BY STEVEN ETKIN LAST MONTH, MORE THAN 70 PEOPLE REPRESENTING MORE THAN 40 COMPANIES GATHERED IN ATLANTA TO BE THE FIRST TO EXPERIENCE A TRULY REMARKABLE PRO- GRAM THAT AIMS STEEL -FRAMING TRAINING AT A PRE- VIOUSLY UNTAPPED GROUP OF PROFESSIONALS. “Steel—Doing it Right” is a team effort between the Association of the Wall and Ceiling Industry and the Steel Framing Alliance. Jointly developed over an inten- sive two-year process, this premier pro- gram fully covers cold-formed structural and non-structural steel framing for con- tractors, suppliers and manufacturers with previous knowledge in steel. But with all of the other training pro- grams out there, why this one? And why now? THUNDEROUS POTENTIAL First, AWCI and SFA recognize the expo- nential growth of steel framing in both the residential and multifamily/commercial markets. Data collected by the NAHB Research Center show steel framing in 2004 increased over 2003 levels, includ- ing some applications where there were significant gains. For instance, steel- framed interior walls in the multifamily segment rose 50 percent during that peri- od; the use of steel in exterior walls grew about 30 percent. In fact, the use of steel framing in multi-family construction was six times higher in 2004 than it was in 1997. The commercial/institutional construction markets—which include hotels, retail, schools, churches, hospitals, mixed-use, assisted living, dormitories, office build- ings, and others—have been significant consumers of steel framing for several decades. These markets continue to rep- resent an excellent long-term growth opportunity. Second, further industry developments have created a fertile ground for steel. Recognition and acceptance of cold- formed steel in building codes is leading to a better understanding of its capabili- ties and benefits. Provisions in these building codes allow builders and owners to lower costs and increase the revenue from specific projects. Height and Area Tables in the NFPA fire codes, for example, give unprotected steel construction rough- ly 2 1/4 times the area value permitted for unrated wood construction. In addition, the same codes permit steel framing in taller structures than wood framing. In some cases, steel provides a three-story height advantage. Third, as the demand for more cost-effi- cient, higher-quality construction grows, builders and developers are demanding cold-formed steel for both structural and non-structural applications, with a growing trend toward loadbearing applications that are more complex to design and build. A FEW WORDS ABOUT STEEL EDUCATING FOR GROWTH FRAME WORK YOUR GATEWAY TO THE STEEL FRAMING INDUSTRY presented in Metal construction products for the residential market. TABLE OF CONTENTS A FEW WORDS ABOUT STEEL A FEW WORDS ABOUT STEEL 23-24 23-24 EDUCATING FOR GROWTH RESEARCH RESEARCH 25-26 25-26 THE STRENGTH OF CFS FLOOR ASSEMBLIES WITH CLIP ANGLE BEARING STIFFENERS HURRICANE REBUILDING EFFORTS HURRICANE REBUILDING EFFORTS GAIN MOMENTUM GAIN MOMENTUM TXSFA BROADENS REACH, CHANGES NAME TXSFA BROADENS REACH, CHANGES NAME 27 27 STEEL THE CHOICE FOR STEEL THE CHOICE FOR SELF-STORAGE FACILITY SELF-STORAGE FACILITY 28-30 28-30 SPRING FORUM AIMED AT ALL LEVELS SPRING FORUM AIMED AT ALL LEVELS OF PROFESSIONALS OF PROFESSIONALS 30 30 FROM THE FORUM FROM THE FORUM 31 31 EDUCATION EDUCATION 32-33 32-33 THE REAL STORY ABOUT COLD-FORMED STEEL AND SUBTRADES MHD Mar/Apr 06 TO LEARN ABOUT FUTURE SEMINAR DATES, GO TO WWW.AWCI.ORG AND CLICK ON STEEL—DOING IT RIGHT. THE ASSOCIATION OF THE WALL AND CEILING INDUSTRY , BASED NEAR WASHINGTON, D.C., IS A NATIONAL TRADE ASSOCIATION REPRESENTING CONTRACTORS, SUPPLIERS, DEALERS AND MANUFACTURERS ENGAGED IN THE WALL AND CEILING BUSINESS. AWCI CONTRACTOR MEMBERS ACCOUNT FOR MORE THAN HALF OF THE WALL AND CEILING CONSTRUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES.
Transcript
BBYY SSTTEEVVEENN EETTKKIINN
LAST MONTH, MORE THAN
70 PEOPLE REPRESENTING
MORE THAN 40 COMPANIES
GATHERED IN ATLANTA TO BE THE
FIRST TO EXPERIENCE A TRULY REMARKABLE PRO-GRAM THAT AIMS STEEL-FRAMING TRAINING AT A PRE-VIOUSLY UNTAPPED GROUP OF PROFESSIONALS.
“Steel—Doing it Right” is a team effortbetween the Association of the Wall andCeiling Industry and the Steel FramingAlliance. Jointly developed over an inten-sive two-year process, this premier pro-gram fully covers cold-formed structuraland non-structural steel framing for con-tractors, suppliers and manufacturers withprevious knowledge in steel.
But with all of the other training pro-grams out there, why this one? And whynow?
TTHHUUNNDDEERROOUUSS PPOOTTEENNTTIIAALL
First, AWCI and SFA recognize the expo-nential growth of steel framing in both theresidential and multifamily/commercial
markets. Data collected by the NAHBResearch Center show steel framing in2004 increased over 2003 levels, includ-ing some applications where there weresignificant gains. For instance, steel-framed interior walls in the multifamilysegment rose 50 percent during that peri-od; the use of steel in exterior walls grewabout 30 percent.
In fact, the use of steel framing inmulti-family construction was six timeshigher in 2004 than it was in 1997. Thecommercial/institutional constructionmarkets—which include hotels, retail,schools, churches, hospitals, mixed-use,assisted living, dormitories, office build-ings, and others—have been significantconsumers of steel framing for severaldecades. These markets continue to rep-resent an excellent long-term growthopportunity.
Second, further industry developmentshave created a fertile ground for steel.Recognition and acceptance of cold-formed steel in building codes is leadingto a better understanding of its capabili-ties and benefits. Provisions in thesebuilding codes allow builders and ownersto lower costs and increase the revenuefrom specific projects. Height and AreaTables in the NFPA fire codes, for example,give unprotected steel construction rough-ly 2 1/4 times the area value permittedfor unrated wood construction. In addition,the same codes permit steel framing in
taller structures than wood framing. Insome cases, steel provides a three-storyheight advantage.
Third, as the demand for more cost-effi-cient, higher-quality construction grows,builders and developers are demandingcold-formed steel for both structural andnon-structural applications, with a growingtrend toward loadbearing applications thatare more complex to design and build.
A FEW WORDS ABOUT STEEL
EDUCATING FOR GROWTH
FRAMEWORKY O U R G AT E WAY T O T H E S T E E L F R A M I N G I N D U S T R Y
p r e s e n t e d i nMetal construction products for the residential market.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A FEW WORDS ABOUT STEEL A FEW WORDS ABOUT STEEL 23-2423-24
EDUCATING FOR GROWTH
RESEARCH RESEARCH 25-2625-26THE STRENGTH OF CFS FLOOR ASSEMBLIES
WITH CLIP ANGLE BEARING STIFFENERS
HURRICANE REBUILDING EFFORTSHURRICANE REBUILDING EFFORTSGAIN MOMENTUM GAIN MOMENTUM
TXSFA BROADENS REACH, CHANGES NAME TXSFA BROADENS REACH, CHANGES NAME 2727
STEEL THE CHOICE FOR STEEL THE CHOICE FOR SELF-STORAGE FACILITY SELF-STORAGE FACILITY 28-3028-30
SPRING FORUM AIMED AT ALL LEVELS SPRING FORUM AIMED AT ALL LEVELS OF PROFESSIONALS OF PROFESSIONALS 3030
FROM THE FORUM FROM THE FORUM 3131
EDUCATION EDUCATION 32-3332-33
THE REAL STORY ABOUTCOLD-FORMED STEEL AND SUBTRADES
MHDMar/Apr 06
TO LEARN ABOUT FUTURE SEMINAR DATES, GO TO WWW.AWCI.ORG AND CLICK ON
STEEL—DOING IT RIGHT.
THE ASSOCIATION OF THE WALL AND
CEILING INDUSTRY, BASED NEAR
WASHINGTON, D.C., IS A NATIONAL
TRADE ASSOCIATION REPRESENTING
CONTRACTORS, SUPPLIERS, DEALERS AND
MANUFACTURERS ENGAGED IN THE WALL
AND CEILING BUSINESS. AWCI CONTRACTOR
MEMBERS ACCOUNT FOR MORE THAN HALF
OF THE WALL AND CEILING CONSTRUCTION
IN THE UNITED STATES.
SFA’S FRAMEWORK IN METAL HOME DIGEST
Low- and mid-rise structures consisting ofcold-formed steel as the main structuralcomponent have been successfully builtthroughout the United States, as buildersreport the performance characteristics ofsteel framing are resulting in lower con-struction defect claims.
Both AWCI and SFA recognize thetremendous growth opportunity that lieswith cold-formed steel framing with whichmany of their members are familiar, onewhose tremendous attributes make it thematerial of choice for the future, and onewhose abundance is growing.
Although the market share numberstestify to the fact that the vast majority ofcommercial builders are now using steelframing on interior walls, there is an acuteshortage of knowledge among contractorswho can accurately bid and build struc-tures that use steel framing in the morecomplex, load-bearing applications. AWCIand SFA believe that more buildings woulduse steel framing—and its members wouldbe better able to capitalize on the growthpotential in this market segment—if thiskind of education were readily available.
To meet this educational need, AWCIand SFA teamed together to develop and
conduct this premier program that fullycovers cold-formed structural and non-structural steel framing. AWCI broughtcontractor expertise and field know-howand SFA brought technical expertise andmanufacturer support.
LLEEAARRNNIINNGG FFRROOMM AAWWCCII AANNDD SSFFAA
The course materials for Steel—Doing itRight were developed by an interdiscipli-nary team of cold-formed steel construc-tion professionals, engineers and experi-enced contractors. The combination ofengineers and contractors ensures thatthe materials are technically correct andthe means and methods are practicalfrom a contractor’s point of view. Theresulting program covers the full range ofneeds in 13 modules.
I am happy to report that the first pres-entation of the course was a success. Thethree-day event delivered all of the mod-ule subjects comprehensively, and cumu-lated by estimating a complex structuralcold-formed-steel framing project.Attendees received a 200-page compan-ion workbook to use during the presenta-tion, which uses more than 600 slides.Attendees also received an order form forall the reference materials used in the pro-gram to ensure they have a completelibrary of design and engineering cold-formed steel framing publications.
They also walked away with the knowl-edge to bid and estimate challenging cold-
formed-steel-framed structures, and theability to spread their knowledge to therest of their teams. This is the legacy ofthe partnership between AWCI and SFA—that contractors at every level, their crews,and members of the industry will feelmore comfortable using steel. And do itright!
EDUCATING FOR GROWTH...EDUCATING FOR GROWTH...CONTINUED FROM PAGE 27CONTINUED FROM PAGE 27
MHDMar/Apr 06
2244
THE 13 MODULES OF THE COURSE
• The Steel Framing Industry• Steel Framing Materials• Engineering Considerations• Basic Construction and Special Considerations• Fastening and Cutting Guidelines• Floor Assemblies• Structural (Loadbearing) Wall Assemblies• Wind Bearing/Curtain Wall Framing• Interior Systems• Roof Assemblies• Panelization• Estimating Considerations and Concerns
For Cold-Formed Steel Framing.• Construction Documents, Project Management
and Quality Control
FOR MOREINFORMATION
FOR INFORMATION ABOUT THE
AWCI-SFA PROGRAM AND GET
ON THE MAILING LIST, VISIT WWW.AWCI.ORG/CONTACTUS.SHTML.
FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE
PROGRAMS OFFERED BY AWCI, VISIT WWW.AWCI.ORG.
FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE
PROGRAMS OFFERED BY SFA, VISIT WWW.STEELFRAMING.ORG.
BBYY SSTTEEVVEENN RR.. FFOOXX
AN INVESTIGATION INTO
THE STRENGTH OF COLD-FORMED
STEEL FLOOR JOIST ASSEMBLIES
HAS RESULTED IN THE PROPOSAL
OF A DESIGN APPROACH TO CALCULATE THE CAPACITY
OF A CLIP ANGLE BEARING STIFFENER.
The study, funded by the Steel FramingAlliance and Steel Stud ManufacturersAssociation, and carried out at theUniversity of Waterloo, Ontario, aimed todetermine the influence of joist depth andthickness, clip angle thickness, and offsetloading on floor assemblies using clipangles as bearing stiffeners.
Stiffeners are commonly used in cold-formed steel construction to strengthenthe floor joists at bearing locations.Design provisions have been incorporatedinto the AISI North American Specificationfor the Design of Cold-Formed SteelStructural Members for stiffeners madefrom stud and track sections. Clip anglesare also used extensively in cold-formedsteel construction and can have applica-tions as bearing stiffeners.
TTEESSTT SSEETT--UUPP
The test procedure consisted of aseries of end-two-flange loading tests on
stiffened joist assemblies as illustrated inFFiigguurree 11. One of the parameters to be test-ed was the offset of the loadbearing studand the joist following thelimits stipulated in theAISI Standard forCold-FormedSteelFraming—GeneralProvisions.Shown inFFiigguurree 22 arethe configu-rations basedon having theclip angle insidethe joist flange or onthe back, and with off-sets left or right.
The range of variables tested includedthe following:
CClliipp AAnnggllee FFaaiilluurree:: The most commonfailure mode included combinations ofweb crippling of the joist and rim trackalong with local buckling of the clip angle.The photograph in FFiigguurree 33 shows a typi-cal clip angle failure.
EExxcceessssiivvee DDeeffoorrmmaattiioonn:: The photo-graph in FFiigguurree 44 shows the failure of
a “Back, Offset-Left” configura-tion. The large deformation
associated with this typeof loading is apparent
from the photo. Ingeneral, if the loadwas Offset-Left(with the clip angleeither inside or on
the back), such thatthe load-bearing stud
was over the joistflange, there was signifi-
cant deformation prior toultimate failure (as much as 2
inches in the case of the Back, Offset-Left,or 1 inch for the Inside, Offset-Left).
SSccrreeww SShheeaarr:: In some assemblies thescrews connecting the clip angle to thejoist or rim track failed in shear/tensionprior to the ultimate load. In those caseswhere the failure of the assembly was ulti-mately associated with the local bucklingof the clip angle, failing the screw was notconsidered to invalidate the test. However,in some tests with the 103-mil-thick clip
RESEARCH
THE STRENGTH OF CFS FLOOR ASSEMBLIES
WITH CLIP ANGLE BEARING STIFFENERS
SFA’S FRAMEWORK IN METAL HOME DIGEST RESEARCH
MHDMar/Apr 06
2255
FOR THE FULL DETAILS OF THE
TEST PROGRAM, CONSULT THE
STEEL FRAMING ALLIANCE
RESEARCH REPORT
THE STRENGTH OF CFS FLOOR
ASSEMBLIES WITH CLIP ANGLE
BEARING STIFFENERS, BY STEVEN R. FOX, OCTOBER 2005.
Figure 1: Test Configuration
Figure 2: Offset Loading Conditions
angles, the screws failed but the clip angledid not. The test was discontinued due toexcessive deformation. Assemblies thatfailed in this manner were not used indeveloping the predictor equation sincethe clip angle did not fail.
TTrraacckk FFllaannggee FFaaiilluurree:: In four of theassemblies, again those with the 103-milclip angles, failure was caused by theloadbearing stud punching through thewall track and shearing the flange of therim track. This type of failure, as well asthe failure associated with shearing thescrews discussed above, indicate thatcaution is needed when using the verythick clip angles. If there is not a directload path into the clip angle, the assemblymay fail in a mechanism not predicted bya clip angle compression member model.
EEffffeecctt ooff OOffffsseett LLooaaddiinngg:: The differentconfigurations of offset loading are shownin Figure 2, and the photo in Figure 4shows the deformation that occurs with anOffset-Left loading. It was found that thecapacity of the assembly increases as theload is applied more directly over the webof the joist, and that the deformationincreases as the load moves over theflange. This behavior is accounted for inthe predictor equation for the strength ofthe assembly.
PPRREEDDIICCTTIIOONN EEQQUUAATTIIOONN
The following expression is proposed topredict the nominal capacity, Pn, of theassembly:
The AISI Committee on FramingStandards will review the design approachproposal for possible future adoption.
THE STRENGTH OF CFS...THE STRENGTH OF CFS...CONTINUED FROM PAGE 25CONTINUED FROM PAGE 25
MHDMar/Apr 06
2266
Figure 3: Clip Angle Failure
Figure 4: Excessive Deformation
HURRICANE REBUILDING EFFORTSGAIN MOMENTUM
The Steel Framing Alliance’s Hurricane Katrina Response Task Group has taken shape and nar-rowed the focus for rebuilding with cold-formed steel, following a preliminary yet thorough study ofthe horrendous human loss and an assessment of where efforts will best aid those who experi-enced the disaster.
Visits to hurricane-torn locales, meetings with local officials and evaluations of steel’s ability tofill the need indicate free-market and government forces will determine where rebuilding will occur,but observations lead the group to believe initial substantial construction will occur near the“Interstate 10 Corridor,” running from Texas to Louisiana, through the Gulf region of Mississippi.
“After touring the area, we’ve looked at the requirements for the potential rebuilding of theaffected areas and at first glance we think that the steel industry is well equipped to immediatelybe involved in the rebuilding utilizing cold-formed steel framing,” says Alan MacQuoid, the taskgroup’s leader.
Taken into consideration in the assessment was operating capacity of members of the SteelStud Manufacturers Association, largely rollformers, and SFA to provide the steel, MacQuoid says.After careful study, it was concluded both membership groups could meet the need throughout theestimated 10-year reconstruction timeframe.
While the task group recognized the opportunities, it also identified forthcoming challenges.These included logistics and distribution, especially considering the history of relatively low volumein the area; ensuring code officials and plan checkers are well trained in what to look for whenbuilders have plans for cold-formed steel construction; and setting up facilities to train enoughworkers to meet the capacity.
“We have a great deal of confidence cold-formed steel will be accepted down there,” MacQuoidsays, “but we have a big job ahead of us.”
In an effort to reflect theexpanding geographic cover-age of the Texas SteelFraming Alliance, its Board ofDirectors voted to change itsname to the Greater SouthSteel Framing Alliance.
Also, Chris Burke hasbeen appointed the group’sfull-time permanent execu-tive director. As such, he isresponsible for office admin-istration, communicationswith members and non-members, membershiprecruitment, and event plan-ning. He has been serving inthis capacity in an interimrole since August.
Burke can be reached at4621 S. Cooper, Suite 131-352, Arlington, Texas 76017;Phone: (817) 357-0340; Fax:(817) 462-0658; e-mail:[email protected].
MHDMHD
SFA’S FRAMEWORK IN METAL HOME DIGEST
MORE STUFF IS SPELLING MORE STEEL, AS
THE PRODUCT PROVES ITSELF THE PERFECT FRAMING
MATERIAL IN THE EVER-PREVALENT FIELD OF SELF-STORAGE FACILITIES.
Locking up that argument is a 90,000-square-foot three-story self-storage ware-house in Avon, Mass., in which the use ofsteel-framing system saved the ownertime money over other materials in severalways.
The building combined a floor systemof clear-span metal decking from wall to
wall with 5 1/2-inch poured concrete withpreassembled components, some panel-ized. Steel Elements Inc., the manufactur-er and material supplier on the job,shipped 25 truckloads of components tothe job, including the decking, trusses,pour stops, studs, purlins, blocking, head-er piers, metal roofing, metal siding, andscrews and other fasteners.
“The prefabricated header and postpiers made up the garage door entrances,so onsite they just had to bolt them to theslab,” says Scott Coulombe, CEO of theGorham, N.H., company, which has beenin business for two years. “It made the jobgo extremely fast.”
Also speeding up the nine-month jobwas the fact that all of the steel compo-nents had been fabricated and deliveredto the job in 10 weeks, and were fabricat-ed to the right dimensions. Coulombecredits his company’s in-house engineer-ing and sophisticated tooling system forthe accuracy of the parts.
“We roll-form our own steel and designall our own pieces to make accessories,”says Coulombe,” and we use laser projec-tion systems to template our trusses.”
He also describes his company’s panel-ization tables, which allow for stud andtrack to be screwed together semi-auto-matically.
Assembling components in theshop reduced
the number of pieces to handle on the job-site tenfold. Instead of erecting andassembling 1,500 small pieces, site crewshad to install only 150, translating to 112fewer worker hours outdoors during aMassachusetts winter.
“Installation was easy, like an erectorset,” says Robert Pouliot, co-principal ofBoardwalk Development LLC, a design-build firm that was the contractor for theAvon facility. “Each of the connections forthe steel studs or the tracks was tied withself-tapping screws, which is typical of the
The 90,000-square-foot facility required 25truckloads of steel.
MHDMar/Apr 06
2288
STEEL THE CHOICE FORSELF-STORAGE FACILITY
Loadbearing wall studsand horizontal metal
decking create unit partitions.
First floor framing in place and aligned with second-floor clear-span decking ready to be installed.
Piers for around garage doors were custom made at the Steel Elements plant.
The piers were bolted to the slab andpainted to finish.
Steel Framing Alliance’s Spring Forum andAnnual Meeting, this year hosted by the CASFA,promises a full schedule of educational sessions,industry networking and an exciting showcase ofnew-product introductions.
Slated for Tuesday, May 2, through Thursday,May 4, at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim,Calif., this Spring Forum carries on its tradition ofdrawing hundreds of construction professionals—both the curious and the well-heeled in steel—fromthe surrounding area for the full spectrum of thesteel experience in a packed schedule.
TUESDAY, MAY 21100 aa..mm.. ttoo NNoooonn
CASFA builds its Gazebo Exhibit, which will holdthe new-product expo. It is the visitor’s firstchance to see truss products—including NuTruss,GusTruss and Alpine Trusses—and walls products—including NuCon walls, Clark-Western walls withlath, Dietrich walls, CEMCO walls and CEMCO’sSure-Board—installed and in place.
AAfftteerrnnoooonn::Tuesday’s program of technical sessions is
ideal for architects and contractors who want tohear where the industry is headed. The ExhibitGazebo will be open, and sessions will addressdesign issues for cold-formed steel.
11::3300 pp..mm.. ttoo 33 pp..mm..::• Panelizing and Panelizing Software• Fire, Sound, and Thermal
33::1155 pp..mm.. ttoo 44::4455 pp..mm..::• Basic Shear Systems: Issues that
Affect your Designs• Mid-Rise Construction
EEvveenniinngg::CASFA welcomes attendees at a gala open-bar
reception at the Paradise Pier Hotel, beginning at6 p.m.
WEDNESDAY, MAY 3Wednesday is “Engineering Day,” as CASFA
gears the days events toward engineers, architectsand code officials who desire to stay on the cuttingedge of today’s industry technologies.
33::1155 pp..mm.. ttoo 44::4455 pp..mm..::• Title 24• Diaphragm & Shear Walls in Steel Framing
EEvveenniinngg::The Steel Framing Alliance Annual Meeting and
Keynote Dinner will be held inside the CaliforniaAdventure Park. Families are welcome, as theboth Disneyland and California Adventure Parktickets are available for Spring Forum guests!
THURSDAY, MAY 4Thursday is “Contractor and Code Officials
Day,” with a hands-on, get-involved-with-steel-fram-ing program. The eight technical programs—idealfor architects, contractors, code enforcement per-sonnel and inspectors—will share insight intotoday’s field issues.
• Computer Software for Panelizing and Estimating• Shear Systems and Detailing
for Cold-Formed Steel Framing
33::1155 ttoo 44::4455 pp..mm..::• Title 24 for the Contractor• Fire, Sound and Thermal
Don’t miss this knowledge-packed three-dayevent! For more information or to register, visitwww.casfa.org.
MHDMHD
industry. Once we had electricity andscrew guns, we could start erecting thebuilding fairly simply.”
Pouliot says the steel system used onthis building—unusual at three storieshigh—has another advantage.
“The cold-formed steel framing pro-vides a basis for the design of the facili-ties,” he says. “The structural partitionsthat you use end up creating the rentablespaces inside the building. The structuralcold-formed steel provides the support forthe upper floors.”
Boardwalk Development has been inthe business of building self-storage facili-ties for about seven years, calling it thecompany’s niche. Pouliot says the cus-tomer and the city of Avon were delightedwith the facility, which opened inSeptember 2005. And he was delightedwith the steel.
“It offers the least costly and mosttime-effective solutions.”
MHDMHD
Finished building.
Vertical studs support
clear-spanmetal
decking at top.
SPRING FORUM AIMED ATALL LEVELS OF PROFESSIONALS
STEEL THE CHOICE FOR...STEEL THE CHOICE FOR...CONTINUED FROM PAGE 28CONTINUED FROM PAGE 28
SFA’S FRAMEWORK IN METAL HOME DIGEST
MHDMar/Apr 06
3300
Does a steel-frame house require more energy toheat than a wood-frame house assuming quality insula-tion is used? Specifically, is it colder because of thesteel?
A properly insulated steel-framed house does notrequire any more energy to heat than a wood-framedhouse. As a matter of fact, many of the winners andfinalists in the National Association of Home Buildersgreen building competition included steel framing.
It is true that steel conducts heat better than wood.However, a properly insulated steel-framed structure canexceed the energy efficiency of most wood-framedhomes. Long-term, steel is a much better framing prod-uct with respect to the integrity of a wall against air andwater infiltration. Wood-framed walls will grow andshrink based on the moisture content of the air in thewall cavity. This can cause cracks in drywall, nail pops,and gaskets and sealants to leak over time. A properlyconstructed steel framed structure is more likely tomaintain its weather-tightness over time.
Because of its thermal conductivity, the best way toinsulate steel framing is to use rigid insulation such asfoam board on the outside face of the studs, rather thancavity insulation between the studs. If cavity insulationis used, a spray-in product such as Icynene, or a productto insulate the steel framing from the sheathing, such as
Integrity Gasket, may be used.The Steel Framing Alliance has a thermal design
guide, available at www.steelframing.org, you may referto if you need additional information.
I want to remove a portion of a non-load-bearingwall to open my foyer. Since my home was built withsteel studs, I don’t know how to go about it. Do I justsaw through the portion to be removed as if it werewood? Any info would be helpful.
If you want to remove the entire wall (from floor toceiling), all you have to do is pull or break off the gypsumwallboard, and twist out or unscrew the studs from thetop and bottom runners. If you want to only removepart of the wall, such as creating an opening or a kneewall, you can cut the studs. Special abrasive and metal-cutting blades are available for circular saws that canreplace standard wood cutting blades. Note that thistype of metal cutting produces hot sparks, so wearappropriate eye, hand and ear protection.
If you remove only the top part of the wall (to createa “knee wall” or low partition), you may need to stabilizethe lower part of the wall; without the connection at thetop, it will have reduced lateral stability. Some compa-nies make special clips that can be installed at the baseof the studs and bolted to the floor or foundation, whichcreate a better moment connection between the studs
and the floor below. Check the member directories ofSteel Framing Alliance at www.steelframing.org or theSteel Stud Manufacturers Association at www.ssma.comto see if a manufacturer in your area carries these sortsof products.
Most steel framing and accessories are sold throughdrywall supply yards; you can check your local YellowPages or online directory for “Drywall Supply.” The sawblades I mentioned earlier are available at many hard-ware and tool stores. These blades fall into two generaltypes: black, fiber-reinforced abrasive blades, whichgrind a narrow kerf in the steel, and the metallic-basedmetal cutting blades, which look more like the typicalwood-cutting blades but have hardened tips and a differ-ent configuration for cutting steel. There are also somespecialty saws that can be used for steel cutting, butsince you are only removing one wall, you probably willnot need one of these. These saws have special fea-tures such as heat-resistant blade covers, and magnetic“chip” collectors, which retain the flecks of metal creat-ed by the cutting operation.
SFA’S FRAMEWORK IN METAL HOME DIGEST FROM THE FORUM
Circle #24
Circle #9
MHDMar/Apr 06
3311
AASSKK YYOOUURR QQUUEESSTTIIOONN!! LOG ON ONTO THE FORUM AT wwwwww..sstteeeellffrraammiinnggaalllliiaannccee..ccoomm
OR CALL THE STEEL HOTLINE AT (800) 79-STEEL.
BBYY MMAARRIIBBEETTHH RRIIZZZZUUTTOO
AS COLD-FORMED STEEL FRAMING HAS GAINED IN
POPULARITY, SO HAS THE NEED FOR SUB-TRADES WILLING
AND ABLE TO INSTALL THE MECHANICAL ELEMENTS IN THE
STRUCTURE.
For the commercial side of things, it is prettymuch a no-brainer, with a plethora of skilled electri-cians, plumbers and HVAC specialists to do the job.On the residential end it is a different story. Thereare very few residential electricians, plumbers andheating and cooling professionals that have hadexposure to cold-formed steel. It’s up to all of usinvolved in the industry to help educate them abouthow easy it is to work in a house framed with steel.
Builders need to take the first step by involvingthe subtrades early in the planning process to coverissues like the location of the panel box, and stack-ing of the plumbing runs for bathrooms and kitchens.We’ve heard, and in some instances, witnessed thehorror stories where steel structural members land-ed directly in the path of a waste pipe, or panel box,and the simple solution by the electrician or plumberwas to cut the structural member—Ouch! Imaginethe problem that creates!
It’s not a problem isolated to steel; it happenswith wood-framed structures as well. Think aboutthe costs that misstep will require for repair!Consider the wall that was framed without lining upthe punchouts. Picture an electrician trying to pullwire, or the plumber trying to run copper or plastic pipes.
Long story short: If you want to get competitiveprices from the trades, do the simple things to mini-mize extra work for the subs. Include the subcontrac-tors early in the project.
• Locate a plumber, an electrician and an HVAC installer willing to work with steel before the framing begins, especially if steel framing is not common in the region.
• Train subcontractors as necessary.• Subcontractors working with steel for the first
time may struggle with the learning curve and charge more to cover the extra time they need.
• Experienced plumbing, electrical and HVAC subcontractors charge the same for a steel- or wood-framed house.
EELLEECCTTRRIICCAALL IINNSSTTAALLLLAATTIIOONN
When working with steel framing, electriciansmust follow the National Electric Code plus any addi-tional local regulations for wiring and electrical methods.
The electric cable used in residential steel fram-ing is the same as that used in residential woodframing. It’s nonmetallic-sheathed cable!
In most instances electricians wiring a wood
house must bore holes to run the wiring. In steel theframing members are pre-punched to accommodatethe wiring. A bushing or grommet is secured in thesteel punchout to protect the nonmetallic-sheathedcable from potential damage. Snap-in plastic bush-ings, or grommets, like those manufactured byArlington Industries (www.aifittings.com), fit intoexisting irregularly shaped punchouts in steel studs.(SSeeee FFiigguurree 11..) Theycomply with para-graph 300–4 (b) (1)of the NEC thatrequires non-metal-lic sheathed cable tobe protected bybushings or grom-mets when passingthrough steel studs.The grommets fit properly in the hole and do notslide out when the electrician pulls the wire.
SSEECCUURRIINNGG WWIIRRIINNGG
To secure wires at receptacle locations, the elec-trician may use zip ties, such as Ty-Rap, manufac-tured by Thomas and Betts, www.tnb.com. The tieswith a molded screw hole fasten to the steel. Wherevertical running wire needs to be secured, zip tiesattach the wires to the steel stud; some stud manu-facturers have an extra small hole punched next tothe normal stud punchout for this purpose.
Standoff clips are also available to secure thewiring. (SSeeee FFiigguurree22..) They arescrewed into thestud with No. 8 self-drilling screws.
Requirementsfor the placement ofsteel plates to pro-tect nonmetallicsheathed cable thatfalls close to the edgeof any stud, joist or rafter—be it wood or steel—arealmost identical. Refer to the NEC 300.4 for specificlanguage.
EELLEECCTTRRIICCAALL BBOOXXEESS
Steel-frame electricians usually followthese suggestions.
• For switches or single outlets, RACO (www.hubbell-raco.com) has plastic boxes with side-mounted tabs to screw into the web of the stud. (SSeeee FFiigguurree 33..)
• The side tab keeps the gypsumboard from bulging out or forming a bump in the surface of the wall.
• For larger boxes, electrical catalogs
have two- and three-outlet electrical gang boxes. The thin metallic face tabs on these boxes typically do not make a large bulge in thegypsumboard.
It is also important to realize that because of lay-out, not every electrical box or switch will be mount-ed on the hard side of the steel stud. Any force exert-ed on the electrical box in the wall could bend theattached stud’s flange and crack the gypsumboard.It is recommended to have extra track material 6inches to 8 inches long pre-cut for the electrician touse to cover the stud to properly mount the electricalbox. Having the track pre-cut saves the electriciantime.
SSEERRVVIICCEE PPAANNEELLSS
When installing a servicepanel, use either wood orsteel blocking behind thepanel to provide a solid back-ing. (See FFiigguurree 44..) It mayalso be beneficial to attacha wood 2-by-6 between thestuds immediately abovethe panel to provide a nailer for securing wiringentering the panel.
Tips for wiring:• Think about the electrical layout carefully;
consult between architect, builder and electri-cian.
• Put the service panel (breaker panel box) close to the kitchen or utility area to minimize the length of heavy wiring runs.
PPLLUUMMBBIINNGG IINNSSTTAALLLLAATTIIOONN
Plumbers should consult the InternationalResidential Code, Chapter 26 and any local plumbingcodes in their area. They need to ensure that all fit-tings are tight and pipe is secured and protectedfrom damage and corrosion.
To complete their work, they must run the plumb-ing lines through the walls and floor framing, hangand secure the piping in place, and test the lines.
HHAANNGGEERRSS
Just like wood-frame construction, plastic or cop-per pipe must be supported with hangers secured tothe studs. Hangers must be attached to the steelstuds using a minimum No. 6 self-piercing screw in
18- and 27-mil studs and a self-drilling No.8 for thicker steel studs.
Copper hangers should never beattached directly to steel studs. Copperpipe and galvanized steel studs are dis-similar materials that will corrode if left incontact with each other. Plastic isolators,steel hangers with an isolator for the cop-per pipe, or some other method must beused so that the two materials do nottouch. Plastic pipe hangers and plumberstape may be used to eliminate electrolysisproblems.
THE REAL STORY ABOUTCOLD-FORMED STEEL AND SUBTRADES
MHDMar/Apr 06
3322
EDUCATION SFA’S FRAMEWORK IN METAL HOME DIGEST
Figure 1: grommetsFigure 4: panel box
blocking detail
Figure 2: standoff clips
Figure 3: side-mounted box
IISSOOLLAATTOORRSS
Plastic and copper pipe have specific require-ments when used with steel. Just like the wiring,both must be secured and protected from sharpedges when passing through steel stud punchouts.Copper pipe needs protection from electrolysis.
Companies manufacturer pipe insulators and sus-pension clamps to protect the plastic pipe or to insu-late copper. (SSeeee FFiigguurree55..) Some buildinginspectors allow pieces offoam pipe insulationplaced around the pipe atstud punchouts. This isan inexpensive solution,and it works well wherecopper pipe runs verticallyalong the studs.
Tips for the plumbing:• Cluster plumbing lines for the kitchen, laundry,
bathrooms and water heaters together as close as possible on the plan to minimize the numberand length of piping runs.
• Stack bathrooms and plumbing facilities verti-cally in two-story homes as much as possible.
• Establish a clear vertical path with alignment framing, without interrupting structural mem-bers.
HHVVAACC IINNSSTTAALLLLAATTIIOONN
The HVAC subcontractor usually has the mostexperience working with steel, especially if he or sheuses steel ductwork. HVAC installation is covered inChapter 14 of the International Residential Code. No.8 self-drilling screws generally attach plastic or metalductwork to the framing. Sometimes chase walls arenecessary to conceal the ductwork. The architectand framing contractor should coordinate the loca-tion of duct runs.
Tips for HVAC installation:• Place heating and cooling equipment in a cen-
tral location on the floor plan to provide for good air distribution and minimize the number and length of duct runs; the longer the ducts, the greater the loss of energy.
• Provide vertical or horizontal chases for ducts, flues or returns, as necessary.
• Incorporate HVAC equipment in the plan to avoid complications with the structure or other utilities.
HHOOLLEESS
Where can I cut a hole?!Holes are necessary to run the utilities in the
house. There are several different ways to makeholes in steel studs, joists or track material for run-ning utilities.
• Keep the subcontractors in mind: • Make sure all pre-punched stud or joist
holes line up.• Place punchouts in the studs under win-
dowsills.• If a natural punchout does not occur,
punch the holes ahead of time for the plumber or electrician.
• Make sure punchouts line up in corner studs. If a corner stud is inaccessible after framing, pre-install a grommet during framing to ease the workload for the plumber or electrician.
The number of punchouts the framer lines up inpreparation for the plumber or electrician is benefi-cial, but they usually need to make a few more holes.
• Consider the number and location of the holes on the structural integrity of the members.
• Never cut or punch the flanges of a stud, joist or track.
• Refer to Section A4.4 of the Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing—Prescriptive Method for One andTwo Family Dwellings, 2001 with 2004 Supplement, for more information about holes in the webs of joists and studs and maximum sizes and hole patch-es. (See FFiigguurree 66..) The Prescriptive Method is available at www.steelframing.org.
HHOOLLEE PPUUNNCCHHEESS
If small holes are needed, punches are availableby Greenlee (www.greenlee.com) or Caddy(www.erico.com). (SSeeee FFiigguurree 77..) These punches canfit around the flange and work up to a thickness of33-mil material, and punch holes about 1 inch indiameter. These manufacturers also make specialbushings and grommets to fit in the resulting roundholes.
HHOOLLEE SSAAWWSS
For thicker steeland holes up to 6inches in diameter,hole saws by compa-nies like Lenox andGreenlee are available.These saws are used on anelectric drill and cut throughthe steel studs. Unibits (FFiigguurree88) by Irwin Industrial Tool Co.(www.Irwin.com) and Step Bitsby Greenlee may also makeholes in steel up to 1 3/8 inch-es.
By following the steps laidout in this article, we shouldbe able to expand the numberof subtrades willing to workwith steel-framed homes, pro-viding a better end product!
That’s it for this issue. Next time will take a lookat insulation methods when framing with steel studs.
