8/3/2019 Frank Mintz, Self Management

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/frank-mintz-self-management 1/6

The Anarchis t EncYc lopaedia

Fol io 1 ' March 1985

rssN 0257-51 1

in Spain that measure should be

as low as possible" (Cambio 16t

15 October 1984). Th e same

sentiment could aPPear in PrJ-nt

in any country.

We have no wish to 9o on

like this an d we struggle fo r

the emancipation of the workers

by their own endeavours. But

this not ion has been an d st i l l

is obscured bY theoretical

sophistr ies and disguis i t ions,

no t to mention historical

rnisrepresentat ion andr f inal ly tby the absence of a shared and

clear vocabularY. Just as

every government proclaims

itself to be in favour of

freedom, an d interPrets an d

applies this in a suPremelY

contradictory fashion, so the

self-emanciPation of the

workers is also interPreted

in di f ferent waYs.

Three great arguments

predominate. Denia1 of th e

feasibi l i ty of the PeoPle's

ernancipation is the Pasture of

th e rul ing class, backed uP bY

!

SelfManagementFlankMintz

s ince th e 1960s th e term 'sel f -management ' has been used to descr ibe workers ' at tempts at

sel f -emanc ipat ion. In this essay Frank Mintz , author of 'Sel f -management in th e spanish

Revolut ion ' , t races th e his tory of th e idea, examimes it s var lous interpretat ions within

di f fer ing soc ia l - -economic sys tems and ideologi .es . He also looks br ief ly at th e soc ia l -economic

condl t ions in which sel f -management has been par t ia l l y and, on occas ion, ful Iy real ised'

Parents educate their chi ldren

in order that they ma Ylearn

how to 1ive. Society moulds

its cit izens so that theY ma y

be obedient and work, but it

does not train or prepare them

to administer the insti tutions

of society. The rul ing c lasses

rule in their ostn interests.

Hence th e recurrent scandals

i nvolv ing bribery an d

corruption, including countries

with a dernocratic tradition.

In the '1970s the Lockheed

affair uncovered a series of

ministerial br ibery cases

involving highly placed leaders

in nearly every one of.the bi.g

industrial nations. Th e French

State lurches from scandal to

scandal: an erstwhile President

of th e republic (a

right-winger) involved in

diamond smugglingr a fraud

involving several mil l ion

dol lars featuring the 'sni f fer

aircraft ' farce is covered uP

by th e incumbent social ist

president. In Gernany, th e

Flick corporation Provides a

good example of Parl iamentarY

bribery withinternational

rarnif ications. Those countries

al legedly under 'worleers'

governments do not have

anythi-ng very different to

offer. After nearlY 70 Years

of rnarxist-Ieninism th e

Bolshevik press (Pravda an d

Literaturnaya Gazeta) is

replete with exPoses of briberY

and embezzlenent bY comrnunist

leaders. In China neither Ma o

nor the current leaders have

been able to out Paid to

instances of exPloitation an d

bribery. Under every system

th e citizenry is on the outside

of crucial Poli t ical an d

economic dec is ion-mak ing,

bereft of an y real control.

Fo r that reason briberY an d

corruption wil l be with us fo r

a long time yet, and ar e even

presented as normal Practices:

"A certain measure of

corruption seems inevitable in

th e public l l fe of every

country, but i t is in al l of

ou r interests that here in pseudo- scienti f ic arcruments

8/3/2019 Frank Mintz, Self Management

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/frank-mintz-self-management 2/6

Frank Mintz

( nnate inequali ty of

intel l igence). Phi losophical

ones (from Plato's RePubl ic to

Nietzsche) an d historical ones

(the constancY of leadershiP.. .

f rom Jesus to Hi t ler). Denial

of the short-term caPabil l t ies

of th e workersin the absence

of trainlng an d tutelage bY a

superior caste is the Posi t ion

helcl by social ists an d marxist

leninists, who base thenselves

on scienti f ic arguments

(behaviourism an d social

condi t ioning), Phi losoPhical

ones (Marx, Lenin) and

historical ones (the revolut ion

in the USSR).

Th e final Position is the

l ibertarian on e which contends

that th e workers themselves ar e

equipped an d caPable of

directing an d reorganising

society: this theY base on

scient i f ic argumencs

(sociabi l i ty and the st imulus

of revolut ion), Phi losoPhical

considerat ions (the Persistance

of th e rePudiation of authoritY

frorn th e Greeks - Carpocrates,

Zeno - through La Boetie, uP to

ou r ow n d"Y) an d historical

evidence (the Paris Commune'

the Russian Revolut ion).

We line uP in th e last

a broad-based

in which we f ind

( l ike Jacques

marxj .s ts ( l ike

Pannekoek, an d to some extent,

Rosa Luxemburg)'

situationists

( l ike Vaneigem) an d indiv iduals

l ike Noarn ChomskY,Polish trade

unionists, alongside classical

anarchi st s ranging from

Proudhon, Bakunin, KroPotkin to

Abad de Santi l lan an d Bookchin'

The term currentlY accePted

as a descrlPtion of th e

workers' attenpts at

sel f-emanciPat ion is "sel f-

managementrt. PreviousJ-Y the

terms favoured were Bakuninism,

anarcho-communism, l ibertarian

communism, direct managemenE'

Since 1968 the term

sel f -nanagement has been th e

most convenient , a lbei t one

fuI l of ambigui t ies . I f we are

to clar i fY th e Problem, we need

Soc ia l Theory

to focus on three aspec ts :

a) th e his torY of th e not ion,

b) th e var ious imPl icat ions ,

and c) th e soc io-economrc

s tages of aPPl icat ion an d these

we shal l l -ook at br ief lY'

a) Though th e hurnble an d the

explo i ted have Persistent lY

revol-ted f rorn the tirne of

Spar tacus through to ou r own

day , it was dur ing th e French

revolut ion that th e theoret ical

groundwork was laid down. In

1792 th e bourgeois rePubl icans

denounced th etanarchis ts t of

Par is wh o wanted dePut ies and

workers al ike to receive th e

same ltage an d wh o said that

there were tw o c lassestthe

c lass of those wh o haveand

that of th e have-nots , th e

sansculot tes and th e

proper t ied.I And in th e

Mani fes to of th e Equals of th e

Babouv is t consPi rators , we

read:tGone at las t , th e

hatefu l dist inct ions between

r ich an d Poor r great and smal l ,

mas ters and servants r governors

an d governed.t In 1 794 Varlet

wrote:tFor anYone caPable of

reason, Government an d

Revolut ion are incomPat ib le.I

Revolut ionarY exPer ience and

revolut ionarY Pract ice dic tated

th e not lons which Proudhon and

Bakunin later elaborated uPont

adding to these the cons tant

revocabi l i tY of delegates bY

th e rank and f i le workers and

c i t i zens , and th e rotat ion of

of f ices so as to fores ta l l

imbalance or th e energence some

ne w rul ing cas te (this l tas

al readY ant ic iPated in

Ar istot le'5 Pol i t ics)'

and th e federat ion of

col lec t ives . Thus in '1864 th e

First Internat ional eguiPPed

itsel f wi th statutes - drawn uP

by KarI Marx under th e watchfu l

ey e of th e other delegates

with the watchword 'The

enanc iPat ion of th e workers

shal l be th e taskof th e

workers themselves-I In 1 865

Bakunin ant ic ipated a further

s tatute fo r a revolut ionarY

soc iety . .tanY organis ing

should Proceed from th e bottom

Se f -Managelnent

upwards, from the commune to

the central unit of the

country, to th e Stater along

federal l ines. '

b) To determine th e several

meanings of self-management, we

need to look at th e goal. ho w

it is to be achieved and th e

pract ical essays on this 'ts tr ic t ly speaking, talk of a

sel f-managerial or associat ive

social ism is a tautologY , for,

without self-management, there

is no social ism.r This

opinion, exPressed bY th e

Yugoslav Branko Horvat, is one

which ca n be shared bY all

social ists in that theY look

forward to th e disaPPearance of

th e State at some Point in

history. In greater detaiJ-,

social ism would then be : trthe \/

not ion of counc i l t

se l f -management and di rec t '

democracy : th e leav ing behind

of pr ivate ownership of th e

means of Produc t ion, as wel l as

of th e rul ing Pol i t icaI 1evel t

which might reproduce

capital ist relations in an even

worse form: th e notion of the

free disPosi t ion of onet slabour, with the social

relations that flow from this:

hence th e necessity of freedom

of inquirY, freedom of thought

and Lh e freedorn to argue'r l

(Predrag Vranick i ).

' lne advocates of

self-management ca n be broken

down into those who advocate

revolutionarY violence an d

paci f is ts. The former

compriserPart lYrthe anarchists

who take the line that the

revolutionarY organisation

should encourage th e workers,

basing itself on freelY

co-ordinated col lec t ives

without staking clairn to a

position of leadershiP; an d

they differ greatly in their

v iews from the

marxist- leninists. 'Unless we

ar e anarchists, we have to

accePt th e necessitY of the

State' which is to sa Y of

coercionr in th e Passage from

capi tal ism to social ism. Th e

form of coercion is determined

category t

communion

Christ ians

El lu1 )'

8/3/2019 Frank Mintz, Self Management

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/frank-mintz-self-management 3/6

persuasion

hippy-style

Cabet ian-s ty le

reminiscent

- the spread of

communes or

*L ^

The Anarchist Encyclopaedia

by the measure of development

of th e corresponding

revolutionary class, by special

c l rcumstances - such as, say,

the inheritance from a

protracted revolutionary \.rar -

and by the forms assumed by the

resistance from the bourgeoisie

and pet i te bourgeois ie. Thus

there exists absolutely no

contradiction in principle

between soviet democracy (which

is to say social is t democracy)

and th e principle of

dic tator ia l powers ves ted in

certain indiv iduals . r So wrote

Lenj -n in Apr i I 1918, some

months after th e creat ion of

the secret pol ice - by Lenin

himself . Paci f is ts ant ic ipate

that example an d the power of

Soc ia l Theory

exarnple, this or that

production company. whi.ch wil l

be more or less self-contained,

manages to hold out against or

to overcome that porrrer, that

success wil l have no result

other than the spawning of a

ner{ privi leged class of happy

cooperators amid the miserable

mass of proletarians. Thus, in

the current conditions of

social economy, cooperation

cannot del iver the ernancipation

of the labouring masses.

Nonetheless, i t has this

advantage - that, even today,

it famil iarises the workers

with coming together an d

organising themselves an d

administering their own affairs

for themselves. ' This lastpoint by Bakunin in 187 3 is

important, though it is true

that in the majori ty of cases

worker participation is a cover

for c lass col laborat ion and a

sweeE.ener for capi tal is t

exploi tat ion.

Innumerable examples could

be c i ted: the union-capi tal is t

co - management in West Germany,

the l imited cooperaE. r -on

confined to a few firms, th e

most extravagant being th e

penitentiaries of Terre Haute

and Leaven\^rorth in the USA,

where prisonersr counci ls

handle the budget along with

the gaolers l thus, supposedly,

the inmates

responsibi l i ty

are given

rehabil i tated. Another re d

herring is to depict th e

Catholic church as the pioneer

of self-management, as i f a

handful of ni l i tant proletarian

Catholics in the 19th century

could sweeten the reactionary

pi11. Since the 1960s the

Vatican has adopted a new

strategy. tn e Mondragon

cooperative in Spain, with i ts

10,000 members is custornari ly

cited as an instance of

Catholic achievement. However,

i t is no explanation fo r it isthe only example created in

Francoist Spai.n an d does not

explain how in February 1971 it

wa s possible for the members of

Fo1io 1

the cooperat lve to go on

str ike. 'o f course, the

str ikers did not down tools

t tagains tthemselves t t, so thei r

ac t ion must have been di rec ted

agains t the rnanagement , I noted

Oakeshot t in an anthology

edi ted by Vahek , f rom which th e

above paragraph is drawn.

Another face of sel f

management is the of f i c ia l

encouragement which i t can

receive under mi l i tary or

s ingle party . regimes . From

Yugos lav ia to Alger ia, Peru,

Chi1e, Rumania, etc . ,

self-management sprouts up as a

pi l lar of the regime, a useful

means of nobil ising the workers

behind the economy, or for th e

purpose of ensuring a fleetingpol i t ical harmony. This tact ic

also embraces the Israeli

kibbutizim which came to

represent 6Z of the total

population in th e 'l 930s only to

retreat by 1970 to 3.68

whenever the State had an

experienced army at i ts

disposal .

Whatever the origin of

self-managerial experiments ma y

be - recuperat ion, rel ig ion,

capi tal ism,

indiv idual is ts

pol i t ics,

banding

together, etc. - pract ice has

shown that the workers end up

feeling that they can and

should achieve more, because

they feel a sense of maturity,

they feel t ra ined and

heartened. The very idea of

self-management spe11s danger

for the ruling classes, despi tetheir experience in demagogy

and corrupti-on. And in the

marxist- Ieni.ni st countr ies,

each clash between the workers

an d their red bosses was

accompanied by memories of the

Paris Commune, an d of the

organJ-sat5.ona1 and creative

capabi l i t les of the workers.

c) Self-management wa s

realised partial ly and, on many

occasions, entirely, during theRussian revolut ion, especial ly

in the Ukrainei also during th e

Spanish civi l vrar and during

the months of May-June 1968 in

of

anarcho-Tolstoyan view, wi l l

lead on to a systen without

prj-vi.Ieges. Tolstoy at th e

beginning of the century,

indef ining rel ig ious fai th as

bel ief in a Value, in a society

which pursues an ongoing

peaceful struggle against

hierarchy and authori ty ,

managed to attract tens of

thousands of fol lowers an d

sympathisers. But Tsarist

repression an d then Bolshevik

repression disnantled th e

novement which was

characterised by everyday

struggle: refusal to pa y

any taxes, reject ion of al l

State schooling, condemnation

of work outsi.de of th e

countryside.

In concrete terms, th e termI self-management t

embraces

co-operatives and workerst

participation in the running of

their f irms. Fo r this reason

and for upwards of a century,

anarchists an d social ists have

general ly been opposed to such

experiments. 'Co-operat ion, in

the majori ty of instances, wi I Ibe crushed by the omnipotent

night of bi g capital ist and

large landed property: in the

fe w instances in which, for

an d

8/3/2019 Frank Mintz, Self Management

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/frank-mintz-self-management 4/6

Frank Mintz

France. ( Fo r further

information on these j.nstances,

see the other entries in th e

Encyclopedia.) But let us see

j. f self-management 1s always

feasible. Karl Marx imaglned

that historical evolut ion

passed Lhrough set stages, but

whenever he came to study theRussj.an case he changed his

mi-nd. In th e foreword to the

1882 Russian edi t ion of the

Communist Manifesto he wrote:tMight the Russian rural

communi ty - a formcertainly

far removed from primitive

common ownership of the land -

pass on directly to the higher

form of col lectlve ownership,

to the communj-st form, or wil l

i t have to go, instead, through

th e same process of

disintegratlon which

const l tutes the historical

development of the West?i His

ansr.rer was that the solution

might l ie in t iming the Russlan

revolution to coincide exactly

with the proletarian revolution

in the West.

Thus did Marx adopt the

stance of Bakunin from 187 3 wh o

analysed traditional col lective

ownership, the mir, thus: i t

boasts three advantages; t t . .a11

land belongs to the people",

the mir " . .distr ibutes the

land, on a temporary basis,

among the conmune memberstt, i t

enjoys "almost absolute

autonomytt and at the same timettcommunity self -management". ( 'l )

There are also t hree drawbacks:ttpatriarchy"

- the crushing ofth e individual by the mir,

and confidence in the tsar.

It is obvious that the

si tuat ionists ' personal ,

everyday self-management, with

its exotic overtones fal ls far

short of being espoused by many

who synpathise with collective

ownership. Just as i t is v i tal

that self-management should

emanate from among the workers

themselves if i t is to be able

to overthrow exploitation in

any lasting way, i t is doubtful

that self-management is

instantaneously a model

Soc ia l Theory

sat is fy ing book ish

prescr ipt ions. But sel- f -

management s t r ikes us as an

adequate formula in terms of an

ant i -capi tal is t model in th e

Third World or in th e

industr ial ised count r ies .

Several th inkers , Gonz ,

Bookchin, etc . , imagine thattoday 's workers aspi re f i rs t of

a l1 to do away with

wage-s lavery , with work, the

resul t of which wou ld be to

render soc ia l theor ies inval id.

Thls is only one par t of the

task, for leisure and personal

wel l -being lead 6n to creat ion

and to the per formance of

ac t ions . Several capi ta l i s t

f irms have shown that by

rear rangement , work can be made

attract ive (b y let t ing th e

worker put together the machine

in i ts ent i rety, by set t ing up

qual i ty cont ro l c i rc les, etc.)

The l ikel ihood is that soc ia l l y

indispensable tasks ma y assume

a di f ferent aspec t in a new

soc iety . Nowadays we have a

dual relat ionship with work, i t

dominates us but we dorninate

the prac t ice of i t . As one

counc i l l - i . s t anarchis t observed

back in 1920, "The ascendaney

which th e rnachine ha s over the

worker is immeasurable: i t

g ives him the tangib le feel ing

that the machine upon which he

spends the bulk of h is

ex is tence and to which he is

indissolubly bound, can and

should belong to h im. "

Consequent ly , as long as

machines are around, there wi l lbe the des i re fo r

sel f -management and as long as

exploi tat ion exists, so too

sel f -manage ment wi l l s t i r .

Towards the end of his l i fe

Marx embraced the hypothes is of

a soc iety wi th an agrar ian

col lect j .v is t t radi t lon moving

direct ly on to revolut ion. But

the major i . ty of marxists shy

away from this, especial ly

Anton Pannekoek i.n Workers I

Counci ls ; for him the peasants

have 'a separate mental i t y and

out look , remote from the ideas

and aims of the work ing c lass . r

SeIf-Management

So , even though th e Russian

revolution furnished th e

example of the workers' sovj.ets

(Russian for rcounci ls t), the

majority of th e population

could not rperform the task of

the monent ' . tA1so, to

forestal l the eventuali ty of

the working class 's tendenciesbeing overwhelmed by the trend

towards small proprietorship,

enanating from the countryside,

what was needed was a strong,

central ised goverrunent capabale

of countering those peasant

inc l inat ions. I From which is

deduced the notion that, Russia

being an agricultural country,

the revolution was impossible.

Another marxist, Rudolf

Bahro expresses the same

not ion, brutal ly . 'wi thout the

rule imposecl by the Bolsheviks,

Russia, today, would st i l l be a

peasants ' State which wou1d,

without much question, have

opted for the capi tal is t road. l

Hence the conclusj-on which many

counci l l is ts share, though they

do not dare to pu t it in

wri t ing: t the ant i -s tat is t and

anti-authoritarian ideology of

many lef t is t intel lectuals who

live in the West is

historical ly just i f ied in the

al ready industr ia l ised

countries, wherein the rnaterial

conditions fo r the withering-

away of the State are ripening.

As for those people who are

only in the throes of

industrial isation, they cannot

dispense \,t i th such an

instrument, and their State ca nonly be bureaucractic at the

outset ' (French edi t ion of

Seguire ni carnino).

The foundations of this

analysis are based j. n the

always negative rofe of the

peasantry and the always

positive one of the workers,

plus a phase of capi tal lsmrs

maturing. Asi.de from th e

historical instances c i ted

elsewhere which expose such an

attack as r id iculous, i t is

possible to comment briefly

upon the role of the working

class which, wi th i ts c lassical

8/3/2019 Frank Mintz, Self Management

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/frank-mintz-self-management 5/6

an d

The Anarchis t Encyc lopaedia Social Theory

forms), or wj . th a single party

in power (as in Yugoslavia an d

some other countrj_es ) , or

self-nanagement from below,

wi th counci l l is ts on the one

hand an d anarchists on the

other, in an alnost constant

an d automatic way, no tendency

as much as acknowledges th eexistence of the rest. Th e

council l ists Pannekoek an d

Mattick, an d the anarchists

Rocker and Besnard, ar e typical

of this mental bl indspot. OnIy

over the past 20 years or so,

fol lowing the exarnple se t by

the si tuat ionj -st3, has th e

occas ional attenpt

objec t iv i ty been made. It can

be emphas ised that, paci f is ts

or otherwise, th e advocates of

sel f -managernent are f ight lng to

break down th e fear of

author i ty , the delegat ion of

power , th e anxi .ety in the face

of change which Wilhelm Reich

in th e 1 930s and Stanley

Milgram in th e 1 970s exposed

with clar i ty .

Note (1 )

In Russ j -an and Serbo-Croat , th e

word samouprav leniye , used

col Ioguia l1y , neans r local

management t or Iautonomyt ,a

def ini t ion whi-ch f a1l_s f ar

shor t of th e meaning of

'se l f -management r . rn th e 1973

tex t of Bakuninrs it seems to

that hl s obstinnoe

sanouprav leniye can be

t ranslated as tcommuni ty

sel f -management . I

**

Bibl iographical sources used(in order of use)

Kropotkin: La Gran revolucion

1909.

Guerin, Daniel : La lut te de

classes sous la lere Republ ique,

Paris, 1945.

Guerin, Dani .el : Ni Dios, ni

Arno, 1972.

Vanek, Jaroslav: SeIf manaqe-

ment, Penguin, ' l975.

Vranichi, Pregrad: Marksizan

i social izam, Zagreb, 1979.Leninr La s tareas inmediatas

de1 poder soviet ico, 1918.

Bakunin. Estatismo y

anarquismo, 1873.

l 'o l io 1

Garino, tFactory workshops an d

counci lsr, i .n P.C. Masini rs

Anarchici e comunisti nel

movinento dei consiql i a

Torino, 1951

Other sources:

Arvon, Lrautoqest ion, Parls,

1980 (pro-capi tal is t).

Bancal , Proudhon, plural ismeet autoqest ion, Paris, 1970.

Bonnanno. Autoqestione ed

anarchismo (apologia fo r

anarchism), Catania, 1975.

Bourdet, La del ivrance de

Promethee. Pour une theorie

pol- i t ique de l rautoqest ion,

Paris, 1970.

Chauvey, Ltautoqest ion,

Paris, 1970 (in favour of

pol i t ical t rade unionism).

Chomsky, Radical Prior i t ies

Montreal , 1981

Dal lemagne Autoqest ion ou

dictature du proletariat ,

Paris 1976 (just i f icat ion of

Leni-nism).

Etat isme et autoqest ion.

Bi lan cri t ique du social isme

youqoslave, Paris, 1970 (a

French Trotskyist approach).

Meister, Social isme et

autogest ion- l rexperience

vouqoslave, Paris. 1964.rMouvement du 22 Marst, Ce

nrest gutun debut, cont j -nuous

le conbat, ParJ.s, 1968 (May-

June 1968 in Paris).

Pannekoek, Les Conseils

Ouvriers (the most complete

edi t ion, wi th texts translated

fron Engl ish and Dutch.

Ratgeb, De la qreve sauvaqe

a l rautoqest ion qeneral isee,

Paris, 1974 (si tuat ionistapproach ) .

Tito, Self -manaqement,

Belgrade,1983.

Noir et Rouge, Lrautoqest ion,

l rEtat et 1a revolut ion,

Paris, 1968.

Reviews apart from Comunidad

an d it s publi .shers:

Autoqestions, 54 Boulevard

Raspai l , 75006, paris , France.

Economics, analvsis and

workersr manaqement, p.O. Bo x

611, 11000, Belgrade,

Yugoslavia.

Revista ibero-americana de

exper ienced marxist

organisations, vras remarkably

passive against Hi t ler in the

Germany of th e 1930s, t imid in

the France of 1936, l imi ted in

the Chi le of 1973 against the

mil i tary - before and after th e

coup. As fo r th e necessary

development of capi tal ism,itis strikingly apparent that

Japan is th e economic

trai l-blazer which th e other

countries are aplng and that

before maturlty is achieved in

every country (the en d of the

telematic er a ) it is very

l ikely that we rnay be in the

year 2500.

Having said that, it is

nonetheless true that there is

a grey area where soclal is tideas do no t thrj .ve, as in

those countries under

tradi t ional rel ig ious rule and

where insurrect ion is an

unknown experience ( th e

Amazonian Indi.ans, certain

portions of th e Indian

sub-continent ) .

Historical analysis, then,

a sure means of

monitor ing th e ideological

evolut ion of the concept of

sel f manager ia l revolut ion, as

wel l as of th e level oftconsc ienc isat ionr of soc iety

and of soc ia l s t rata.

Two last observat ions to

c1ose. The f i rs t is that

al legat ion to th e effect that

th e anarchis ts are bourqeoi .s

( according to the

marxist- leninists) or t ied to

the bourgeois ieIpannekoek] ).

Through historical examples we

wil l also perceive the truth or

falsehood of such assertions,

bu t it is as well to point ou t

that from Lenin to Castro, fe w

narxist leaders have been

workers, whereas from Makhno to

Durruti , many anarchists have

been peasant or workers t

leaders.

Fina1ly, among th e great

tendencies into which self-nanagement is divi.ded: self-

management from above, with

participation under capital ism

(in an endless variety of

8/3/2019 Frank Mintz, Self Management

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/frank-mintz-self-management 6/6

Frank Mintz

autoqestion a accion comunal,

Atalena editores, Cochabamba 2,

Madrid 16, Espana.

Social isno I participacion,

Apartado 11701t Lina'11, Peru.

Th e Anarchist Encyclopaedia.

Monograph 2, February 198 6

TSSN 0267-61 41

Th e Anarchist Encyclopaedia

c/ o Cambridge Free Press

Unit 6

25 Gwydir Street

Cambridge eB1 2LG

Soc ia l Theory Self-Management

v