France (1815-1851)

11.54, .56, 12.58McKay Chapter 23 (777-780)

France 1815-1851

1815 1820 1825 1830 1835 1840 1845 1848 1851

Charter of 1815

Napoleon III ends 2nd Republic

and begins 2nd Empire

February Revolution leads to Louis

Philippe abdication (1848)

Charles X coronation

(1824)

-July Ordinances

-Louis Philippe becomes King of the French

June Days -General

Cavaignac declares

martial law in Paris

Louis Blanc creates “National

Workshops” (May)

Bourbon Restoration• Following 100 Days, Count of Province

reinstalled as Louis XVIII in 1815

• Uncharismatic, Overweight

• Political moderate

• Charter of 1815

– Creates a constitutional monarchy

– Bicameral Legislation• House of Peers• House of Deputies

– Continued ideals of Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

– Religious toleration

• Catholicism designated Official Religion

– No demand of restitution of seized aristocratic/church lands

Charles X• Inherited throne in 1824• Reactionary who wanted

to restore absolutism• His son, the Duke of

Berry, had been murdered in 1820 by a radical republican

• Hated republicans– Wanted universal male

suffrage– No king

• Hated Liberals– Wanted written

Constitution– A say in government

Reactionary Policies of Charles X• Granted indemnity payment of 30 million

francs a year to the émigrés (who had their land confiscated during the Revolution)

• Catholic clergy given power over education

• Death penalty for sacrilege against Catholicism

• Appointed Prince de Polignac (ultraroyalists) to government ministry

• Invaded Algeria (pirate state of Ottomans)– Used euphoric mood to lead coup

d'état• July Ordinances (7/26/1830):

– dissolved Ch of Deps– Greatly restricts civil liberties– censorship of press– Takes vote away from many

bourgeoisie • sparked July Revolution (the very next

day)

Liberty Leading the People, by Eugène Delacroixembodies the Romantic view of the French Revolution of 1830-Also illustrates idea of Bourgeoisie leading other lower classes

The July Revolution, 1830• Workers and intelligencia

(bourgeoisie) unite• Barricades go up (from 7/27-29)• Charles abdicated and fled to England• Working Class (proletariat)

– Favor a republic with a socialist economy

– Job protection , better wages• Bourgeois

– Want constitutional monarchy– Limited franchise– Enlightenment protections (press,

property, religions)• Louis Philippe nominated by Lafayette• Duke of Orleans

– relative of the Bourbons• Offered the throne on the condition to

upholds the constitution

The French Constitution of 1830• Louis Philippe, King of the French, to all present and to come, greeting…• Public Law of the French• 1. Frenchmen are equal before the law, whatever may be their titles and rank.• 4. Their personal property is likewise guaranteed; no one can be prosecuted or arrested save in

the cases provided by law and in the form which it prescribes. • 5. Everyone may profess his religion with equal freedom and shall obtain for his worship the

same protection.• 6. The ministers of the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion, professed by the majority of the

French, and those of the other Christian sects, receive stipends from the state.• 7. Frenchmen have the right to publish and to have printed their opinions, while conforming with

the laws. The censorship can never be re-established.• 8. All property is inviolable, without any exception for that which is called national, the law

making no distinction between them. • Forms of Government of the King• 13. The king is the supreme head of the state; he commands the land and sea forces, declares

war, makes treaties of peace, alliance and commerce, appoints to all places of public administration, and makes the necessary rules and ordinances for the execution of the laws, without the power ever to suspend the laws themselves or to dispense with their execution......

• Nevertheless every taxation law must be first voted by the Chamber of Deputies....• Of The Chamber of Deputies• 30. The Chamber of Deputies shall be composed of the deputies elected by electoral colleges

whose organization shall be determined by law.• Questions• What is significant about Louis Philippe’s title?• What aspects of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen are retained?• Who does this Constitution favor?

The July Monarchy• Louis Philippe (r. 1830-1848)

– Regime known as Orleanist Monarchy, Bourgeois Monarchy, or July Monarchy

• Called himself ‘king of the French’ not of France

• Recognized the Tricolor instead of the Bourbon lily

• Behaved in bourgeoisie manner– Wore business suit (of its time), shook

hands, carried an umbrella• Constitution of 1830

– Greatly favors bourgeois class• No more absolutism• Freedom of press, speech, religion• Right to vote for wealthy

– Republicans and socialists hate it• Want right to vote, worker protection• Some favor French Utopian Socialism

– July Monarchy was built over a volcano of repressed republicanism (Palmer)

February Revolution (1848)• Reformers planned a

banquet and demonstrations in Paris on Feb 22 (in honor of G. Washington)

• King forbade it• Revolutionaries

barricaded streets of Paris

– Used paving blocks, stones, furniture across streets, intersections

• National guard refused to move against insurgents

• Louis Philippe– abdicated and fled for

England2/24/1848

Go hang yourself somewhere else.

The Second Republic (1848-1851)• Second Republic Proclaimed

– Provisional government of 10 men take power

• 3 of 10 are French Utopian Socialists• 7 are moderate liberals

– Call for elections through universal suffrage • Louis Blanc

– One of the French Utopian Socialists– Called for “National Workshops”

• Government sponsored public works projects

– Became an unemployment relief project– Women were excluded– Dug roads, fortifications– Paid 2 Francs a day– Unemployment outpaced the Workshops

ability to provide relief work– 200 thousand unemployed/idle men in Paris

National Assembly• National Assembly replaced the

Provisional Government 5/4/1848• Elected by universal male suffrage• Placed conservatives and

moderates in office• No social republicans were included• Rural peasants feared radical

socialists and were influenced by Church

• Working Class– Increasingly socialistic and

radical– Increasingly anti-capitalistic– Wanted worker protection, less

hours• France had tradition of violence

against government• Workers rebel in June 1848

The June Days• Workers called for the National

Assembly to be dissolved and a new provisional government to be set up

• National Assembly– Backed up by army – Announced closure of National

Workshop – Workers man barricades– Martial law is proclaimed

• Bloody Days of June (6/24/to 6/26/1848)

– 10,000 are killed, 11 thousand taken prisoner

– Prisoners are exiled to the colonies (Algeria)

– Divide between Bourgeoisie and Proletariat is permanent

• "Work! Work! Bread! We will not leave!" - the chant of the demonstrators on the first day of the June Days

Feminism of 1848• Major period of feminism (1848-1851)• French women joined political clubs that demanded

the vote, improvement in social conditions, etc.• Both middle and working class women• Vesuvians

– Most radical (pent up like lava)– Demanded full equality, right to serve in military,

unisex dress standards• The Women’s Voice

– Newspaper & club comprised of former Saint-Simonians and Fourierists (French Utopian Socialists)

– Yet relatively conservative– Embraced maternal role of women– Argued that women must receive better

education, economic security, equal civil rights, the vote

– Would allow them to raise better citizens• Gov of Second Republic had no sympathy for their

demands– Political clubs shut down and leaders arrested

and deported

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte• New constitution of Second Republic

– Create a strong executive power– Call for immediate elections

• Louis Napoleon– elected President of Second Republic by a landslide– Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte

• Romanticism towards Napoleon began in 1840– Napoleon’s body was reburied in Invalides

– Promoted himself as friend of the common people, workers, socialists

• Wrote Extinction of Poverty which largely blamed poverty on capitalism

• But really a Conservative (at first)– Believed in law and order– Kicked 33 socialist deputies out of government– Arrested socialists – Censored press– Supported disenfranchisement of lower classes– Falloux Law

• Catholic Church given authority over education– teachers with socialist leanings fired

• Second French Republic is actually anti republican

Coup d’etat of 1851• Louis Napoleon government take over

– Wanted another term as president but National Assembly refused to amend Constitution

– On Dec 2, 1851 (anniversary of Austerlitz) Louis Napoleon dissolved the Assembly

– Arrested members who resisted• Called for new elections with universal suffrage• elected president (again) by huge majority 10

year term• Second Empire declared (1852)

– Louis Napoleon declared himself Napoleon III

– The republic was dead– Liberalism and constitutionalism were dead

• Referred to as the 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon by Carl Marx

• “When France sneezes……