Chapter 34Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War

by: Bryan Peter

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Franklin D. Roosevelt

London Conference Tydings-McDuffie Act Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act Tripartite Pact Johnson Debt Default Act Spanish-Civil War Quarantine Speech Russo-German nonaggression pact

Vocabulary

Cash-and-Carry Neutrality Act of 1939 Battle of Britain Wendell L. Willkie Lend-Lease Act Atlantic Charter Attack of Pearl Harbor

Vocabulary continued

Why was Franklin D. Roosevelt a very influential person during this time?

What was a main thing that Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted to change when he became President?

What caused WW2 to start in the European Countries?

Essential Questions

The London conference was oringaly set up in 1933, the goal for this conference was to try and create an international fix to the Great Depression. The United states did not send a representative and as a result nothing was accomplished.

The London Conference

The United States never really liked having the islands of the Philippines and all they did was cause them problems so in 1934 the Tydings-McDuffie Act was passed which said the Philippines would become independent in 12 years.

In 1934 Franklin D. Roosevelt recognized the Soviet Union in a hope of possibly trading with them, but this angered the Americans because the Soviet Union was a communist nation.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians

When Franklin D. Roosevelt became president in his inaugural address that he wanted the United States to become better “Neighbors” with the Latin American countries. He took the U.S. military out of the Latin American countries. The Mexicans tried to to test this good neighbor policy that FDR put into place by taking American oil properties, but FDR did not over react and did not use military force proving he was serious about this policy.

Becoming a Good Neighbor

Franklin D. Roosevelt and his Secretary of State Cordell Hull thought that lower tariffs helped generate more trade so he passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act which lowered tariffs. This started a trend of having lower tariffs rather than high tariffs which lasted until after WW2.

Secretary Hull’s Reciprocal Trade Agreement

After WW1 and all the countries realized the depression that was created some of their leaders turned to totalitarian regimes which basically means a dictatorship. Germany, Italy, and the USSR are some of the countries that went to this. Germany and Italy’s leaders connected together and eventually Japan joined them with the Tripartite Pact.

Storm-Cellar Isolationism

This group of three nations started to “prepare for war” by attacking small countries that could not defend themselves. Even thought the U.S. knew this was wrong they did not want to get pulled into the European problems like they did in WW1. One way they tried to prevent this was with the Johnson Debt Default Act which said if a country had a debt with the U.S. they could not borrow anymore money from the U.S.

Storm-Cellar Isolationism Continued

In 1935, 1936, and 1937 congress passed Neutrality Acts hoping to stay out of wars that they should not be involved in and to try not to make the same mistake made in WW1, but with WW2 came different circumstances and they said they would stay neutral no matter what.

Congress Legislates Neutrality

The Spanish-Civil War was in a way a preview of WW2 because it was the fascist fighting against the republic and although the U.S. wanted the republic to win they could not offer and did not offer any help, but Hitler and other fascist leaders helped out the fascist leader in Spain who was then the victor of the war.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

In 1937 Japan went and invaded china, but since Franklin D. Roosevelt did not consider this a war trade was not cut off between them and the U.S.

Also during this time Franklin D. Roosevelt gave a speech called the Quarantine Speech hoping to make the American citizens be against the communist countries.

Appeasing Japan and Germany

During this Hitler was busy doing things over in Germany, first he violated the Treaty of Versailles in two ways and then he wrote a book which led to the Germans persecuting the Jewish people.

Also he took Austria and said that he wanted the German people to be most of the population in Sudetenland.

Appeasing Japan and Germany continued

In 1939 Germany and Russia signed the Russo-German Nonaggression Pact which basically said they would not fight against each other.

As a result Hitler decided he wanted to attack Poland, knowing that Britain and France said if Germany attacked Poland they would retaliate they attacked Poland anyway. This now meant that WW2 had started.

Due to the neutrality acts the U.S. was not allowed to get involved, but FDR passed a Neutrality Act of 1939 which said the U.S. could sell war materials on a Cash-and-Carry basis

Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality

The German military used a very quick, but brutal attacking system which helped them conquer many places very quickly. They used planes, tanks, and ground troops. The attack on France was very quick and short and France surrendered very quickly, luckily the French troops were able to get away and now Britain was the last European country between the U.S. and Germany

The Fall of France

Due to the fact that Britain was the last country between the U.S. and Germany Franklin D. Roosevelt started to strengthen the military by having 1.2 million troops trained each year and 800,000 reserves. The main concern was that Germany would try and attack the different colonies of Latin America

The Fall of France continued

Next country to be attacked by Germany was Britain, Hitler decided to start by using bombing to gain control of the air, but as a result Britain’s air force fought back and the first all air war called the Battle of Britain.

The isolationists and interventionists both tried to have FDR on there side and as a result the U.S. started to be leaning towards intervention in the war.

Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)

In 1940 was another election year and Franklin D. Roosevelt was nominated to run for his third term as President against Wendell L. Willkie. One thing that he promised if elected was to not send Americans to a foreign war, this promise ended up back firing against him.

Franklin D. Roosevelt won 449-82

FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940)

At this time Britain was in need for money, but Franklin D. Roosevelt did not want to be owed thoughts of money like in WW1, so instead of loaning money he wanted to loan them weapons and such.

As a result the Lend-Lease Act was passed and in little time America had sent over $50 billion dollars worth of supplies to the Allie troops.

Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law

In 1941 Germany attacked Russia which made the democracies happy because Germany and Russia would beat each other up. Also during this time the Atlantic Charter was formed and agreed to by the Soviet Union, Britain, and America it went along with some of Wilson’s 14 points from WW1.

Hitler’s Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter

Trying to get the war materials from the U.S. to Britain turned out to be very challenging with the German U-Boats around so FDR used the escorting system by having the merchant ships escorted to Iceland by U.S. warships and then Britain would have to figure it out from there. Due to the attacks by Germans on U.S. warships congress trashed the neutrality act of 1939 and said that merchant ships could be armed when in combat areas.

U.S. Destroyers and Hitler’s U-Boats Clash

Japan was still trying to become a big power nation and were still in control of the war in China so the U.S. created an embargo against them and cut off oil to them which angered them.

The U.S. figured that they would try to retaliate, but they were not sure how and they never thought the Japanese would attack Hawaii.

They were wrong and on December 7, 1941 Japan had a surprise attack of Pearl Harbor.

Surprise Assault at Pearl Harbor

Now that they had been forced into the war the U.S. was not going to hold back anything, because for most of the war the U.S. had been wanting to stop everything that Japan and Germany had been doing.

On December 8, 1941 U.S. declare war on Japan, then Germany and Italy dclared against the U.S. and the U.S. declared right back, the U.S. was officailly in WW2.

America’s Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent

1-What was the goal of the London Conference? 2-What Act released the Philippines from the U.S.? 3-What is the Tripartite Pact? 4-Why was the Spanish-Civil War a preview of

WW2? 5-How did Germany attack France? 6-How did the U.S. help out Britain? What Act was

this? 7-True of False Franklin D. Roosevelt had more than

2 terms as President. 8-True or False The Atlantic Charter had some ideas

from Wilson’s 14 points.

Review Quiz

1-Create an international fix to the Great depression.

2-Tydings-McDuffe Act 3-Pact created by Germany, Italy, and Japan 4-Because it was Fascist government v.s.

Republican government 5-very quickly with planes, tanks, and ground

troops 6-By giving them war materials and supplies and it

was the Lend-Lease Act 7-True 8-True

Answers to Review