, in the Epi- curean view, is fear of the gods, and it is possible that rCov Oe&v should be read instead of Oavarov.

Col. II 2. This division seems more probable than

(o KaiTEp C.

3-6. I regard the restorations printed in the text as certain or almost certain. I tentatively suggest that the whole passage should be restored as follows: ~Oo-r[E wrp&ov Et] TrouiLEv 7rav[rico S8e&v 7rov] fI 4tXocobEt[v o'VTos XPpr] I or4LOV rots [avOpc&TOot].

6. After -o-i(tov there is a horizontal stroke, but I assume that it is not intended as a

punctuation-mark. 7. KaraXpct) 8[]. If, as seems almost certain,

the last letter on the stone is 8, we have here an apparently unparalleled personal usage of Karaxpao, presumably with the same meaning as Xpao. Epicurus com- pares himself to an oracle in Sent. Vat. 29, and Lucretius describes his own pronounce- ments as oracles (5.IIO-II2). It may be

noted, too, that the author of the Letter to Mother refers to his sWdecrtv ... OO. . Oov

(Chilton fr. 52, col. IV, lines 2-3).

9-io. Perhaps read Ka T[r['v Xboo-oo)] lav.

NEW FRAGMENT 4 (pl. I6, fig. 27)

Location and description The fragment is beyond the NW corner of the

"esplanade," about 12 yards NW of HK 57.62 It was found in a wall at the bottom of an oval-shaped pit; it was standing on end and partly buried.

The block (of whitish limestone) is complete ex-

cept that the top left corner has broken off and the

edges are chipped in places. H. 0.375 m., W. o.69 m., Depth 0.29 m. Although the stone is worn, the text is mostly legible. The block bears the last letters of a column and all but the last letters of a second column, each column containing six lines. The

62 For the location of HK 57, see supra.

61 1970]


letters are large, measuring 2.5-3 cm. (with the ex-

ception of the small omikron and sigma in col. I, line 6, which measure 2.0 and 1.8 cm. respectively).

Position in the inscription The large size of the letters, the small number

of lines in each column, the height of the stone, and the subject matter combine to show that the fragment belongs to the treatise on old age. However, it does not link up with any already published fragment and I cannot say where it is to be placed; the arrangement of the other few and brief fragments of the treatise is extremely uncertain.

The stones of the old age treatise were undoubt- edly placed at the top of the inscription-this is indicated by the large size of the letters and the lowness of the stones. Exactly how the stones were arranged is uncertain; what we do know is that at least part of the treatise was inscribed in columns of ten lines on double stones, placed one above the other. Thus HK 8, a five-line block with a broad scored margin at the bottom, must have been placed beneath HK 7, another five-line block with a margin at the top, of which HK 8 is a continuation.63 It will be observed that New Fragment 4 has a margin at the top; therefore it is reasonable to assume that it was in the topmost course, and that the text was continued on a four-line stone (or stones) placed below. If this is correct, col. II, line i is not, of course, a continuation of col. I, line 6.

Text Col. I .0

5

Col. II

5

T7E?LE

r]7rv co/3a-

[pa ---] Kat vTrEp rTl & 70 E-

[pov7iT - - 7]OLov7OV

/8iov /iLv TraXaLtov --

LEvacL LJ7KET7 .vIa[t].

TaXv yap ro Trov av [p)]-

7TCDV yEVo3 bOlEtp[eTat] 7a T7)v crvOvClav --

Argument

Philippson,64 who draws attention to similarities between Diogenes' treatise on old age and Cicero's

63 HK 7-8 = Chilton fr. 58. 64 166-167 (supra n. 9). 65 Epicurus, Sent. I9. Cf. Lucr. 3.93Iff.

De Senectute and the treatise of Iuncus in Stobae- us, points out that Diogenes deals with three of the four alleged disadvantages of old age discussed in De Senectute (that it does not allow active work, involves physical weakness, and lacks physical pleasures), and adds that it is inconceivable that Diogenes did not deal with the fourth complaint against old age which was discussed by Cicero- its nearness to death, a subject which an Epicurean, a follower of a philosopher who attached so much importance to dispelling fear of death, cannot have ignored. It would seem that Philippson was quite right, for if my reading and restorations of the text are correct, the subject of the present fragment is the imminence of death for the aged and the brev- ity of human life.

The Epicurean answer to the allegation that the nearness of death is a disadvantage of old age- and it may have been the answer given by Diogenes in the passage that followed this fragment-would be that perfect pleasure is attainable in a limited time, and that prolongation of life would not bring a man any greater pleasure;65 that the true Epi- curean does not fear death, because of his convic- tion that the soul is mortal, and in old age derives pleasure from his recollection of past blessings;66 and that such a man, when death calls, will depart from life in peace of mind and full of gratitude, satisfied by the rich feast which he has enjoyed.67

Notes

Col. I

3-4. oro,/apo' occurs in Epicurus, Sent. Vat. 45. After cro,/a[pav] perhaps read &aOeo0-Lv.

Col. II I. It is important to realize that this line is

almost certainly not a continuation of col. I, line 6, but that four lines are missing between them (see section on Position, supra). Oavarov seems the obvious restora- tion. If the restorations in lines 4 and 5 are correct, the number of letters in each line may be assumed to be about seventeen.

2-3. "It is the lot of old age . . . to live no longer."

6. After crvvorvcav probably read vod 'lov, or

possibly Ov 7l roTr-Ta.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NORTH WALES, BANGOR

66 Cf. Epicurus, Ep. ad Men. 122. 67 Lucr. 3.93Iff.

62 [AIA 74

FIG. I. Oenoanda: great wall, "esplanade" side looking w. HK 48 in R foreground

FIG. 2. Oenoanda: view of stoa from E

All measurements in meters

FIG. 3. HK 7. H. 0.335, W. o.68. Part of HK 38 on L FIG. 4. HK 37. H. 0.59, W. 0.52 FIG. 5. HK 38 (continuation of HK 37).

H. 0.59, W. 0.6i. Part of HK 7 on R

FIG. 6. HK 3I. H. 0.32, W. 0.42

FIG. 12. HK 24. H. 0.38, W. 0.525 FIG. 7. HK 6. H. 0.34, W. 0.54

FIG. 9. HK 66. H. o.6I, W. 0.43 FIG. IO. HK 67 (continuation of HK 66). H. 0.60, W. 0.87

FIG. 8. HK 56. H. 0.59, W. 0.405

FIG. II. HK 21. H. 0.4I, W. 0.7I

(A

-i

FIG. 13. HK 80. H. 0.62, W. 0o34

}

t',

c1i trl

trcq FIG. I7. HK 59. H. 0.48, W. 0.805

I'd t',

~-i

-.P

FIG. 18. HK 55. H. o.6I, W. 0.49

FIG. 19 HK 32. H. 0.37, W. 0.28

FIG. 20. HK 28. H. 0.58, W. 0.53

FIG. 14. HK 75. H. 0o56, W. 0.32

FIG. 23. HK I. H. 0.35, W. 0o585

SMITH PLATE I5

I 11

- 6 .

H W~~~~~~~~~~o ko 0?

.- N

u\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e

N 00O

4-

d- lal~~s~~~'i~"B~~j~'~~B?~~;;~~h d

d ChXr~bs~ ~ ~ ~ I?- ~a ~e r? ??.

o' xo'l o' =o ~

S li 4 ;~s~5~~

t',

1-i

C71\

C-,

5:i

cc

FIG. 24. H. 0.47, W. 0.755 FIGS. 24-27. New fragments i-4; measurements in meters, rules marked with inches

FIG. 25. H. 0.62, W. 0.45

FIG. 26. H. 0.405, W. 0.30 FIG. 27. H. 0.375, W. o.69

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Fragments of Diogenes of Oenoanda Discovered and Rediscovered

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