France, Russia, Prussia, Austria 1500s-1700s
Adair Doran
France - advantages
Location Resources Leaders
France
Huguenots - French Calvinists• 40% of nobility
• many merchants and middle class
• problems for the king
Henry II (1547-1559)
Good ruler uniting country died in a freak accident
Catherine de Medici
Henry’s wife, becomes regent Italian not well liked Charles IX Henry III Religious wars 1661-1689
Henry III
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572 War of the Three Henry’s
• Henry of Guise
• Henry III
• Henry of Navarre
Henry IV (1589 - 1610)
Of Navarre Huguenot, becomes king in 1589 “Paris is well worth a mass”
• converted to gain support of Paris
Henry IV Duke of Sully - Huguenot Friend and chief advisor
• restored order
• rebuilt roads
• reformed tax collection
• encourged manufacturing
Henry IV
Henry IV Edict of Nantes, 1598
• gave religious toleration to Huguenots
• had same rights as Catholics
• allowed 100 walled (fortified) Huguenot towns with own soldiers
Louis XIII (1610 - 1643) Mother, Marie de Medici, regent staunch catholic, removed Sully Cardinal Richelieu (1624-1642)
• selected by Louis to rule for him
• believed in Machiavelli’s doctrine• “The good of the state is supreme.”
Louis XIII
Louis XIIICardinal Richelieu Had two goals
• Make the king supreme in France
• Make France supreme in Europe
• HOW?
• Had two obstacles• Huguenots and Nobility
Cardinal Richelieu
TO reduce to Huguenots’ power- ordered to tear down walls of
fortified towns if refused, were beseiged and
destroyed
RICHELIEU To reduce the power of the nobles- ordered to tear down fortified
castles set up spy system appointed local administrators from
the middle class outlawed dueling encouraged overseas trading
Richelieu
To make France supreme in Europe became involved in the 30 Years War (1618 - 1648)
Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Wars of religion, fought in
Germany resulted in rise of France and
decline of Hapsburg Germany and Spain
devastated German states
Thirty Years War France helped ___ side Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 victory for protestants ended dream of a united Christian
Europe spirit of toleration developing
Louis XIV (1643 - 1715) Becomes king at 5 mother, Anne of Austria, regent Cardinal Mazarin (1642 - 1661)
• trained by Richelieu in gov’t and diplomacy
• achieved Richelieu’s goals
Mazarin has trouble with nobles Fronde Resent increasing powers of the
French monarchy Develop idea of divine right
monarchy Bishop Bousset and Jean Bodin
Divine Right It is the distinguishing mark of the
sovereign that he cannot in any way be subject to the commands of another, for it is he who makes law for the subject, abrogates laws already made, and amends absolute laws.
Louis XIV ABSOLUTE MONARCH “none his equal” Symbol the sun divine right monarch “L’etat c’est moi”
Louis XIV
Lived too long outstanding ruler excellent advisors
Louisin bed-room
Louis XIV - advisors Colbert - financial advisor made economy prosper mercantilist
• built up French industry and trade
• cut down corruption in tax collection
• encouraged overseas colonization, trade, shipbuilding, roads, canals
Louis XIV Louvois - military advisor reorganized army, promoted by
merit, improved equipment harsh discipline (martinet) created quartermaster’s dept size increased from 100,000 to
400,000
Louis XIV - problems 1685 - Revocation of the Edict of
Nantes Numerous wars - desire for
grandeur, power, and territory Versailles
Louis XIV’s wars The War of the Devolution (1667-1668) Invasion of the Dutch Rhineland (1672-1678)
Seizure of the Dutch Rhineland and attempt to annex Alsace-Lorraine (1681-1697)• League of Ausgburg
The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)• Grand Alliance
War of the Spanish Succession• Treaty of Utrecht, 1713-1714
• restored the balance of power• Spanish king (Philip V) renounced any claim to
French throne, Spanish empire partitioned• Hapsburg Empire acquired Spanish Netherlands
(now called Austrian Netherlands) and land in Italy
• England took Gibralter, Minorca, Newfoundland, Hudson’s Bay, and Nova Scotia
• France retained Alsace and city of Strasbourg
Versailles 12 miles outside of Paris Used to dominate nobility and
Paris mob 10,000 noblemen and officials live
there 60% royal tax revenue for
maintenence
Louis XIII’s Versailles
Louis XIVBedroom
View from bedroom window
Hall of Mirrors
Louis XIV Balance of power Leader in fields of art, literature,
culture France has Golden Age of culture
and cultural influences• French became “universal tongue”• French literature, art and style
dominate (dress, architecture, furniture)
Russia - Peter the Great 1682 - 1725 6’9” energetic, excellent mind 3 objectives
• Europeanize his people
• make his power absolute
• obtain a “window on the sea” learned from the West to
modernize his army and navy
Peter the Great Forced westernization New capital - St Petersburg fought Great Northern War (1701-
1721) Reorganized and centralized
government -- controlled church and military
Peter the Great Modernizes Russia
• Mainly army and navy and upper classes
• Burdens masses
“I hope God will forgive me my many sins because of the good I have tried to do for my people.”
RussiaCatherine the Great 1729 - 1796 married Peter III (Became tsar Jan
1762, died July 1762) German, Russified herself an “Enlightened Despot”
Catherine the Great Enlightened Despot
Created the Imperial Academy of the Arts
First college of pharmacy imported foreign physicians created a constitution reformed the law code
Catherine the Great
discussed liberty and equality annexed large parts of Poland took part of Turkey-”warm water
port”
Central Europe - Power vacuum Weak empires ruled central Europe Poland - large gap btw rich & poor Ottoman Empire - corrupt, poor
army Holy Roman Empire - name only,
300 states
Austria Most powerful state in the HRE -
Hapsburg controlled a diverse empire Charles VI (1711 - 1740) Pragmatic Sanction
• all countries recognized Charles daughter as heir, Maria Theresa “guaranteed” peaceful reign
Prussia Hohenzollern - ruling family of
Prussia Frederick William - the Great
Elector• developed strong standing army
Prussia Frederick I - first to call himself
king Frederick William I (1713 - 1740)
• harsh, unbalanced, loved his army
• doubled size of army
• promoted officers from landowning nobility - junkers
Prussia Frederick II (1740 - 1786) extended borders religious toleration promoted public education established improved roads, canals reformed justice encouraged immigration
Prussia - Frederick II
Ran country like an army Fought War of the Austrian
Succession, 1740 Seven Years War (1756 - 1763)
Poland
King elected by nobility usually a foriegner no power, no income, no army, no
courts, no officials liberum veto slowly annexed by Russia, Prussia,
and Austria