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Francy Carranza Franco
Phd Candidate
SOAS
National and Human Security
The national and local governments not always concur or cooperate
What was the role of the local authorities at the beginning of the reintegration process?
To what extent the local authorities influenced the design of the national program implemented today?
COMBATANT/CITIZENSHIP DYCHOTOMY
“DDR programmes should support the process of turning combatants into productive citizens. This process starts in the demobilization phase, during which the structures of armed forces and groups are broken down and combatants formally acquire civilian status (UNDP, 2006. 2.10 p. 4)”.
SECURITY PROBLEMS IN THE REINTEGRATION AT THE LOCAL
LEVEL(Villamizar, 2006)
Risks: Their conditions of excombatants makes
the vulnerable to violence Collateral damage in the recipient
community Increasing crime or social unrest
THE DEMOBILIZATIONS
Collective Paramilitary groups
2003 - 2006 31.671
37 groups
Individual
(Deserters)
Mainly guerrillas
1994 - 2002
2003 – 2011
6.500
15.245
THE REINTEGRATIONNational Programs:
1994 Program for the Reintegration in the Civil Life (PRVC) – Ministry of Interior
Flooded with more than 5 times on its capacity
Lack of resources Lack of personnel
2007 High Commission for Reintegration
THE REINTEGRATION
Local Programs: Medellin – Peace and Reconciliation
Program Bogotá – Program of Complementary
Services to the Demobilized Population in Bogotá (PAPDRB)
Peace and Reconciliation - Medellin Model: Return to legality
Psychological Services: psicoeducation and individual support
Education: CEPAR Income generation: job training and
promotion of small businesses Legal Advice Registration into the health system Social inclusion activities with the
community
Program of Complementary Services to the Demobilized
Population in Bogotá (PAPDRB) 76 Hogares de Paz in Bogotá (never
consulted with the local administration, Villamizar, 2006)
Crisis in 2004: managed by private contractors, these homes were crowded and people had poor living conditions.
Three security events that caught media attention
Thus, Uribe decided to close these homes in Bogotá and the Ministry of Interior had to rethink the sheltering system.
PAPDRB - Bogotá
Complementary Services Support in the use of the social services
available to Bogotá’s disadvantaged population: education and benefits
Income generation: job training and promotion of small businesses.
Social inclusion activities with the community
REINTEGRATION PROGRAMS
1994 Program of Reintegration to the Civil Life (PRVC)
Ministry of Interior
- 2003
2003
Reincorporation to Civilian life
Peace and Reconciliation
Mayor of Medellin
2004 Complementary Services to the Demobilized Population (PAPDRB)
Mayor of Bogotá
2007
2012
High Commission for Reintegration (ACR)Colombian Agency for Reintegration
Presidency
REINTEGRATION PROGRAMS
Peace and Reconciliation laid the foundations of the ACR program: psychological services, income generation suport and social inclusion activities with the community.
Provided services to the Bloques Cacique Nutibara (868) and Heroes de Granada (2.033), to other 9 groups in Antioquia and to other less developed regions
By 2007, exsoldiers from the collective demobilization
Medellin 4.130 13%
Antioquia 10.844 34%
SOME FINDINGS
The local governments of Bogotá and Medellin played a key role in filling the gaps and overcoming the pitfalls of the reintegration phase:
a) Implementation: in the provision of services right after the dismantling of the military structures.
b) Adjustments to the national policy
The demobilized population were satisfied with the services provided by both, national and the local reintegration programs
CONCLUSION
Colombian government: control of the territory, combating the remaining of the paramilitary groups, as well as the guerrillas, drug traffickers and other criminal groups – MILITARY SECURITY
Local governments: the peaceful coexistence among its inhabitants, creating conditions for a successful reintegration of many excombatants – HUMAN SECURITY
CONCLUSION
This human security prevents the demobilized soldiers to become a threat to the national and local governments, but also, providing them with skills (psychological, educational and working skills) allows them to settle down in a specific community instead of becoming predator of it.