FRASERMonthly Household Data Page Historical A-l. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional...

EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS

U.S. Department of LaborBureau of Labor StatisticsFebruary 1994

In this issue: Revisions in the Presentationof Data in Employment andEarnings

Revisions in the CurrentPopulation Survey EffectiveJanuary 1994

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABORRobert B. Reich, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICSKatharine G. Abraham, Commissioner

E & E - Employment and Earnings (ISSN 0013-6840), isprepared in the Office of Employment and Unemploy-ment Statistics in collaboration with the Office of Publi-cations and Special Studies. The data are collected by theBureau of the Census (Department of Commerce) andState employment security agencies, in cooperation withthe Bureau of Labor Statistics. A brief description of thecooperative statistical programs of the BLS with theseagencies is presented in the Explanatory Notes and Esti-mates of Error section. The State agencies are listed onthe inside back cover.

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Communications on material in this publication shouldbe addressed to: Editors, Employment and Earnings,Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 20212. Spe-cific questions concerning the data in this publicationshould be directed as follows: Household data, (202)606-6373 or 6378; national establishment data, 606-6555;State and area establishment data, 606-6559; and Stateand area labor force data, 606-6392.

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Jan.

Jan.

Jan.

Jan.

Jan.

Jan., Apr., July, Oct.

February 1994

Vol. 41 No. 2

Calendar of Features

In addition to the monthly data appearing regularlyin Employment and Earnings, special features appearin most of the issues as shown below.

Household data

Annual averages

Union affiliation

Earnings by detailed occupation

Employee absences

Revised seasonally adjusted series

Quarterly averages: Seasonally adjusted data,persons of Hispanic origin, Vietnam-eraveterans and nonveterans, familyrelationship data, and weekly earnings data.

Establishment data

National annual averages:

Industry divisions (preliminary) Jan.

Industry detail Mar., June

Women employees Mar., June

National data revised to reflect new benchmarks andnew seasonal adjustment factors June

Revised historical national data Bulletin1

State and area annual averages May

Area definitions May

State and area labor force data

Annual revisions March

Annual averages May

1 The most recent publication was issued in August 1993 as Employment,Hours, and Earnings, United States, 1981-93, BLS Bulletin 2429, and isavailable from: New Orders, U.S. Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954, at .$33 a copy, GPO Stock Number029-001-03148-3.


Employment and EarningsEditors: Gloria Peterson Green, Eugene H. Becker

Editors' NoteWith this issue, the entire contents of Employment and Earnings has been revised primarily to facilitate

successful data location. See "Revisions in the Presentation of Data in Employment and Earnings," beginning onpage 8.

In addition, household survey data "A tables" reflect (1) a major redesign of the Current Population Survey(CPS) questionnaire and collection methods and (2) the introduction of population controls based on the 1990census, adjusted for the estimated population undercount. Thus, data for 1994 are not directly comparable withthose for 1993 and prior years. A comprehensive discussion of the changes and their effect on labor force estimatesappears in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994," beginning on page 13.

Also, revised seasonally adjusted labor force data for the 1989-93 period will not appear in this issue as planned,but are available upon request to BLS.

Contents

Page

List of statistical tables 2Contents to the explanatory notes and estimates of error 4Employment and unemployment developments, January 1994 5Revisions in the presentation of data in Employment and Earnings 8Revisions in the Current Population Survey effective January 1994 13Summary tables and charts 38Explanatory notes and estimates of error 168Index to statistical tables 204

Statistical tables

Source Historical adjusted"^ seasonally^ adjusted

Household data 40 42 51

Establishment data:Employment:

National 75StateArea

Hours and earnings:National 76State and area

Local area labor force data:RegionalStateArea

7984

92

155157

96109109

128151

162162


Monthly Household Data

Page

HistoricalA - l . Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over, 1961 to date 40A-2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1983 to date 41

Seasonally Adjusted Data

Employment Status

A-3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age 42A-4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin 43

A-5. Employment and unemployed full- and part-time workers by sex and age 45

Characteristics of the Employed

A-6. Employed persons by marital status, occupation, class of worker, and part-time status 46A-7. Employed persons by age and sex 47

Characteristics of the Unemployed

A-8. Unemployed persons by age and sex 47A-9. Unemployment rates by age and sex 48

A-10. Unemployment rates by occupation, industry, and selected demographic characteristics 49A - l 1. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment 50A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment 50

Not Seasonally Adjusted Data

Employment Status

A-13. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race 51A-14. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age 54A-15. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by school

enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 55A - l 6 . Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race 57

Characteristics of the Employed

A-17. Employed persons by occupation, sex, and age 58A-18. Employed persons by occupation, race, and sex 59A-19. Employed persons by industry and occupation 60A-20. Employed persons in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and class of worker 61A-21 . Persons at work in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by hours of work 62A-22. Persons at work 1 to 34 hours in all and nonagricultural industries by reason for working

less than 35 hours and usual full- or part-time status 62A-23. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and usual full- or part-time status 63A-24. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, race, marital status, and usual full- or

part-time status 64A-25. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and usual full- or part-time status 65

Characteristics of the Unemployed

A-26. Unemployed persons by marital status, race, age, and sex 66A-27. Unemployed persons by occupation and sex 67A-28. Unemployed persons by industry and sex 68A-29. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and race 69A-30. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment 70A-31. Unemployed persons, total and full-time workers, by duration of unemployment 70A-32. Unemployed persons by age, sex, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment 71A-33. Unemployed persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment 72

Persons Not in the Labor Force

A-34. Persons not in the labor force by desire and availability for work, age, and sex 72

Multiple Jobholders

A-35. Multiple jobholders by selected demographic and economic characteristics 73

Vietnam-era Veterans and Nonveterans

A-36. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age 73

2


Monthly Establishment Data

Page

Historical

B-l. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1943 to date 75B-2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm

payrolls by major industry, 1964 to date 76


Employment

NationalB-3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups 79B-4. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 81B-5. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry

and manufacturing group 82B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change 83

States

B-7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry 84

Hours and Earnings

National

B-8. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrollsby major industry and manufacturing group 92

B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarmpayrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 93

B-10. Hours of wage and salary workers on nonfarm payrolls by major industry 94B- l l . Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private

nonfarm payrolls by major industry 95


Employment

National

B-12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry 96B-l3. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 108

States and Areas

B-l4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry 109

Hours and Earnings

National

B-l5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarmpayrolls by detailed industry 128

B-l5a. Average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles(SIC 3761) manufacturing , 148

B-16. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, of production workers on manufacturing payrolls 149B-l7. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private

nonfarm payrolls by major industry, in current and constant (1982) dollars 150

States and AreasB-l8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in

States and selected areas 151

Monthly Regional, State, and Area Labor Force Data


C-l . Employment status of the civilian population for census regions and divisions 155C-2. Labor force status by State 157


C-3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas . . . 162


Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error

Page

Introduction 168

Relation between the household and establishment series . . . 168Comparability of household data with other series 169Comparability of payroll employment data with

other series 169

Household data 170

Collection and coverage 170Concepts and definitions 170Historical comparability 173

Conceptual/methodological changes 173Noncomparability of labor force levels 174Changes in the occupational and industrial

classification systems 176Sampling 177

Selection of sample areas 177Selection of sample households 178

Rotation of sample 178Estimating methods 179

Noninterview adjustment 179

Ratio estimates 179First stage 179Second stage 179

Composite estimation procedure 180Rounding of estimates 180

Reliability of the estimates 180

Nonsampling error 180Sampling error 181

Tables 1-B through 1-H 182

Establishment data 188Collection 188Concepts 188

Page

Establishment data—Continued

Estimating methods 191Benchmarks 191

Monthly estimation 191

Stratification 191Link relative technique 191Bias adjustment 191Summary of methodology table 192

The sample 193Design 193Coverage 194Reliability 194

Measures of error tables 194Benchmark revision as a measure of survey error 194Noneconomic code changes 195Hours and earnings 195Revisions between preliminary and final data 195

Statistics for States and areas 197

Regional, State, and area labor force data 200

Federal-State cooperative program 200Estimating methods 200

Estimates for States 200

Current monthly estimates 200Benchmark correction procedures 200

Estimates for sub-State areas 201

Preliminary estimate:Employment 201

Unemployment 201Sub-State adjustment for additivity 201Benchmark correction 201

Seasonal adjustment 202


Employment and UnemploymentDevelopments, January 1994

Payroll employment, as measured by the survey ofnonfarm business establishments, edged up by 62,000 inJanuary. This gain was well below the average for recentmonths, being held down by the adverse effects of severeweather in much of the country.

The unemployment rate was 6.7 percent in January.This and other measures from the survey of households arethe first official estimates produced using a totallyredesigned survey. The results from the December andJanuary surveys should not be directly compared.Findings from a test conducted in 1993 showed thatjoblessness as measured by the new survey questionnairewas, on average, somewhat higher than on the old basisand that many other labor force estimates also wereaffected. In addition, the household survey data reflect theintroduction of revised population estimates based on the1990 census, as adjusted for the undercount, whichmarkedly raised labor force and employment levels.

UnemploymentThe unemployment rate was 6.7 percent in January

(seasonally adjusted), as measured using the new question-naire and survey procedures. The number of unemployedpersons was 8.7 million. On the old basis, the rate inDecember was 6.4 percent and the jobless level was 8.2million; both had been drifting downward throughout1993. The jobless rates for the major demographic groupsin January were as follows: Adult women (6.0 percent),adult men (5.9 percent), teenagers (18.4 percent), whites(5.8 percent), blacks (13.1 percent), and Hispanics (10.6percent). (See tables A-3 and A-4.)

The measurement and classification of unemployedpersons by reason for unemployment also have changedsomewhat with the survey redesign. An estimate of thenumber of persons unemployed because their temporaryjob ended is now available separately for the first time (notseasonally adjusted). In January —on a seasonally ad-justed basis —the grouping "job losers and persons whocompleted temporary jobs" (which roughly approximatesthe "job loser" category in the old survey) made up 51percent of the unemployed; 14 percent of all unemployedpersons were on temporary layoff (expecting recall). (Seetable A-11.)

The proportion of unemployed persons who werereentrants to the labor force (33 percent) was markedlyhigher based on the new figures, while the proportion whowere new entrants was lower (7-1/2 percent). Much ofthis shift reflects the redefinition of reentrants in the newsurvey, whereby persons are no longer required to have atleast 2 weeks of full-time work experience to be classifiedas reentrants; any work experience, including onlypart-time jobs, will now suffice. Finally, 9 percent of theunemployed in January had voluntarily left their last jobs.(See table A-ll.)

Under the new survey procedures, the number ofpersons employed part time for economic reasons—some-times referred to as the partially unemployed — was 5.2million in January, substantially below the 6 to 6-1/2million levels that had prevailed for about 2-1/2 years.The main reason for this large difference is that those soclassified must now indicate explicitly their desire andavailability for full-time work. (See table A-6.)

Total employment and the labor forceTotal employment was 122.0 million in January, which

is some 1.3 million higher than the figure for December.The bulk of this difference (approximately 950,000) isattributable to the introduction into the estimation processof 1990 census-based population controls, adjusted for theundercount. Some of the remaining difference may beassociated with the introduction of the new surveyquestionnaire and collection methods. The employment-population ratio —the proportion of the population withjobs —was 62.2 percent in January, only slightly higherthan the figure for December. The January ratios were55.7 percent for adult women, 72.4 percent for adult men,and 43.5 percent for teenagers. (See table A-3.)

Changes to the questionnaire now allow for thecollection of data on multiple jobholders on a monthlybasis. In January, 6.8 million persons, about 5.6 percent ofall workers (on a not seasonally adjusted basis), held morethan one job during the reference week. (See table A-35.)

Reflecting the net shift of persons from outside the laborforce to both employment and unemployment under theredesigned survey, the labor force participation rate was66.7 percent in January, somewhat higher than the


proportion estimated using the former procedures. (Seetable A-3.)

Discouraged workersThe household survey redesign included a major change

in the definition of discouraged workers. Two require-ments were added: To be classified as discouraged, onemust have searched for work during the prior year and beexplicitly reported as currently available for work. Usingthis new definition, the number of discouraged workerswas 600,000 in January, on a not seasonally adjusted basis.(See table A-34.) Under the former, less restrictivedefinition, the number of discouraged workers had heldsteady at about 1.1 million (seasonally adjusted) for over 2years.

Industry payroll employmentNonfarm payroll employment edged up by 62,000 in

January on a seasonally adjusted basis, as unusually frigidwinter weather over much of the country during thereference week for the survey (the week of the 12th)limited the extent of job growth. During the prior 4months, payroll employment gains had averaged 191,000.(See table B-3.)

Durable goods manufacturing employment rose for thefourth consecutive month, particularly in auto- andconstruction-related industries, including fabricatedmetals, lumber, furniture, and stone, clay, and glassproducts, as well as motor vehicle manufacturing itself.Durable goods employment increases have totaled 78,000since September. Nondurables employment held steady,as rubber and plastics (also auto-related) and printing andpublishing had sufficient gains to offset job losses inchemicals and petroleum products. Employment in theapparel industry was flat after extensive losses in recentmonths.

The number of construction workers was little changedafter seasonal adjustment; employment in the industrywas depressed by the extreme winter weather in theMidwest and Northeast. Mining employment also waslittle changed, following large December gains attribut-able to the return of striking coal miners.

The trucking industry added 10,000 jobs to transporta-tion, which has been experiencing strong growth in recentmonths. Wholesale trade also added 10,000 jobs over themonth, mostly in durable goods distribution. Whileemployment in retail trade increased by 20,000, there werelosses —probably weather-related — in general merchan-dise, apparel, and eating and drinking establishments. Jobsin automobile dealers and service stations rose by 11,000in January, and their total has grown by 123,000 sinceJanuary 1992.

The finance industry added 6,000 jobs over the month.Employment in the services industry was flat for the firsttime in nearly 2 years, as job gains of 25,000 in healthservices were overshadowed by weather-related losses inbusiness services, amusements and recreation, and else-where in the industry. Employment of Federal workersdeclined by 20,000, as temporary postal workers hired forthe holiday season were released.

Weekly hoursThe average workweek for production or nonsuper-

visory workers on private nonfarm payrolls rose 0.3 hourto 34.8 hours in January, seasonally adjusted. Themanufacturing workweek and overtime hours remained athigh levels of 41.7 and 4.4 hours, respectively. (See tableB-8.)

The index of aggregate weekly hours of private produc-tion or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls roseby 0.9 percent to 126.3 (1982= 100) in January, largely aresult of the longer workweek. The manufacturing indexincreased by 0.3 percent to 102.4. (See table B-9.)

Hourly and weekly earningsAverage hourly earnings of private production or

nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls increased by0.7 percent in January, after seasonal adjustment. Averageweekly earnings increased by 1.6 percent. Before seasonaladjustment, average hourly earnings rose 10 cents to$ 11.07 and average weekly earnings were down 96 cents to$379.70 in January. Over the year, average hourlyearnings increased by 2.8 percent and average weeklyearnings by 3.7 percent. (See tables B-ll and B-15.)


Planned Changes in State and Area Estimates

Beginning with the release of data for January 1994 in March, estimates for State labor force data will berevised. The revision stems from three factors: 1) The results of a major redesign of the Current PopulationSurvey (CPS); 2) the implementation of improved regression models; and 3) the introduction of 1990census-based population controls, adjusted for the estimated undercount. The CPS redesign will affect boththe 11 large States, whose estimates come directly from the CPS, and the remaining 39 States and the Districtof Columbia, for which estimates are made using regression techniques in which the CPS data are inputs.Based on an intensive period of research and testing, new regression models are being implemented for the 39nondirect-use States and the District of Columbia. (More information on the regression models is availablefrom the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Local Area Unemployment Statistics, 202-606-6405.)Monthly historical series from 1978 through 1993 will be replaced with reestimated series based on the newmodels. These series will also be reseasonally adjusted based on recomputed seasonal adjustment factors. Theintroduction of 1990 census-based population figures, adjusted for the estimated population undercount,affects data for all States from 1990 forward. Sub-State data will also be affected since they are controlled toState totals. Data for metropolitan areas will reflect new Office of Management and Budget (OMB)definitions.

All nonfarm payroll employment estimates will be adjusted to March 1993 benchmark levels. Theserevisions will affect data from April 1992 forward. Seasonally adjusted employment data from January 1989forward will be revised to incorporate the recomputation of seasonal adjustment factors.

Scheduled Release Dates

Employment and unemployment data are scheduled for initial release on thefollowing dates:

Reference month

February

March

April

Release date

March 4

April 1

May 6

Reference month

May

June

July

Release date

June 3

July 8

August 5


Revisions in the Presentation of Datain Employment and Earnings

Gloria Peterson Green

Beginning with this issue of Employment and Earnings(E&E), the entire format, content, and organization have beenrevised. These changes are aimed primarily toward facilitat-ing successful data search by users of the publication, andresult primarily from the work of a BLS internal review com-mittee—the Employment and Earnings Process Action Team(EEPAT).1

In addition, the redesign of the Current Population Survey(CPS) affected to a large extent the presentation of householdsurvey data. As a result, existing concepts have been clarified,definitional and measurement changes have been incorpo-rated, as has the automated collection of more accurate andcomprehensive information on the labor force status of re-spondents. As explained later, new data series have beenintroduced, and other series are no longer being published.Moreover, some data series incorporate significant measure-ment changes and, although comparability has been affected,are treated as continued series for publication purposes.

This article provides a comprehensive discussion of thoserevisions in data presentation stemming from the recommen-dations of the EEPAT and those resulting from the redesign ofthe survey. The effect of the implementation of the CPS rede-sign and 1990 census population controls, adjusted for esti-mated undercount, on the estimates is discussed in a compan-ion article, "Revisions in the Current Population SurveyEffective January 1994," beginning on page 13 of this publi-cation.2

Format improvementsThe major changes in content and organization to Employ-

ment and Earnings include the following.

Gloria Peterson Green is an editor of Employment and Earnings and Chiefof the Data Users and Publication Services Group, Bureau of Labor Statistics(202) 606-6372.

1 The EEPAT was established in June 1992 by the Bureaus Office of Em-ployment and Unemployment Statistics (OEUS) as one of its Total QualityManagement initiatives. The recommendations of the review committee areoutlined in "Proceedings of the Employment and Earnings Process ActionTeam (EEPAT) Final Report: June 1993." These recommendations wereaccepted by the OEUS Quality Council in July 1993. Copies are availableupon request to BLS.

2 For additional information, see "Overhauling the Current PopulationSurvey," a trilogy of articles in the September 1993 issue of the MonthlyLabor Review.

1. An expansion of the summary and tabular contents

pages.

2. The addition of two summary tables and two charts.

3 A reorganization of data presentation.

4. The merging of all tables of national and State and areaestablishment-based data (formerly the "B" and "C"tables) into "B" tables.

5. The addition of a contents page to the ExplanatoryNotes and Estimates of Error.

6. The addition of a matrix-style index of major topicscrossed by table references of the data sources.

Contents pages. As reflected on page 1 (unnumbered), thesummary table of contents has been expanded to include addi-tional line items which direct users to the summary tables andcharts, Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error (titlechange), and the index, in addition to the articles which rou-tinely appear in the publication. The summary table refer-ences (bottom of page) have been recast into a matrix whichshows the data source and page listings separately for histori-cal, seasonally adjusted, and not seasonally adjusted data, aswell as special features, when they occur, e.g., revised season-ally adjusted household survey data.

The detailed list of statistical tables (pp. 2-3) reflects a reor-dering of the tables by source—household data ("A" tables),establishment data ("B" tables), and regional, State, and arealabor force data ("C" tables)—and within each source, thepresentation of historical, seasonally adjusted, and not sea-sonally adjusted data. With respect to the household data, thetables have also been reordered to show "employment status"first, followed by characteristics of the employed, character-istics of the unemployed, and not-in-labor-force status, fol-lowed by data on special labor force groups. Quarterly aver-age, (January, April, July, and October issues) and annual av-erage (January issues) data will appear after all monthly se-ries, regardless of data source. As a result of the adoption ofthis convention, the quarterly household data tables, formerlya continuation of the monthly "A" tables, will now appear as"D" tables.

A new contents page for the Explanatory Notes and Esti-mates of Error section is presented on page 4. It arranges the


general topics underlying the source data by order of presen-tation. Users are provided references for these important sub-jects of interest.

Summary tables and charts. In order to provide users with asnapshot of recent trends in the data, two summary tablesshowing 13 months of seasonally adjusted data for the majorhousehold and establishment-based series have been added tothe E&E portfolio. (See page 38.) The latter table also pres-ents over-the-month changes in the establishment-based em-ployment series.

Augmenting the tables are two charts showing the nationalunemployment rate and nonfarm payroll employment, sea-sonally adjusted, over the most recent 4-year period plus thecurrent year to date. (See page 39.) Users should note thatthe chart on the national unemployment rate reflects the non-comparability in household survey data beginning with theJanuary 1994 estimates.

Statistical tables. As indicated earlier, the "A" tables havebeen reordered to improve user access. In addition, as a conse-quence of the redesign, some tables were modified to incorpo-rate new or redefined series and other tables have been dis-continued. The effects of the redesign on the "A" tablesappear in a subsequent section of this article.

The former "B" and "C" tables have been reordered andmerged as "B" tables. Data are presented in the following or-der: Historical, seasonally adjusted, and not seasonally ad-justed data. National and sub-national employment data arepresented first, followed by hours and earnings data.

Publication of quarterly productivity measures (formerlytables C-10 and C-ll) has been discontinued in E&E, butthese measures continue to be available and published by theBLS Office of Productivity and Technology. The table con-taining monthly measures of all-employee hours (formerlytable C-9), which are principally derived from establishmentsurvey data, has been retained as table B-10. Three tablesshowing labor force data for regions, States, and areas (for-merly D-l through D-3) have been renumbered C-l throughC-3.

Explanatory Notes. This section of the publication has beenrenamed "Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error," reflect-ing user interest in locating quickly the sampling variabilityassociated with the source data. As indicated earlier, the newcontents page provides users quick directions to these errormeasures, as well as the concepts, definitions, and other top-ics of interest. In addition, where necessary, certain sectionsof the text have been recast to highlight key terms.

This issue of E&E introduces a revamped "household data"section which describes all changes in the concepts, defini-tions, sampling, and estimation procedures effective with therelease of January 1994 data.

Tabular index. As shown at the back of the publication (page204), a matrix-style index which crosses major topics by the

tables in which they appear has been added to facilitate datalocation. References are made to the household and establish-ment-based series, as well as those on regional, State, and arealabor force data.

Because of its complexity, the index will be a fixed ratherthan changing feature of this publication. It therefore will ap-pear in all 12 monthly issues and will indicate the location ofmonthly, quarterly, and annual average data. The index willbe updated whenever changes are made to the tabular schemeof the publication.

Redesign-related changes to the "A" tablesAs indicated earlier, the CPS redesign necessitated a num-

ber of changes in the presentation of the data. Some tables areno longer published because the data are based on old con-cepts, they are no longer in demand by data users, or they areno longer relevant. At the same time, several new tables havebeen introduced, and many others incorporate measurementor definitional changes.

Discontinued series. Measurement and definitional changesresulted in the discontinued publication of the historical serieson discouraged workers and other labor force nonpartici-pants. The new data series are not comparable with the histor-ical series. Similarly, the historical series on persons at workon full-time schedules and the associated hours of work seriesare no longer published because of definitional changes relat-ing to the usual hours of full- and part-time workers.

Several series were dropped because of limited user de-mand. These include detailed age data for the black-and-otherpopulation and labor force series including the residentArmed Forces; data for both are no longer being produced.3

Other discontinued monthly series include various laborforce status categories by family relationship, which will stillbe tabulated based on new weighting patterns and thus areavailable upon request. Collection and publication of data onthe employment status of residents of metropolitan, nonme-tropolitan, urban, rural, and poverty-nonpoverty areas are be-ing temporarily dropped but will be reinstated following thecompletion of the redesign of the CPS sample to incorporate1990 census-based sample areas. Data on the methods usedby jobseekers to search for jobs will not be published monthlybut will continue on an annual average basis. Monthly dataare available on request to the Bureau.

New series. Table A-34 presents monthly data on a new mea-sure of discouraged workers derived from the full CPS sam-ple. Prior to 1994, these data were obtained from a quarter of

3 The estimates of the resident Armed Forces come from administrativesources within the Department of Defense and are affected by lags in theavailability of information, changes over time in administrative practices forthe classification of military personnel as resident or nonresident, and varia-tions in those practices among the branches of the services. The impact ofthese factors on the data were greatly exacerbated during the Persian Gulfoperations, and publication, except for the overall rate—U-5a—was discon-tinued in the May 1991 Employment Situation news release.


the sample (the "outgoing" rotation groups) and warrantedpublication only on a quarterly or annual average basis. Therevised discouraged worker data, based on new criteria cover-ing recent job search and availability, cannot be seasonallyadjusted for several years.

The redesign provides for the tabulation of data on multiplejobholders as well as estimates of the number of jobs held andvarious combinations of full- and part-time work. These newdata series are presented in table A-35 and should prove veryuseful in future attempts to reconcile employment estimatesfrom the household and establishment surveys.

Continued series. Several major series have been redefined ortheir measurement altered, but their publication is being con-tinued, sometimes in altered form. Of particular note in thisregard are the data on employed persons working on part-timeschedules for economic reasons and unemployed persons byreason.

As indicated in the Explanatory Notes and Estimates ofError section and as described in the companion article onCPS revisions, persons working part time for economicreasons are those who want and are available for full-timework but are working less than 35 hours because of slackwork or an inability to find a full-time job. The addition of thespecific criteria on desire and availability for full-time workreduces the size of this group by over 20 percent. Despite thismarked numerical change, it is important to maintain thiscritical cyclical barometer of economic activity, sometimesreferred to as the "partially unemployed."

The data series on reasons for unemployment have beenrevamped in several ways. First, a fifth category, "persons

whose temporary jobs ended," is being introduced. Formerly,it had apparently been part of the "job losers" category. In or-der to continue a seasonally adjusted series for job losers, theseries "job losers and persons who completed temporaryjobs" is being seasonally adjusted until enough years of dataare available to test the seasonal adjustment qualities of thetwo separate series. Also, a small conceptual change wasintroduced that results in fewer new entrants to the labor forceand more reentrants. This is also described in the companionE&E article.

Users should note that, at least initially, all seasonally ad-justed historical series that incorporate measurement or defi-nitional changes beginning in 1994 are derived using seasonaladjustment factors based on past experience.

Table 1 provides a listing of all statistical tables appearingin E&E beginning in 1994 along with the old table equiva-lences. Quarterly and annual average counterparts are also in-cluded. Footnote references are provided which indicatewhere the new or continued series are published.

ConclusionThe editors are hopeful that the tabular reorganization, the

expanded contents pages, the addition of summary tables andcharts, and the introduction of an index will increase the use-fulness of E&E. We welcome any comments that subscribersand other users of this publication may wish to make. We par-ticularly want to be informed of any problems the readershipencounters in using the revised publication. All comments orinquiries should be addressed to: Editors, Employment andEarnings, Room 4675,2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Wash-ington, DC 20212-0001, or Fax (202) 606-6426.

10


Table 1. Revised listing of statistical tables on household data, establishment data, and regional, State, and area laborforce data beginning 1994 and their previous counterparts

Beginning 1994 Before 1994

Monthly household data

A-1A-2A-3A-d.

A-51

A fi1A-7A-8A-9A-10A-112

A-12A-13A-14A-15A-161

A-17A-18A-19A-20A-211

A-221

A-231

A-241

A-251

A-26A-27A-28A-292

A-302

A-31A-32A-33A-343

A-354

A-36

m

-A-33A-^4n"OH

A . q cM"OO

A-36A-37A-38A-39A-41A-40A-4A-6A-7A-9A-22A-23A-25A-24A-27A-28A-29A-30A-31A-11A-12A-13A-14A-15A-16A-17A-18

-

A-8

Monthly establishment data

B-1B-2B-3B-4B-5B-6B-7B-8B-9B-105

B-11B-12B-13B-14B-15B-15aB-16B-17B-18

B-1C-1B-4B-5B-6B-7B-8C-5C-6C-9C-7B-2B-3B-9C-2C-2aC-3C-4C-8


Monthly regional, State, and area labor force data

C-1C-2C-3

D-1D-2D-3

Quarterly household data

D-1D-2D-3D-41

D-51

D-6D-7D-8D-92

D-10D-11D-12D-13D-142

D-15D-16D-17D-18D-192D-20D-21D-22D-23D-24D-25D-26

A-43A-44A-45A-46A-47A-48A-49A-50A-52A-51A-58A-59A-60A-61A-62A-63A-68A-69A-65A-64A-71A-73A-74A-75A-66A-67

Annual average household data

123456781

91011121

131

1415161718191

201

211221231

2425

123

3940

67

202122414227232425 and 26283031323334

949

See footnotes at end of table.

11


Table 1. Revised listing of statistical tables on household data, establishment data, and regional, State, and area laborforce data beginning 1994 and their previous counterparts—Continued


Annual average household data—Continued

262728292302

31232333435362373384

394041424344454647484950

5010111246131415161718

-525455565759586061624748


Annual average establishment data

515253

656667

1 Incorporates new definitions of employed persons on part-timeschedules for economic or noneconomic reasons and full- and part-time workers.

2 Incorporates changes relating to unemployed job losers and otherreasons for unemployment.

3 Displays new concept of discouraged workers and other nonpar-ticipants in the labor force.

4 Presents new monthly data on multiple jobholders.

5 Quarterly productivity measures which appeared in old tablesC-10 and C-11 are no longer published in Employment and Earnings.For information on the availability of these measures, contact theOffice of Productivity and Technology (202-606-5606).

NOTE: Quarterly household data appear in the January, April, July,and October issues of Employment and Earnings, annual averagesappear in the January issues.

12


Revisions in the Current PopulationSurvey Effective January 1994

Sharon R. Cohany, Anne E. Polivka, and Jennifer M. Rothgeb

A major redesign of the Current Population Survey(CPS) was implemented in January 1994. The primaryaim of the redesign was to improve the quality of the dataderived from the survey by introducing a new question-naire and modernized data collection methods. Thisarticle discusses the major features of the new question-naire and collection methods and compares the estimatesderived under the former and new procedures.1 The articlealso describes the introduction of new population controlsbased on the 1990 census adjusted for the estimated popu-lation undercount. (The effects of the redesign and othersurvey changes on the publication of data are discussed inthe companion article, "Revisions in the Presentation ofData in Employment and Earnings," in this issue.)

Redesign of the Current PopulationSurvey

BackgroundA monthly survey of some 60,000 households, the CPS

is conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau ofLabor Statistics. Since its inception in 1940, the CPS hasbeen the primary source of information on the employed,the unemployed, and persons not in the labor force.

Prior to the recent redesign, the survey questionnairehad been virtually unchanged for nearly three decades.The last major revisions were made in 1967.2 Since thattime, problems with the questionnaire in measuring cer-tain labor market concepts were identified. Also, the Na-tion's economy and society underwent major shifts. Forinstance, there has been tremendous growth in the numberof service-sector jobs, while the number of factory jobs hasdeclined sharply as a share of overall employment. Otherchanges include the more prominent role of women inthe work force and the growing popularity of alternative

Sharon R. Cohany is an economist in the Division of Labor Force Sta-tistics and Anne E. Polivka is an economist in the Office of Research andEvaluation, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Jennifer M. Rothgeb is a socialscience statistician in the Center for Survey Methods Research, Bureau ofthe Census. The sections relating to the 1990 census-based populationcontrols were co-authored by Shail J. Butani, Janice Lent, Edwin L. Robi-son, and Michael E. Welch of the Statistical Methods Division, Bureau ofLabor Statistics, and Frederick W. Hollman of the Population Division,Bureau of the Census.

work schedules. These changes raised issues which werenot being fully addressed with the old questionnaire. In ad-dition, there had been major advances in survey researchmethods and data collection technology. Spurred by all ofthese developments, work by BLS and the Bureau of theCensus began in the mid-1980's to redesign the CPS to bet-ter capture the dynamics of the contemporary labor mar-ket, while incorporating recent advances in data collectiontechnology.

The redesign of the questionnaire had four main objec-tives: 1) To measure the official labor force concepts moreprecisely, 2) to expand the amount of data available, 3) toimplement several definitional changes, and 4) to adopt acomputer-assisted interviewing environment.

Beginning in 1988, BLS and the Bureau of the Censusconducted a number of research projects to guide the de-velopment of a new CPS questionnaire. Alternative ver-sions of the questionnaire were developed, based on boththis research and recommendations made in 1979 by theNational Commission on Employment and Unemploy-ment Statistics, also known as the Levitan Commission.3

The various questionnaire alternatives were tested in 1990and 1991 in two phases, using centralized computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) with a sample ofhouseholds selected through random digit dialing (RDD)techniques. The results of both of these experimentalphases were used in the development of the final revisedquestionnaire.

The new version was then tested extensively in a nation-al sample survey, which ran parallel to the CPS from July1992 to December 1993. This article compares data fromthis "parallel survey" with results from the official CPS us-ing 1993 annual averages, in order to gauge the effects ofthe new questionnaire and computer-assisted data collec-tion on the estimates.

1 For additional information on the background of the CPS redesign,see "Questions and Answers on the Redesign of the Current PopulationSurvey," available from BLS, and three articles published in the Septem-ber 1993 Monthly Labor Review under the heading "Overhauling the Cur-rent Population Survey." A comprehensive bibliography is available fromBLS upon request.

2 See Robert L. Stein, "New Definitions for Employment and Unem-ployment," Employment and Earnings, February 1967.

3 National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statis-tics, Counting the Labor Force, 1979.

13


ComputerizationThe new questionnaire was designed for a computer-

assisted interview. In most cases, interviewers conduct thesurvey either in person at the respondent's home or by tele-phone from the interviewer's home, using laptop comput-ers on which the questionnaire has been programmed.This mode of data collection is known as computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI). Interviewers askthe survey questions as they appear automatically on thescreen of the laptop, and then type the responses directlyinto the computer. At the end of each day, interviewerstransmit the data via modem to the computer at theBureau of the Census headquarters. A portion of samplehouseholds (expected to reach about 20 percent later thisyear) is interviewed via CATI, from two centralized tele-phone centers (located in Hagerstown, Maryland andTucson, Arizona) by interviewers who also use a comput-erized questionnaire.

Computer-assisted interviewing has important benefits,most notably:

Consistency. In a survey such as the CPS, consistency frominterview to interview is essential for data quality. Auto-mation facilitates the use of a relatively complex question-naire, incorporating complicated skip patterns and stan-dardized foliowup questions. Yet, certain questions areautomatically tailored to the individual's situation tomake them more understandable to the respondent.

Editing. The computerized questionnaire has several built-in editing features, including automatic checks for internalconsistency and unlikely responses. In this way, some po-tential errors can be caught and corrected during the inter-view itself.

Dependent interviewing. An automated interview also per-mits dependent interviewing, that is, the use of informa-tion in the current interview that was obtained in a pre-vious month's interview. Dependent interviewing reducesrespondent and interviewer burden, while improving con-sistency of the data from one month to the next. The tech-nique is being used to confirm the previously reported oc-cupation and industry of a person's job and, for many peo-ple not in the labor force, to confirm their status as retiredor disabled. If it is determined that there has been nochange in the information which was supplied in the earli-er interview, no further questions on the topic are asked. If,however, the information which was previously suppliedhas changed, the respondents are asked to provide the up-dated information. In a somewhat different form of depen-dent interviewing, persons' duration of unemployment isasked in the first month they are reported as unemployed,and this information is automatically updated by either 4or 5 weeks if they remain unemployed in the subsequentmonth.

It should be noted that the new questionnaire was de-signed for computer-assisted interviewing. Given the

complexity of the skip patterns and the use of dependentinterviewing, it would be nearly impossible to administerthe new survey using a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. Infact, there is no operational paper version of the new ques-tionnaire.

Major Questionnaire Changes

Enhanced accuracyUnlike the 1967 revision, whose major purpose was to

sharpen the definition of unemployment, the emphasis ofthe 1994 redesign was to improve the overall quality of la-bor market information through extensive questionchanges and the introduction of computers into the collec-tion procedures. The redesign was also undertaken to ob-tain data on topics not previously or adequately covered.

While the labor force status of most people is straight-forward, some are more difficult to classify correctly, espe-cially if they are engaged in activities that are relatively in-formal or intermittent. Many of the changes to the ques-tionnaire were made to deal with such cases. This was ac-complished by rewording and adding questions to con-form more precisely with the official definitions, makingthe questions easier to understand and answer, minimizingreliance on volunteered responses, revising response cate-gories, and taking advantage of the benefits of an auto-mated interview. Areas affected by these improvementsinclude:

Reference week. Many questions refer to activities "lastweek," but in the former questionnaire the time period wasnever defined. Research found that fewer than 20 percentof respondents defined the reference week as it is meant inthe survey, that is, from Sunday to Saturday of the weekincluding the 12th day of the month. The new question-naire provides respondents with the specific dates of thereference week.

On layoff. Persons on layoff are defined as those who areseparated from a job to which they are awaiting recall. Theold questionnaire, however, was not structured to consis-tently obtain information on the expectation of recall. Thiswas a particular problem since, in common parlance, theterm "layoff has come to refer to a permanent termina-tion rather than the temporary situation that BLS and theCensus Bureau are trying to measure.

In order to measure layoffs more accurately, questionswere added to determine if people reported to be on layoffdid in fact have an expectation of recall — that is, had theybeen given a specific date to return to work or, at least, hadthey been given an indication that they would be recalledwithin the next 6 months. Also, a direct question aboutlayoff replaced a long and cumbersome question aboutboth layoff and absence from work.

Job search methods. To be counted as unemployed, a per-son must have engaged in an active jobsearch during the 4

14


weeks prior to the survey, that is, must have taken someaction that could result in a job offer. In addition to con-tacting employers directly, active jobsearch methodsinclude answering want ads, sending out resumes, andcontacting private or public employment agencies. On theother hand, passive methods, such as taking a class orsimply reading the want ads, do not qualify as a jobsearch.To allow interviewers to better distinguish between activeand passive methods, the response categories for jobsearchmethods were expanded and reformatted. Also, the basicquestion on jobsearch methods was reworded andfollowup questions were added to encourage respondentsto report all types of jobsearch activity.

Hours at work. Research showed that, when asked abouttheir actual hours at work, some respondents providedtheir scheduled or usual hours instead. To improve theaccuracy of these data, the series of questions on hoursworked was reordered to incorporate a recall strategy,which asks for usual hours first, then about possible timetaken off or extra hours worked during the reference week,and finally about hours actually worked.

Reasons for working part time. Persons who work parttime (fewer than 35 hours a week) do so either voluntarily(that is, because of personal constraints or preferences) orinvoluntarily (that is, because of business-related reasonssuch as slack work or the lack of full-time opportunities).Because respondents typically are not familiar with thisdistinction, the question asking why those working parttime were doing so was reworded to provide examples ofthe two types of reasons. More importantly, the measure-ment of working part time involuntarily (or for economicreasons) was modified to better reflect the concept. Start-ing in 1994, workers who are part time for economic rea-sons must want and be available for full-time work. Indi-viduals who usually work part time for an economic rea-son are asked direct questions to determine if they meetthese criteria; those usually working full time are assumedto meet them.

Occupation and industry. Research has shown that the for-mer system of asking questions on occupation, industry,and class of worker independently each month led to anoverreporting of month-to-month change. The accuracyof these data will benefit significantly from the use of de-pendent interviewing, with most respondents being askedto supply this information only in the initial interview. Insubsequent months, they are asked merely to verify the in-formation that had been reported earlier regarding theiremployer, occupation, and usual activities on the job. If nochanges have taken place, no further questions are askedand the information is simply carried forward. If changesin the job situation have occurred, the series of questionsthat was asked in the previous month is asked again.

Unpaid family workers. The definition of employment in-cludes persons who work without pay for at least 15 hoursa week in a business or farm owned by a member of theirimmediate family. To better measure the extent of work insuch businesses, the new questionnaire has a direct ques-tion on the presence of a business in the household. Per-sons in households with a business who are not otherwiseemployed are specifically asked if they worked in thebusiness.

Earnings. With the former questionnaire, respondentswere asked to report their earnings as a weekly amount,even though that may not have been the easiest way to re-call or report their earnings. In the new version, respon-dents are asked to report earnings in the time frame whichthey find easiest, for example, hourly, weekly, biweekly,monthly, or annual. Weekly earnings are automaticallycalculated for persons who respond on a basis other thanweekly. Also, individuals are asked a specific question todetermine if they usually receive overtime pay, tips, orcommissions. For minimum wage studies, all earners areasked if they are, in fact, paid at hourly rates.

New dataThe questionnaire redesign also makes it possible to

collect several types of data regularly for the first time,namely:

Multiple jobholding. Employed persons are now askedeach month whether they had more than one job. This al-lows BLS to produce estimates of multiple jobholding on amonthly basis, rather than having to derive them throughspecial, periodic supplements. The inclusion of the multi-ple jobholding question also enhances the accuracy of an-swers to the questions on hours worked, and it may help toreconcile employment estimates from the CPS with thosefrom the Current Employment Statistics program, BLS'survey of nonfarm business establishments.

Usual hours. All employed persons are asked each monthabout the hours they usually work. Previously, informa-tion on usual hours was collected from just one-quarter ofwage and salary workers each month.

Definitional changesAs part of the redesign, several labor force definitions

were modified, specifically:

Discouraged workers. This was the most important defini-tional change implemented. The Levitan Commission hadcriticized the former definition, because it was based on asubjective desire for work and on somewhat arbitrary as-sumptions about an individual's availability to take a job.As a result of the redesign, two requirements were added:For persons to qualify as discouraged, they must have en-gaged in some jobsearch within the past year (or since theylast worked if they worked within the past year), and theymust be currently available to take a job. (Formerly, avail-

15


ability was inferred from responses to other questions;now there is a direct question.) Discouraged workers arenow defined as persons who want a job, are available to takea job, and who had looked for work within the past year butnot within the prior 4 weeks because they believed theirsearch would be futile. Specifically, their main reason fornot recently looking for work was one of the following: Be-lieves no work available in line of work or area; couldn't findany work; lacks necessary schooling, training, skills or expe-rience; employers think too young or too old; or other typesof discrimination. Also, beginning in January 1994, ques-tions on this subject are asked of the full CPS sample ratherthan being limited to a quarter of the sample, permittingestimates of the number of discouraged workers to be pub-lished monthly (rather than quarterly).

Unemployment. A relatively minor change was incorpo-rated into the definition of unemployment. Under the for-mer definition, persons who volunteered that they werewaiting to start a job within 30 days (a very small groupnumerically) were classified as unemployed, whether ornot they were actively looking for work. Under the newdefinition, people waiting to start a new job are no longerautomatically counted as unemployed. Rather, they musthave actively looked for a job within the last 4 weeks inorder to be counted as unemployed. Otherwise, they willbe classified as not in the labor force. Thus, beginning inJanuary 1994, the unemployed are defined as persons 1)without jobs; 2) actively seeking work, or on layoff from ajob and expecting recall (who need not be seeking work toqualify); and 3) currently available to take a job (includingtemporary illness).

New entrants and reentrants. Unemployed persons whowere not working just before their jobsearch commencedare classified as either new entrants or reentrants (to thelabor force). Prior to 1994, new entrants were defined asjobseekers who had never worked at a full-time job lasting2 weeks or longer; reentrants were defined as jobseekerswho had held a full-time job for at least 2 weeks and hadthen spent some time out of the labor force prior to theirmost recent period of jobsearch. These definitions havebeen modified to encompass any type of job, not just a full-time job of at least 2 weeks duration. Thus, new entrantsare now defined as jobseekers who have never worked atall, and reentrants are jobseekers who have worked before,but not immediately prior to their jobsearch.

Full-time and part-time workers. The classification of full-and part-time workers is now based completely on theirusual weekly hours worked. In the past, due to limitationsin the questionnaire, persons who worked full time in thereference week were not asked about their usual hours.Rather, they were assumed to work full time on a usual

basis and classified as full-time workers. In the revisedquestionnaire, all workers are asked the number of hoursthey usually work, and are classified accordingly.

The parallel Survey

As mentioned above, the new computerized question-naire was tested in a parallel survey, also known as the"CATI/CAPI Overlap." The parallel survey was adminis-tered to approximately 12,000 households per month for18 months, from July 1992 to December 1993. The surveyhad several objectives, including testing the complex pro-gramming of the questionnaire, breaking in computerizeddata collection and transmission operations, and measur-ing differences in major labor force estimates between theold and new surveys. Since a lack of funding prevented theadministration of the former questionnaire in a CAPI en-vironment and since the new questionnaire's complexityprevented its administration on paper, the effects of com-puter-assisted data collection on the labor force estimatescannot be completely isolated from the effects of changesin question wording and sequence.

The parallel survey was a nationally representative sur-vey, in which all of the largest metropolitan areas were in-cluded and the remaining areas were sampled on a proba-bility basis.4 The parallel survey had the same rotationschedule as the CPS, that is, households were interviewedfor 4 months, left the sample for the next 8 months, andthen were interviewed for another 4 months.

When comparing estimates derived from the parallelsurvey with official CPS estimates, it should be recognizedthat the parallel survey was based on a national sample, incontrast with the State-based sample design of the CPS.Moreover, the sample of the parallel survey was just one-fifth the size of the CPS sample. This means that its esti-mates have greater variance, particularly those for smallgroups, which are based on relatively few sample mem-bers.

The data compared in this article are 1993 annual aver-ages. There were, of course, month-to-month fluctuations,especially in the parallel survey, which are mini-mized using averages of 12 months of data. For example,the overall unemployment rate from the parallel survey forthe 12-month period under study (January-December1993) averaged 0.5 percentage point higher than the ratefrom the CPS, compared with monthly differences rangingfrom 0.1 to 0.7 percentage point.

Comparisons Between CPS and ParallelSurvey Estimates

The following analysis describes differences in labormarket estimates between the official CPS and the parallelsurvey for 1993. This includes highlights of the major

4 The sample design of the parallel survey was based on that used by theNational Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), which is conducted by theBureau of the Census for the Bureau of Justice Statistics.

16


differences as well as sections on the employed, unem-ployed, persons in the labor force, and persons not in thelabor force.

Explanations for observed differences in the estimatesare suggested whenever possible. It is important to note,however, that given the sweeping changes to the survey, itis impossible to completely disentangle the underlyingcauses behind the differences. In general, only differencesthat are statistically significant at the 90-percent confi-dence level are discussed. Confidence intervals for majorestimates are shown in table 1. Standard errors for esti-mates in all other tables are available from BLS upon re-quest. In order to maintain comparability with parallelsurvey results, the CPS estimates used in this article werenot subjected to the compositing procedure, and as a resultmay not always agree with published estimates.5

Highlights of findingsThe following are highlights of the study comparing

data from the parallel survey (using the revised question-naire and automated collection) with the CPS (using theformer questionnaire and procedures) for 1993.

• The national unemployment rate as estimated by theparallel survey was higher than the rate obtained by theCPS. This difference averaged 0.5 percentage point (table1). As shown in table 2, the measured effect was relativelylarger for women than for men. The parallel survey alsomeasured more unemployment among teenagers and old-er workers (65 years and over).

• The overall proportion of the population that wasworking —the employment-population ratio —was essen-tially the same in the parallel survey and the CPS. Howev-er, there were marked differences by gender. For men, theratio was lower in the parallel survey than in the CPS; forwomen the ratio based on the parallel survey was higher.

• The labor force participation rate was estimated tobe higher in the parallel survey than in the CPS. Again,there were significant differences by gender: The percent-age for men was lower in the parallel survey while the ratefor women was higher.

EmploymentAs stated above, overall estimates of employment dif-

fered little between the parallel survey and the CPS. Theemployment-population ratio was 61.8 percent in the par-allel survey, statistically indistinguishable from the 61.7percent using the CPS. This similarity in the aggregate ra-tio, however, masks significant differences by gender. Theratio for women was higher in the parallel survey than inthe CPS —54.9 versus 54.2 percent —while for men themeasure from the parallel survey was lower —69.3 versus

Compositing is an estimation procedure which reduces variability inestimates, especially of month-to-month change. For a detailed explana-tion, see "Estimating Methods" under the Household Data section of theExplanatory Notes and Estimates of Error in this publication.

69.9 percent. (See table 2.)There are several questionnaire changes which may

have contributed to higher estimates of employmentamong women. Many of the revisions to the new question-naire were made to capture labor force activity more com-pletely, especially that of a more irregular or informal na-ture. To this end, key questions on work activity were re-worded. (See exhibit A.) For example, the question askingabout work was changed from " Did you do any work at allLAST WEEK, not counting work around the house?" to"LAST WEEK, did you do ANY work for pay?" Somerespondents to the former questionnaire may have failedto report work activities if their activities were part time,intermittent, or perhaps even if they were home-based.The revised question communicates more clearly to the re-spondent that the survey uses an inclusive definition ofwork, to encompass any work for pay.

Indeed, the entire context of the interview must be con-sidered. The labor force portion of the former CPS inter-view began with the following question: "What were youdoing most of LAST WEEK (Working, keeping house, go-ing to school, or something else)?" This question, original-ly introduced as an "icebreaker," has been criticized onseveral grounds. For one, we really don't want to knowwhat a person was doing most of last week (the answer tothat might be something unrelated to labor force activity),but rather whether a person worked at all last week. Thephrase "most of last week," moreover, may have been indi-cating to some respondents that the interest of the surveywas in full-time, "regular" employment and not in part-time or intermittent work.

Another difficulty with the former opening question wasthat interviewers were instructed to tailor it depending onthe person's apparent situation. For a person (typically awoman) who appeared to be a homemaker, the questioncould be phrased, "What were you doing most of lastweek — working, keeping house, or something else?" For ayoung person, the question could be tailored to read, "Whatwere you doing most of last week — working, going toschool, or something else?" The "working" option was notalways offered. Everyone else was asked, "What were youdoing most of last week — working or something else?" It isnot known to what extent these procedures werefollowed; however, the instructions for tailoring pro-vided the potential for bias and may have cast doubton the intent of the survey to capture all labor forceactivity.

In the new questionnaire, none of the questions is cus-tomized on the basis of the appearance of respondents.Thus, for example, after an opening question (asked oncefor the entire household) on the presence of a business orfarm, everyone is asked whether he or she did any work forpay, clearly setting the tone that this is a survey in whichlabor force activity is the sole interest. Also, the new ver-sion systematically asks about employment in family busi-

17


Table 1. Employment status of the population for selected labor force groups using 1980 census-based population estimatesfrom the CPS and the parallel survey, 1993 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Employment status and group CPS1Parallelsurvey

Difference

Level Error at 1.6 sigma2

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional populationCivilian labor force

Percent of populationEmployed

Employment-population ratioUnemployed

Unemployment rate

Men, 20 years and over




Unemployment rate

Women, 20 years and over




Unemployment rate

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years




Unemployment rate

White




Unemployment rate

Black




Unemployment rate

See footnote at end of table.

193,550128,103

66.2119,389

61.78,714

6.8

85,90666,077

76.961,884

72.04,193

6.4

94,38955,184

58.551,966

55.13,219

5.8

13,2546,842

51.65,54041.8

1,30319.0

163,921109,407

66.7102,891

62.86,516

6.0

22,32913,957

62.512,148

54.41,809

13.0

193,550128,965

66.6119,606

61.89,359

7.3

85,85065,599

76.461,283

71.44,316

6.6

94,36156,162

59.552,604

55.83,559

6.3

13,3387,203

54.05,719

42.91,48520.6

163,921110,209

67.2103,267

63.06,942

6.3

22,32913,908

62.311,923

53.41,985

14.3

0862

.4217

.1645

.5

-56-478

-.5-601

-.6123

.2

-289781.0

638.7

340.5

843612.41791.11821.6

0802

.5376

.2426

.3

0-49-.2

-225-1.01761.3

0642

.3696

.4278

.2

0354

.4381

.4189

.3

0486

.5503

.5159

.3

01781.3

1741.3

1001.3

0607

.4648

.4223

.2

03251.5

3211.4

129.9

18


Table 1. Employment status of the population for selected labor force groups using 1980 census-based population estimatesfrom the CPS and the parallel survey, 1993 annual averages-Continued


Employment status and group CPS1 Parallelsurvey

Difference

Level Error at 1.6 sigma2

Hispanic origin

Civilian noninstitutional population ..Civilian labor force


Employment-population ratio ..Unemployed

Unemployment rate

15,75310,385

65.99,285

58.91,100

10.6

15,75310,666

67.79,412

59.71,254

11.8

02811.8

127.8

1541.2

02411.5

2681.797.9

1 These estimates differ slightly from previously published 1993averages because of the estimation procedure used.

2 Sampling error at the 90-percent confidence level.NOTE: Population estimates obtained from the two surveys will not

always agree due to slight differences in estimating procedures. Detailfor the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals be-cause data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanicsare included in both the white and black population groups.

Table 2. Employment status of the population by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin using 1980 census-based estimates from theCPS and the parallel survey, 1993 annual averages


Employment status and age

Total

CPS1 Parallelsurvey

Differ-ence2

Men

CPS1 Parallelsurvey

Differ-ence2

Women

CPS1 Parallelsurvey

Differ-ence2

Civilian noninstitutionalpopulation

Total, 16 years and over . . .16 to 19 years20 to 24 years25 to 34 years35 to 44 years45 to 54 years55 to 64 years65 years and over

Civilian labor force


Participation rate


See footnote at end of table.

193,55013,25417,58341,31440,34128,86321,02931,164

128,1036,842

13,55534,47334,27423,55611,8633,540

66.251.677.183.485.081.656.411.4

193,55013,33817,64141,37540,23828,94321,00631,008

128,9657,203

13,70534,60934,28723,62211,7363,802

66.654.077.783.685.281.655.912.3

0845861

-10380

-23-156

862361150136

1366

-127262

.42.4

.6

.2

.2

.0-.5.9

92,6206,7148,613

20,38219,83114,0279,976

13,078

69,6563,5797,159

19,04918,54412,6426,6322,051

75.253.383.193.593.590.166.515.7

92,6206,7698,677

20,37419,78514,0169,990

13,009

69,3003,7027,186

18,82818,45712,4826,4732,173

74.854.782.892.493.389.164.816.7

05564-8

-46-1114

-69

-35612327

-221-87

-160-159122

-.41.4-.3

-1.1-.2

-1.0-1.71.0

100,9306,5408,970

20,93320,51014,83611,05318,086

58,4473,2636,396

15,42415,73010,9145,2311,489

57.949.971.373.776.773.647.3

8.2

100,9306,5698,964

21,00220,45314,92711,01617,999

59,6643,5026,519

15,78215,83011,1395,2621,629

59.153.372.775.177.474.647.89.1

029-669

-5791

-37-87

1,21723912335810022531

140

1.23.41.41.4.7

1.0.5.9

19


Table 2. Employment status of the population by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin using 1980 census-based estimates from theCPS and the parallel survey, 1993 annual averages-Continued


Employment status and age

Total

CPS1Parallelsurvey

Differ-ence2

Men

CPS1 Parallelsurvey

Differ-

Women

CPS1 Parallelsurvey

Differ-

Employed

Total, 16 years and over16 to 19 years20 to 24 years25 to 34 years35 to 44 years45 to 54 years55 to 64 years65 years and over

Employment-populationratio


Unemployed


Unemployment rate


119,3895,540

12,13732,11932,40622,44411,3133,430

61.741.869.077.780.377.853.811.0

8,7141,3021,4172,3541,8681,112

550110

6.819.010.56.85.54.74.63.1

119,6065,719

12,23332,09932,34722,43111,1543,623

61.842.969.377.680.477.553.111.7

9,3591,4851,4722,5111,9401,190

581180

7.320.610.77.35.75.05.04.7

21717996

-20-59-13

-159193

.11.1.3

-.1.1

-.3-.7.7

64518355

15772783170

.51.6.2.5.2.3.4

1.6

64,7272,8446,354

17,72917,51212,0116,2921,986

69.942.473.887.088.385.663.115.2

4,928735805

1,3201,033

63134165

7.120.511.26.95.65.05.13.2

64,2002,9186,386

17,52717,40011,8086,1062,057

69.343.173.686.088.084.361.115.8

5,100784800

1,3011,057

675367116

7.421.211.16.95.75.45.75.4

-5277432

-202-112-203-186

71

-.6.7

-.2-1.0

-.3-1.3-2.0

.6

17249-5

-1924442651

.3

.7-.1.0.1.4.6

2.2

54,6622,6965,783

14,39014,89410,4335,0221,444

54.241.264.568.772.670.345.4

8.0

3,785567613

1,034835482209

45

6.517.49.66.75.34.44.03.0

55,4062,8025,846

14,57314,94710,6235,0481,566

54.942.765.269.473.171.245.8

8.7

4,259700673

1,210883516214

63

7.120.010.37.75.64.64.13.9

74410663

18353

19026

122

.71.5.7.7.5.9.4.7

47413360

1764834

518

.62.6

.71.0.3.2.1.9


2 These differences may not equal the results obtained from comparingthe values shown in the table because of independent rounding.

NOTE: Population estimates obtained from the two surveys willnot always agree due to slight differences in estimating procedures.

20


EXHIBIT A. COMPARISON OF KEYEMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENTQUESTIONS

CPS PARALLEL SURVEY

1. What were you doing most of LAST WEEK - 1. Does anyone in this household have a businessor a farm?

(working or something else?)

(keeping house or something else?)

2. LAST WEEK, did you do ANY work for (either)pay (or profit)?

Parentheticals in question filled in if anyone in thehousehold has a business or farm.

(going to school or something else?)

If answer indicates "with a job, but not at work"(either temporarily or on layoff), ask 2, and if 2 is"no" ask -4.lt answer indicates "working," skip 2.All others, ask 2.

2. Did you do any work at all LAST WEEK, notcounting work around the house? (Note: If farmor business operator in household, ask aboutunpaid work.)

3. Did you have a job or business from which youwere temporarily absent or on layoff LASTWEEK?

If "no," ask 5. If "yes," ask 4.

4. Why were you absent from work LAST WEEK?

5. Have you been looking for work during the past 4weeks?

If "yes," ask 6.

6. What have you been doing in the last 4 weeks tofind work?

If 1 is "yes" and 2 is "no," ask 3.

3. LAST WEEK, did you do any unpaid work in the

family business or farm?

If 2 and 3 are both "no," ask 4.

4. LAST WEEK, (in addition to the business,) did youhave a job, either full or part time? Include anyjob from which you were temporarily absent.

Parenthetical in question filled in if anyone in thehousehold has a business or farm.

If 4 is "no," ask 5.

5. LAST WEEK, were you on layoff from a job?

If 5 is "yes," ask 6. If 5 is "no," ask 8.

6. Has your employer given you a date to return to

work?

If "no," ask 7.

7. Have you been given any indication that you will

be recalled to work within the next 6 months?

If "no," ask 8.

8. Have you been doing anything to find work during

the last 4 weeks?

If "yes," ask 9.

9. What are all of the things you have done to findwork during the last 4 weeks?

21


nesses and farms, where much of the previously "missingemployment" seems to have taken place.

The series of questions on work in the former question-naire may have also led to an overstatement of men's labormarket activity, which was concentrated among men whowere reported as having a job but absent from work. Thisis discussed in the section on characteristics of theemployed.

UnemploymentThe new questionnaire (including the new collection

procedures) yielded an overall unemployment rate half apercentage point higher than the CPS, 7.3 percent com-pared with 6.8 percent for the period January to December1993. But, as with the employment-population ratio, thisstatistic hides variations among worker groups. Namely,the higher incidence of unemployment was statisticallysignificant only for women, workers 65 years and over,and teenagers. The difference for men (0.3 percentagepoint higher in the parallel survey) was close to being sta-tistically significant.

The new questionnaire had a relatively large effect onwomen's unemployment rate, which was 7.1 percent in theparallel survey compared with 6.5 percent based on theCPS. Unemployment in the parallel survey increased forboth white women and black women. Among age groups,teenagers and workers 65 years and over had higher joblessrates in the parallel survey. The difference for the25-to-34-year-old category was also statistically signifi-cant.

There are several differences between the old paperquestionnaire and the revised automated questionnairewhich could help to explain the higher unemploymentrates obtained by the parallel survey. Part of the explana-tion is consistent with that given in the section on theemployed. That is, the new questionnaire has a broaderapproach to both work and jobsearch activities, due atleast in part to different messages communicated at thebeginning of the survey. This could help to explain thehigher unemployment rates among women, teenagers, andolder workers, who are more likely to be looking forinformal employment.

Also, older people in the new questionnaire who initiallyreport that they are retired are asked, "Do you want a jobeither full or part time?" If they answer yes, they are askedthe questions on jobsearch for potential classification asunemployed. The "part-time" reference may prompt someolder workers to recall that they have looked for such a job.

Another part of the explanation for the differences re-lates to persons initially reported to be temporarily absentfrom jobs. It appears that a larger proportion of personsare reported as temporarily absent with the new question-naire but are not classified as such because, when asked toprovide a reason for their absence, they report they were"on layoff" or they cite "slack work/business conditions."

Such responses disqualify persons from being classified asemployed and move them into the layoff/jobseeking ques-tion series.

A third part of the explanation is the direct question onlayoff. Research has indicated that the former question onlayoff was frequently misunderstood. The new direct ques-tion on layoff and a revised question on the reasons forabsence produce a larger proportion of persons reported(but not classified) as on layoff in the parallel survey thanin the CPS. When the criterion of expectation of recall isapplied, nearly 60 percent of those initially reported to beon layoff are eliminated from this category. They are thenrouted to the series of questions on jobseeking, and, if theyhave an active jobsearch (which about half do), and areavailable to work, they will be counted among the unem-ployed.

It appears that, with the revised questions, a number ofwomen are initially reported to be on layoff, although theyhad no expectation of recall. They do, however, meet therequirement of active jobsearch and thus were counted asunemployed. It is unknown how such persons would haveresponded to the previous questionnaire. The new ques-tions, however, communicate a different message at thestart of the interview which may be prompting more wom-en to report a layoff status and an active jobsearch, result-ing in a higher unemployment rate.

Characteristics of the employed

Multiple jobholding. About 6.2 percent of all employedpeople held two or more jobs during the fourth quarter of1993, according to findings from the parallel survey.6

As a result of the redesign, information on multiple job-holding is available each month; previously, this informa-tion had been obtained only in periodic supplements to theCPS. While truly comparable data are not available fromthe regular CPS, the most recent supplement, conductedin May 1991, also showed a multiple jobholding rate of 6.2percent.

Hours of work. Hours actually worked were somewhatlower as estimated in the parallel survey compared withthe CPS. Mean (average) hours for workers in nonagricul-tural industries were 38.9 per week with the new question-naire, compared with 39.4 using the former questionnaire.The pattern held for both adult men and adult women.(See table 3.)

These findings reflect several changes to the question-naire which were made to obtain more accurate informa-tion on hours worked per week. A recall strategy wasembedded in the series of questions, asking first about

6 Due to processing problems, data on multiple jobholding are notavailable for the first 9 months of 1993. The data presented here areOctober-December 1993 averages.

22


Table 3. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by actual hours of work, sex, and age using 1980 census-based populationestimates from the CPS and the parallel survey, 1993 annual averages

Hours of work,sex, and age

Thousands of persons

CPS1Parallelsurvey

Differ-

Percent distribution

CPS1Parallelsurvey

Differ-ence2

TOTAL

Total at work1 to 34 hours

1 to 14 hours15 to 29 hours30 to 34 hours

35 hours and over35 to 39 hours40 hours41 to 48 hours49 to 59 hours60 hours and over

Average hours, total at work ,





Average hours, total at work











110,48826,954

5,13013,4108,414

83,5357,176

42,52311,52813,0049,304

39.4

57,0328,5311,3963,9463,190

48,5012,488

22,7776,9809,1617,096

43.1

48,30814,6812,5377,4164,728

33,6274,390

18,9774,3833,7312,146

36.8

5,1483,7411,1972,048

4961,407

29877016511262

24.3

111,22529,5636,066

14,4759,021

81,6638,534

38,71713,68412,1588,570

38.9

57,0149,4221,5644,2513,607

47,5923,104

21,0338,3878,5136,554

42.7

48,95616,3113,2598,1064,945

32,6455,119

16,9595,0803,5401,94736.0

5,2563,8291,2432,117

4691,426

311725217105

6924.3

7372,609

9361,065

608-1,8721,357

-3,8062,157-845-735

-.6

-18891168305418

-909616

-1,7431,408-648-542

-.4

6481,630

722690217

-983729

-2,017697

-191-200

108884669

-272012

-4552-67.0

100.024.4

4.612.17.6

75.66.5

38.510.411.88.4

100.015.02.46.95.6

85.04.4

39.912.216.112.4

100.030.4

5.315.49.8

69.69.1

39.39.17.74.4

100.072.723.339.89.6

27.35.8

15.03.22.21.2

100.026.6

5.513.08.1

73.47.7

34.812.310.97.7

100.016.52.77.56.3

83.55.4

36.914.714.911.5

100.033.3

6.716.610.166.710.534.610.47.24.0

100.072.923.740.3

8.927.1

5.913.84.12.01.3

2.2.8.9.5

-2.21.2

-3.71.9-.8-.7

1.6.3.5.7

-1.61.1

-3.02.5

-1.1-.9

2.91.41.2.3

-2.91.4

-4.61.3-.5-.5

.2

.4

.5-.7-.2.1

-1.2.9

-.2.1

1 These estimates differ slightly from previously published 1993 aver-ages because of the estimation procedure used.

2 These differences may not equal the results obtained from compar-ing the values shown in the table because of independent rounding.

23


usual hours, then about any time taken off and extra hoursworked in the reference week, and finally about total hoursactually worked. And, as described earlier, the questionsrelated to employment were reworded to capture workactivities more fully, especially informal, intermittent, andpart-time work. The more complete measurement of thistype of work could help to lower the average number ofhours worked.

The parallel survey found a higher proportion of work-ers at the lower end of the hours spectrum. For example,nonagricultural workers who actually worked less than 15hours in the reference week accounted for 5.5 percent ofpersons at work in the parallel survey, compared with 4.6percent in the CPS. Those working between 15 and 29hours in the reference week comprised 13.0 percent of per-sons at work in the parallel survey, compared with 12.1percent in the CPS.

The proportion of workers reporting a workweek of ex-actly 40 hours was lower in the parallel survey than in theCPS. With the memory aids embedded into the new ques-tions, workers are better able to recall exceptions to theirusual schedule, resulting in less clustering at precisely 40hours.

Part-time employment. Some of the most closely watchedmeasures derived from the CPS pertain to part-time em-ployment. The proportion of employed people who usual-ly work part time (less than 35 hours per week) was largerin the parallel survey (17.0 percent) than in the CPS (16.3percent). The difference in part-time employment was rel-atively largest for adult women. (See table 4.)

Part time for economic reasons. The proportion ofemployed persons working part time for economic reasonswas substantially lower in the parallel survey. The differ-ences were observed for all major demographic groups butwere relatively larger for teenagers. Overall, the parallelsurvey found that 4.2 percent of employed persons wereworking part time for economic reasons, compared withan estimate of 5.3 percent from the CPS. In terms of num-bers of people, this translates into 5.0 million people asmeasured by the parallel survey, compared with 6.3 mil-lion as measured by the CPS, a difference of 21 percent.

The smaller number and proportion of workers classi-fied as part time for economic reasons in the parallel sur-vey were observed among both those who usually workpart time and those who usually work full time. Amongthose who usually work part time, the difference was morepronounced for adult women and teenagers. The declineamong those who usually work full time did not differ sig-nificantly by demographic group.

The relatively large drop in the proportion of workerswho usually work part time for economic reasons stemsfrom two new criteria, formerly inferred, that are now ex-plicit in the new questionnaire: Persons usually workingpart time are asked if they want to work full time and also

if they were available to accept a full-time job during thereference week. (For persons who usually work full time,these criteria are assumed to be met.) The first criterion —desire for full-time work — had a particularly large impactin reducing the estimate of economic part-time workers,while the second — availability — disqualified relatively fewpeople. To provide a context for respondents, the questionasking why those who want to work full time were workingpart time was reworded to provide examples of both eco-nomic and noneconomic reasons for working part time.

The difference in the proportion of full-time workers (asdefined by their usual status) who were part time for eco-nomic reasons in the reference week can be at least partial-ly traced to several changes in the questionnaire. For ex-ample, the parallel survey contains separate questions forpeople who usually and actually worked part time,reducing the incidence of coding errors. Also to obtainmore accurate coding, the labels of some of the noneco-nomic response categories were expanded. For example,"own illness" was changed to "own illness/injury/medicalappointment," and "on vacation" was changed to "vaca-tion/personal day."

Part time for noneconomic reasons. The proportion ofemployed persons who worked part time for noneconomicreasons was markedly higher in the parallel survey (21.4percent) compared with the CPS (18.0 percent). All majordemographic groups showed a similar pattern.

These workers can be divided into two types —eitherthey usually work full time or usually work part time. It isnot uncommon for workers who are usually full time tohave worked part time in the reference week, having takentime off for reasons such as vacation, holiday, or illness.The higher proportion of these workers in the parallel sur-vey—7.3 percent of all employed people, compared with5.3 percent in the CPS — reflects the more precise informa-tion regarding hours at work obtained from the recallstrategy embedded in the new questions. It appears thatthe new questionnaire is indeed effective in promptingworkers to remember exceptions to their usual schedule.

Most of the people who were part time for noneconomicreasons in the reference week usually work part time, oftento give them more time for school, family, or other activi-ties. The parallel survey also obtained a higher estimate ofthese workers— 14.1 versus 12.7 percent. This differentialreflects in part the new questionnaire's more stringent re-quirements to be classified as economic part time.

Temporary absences. While most employed people areactually at work in the reference week, some are found tobe temporarily absent from their jobs for the full week. Theproportion of employed persons classified as temporarilyabsent in the parallel survey (4.5 percent) was lower thanthe proportion found in the CPS (5.0 percent). Thispattern held true for all major demographic groups exceptteenagers.

24


Table 4. Employed persons by usual full- or part-time status, sex, and age using 1980 census-based population estimates from theCPS and the parallel survey, 1993 annual averages

Sex, age, and full-or part-time status


CPS1 Parallelsurvey

Differ-ence2


CPS1 Parallelsurvey

Differ-

TOTAL

Total employedAt work

35 hours or more1 to 34 hours

Part time for economic reasons . . .Usually work full timeUsually work part time

Part time for noneconomic reasonsUsually work full timeUsually work part time

With a job but not at work



















119,389113,43885,61727,821

6,3251,9884,337

21,4966,325

15,1715,951

61,88459,19850,162

9,0362,7201,1401,5806,3163,0063,3102,686

51,96648,88533,96714,9182,983

7442,239

11,9353,1698,7663,082

5,5405,3571,4883,869

623104519

3,246150

3,096183

119,606114,20183,61030,591

5,0281,5013,527

25,5638,674

16,8895,405

61,28459,06549,1689,8972,225

8491,3767,6724,1873,4852,218

52,60349,64332,95716,6862,371

5741,797

14,3154,292

10,0232,960

5,7195,4921,4854,007

43077

3533,577

1953,382

227

217763

-2,0072,770

-1,297-487-810

4,0672,3491,718-546

-600-133-994861

-495-291-204

1,3561,181

175-468

637758

-1,0101,768-612-170-442

2,3801,1231,257-122

179135

-3138

-193-27

-166331

45286

44

100.095.071.723.3

5.31.73.6

18.05.3

12.75.0

100.095.781.114.64.41.82.6

10.24.95.34.3

100.094.165.428.7

5.71.44.3

23.06.1

16.95.9

100.096.726.969.811.21.99.4

58.62.7

55.93.3

100.095.569.925.6

4.21.32.9

21.47.3

14.14.5

100.096.380.216.13.61.42.2

12.56.85.73.6

100.094.462.731.7

4.51.13.4

27.28.2

19.15.6

100.096.026.070.0

7.51.36.2

62.53.4

59.14.0

.5-1.82.3

-1.1-.4-.73.42.01.4-.5

.6-.81.5-.8-.5-.32.32.0

.3-.7

.3-2.73.0

-1.2-.3-.94.22.12.2-.3

-.7-.9.2

-3.7-.5

-3.23.9

.73.2

.7


2 These differences may not equal the results obtained from compar-ing the values shown in the table because of independent rounding.

25


The new questionnaire appears to result in more accu-rate classification of workers who are temporarily absent.This may reflect several changes —the elimination of themajor-activity question, the inclusion of separate directquestions on temporary absence and on layoff, and the re-vamping of the question on the reason for absences. Re-garding the major-activity question in the former ques-tionnaire, some responses may have given interviewers theimpression that those respondents had a job from whichthey were absent, when in fact they did not have a job at all.Also, the direct questions on layoff in the new question-naire allow some people to be properly classified as unem-ployed or not in the labor force, rather than being erro-neously counted as absent from a job.

To emphasize the important role played by the series ofquestions on temporary absence, it is estimated that mostof the drop in men's employment level in the parallel sur-vey was attributed to a lower estimate for persons tempo-rarily absent. The other category of employed persons,those at work, was essentially the same for men on bothsurveys.

Class of worker. In the aggregate, the distribution ofemployed persons by their "class-of-worker" status dif-fered little between the two surveys. Wage and salaryworkers comprised about 88 percent of all workers in boththe CPS and the parallel survey. This classification is fur-ther broken down into private and government workers.Again, there were no significant differences between thesurveys, with the private sector accounting for about 73percent and the government sector accounting for about15 percent of all employed persons. Nearly all of the re-maining 12 percent were classified as self-employed onboth surveys. (See table 5.)

Only a small fraction of all workers were classified asunpaid family workers in the CPS, and the proportion waseven smaller in the parallel survey. This may seem surpris-ing, given the changes to the questionnaire designed toidentify workers in family businesses. In fact, the newquestions were successful; however, many persons re-ported as working in family businesses were also found tohave received pay or profit from the business and thuswere classified as wage and salary workers. Even in agri-culture, where unpaid family workers are far more preva-lent than in most other industries, the new questions re-sulted in a smaller proportion of such workers. In sum, theredesign^ efforts to more accurately identify workers infamily businesses resulted in more wage and salary work-ers compared with the former procedures.

Looking at the class-of-worker data by gender, the newseries of questions obtained quite different results for menand women. For men, the parallel survey had a higher pro-portion in wage and salary work and a smaller proportionin self-employment. For women, the findings were just thereverse — a higher proportion of self-employed and a lower

proportion of wage and salary workers in the parallel sur-vey. The level of self-employment among women was 4.8million in the parallel survey, compared with 4.1 million inthe CPS, which was equal to most of the increase in femaleemployment in the parallel survey. Thus, the improvedquestions on work activity and the addition of questionson work in a family business resulted in more women beingproperly classified as self-employed.

Occupation and industry. The distribution of employedpersons according to the occupation and industry of theirjob shifted somewhat under the new questionnaire. (Seetable 6.) For men, the parallel survey had a larger propor-tion employed in the managerial, professional, and techni-cal categories, and a smaller proportion in sales occupa-tions. The data suggest that the large decrease in the num-ber of men who were employed but absent from their jobsin the parallel survey may have reduced their representa-tion in occupations (such as sales) in which employmentarrangements may be more tenuous.

Looking at the industry distributions for men, the paral-lel survey had a higher proportion in manufacturing andeducational services and a smaller proportion in retailtrade, mining, public administration, and private house-holds. As a partial explanation of these differences, it is hy-pothesized that the classification of fewer men as tempo-rarily absent from work as a result of the revised question-naire reduces their representation in industries with moreinformal or irregular employment, such as trade and pri-vate households.

Among women, a higher proportion in the parallel sur-vey were working in managerial and farming occupations.This is consistent with evidence presented earlier that thenew questionnaire is measuring more women working infamily businesses or farms and in their own businesses.A smaller proportion were in administrative support andprivate household positions.

The distribution by industry for women showed thatonly one industry, agriculture, had a higher proportion ofworkers in the parallel survey than in the CPS. (Evidencesuggests that the former survey may have underestimatedemployment of women in agriculture by 25 percent.) Pro-portions as measured by the parallel survey were lower inpublic administration and private households.

Earnings. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage andsalary workers were somewhat higher under the revisedquestionnaire ($462) than under the CPS ($450). Theparallel survey found higher median earnings for men butno difference in earnings for women. Among part-timeworkers, total earnings and those for men were also slight-ly higher in the parallel survey. (See table 7.)

Both in the parallel survey and in the full CPS, estimatesof earnings are based on data collected from one-quarter ofthe sample each month. It should be noted that due to the

26


Table 5. Employed persons by class of worker and sex using 1980 census-based population estimates from the CPS and theparallel survey, 1993 annual averages

Class of worker and sex


CPS1 Parallelsurvey

Differ-ence2


CPS1 Parallelsurvey

Differ-a*-

TOTAL

Total employedAgriculture

Wage and salary workersPrivate industriesGovernment

Self-employed workers . .IncorporatedOther

Unpaid family workers . . .Nonagricultural industries . .



Unpaid family workers . . .

Men




Unpaid family workers . . .Nonagricultural industries . .



Unpaid family workers . . .

Women




Unpaid family workers . . .Nonagriculturai industries . .



Unpaid family workers ...

119,3893,0801,4881,476

121,488159

1,328105

116,309103,70385,19418,50912,3973,4138,984208

64,7272,4441,1491,142

81,257132

1,12537

62,28453,68545,2978,3878,5542,6565,898

45

54,6626363383344

2312820367

54,02550,01939,89710,1223,844757

3,087163

119,6063,1751,4871,439

481,632172

1,46056

116,432103,89785,83518,06212,3693,7598,611166

64,2002,3661,1841,165

181,158113

1,04524

61,83553,75845,4808,2788,0222,7035,319

54

55,406808303274294745941531

54,59750,13940,3559,7844,3471,0563,291111

21795-1

-373614413132-49123194641-447-28346-373-42

-527-78352310

-99-19-80-13-44973183

-109-53247

-5799

744172-35-602524331212-36572120458-338503299204-52

100.02.61.21.2

(3)1.2.1

1.1.1

97.486.971.415.510.42.97.5

.2

100.03.81.81.8

(3)1.9.2

1.7.1

96.282.970.013.013.24.19.1

.1

100.01.2.6.6

(3).4.1.4.1

98.891.573.018.57.01.45.6

.3

100.02.71.21.2(3)1.4

.11.2

(3)97.386.971.815.110.33.17.2

.1

100.03.71.81.8

(3)1.8.2

1.6(3)

96.383.770.812.912.54.28.3

.1

100.01.5.5.5.1.9.1.7.1

98.590.572.817.77.81.95.9

.2

.3-.1- 1

.4-.1.4

-.1-.3

-1.0-.2-.9.8.5.3

-.1


2 These differences may not equal the results obtained from compar-

ing the values shown in the table because of independent rounding.3 Less than 0.05 percent.

27


Table 6. Employed persons by occupation, industry, and sex using 1980 census-based population estimates from the CPSand the parallel survey, 1993 annual averages

(Percent distribution)

Occupation and industry

Total

CPS1

27.112.914.230.8

3.411.915.513.9

.81.8

11.311.214.3

6.2

4.2

3.92.8

2.6.6

6.116.49.56.97.1

20.73.9

16.96.7

35.0.9

34.17.94.8

Parallelsurvey

28.213.614.630.5

3.611.815.113.5

.71.7

11.210.914.1

6.3

4.0

3.82.8

2.7.4

5.917.310.17.26.9

20.54.0

16.56.6

35.3.8

34.58.34.5

Differ-ence2

1.1.7.4

-.3.2

-.1-.4-.4-.1-.1

-.1-.3-.2

.1

-.2

-.1.0

.1-.2-.2.9.6.3

-.2-.2.1

-.3-.1.3

-.1.4.3

-.4

Men

CPS2

26.113.812.320.53.1

11.46.0

10.3.1

2.8

7.518.919.9

7.0

7.0

5.84.4

3.8.9

10.320.512.87.69.4

20.45.1

15.35.1

24.7.2

24.54.75.1

Parallelsurvey

27.314.313.020.3

3.511.05.99.9

.12.6

7.218.619.7

7.1

6.8

5.74.3

3.7.6

9.921.913.98.09.2

19.85.2

14.75.1

25.0.1

24.95.24.8

Differ-ence2

1.2.5.7.2.4

-.4-.1-.5.0

-.1

-.3-.3-.2

.1

-.2

-.1-.1

-.1-.2-.41.41.1

.4-.2-.5.1

-.6.0.3

-.1.4.5

-.3

Women

CPS1

28.411.916.542.93.7

12.626.718.0

1.6.7

15.82.17.7

5.2

.9

1.5.9

1.2.2

1.111.65.56.04.4

21.22.4

18.88.5

47.31.8

45.511.84.5

Parallelsurvey

29.212.816.442.33.8

12.725.817.71.4.6

15.72.07.7

5.4

.7

1.51.2

1.5.1

1.212.05.76.24.2

21.32.6

18.78.4

47.21.6

45.711.84.1

Differ-ence2

OCCUPATION

Managerial and professional specialtyExecutive, administrative, and managerialProfessional specialty

Technical, sales, and administrative supportTechnicians and related supportSales occupationsAdministrative support, including clerical..

Service occupationsPrivate householdsProtective serviceService, except private householdsand protective service

Precision production, craft, and repairOperators, fabricators, and laborers

Machine operators, assemblers,and inspectors

Transportation and material movingoccupations

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers,and laborers

Farming, forestry, and fishing

INDUSTRY

AgricultureMiningConstructionManufacturing

Durable goodsNondurable goods

Transportation and public utilitiesWholesale and retail trade

Wholesale tradeRetail trade

Finance, insurance, and real estateServices

Private householdsOther service industries

Educational servicesPublic administration

0.8.9.0

-.7.1.2

-.9-.3-.2-.1

.0-.1

.0

.2

-.1-.1.2

.3-.1.1.4.2.2

-.3.1.2

-.1-.1-.1-.2.2.0

-.4

1 These distributions differ slightly from previously published 1993averages because of the estimation procedure used.

2 These differences may notequalthe results obtained from compar-ing the values shown in the table because of independent rounding.

extremely small sample on which earnings data from theparallel survey are based, these data are subject to evengreater variability than other data from the parallelsurvey.

In the new questionnaire, respondents are asked toreport their earnings in the time frame that is easiest forthem, rather than forcing them to report a weekly amountas had been the case. Results from the parallel survey indi-cate that, when given a choice, only a relatively small pro-portion of respondents chose to report on a weekly basis.

The breakdown of respondents' preferences in reportingearnings was:

percentHourlyAnnuallyWeeklyBiweeklyMonthlyTwice a monthOther

38.421.821.3

7.46.42.42.3

28


For minimum wage studies, information is also col-lected on the number and wage rate of persons who arepaid at hourly rates. In the revised questionnaire, individu-als who choose to report their earnings on a basis otherthan hourly are asked directly whether they were paid atan hourly rate. If so, they are asked what their hourly rateof pay is. In the parallel survey, 61 percent of workers re-ported being paid by the hour, somewhat higher than the59 percent reported in the CPS.7

Characteristics of the unemployedThe new questionnaire had a greater incidence of unem-

ployment overall, with significantly higher rates for cer-tain worker groups. This section explores the effect of thenew procedures on selected characteristics of the unem-ployed, including persons on layoff, and reasons for andduration of unemployment.

On layoff. As described earlier, the series on workers onlayoff was revamped to obtain more accurate information,particularly relating to the expectation of recall. As mea-sured in the parallel survey, the percentage of the unem-ployed accounted for by persons on layoff was 12.8 per-cent, essentially the same as the 12.5 percent obtainedfrom the CPS. (See table 8.)

The proportion of unemployed men who were on layoffwas not statistically significant between surveys. On theother hand, the proportion of unemployed women whowere on layoff was higher in the parallel survey comparedwith the CPS. For men, there appeared to have beenseveral offsetting effects. In the parallel survey, peoplewere asked a direct question —"LAST WEEK, were youon layoff from a job?" —and more were initially reportedto be on layoff. But when the questions on expectations ofrecall were posed, some did not meet these criteria. As aresult, the number of men on layoff ended up to be aboutthe same under the old and new questionnaires.

For women, these offsetting effects are also present, butin addition it is suspected that other changes to the ques-tionnaire, such as the elimination of the initial labor forcequestion, the specificity of the work for pay question andthe direct layoff question, prompted more women toreport labor market activities. Greater reporting of suchactivities by women could contribute to the higher propor-tion of unemployed women on layoff in the parallel survey.

Those who are initially reported to be on layoff, but donot meet the expectation of recall, are asked the series ofquestions on jobsearch, and most are found to have lookedfor work within the prior 4-week period. If so, they are stillcounted as unemployed, but as "jobseekers," rather thanpersons on layoff.

Duration of unemployment. Measures of both mean andmedian duration were little different between the old and

' These estimates pertaining to hourly paid workers are based on theaverage of the 6 months from September 1992 to February 1993.

new procedures. The mean duration in the parallel surveywas 19.7 weeks, compared with 18.1 weeks in the CPS, andthe median duration was 9 weeks, compared with 8 weeks.

Several changes were made to the unemployment dura-tion measure, including one which allowed respondents toreport duration in weeks, months, or years, as they prefer,rather than only in weeks, as in the former questionnaire.This change was designed to make it easier for the longer-term unemployed to report their length of jobsearch, and,in fact, the parallel survey obtained relatively more reportsof longer-term joblessness.

Another change involved dependent interviewing. Asmentioned in the section on computerization, duration ofunemployment is automatically updated by either 4 or 5weeks each month (depending on the number of weeksbetween surveys) as long as a person continues to be unem-ployed.

Reasons for unemployment. The unemployed are classifiedby their activity immediately prior to becoming unem-ployed. These "reasons for unemployment" include hav-ing lost a job (including persons on layoff), having left a jobto seek a new one, or being either new entrants or reen-trants to the labor force. Several changes to the question-naire — both definitional and operational — resulted in dif-ferences in the way the unemployed are distributed amongthese categories.

There was a higher proportion of the unemployedcounted as reentrants in the parallel survey (32.7 percent)compared with the CPS (24.6 percent) and a smaller pro-portion of new entrants (6.7 versus 10.2 percent). Theseestimates were affected by the increase in the overall num-ber of unemployed, some of whom were coming from out-side the labor force and increasing the ranks of reentrants.Also, the seemingly minor modification to the definition ofentrants, which was broadened to take into account anytype of job, and not just a full-time job of at least 2 weeksduration, affected the estimates of new entrants and reen-trants.

Table 7. Median weekly earnings of full- and part-time wageand salary workers by sex using 1980 census-basedpopulation estimates from the CPS and the parallel survey,1993 annual averages(In current dollars)

Category

Full-time workers

TotalMenWomen

Part-time workers

Total .MenWomen

CPS1

$450509400

130120136

Parallelsurvey

$462529400

133127135

Difference

$1220

37-1

1 These estimates differ slightly from previously published 1993 av-erages because of the estimation procedures used.

29


Table 8. Unemployed persons by reason for and duration of unemployment using 1980 census-based population estimates fromthe CPS and the parallel survey, 1993 annual averages

Reason and duration


CPS1Parallelsurvey Difference2


CPS1Parallelsurvey Difference2

REASON

Total unemployedJob losers

On layoffOther job losers

Persons who completed temporary jobsJob leaversReentrantsNew entrants

DURATION

Less than 5 weeks5 to 14 weeks15 weeks and over

15 to 26 weeks27 weeks and over27 to 51 weeks52 weeks and over

Average (mean) duration, in weeksMedian duration, in weeks

8,7144,7311,0913,640

(3)949

2,143890

3,1382,5623,0151,2501,765

7471,018

18.18.0

9,3583,8201,2022,618

985861

3,064629

2,8012,9683,5901,4762,114

8991,215

19.79.0

644-911111

-1,022(3)-88921-261

-337406575226349152197

1.61.0

100.054.312.541.8

(3)10.924.610.2

36.029.434.614.320.38.6

11.7

100.040.812.828.010.59.2

32.76.7

29.931.738.415.822.6

9.613.0

-13.5.3

-13.8(3)

-1.78.1

-3.5

-6.12.33.81.52.31.01.3

1 These estimates differ slightly from previously published 1993 av-erages because of the estimation procedure used.

2 These differences may not equal the results obtained from compar-

"Completed temporary job" was added as a major rea-son for unemployment category, based on a revised ques-tion posed to jobseekers who were working before theystarted looking for work: "Did you lose or quit that job, orwas it a temporary job that ended?" Under the old ques-tionnaire, most people who became unemployed whentheir temporary job ended were classified as "job losers."Under the new procedures, persons who completed tem-porary jobs accounted for about 11 percent of all unem-ployed. The job loser proportion was lowered by close tothis magnitude.

Other changes. As discussed in the section on major ques-tionnaire changes, the distinction between active and pas-sive jobsearch methods is a crucial one, and, in the newquestionnaire, response categories were reordered and ex-panded for greater accuracy in classifying responses. Twopassive methods—"looked at ads" and "attended jobtraining programs/courses" —were added to the list, aswas a category called "other passive." In the past, inter-viewers were instructed to code passive jobsearch methodsas "nothing" and other active methods as "other," butthere was evidence that some passive methods were beingmiscoded as "other." Also, it is quite possible that someactive jobsearches were miscoded as "nothing."

ing the values shown in the table because of independent rounding.^ Not available.

The question on whether a person looked for a job dur-ing the last 4 weeks was reworded to convey a broader con-cept of jobsearch activity (see exhibit A), and followupquestions were added to obtain a full accounting of the job-search methods used. The parallel survey yielded a some-what higher proportion of individuals who gave passivereasons only — 4.4 versus 3.2 percent of everyone receivingthe jobsearch question.

Labor forceThe labor force participation rate, that is, the percent-

age of the population that is either employed or unem-ployed, was higher in the parallel survey than in the CPS.For all workers, the labor force participation rate using thenew questions was 66.6 percent, compared with 66.2 per-cent in the CPS. (See tables 1 and 2.)

Women's participation rate was 59.1 percent in the par-allel survey, compared with 57.9 percent in the CPS. Teen-agers and older workers also had higher participation ratesin the parallel survey than in the CPS. The labor force par-ticipation rate for men, however, was somewhat lower inthe parallel survey —74.8 versus 75.2 percent.

To explain the differences in participation rates amongcertain demographic groups, the arguments used to ex-plain variations in employment and unemployment apply.

30


That is, the new questionnaire generally obtains more la-bor force activity, especially for those worker groupswhich have traditionally had more part-time or irregularparticipation.

Not in the labor forceGiven the greater proportion of labor force participants

in the parallel survey compared with the CPS, it followsthat the percentage of the population that was out of thelabor force was lower in the parallel survey, 33.4 percentcompared with 33.8 percent. The "not in the labor force"group is large and diverse, including retirees, homemak-ers, students, the ill and disabled, and all others who areneither working nor looking for work.

Discouraged workers. Within the "all others" category is agroup of particular interest—discouraged workers. Theseare people who want jobs but have not searched for workin the prior month because they believe there are no jobs tobe found or none for which they could qualify.

As discussed in the section on definitional changes, thedefinition of discouraged workers was made more restric-tive by requiring some search activity within the prior yearand availability to work. These two new criteria, especiallythe former, contributed to a substantially reduced numberof discouraged workers in the parallel survey comparedwith the CPS. (See table 9.)

Most, but not all, of the reduction in discouragement isdue to the change in definition, but other changes in thequestionnaire played a role also. Even when estimatesbased on the former definition were compared, the parallelsurvey estimates remained lower than those from the CPS.

Data on a larger group of persons outside the laborforce, one that includes discouraged workers as well aspersons who desire work but give other reasons for notsearching (such as child-care problems, family responsibi-lities, school, or transportation problems) may also be rele-vant for analysis. This group is made up of persons whowant a job, are available to work, and have looked for workwithin the past year. They constitute 2.1 percent of thenot-in-the-labor-force group in the parallel survey. Thereis no comparable figure for the CPS, since the old question-naire did not ask about recency of jobsearch for those notin the labor force.

Retired and disabled persons. One of the most frequentcomplaints from respondents and interviewers about theformer questionnaire was the burden it placed on retiredand disabled people, who every month were asked a seriesof questions on labor force activity which had no relevanceto their situation. In the new questionnaire, severalchanges were made to address this problem. In the case ofretirees 50 years and over, the first month they volunteerthat they are retired they are skipped to a question askingwhether they currently want a job (either full or part time).If they do not want a job, the interview is ended. In subse-

quent months, through dependent interviewing, they areasked if they did any work in the last week. If not, it is veri-fied that they are still retired and do not want a job. Nearlyall of the people who were identified as retired in previousmonths verify that they are still retired in the subsequentmonth.

Similar changes were made to reduce the burden forthose who volunteer that they are disabled or unable towork. (The latter category is intended to cover people witha temporary illness or injury who might not perceive them-selves as disabled, a term which may have a more perma-nent connotation.) Individuals who are reported as dis-abled or unable to work are asked a followup question todetermine if they will be able to do any gainful work in thenext 6 months. If they won't, the interview is ended. Insubsequent months, they are asked if they worked in theprior week. If not, they are asked to simply verify their pre-vious month's status as disabled or unable to work.

It is important to be aware of the fact that the "shortcut"offered to older survey participants did not reduce thecount of older persons who are active in the labor market.On the contrary, the parallel survey obtained a larger laborforce among the older population than did the CPS. Asexplained in the sections on employment and unemploy-ment, the new questions appeared to capture morepart-time and irregular work, as well as more jobsearchfor these types of work, resulting in higher estimates oflabor force activity for several groups, including olderworkers.

It should also be noted that the response categories ofretired and disabled were intended merely to reduce theburden of participating in the survey, not to provide acomplete count of retired or disabled persons. Such classi-

Table 9. Discouraged workers by sex and age using 1980census-based population estimates from the CPS and theparallel survey, 1993 annual averages

(In thousands)

Category

Not in labor force, total ..

Discouraged workers:Total

MenWomen

16 to 24 years . . . .Men . . . .Women

25 years and overMenWomen

CPS1

65,447

1,127523604

222120102

905404502

Parallelsurvey

64,585

424221204

1146747

311154157

Difference2

-862

-703-302-400

-108-53-55

-594-250-345


2 These differences may not equal the results obtained from com-paring the values shown in the table because of independent rounding.

31


fications in the survey depend strictly on individuals' vol-unteering the information. No attempt is made to deter-mine if those who say they are retired ever worked at a pay-ing job or met any other specific criteria. Moreover,persons active in the labor force market who are also re-tired from previous careers or disabled are classified asemployed or unemployed rather than as not in the laborforce (retired or disabled).

Historical Comparability

The new questionnaire and mode of data collection willresult in changes for most estimates. Examination of theparallel survey data has helped quantify the magnitude ofthese differences and identify their possible causes. BLSwill not, however, use the parallel survey data to reissueofficial estimates. Instead, BLS will provide estimates andsuggestions in the form of research series and publications,in order to aid individuals who examine CPS data histori-cally.

Some of the techniques being investigated for use in theconstruction of historical research series include the impo-sition of old definitions on the data collected beginning inJanuary 1994, construction of new definitions with datacollected prior to January 1994, the use of measurementerror models to explore the structural relationship be-tween the CPS and the parallel survey data in order to pre-dict what the CPS estimates would have been had the newprocedures been used prior to January 1994, the explora-tion of geographic variation to gain insight into the effectsof the new questionnaire and procedures at different levelsof unemployment, and the tracking of the CPS and parallelsurvey data with other concurrent measures of economicactivity.

Considerable analysis of the aggregate unemploymentrate has already been completed and is available from BLSupon request. Work on other labor market series will becoming out over the next 12 to 18 months.8

Also for comparability, BLS and the Bureau of the Cen-sus will, for a period, continue to conduct the "oldCPS"— that is, with the old questionnaire and paper andpencil procedure, using the 12,000 household sample inthe 1992-93 parallel survey. Current plans call for datafrom this second parallel survey to be made available inJuly 1994 after the effects of switching respondents and in-terviewers from the automated survey to the paper surveyhave been investigated. It is important for data users andthe public to know that data from the second parallel sur-vey are being collected for the purposes of historical com-

8 For preliminary findings from this research, see two BLS TechnicalReports: "What Would the Unemployment Rate Have Been Had the Re-designed Current Population Survey Been in Place From September 1992to December 1993?: A Measurement Error Analysis," by Stephen M.Miller (Telephone 202-606-7379); and "Predicting the National Unem-ployment Rate That the 'Old' CPS Would Have Produced," by RichardTiller (Telephone 202-606-6370).

parisons only. The official unemployment rate estimateswill continue to be derived from the 60,000 householdsample that, as of January 1994, is administered with thenew automated questionnaire. Given its small sample size,estimates from the second parallel survey will have a greatdeal of variability and thus reduced reliability. Specifical-ly, the standard error on a 3-month national unemploy-ment rate from the 12,000 household second parallel sur-vey will be more than twice as large as the standard errorfrom the 60,000 household sample. To put this in perspec-tive, data from the second parallel survey would have to beaggregated together for more than a year to obtain a levelof variability as small as that obtained for 1 month of CPSdata collected from the 60,000 household sample.

Introduction of 1990 Census-BasedPopulation Controls

Derivation of 1990 census-based populationcontrols, with adjustment for net censusundercoverage

Beginning with the CPS estimates for January 1994, theindependent national population controls used for the age-sex-race groups in the second-stage estimation procedureare being prepared by projecting forward the resident pop-ulation as enumerated on April 1, 1990. Also, for the firsttime, estimates of the decennial census undercount, ob-tained from the Post Enumeration Survey (PES), are beingadded to the population controls.

Current month CPS estimates of the population are ad-justed to agree with independent population controls.These controls are developed from a variety of sources, asdescribed below. In the second-stage estimation proce-dure, the CPS sample weights are adjusted to ensure thatsample-based estimates of population match the indepen-dent controls. The CPS population estimates are consis-tent with three sets of controls for:

1) 50 States and the District of Columbia

2) 14 Hispanic and 5 non-Hispanic age-sex groups

3) 66 white, 42 black, and 10 other race-age-sexgroups

The first set of controls is restricted to the civilian nonin-stitutional population (16 years and over) and the remain-ing controls are developed for the civilian noninstitutionalpopulation plus noninstitutionalized children 15 years andunder.

Since the population controls are derived primarilyfrom non-survey data, they are assumed to contain nosampling error and thus do not contribute to the varianceof the survey estimates. The second-stage ratio adjustmentreduces the variability of those CPS estimates which are

32


correlated with the population — particularly estimates ofemployment and civilian labor force. At the same time, theadjustment partially corrects for CPS undercoverage ofcertain demographic groups, most notably Hispanics.

The 1990-based independent population controls areaggregates of more detailed population projections and aredeveloped in a manner similar to earlier controls. Decen-nial census data and a variety of administrative and surveyinformation are used to "age forward" estimates of thepopulation to the current month, adjust for births anddeaths, account for net migration, and then subtract thecounts of Armed Forces and institutionalized persons.The population figures derived in this manner are projec-tions based on administrative estimates, in contrast to thesurvey-based estimates of population obtained from theCPS. A description of the method used to make the1990-based projections is given here.

The base figures for the resident population are derivedfrom the 1990 decennial census, which has an official ref-erence date of April 1, 1990. (The resident population in-cludes all persons living in the United States, regardless ofage, institutional status, or Armed Forces membership.)The age distribution is modified to correct for lags betweenthe census date and the actual date of interview. The racedistribution is modified to be consistent with OMB Direc-tive 15, which stipulates that persons of unspecified race,mostly persons of Hispanic origin, are allocated to one offour race categories (white; black; American Indian, Eski-mo, and Aleut; Asian and Pacific Islander). As a result ofthese changes, the base figures differ in age and race distri-bution from figures published by the Bureau of the Censusin decennial census reports. For details, see U.S. Bureau ofthe Census, Publication CPH-L-74, Age, Sex, Race, andHispanic Origin Information from the 1990 Census: aComparison of Census Results with Results where Age andRace have been Modified. The Bureau of the Census alsodevelops estimates of the April 1, 1990 population, inde-pendent of the 1990 census, using methods of demograph-ic analysis. These estimates are also used in developing thepopulation controls for CPS.

A myriad of data sources are tapped to measure post-censal change in the resident population due to births,deaths, and net migration. The National Center for HealthStatistics (NCHS) provides the Census Bureau with dataon births by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, although datafor the latest month must be projected. Deaths by age, sex,and race are also obtained from NCHS, although the latest6 months must be projected from a life table based onNCHS and Social Security Administration data. (The en-tire series of deaths for the Hispanic-origin population isprojected.) Data on legal international immigration areobtained from the Immigration and Naturalization Ser-vice, the Office of Refugee Resettlement, and the PuertoRican Planning Board (mostly projected between the lat-est July 1 to the current month, although preliminary data

are used to track refugee movements). Estimates of net un-documented immigration and permanent emigration oflegal United States residents are modeled using the 1980census and data from surveys and earlier censuses. The netmovement of United States citizens from overseas to theUnited States is estimated based on data provided by theDepartment of Defense and the Office of Personnel Man-agement (for military and civilian Federal Governmentpersonnel and their dependents). Other net migration isassumed to be zero (e.g., movement of foreign students andcivilians not affiliated with the Federal Government).Most of the data are characterized as administrative,although some data for recent months must be projected.Thus, while the data are not subject to sampling error, theymay contain nonsampling errors and bias.

The "inflation-deflation" method uses data from allthese sources to generate the current month's national (notState) projections of the resident population by age, sex,race, and ethnicity. The inflation-deflation method is avariant of the standard cohort-component method inwhich a population is aged forward a number of years tak-ing into account births, deaths, and net migration by age.The cohort-component method is improved by factoringin estimates of the decennial census undercount, using themethod of inflation-deflation.

The basic procedure may be described as follows. Foreach age-race-sex cell, the 1990 census population count isdivided by the corresponding estimate of the resident pop-ulation made by demographic analysis. The resulting in-flation-deflation factors are estimates of census coveragerates. The factors are assumed to be time-invariant and as-sociated with a specific age range. At the April 1 censusdate, the reciprocals of the factors are viewed as inflatingthe census figures up to the demographic analysisfigures (although these are not always larger). The demo-graphic analysis population estimate is aged forwardto the current time. Estimates of births and net migrationare added to each aged demographic analysis cell value,and estimates of deaths are subtracted. Each cell value isthen multiplied by the inflation-deflation factor of its newage to deflate the value. While not correcting for net censusundercount (which is both added and subtracted), the in-flation-deflation procedure preserves the age pattern of theundercount. For more information on data sources andmethods, see Current Population Reports, Series P-25, Re-ports 1045 and 1095, U.S. Bureau of the Census.

Let us consider an example. The 1990 factor of approxi-mately 0.98 for white male 13-year-olds represents a 2-per-cent undercount in the census; the factor of 1.02 for whitemale 17-year-olds represents an overcount of 2 percent.The demographic analysis population estimate is aged for-ward to the current time. Each aged demographic analysiscell value is adjusted for births, deaths, and migration.Each cell value is then multiplied by the inflation-defla-tion factor for its new age to deflate the cell value to corre-

33


spond to the decennial census base. If the current referencedate is April 1994, the 13-year-old white male cell value forthe census is inflated by dividing by 0.98 and aged forwardto 17 years of age. Deaths are subtracted, and net migra-tion figures are added. The cell value is then multiplied bythe 1.02 factor for the 17-year- old group, effectivelygiving the new cell estimate a census overcount of 2percent.

To obtain the civilian noninstitutional population,which is the universe for the CPS, the resident populationestimates for those 16 years of age and over are reduced bysubtracting both Armed Forces personnel residing in theUnited States and civilians living in institutions. The num-ber of resident Armed Forces personnel is estimated usingdata from the Department of Defense. The 1990 demo-graphic census data on the institutional population are up-dated annually through a canvass of group quarters facili-ties. The estimates of the resident population for those un-der 16 years of age are also reduced by subtracting the in-stitutional population.

As a last step, corrections for net census undercount areapplied. The level of the 1990 decennial census under-count is calculated from the PES by sex-race-ethnicity foreach year of age. The level of undercount is assumed to beinvariant over time, and a matrix of undercounts is addedto the population projections. The overall level of the pro-jections is raised by the addition of this constant matrix,but month-to-month changes in the population are unaf-fected. See U.S. Bureau of the Census, Assessment of Accu-racy of Adjusted versus Unadjusted 1990 Census Base foruse in Intercensal Estimates: Report of the Committee onAdjustment of Postcensal Estimates. The undercount ad-justed projections are aggregated to obtain the nationalage-sex-ethnicity and age-sex-race population controlsused in second-stage ratio adjustment.

State projections of the civilian noninstitutional popula-tion age 16 and over are developed using similar proce-dures. Population estimates for States are produced by ageand sex only (not race or Hispanic origin), and only the 16and over totals are used in computing independent con-trols. Information from tax returns is used to estimate mi-gration between States. For each State, the population 16years and over is calculated for each July. The two mostrecent July figures give the latest estimate of year-to-yearchange. For the current month, a straight-line extrapola-tion of the change is made, with a new base series for theprojection instituted each January. Counts of residentArmed Forces and the institutional population 16 yearsand older are subtracted to yield the civilian noninstitu-tional population. A pro rata adjustment ensures the addi-tivity of the State projections to the projection for thenational civilian noninstitutional population. For moreinformation, see Current Population Reports, Series P-25,Reports 957 and 1010, Bureau of the Census.

Effect of 1990 census-based populationcontrols on national estimates

CPS estimates of major labor force characteristics forthe annual average of 1993, using both the 1980 census-based and adjusted 1990 census-based population con-trols, are presented in table 10. An undercount adjust-ment, based on results from the Census Bureau's PostEnumeration Survey (PES), is applied to the 1990-basedcontrols. These averages are based on monthly CPS esti-mates using the final weights computed after second-stageestimation, which are neither composited nor seasonallyadjusted. Under the new controls, the annual average esti-mate of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years ofage and over increased by about 1.3 million or 0.7 percent;the civilian labor force increased by about 1.1 million or0.9 percent; and the level of unemployed increased by 0.2million or 2.3 percent. The estimated totals using the 1990population controls are considered to be more accurate,since these controls are projected from the April 1990decennial census estimates and adjusted for undercount,whereas the 1980-based controls are projected from the1980 decennial census estimates.

Under the new controls, the estimate of the annual aver-age unemployment rate increased by 0.1 percentage point,primarily because of the large upward population adjust-ment for Hispanics (see below), who have an unemploy-ment rate higher than the overall labor force. The laborforce participation rate increased by 0.2 percentage point;and the employment-population ratio increased by 0.1percentage point.

Levels increased for the civilian noninstitutional popula-tion and all labor force categories in all demographicgroups shown in table 10. The most notable increases oc-curred for Hispanics. The change from the 1980- to1990-based estimates of the population for this group wasapproximately 11 percent, with similar percentage in-creases in employed and unemployed levels. The differencebetween the 1980- and 1990-based estimates of the unem-ployment rate for all groups, except teenagers, was near thenational average of 0.1 percentage point; for teenagers,there was negligible change in the unemployment rate.

Differences in labor force participation rates for adultmen, blacks, and Hispanics were above the national aver-age of 0.2 percentage point, while the differences for adultwomen, teenagers, and whites were below the nationalaverage. Differences in employment-population ratios alsoexceeded the national average of 0.1 percentage pointfor adult men, blacks, and Hispanics, while there were vir-tually no differences for adult women, teenagers, andwhites.

Total effects due to changes in methods andpopulation controls

Differences in labor force estimates using the old and

34


new questionnaires and data collection procedures werepresented in the section on the redesign. These differenceswere calculated from 1993 annual average CPS and para-llel survey estimates based on 1980 population controlsand represent changes that can be attributed to the rede-sign. Changes in 1993 CPS estimates attributed to the newpopulation controls were discussed in the previous section.This section presents a brief discussion of the combined ef-fects of the new questionnaire and controls by comparinglabor force estimates from the 1993 CPS, adjusted to1980-based controls, with estimates from the parallel sur-vey, adjusted to 1990-based controls.

Table 10 shows annual average estimates of major laborforce characteristics for the 1993 CPS (1980-based) andthe parallel survey (1990-based) and the differences be-tween these estimates. The effects from the new methodsand population controls are essentially additive. For ex-ample, the estimate of civilian labor force increased by 2million; an increase of 1.1 million is due to the new popula-tion controls as reported in the previous section, and theremainder (0.9 million) is attributed to the survey rede-sign. Similarly, estimated total employment increased by1.1 million under the new methods and population con-trols. Of this amount, about 0.9 million is due to the newcontrols and 0.2 million is contributed by the new ques-tionnaire. Total unemployment increased by 0.9 million,of which 0.7 million is attributed to the redesign and 0.2million is due to the new population controls.

The sum due to the population controls and the redesignmay not equal the total effect in table 10, primarily becausethe new population controls affect CPS and parallel surveyestimates differently. For example, the parallel surveyyields a larger estimate of the number of unemployed; con-sequently, the effect due to the population controls wouldbe slightly larger for that survey estimate. In addition,there are minor differences in the CPS and parallel surveysecond-stage estimation algorithms.

The breakdown of the total effect on various rates andratios is given in table 11. The increase in the annual aver-age unemployment rate is 0.6 percentage point; since thedifference due to population controls is 0.1 percentagepoint, the contribution from the redesign is 0.5 percentagepoint. The labor force participation rate increased by a to-tal of 0.6 percentage point, with 0.2 percentage point dueto population controls. The total change in the employ-ment-population ratio is 0.2 percentage point. The changeattributed to the redesign is about half this amount, or 0.1percentage point. Note that the total effect is not alwaysthe sum of two positive effects. For example, the total ef-fect for adult men's employment-population ratio is -0.4percentage point. The effect from population controls is0.3 percentage point, and the questionnaire effect is -0.7percentage point.

Table 11 also shows that for the unemployment rate theeffects from new population controls are about 0.1 per-centage point for all demographic groups except teenag-ers. The total effects vary from 0.3 percentage point foradult men to 1.6 percentage points for teenagers. The ef-fects from population controls are fairly stable over timeso the annual average is similar to the population controleffect for a given month; however, as the redesign effectsvary from month to month, especially for Hispanics andteenagers, the annual average redesign effect may not be agood indicator of difference for a single month.

The total change for labor force participation rates intable 11 varies from -0.2 percentage point for adult men to2.3 percentage points for teenagers and Hispanics. The ef-fect due to population controls is largest for blacks. For theemployment-population ratio, the total changes are largerfor teenagers (about 1 percentage point, all attributed tothe redesign) and Hispanics (0.8 percentage point from theredesign and 0.3 percentage point due to population con-trols). Again, the estimates of the redesign effects for teen-agers and Hispanics have a high degree of month-to-month variability, primarily due to small sample sizes. Foradult men and blacks, the total effect on the employment-population ratio is a decline of about one-half of one per-centage point.

Effect on State and Area EstimatesBeginning with estimates for January 1994, State and

area labor market statistics produced by BLS in coopera-tion with State Employment Security Agencies also reflecta number of important changes. Consistent with changesaffecting the national data, these include:

• implementation of the CPS redesign, and

• introduction of 1990 census-based population con-trols (adjusted for the estimated population undercount).

In addition, the State and area labor market estimatesare affected by:

• improved time-series models for the smaller States,and

• incorporation of selected 1990 census data in thegeographic definition of labor market areas and in localarea labor force estimation.

Each of these topics will be explained in a detailedarticle which will appear in the March 1994 issue of thispublication.

Further InformationAdditional information is available on all of the subjects

covered in this article. Requests should be sent to: U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics, Room 4675, 2 MassachusettsAvenue NE., Washington, DC 20212-0001. The telephonenumber is (202) 606-6378; Fax (202) 606-6426.

35


Table 10. Total effect of the adjusted 1990 census-based population controls and the redesign on selected labor force groups, 1993annual averages


Employment status and group

CPS

1980census-based1

(1)

Adjusted1990

census-based

(2)

Parallel survey

1980census-based

(3)

Adjusted1990

census-based

(4)

Effect2

Total

(4-1)

(5)

Popu-lation

controls(2-1)

(6)

Redesign

(3-1)

(7)

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population . .Civilian labor force


Employment-population ratio .Unemployed

Unemployment rate


Civilian noninstitutionai population . .Civilian labor force



Unemployment rate





Unemployment rate





Unemployment rate

White




Unemployment rate

Black


Percent of populationEmployedEmployment-population ratio .

UnemployedUnemployment rate

193,550128,103

66.2119,389

61.78,7146.8

85,90666,07776.9

61,88472.04,1936.4

94,38955,18458.5

51,96655.13,2185.8

13,2546,84251.65,54041.81,30219.0

163,921109,407

66.7102,891

62.86,5166.0

22,32913,95762.5

12,14854.41,80913.0

194,805129,240

66.3120,323

61.88,9176.9

86,29066,68077.3

62,40272.34,2786.4

94,59855,37958.5

52,11055.13,2705.9

13,9167,18051.65,81241.81,36919.1

164,268109,736

66.8103,114

62.86,6226.0

22,50514,22463.2

12,37055.01,85513.0

193,550128,965

66.6119,606

61.89,3597.3

85,85065,59976.4

61,28371.44,3166.6

94,36156,16259.5

52,60455.83,5596.3

13,3387,20354.05,71942.91,48520.6

163,921110,209

67.2103,267

63.06,9426.3

22,32913,90862.3

11,92353.41,98514.3

194,805130,103

66.8120,511

61.99,5927.4

86,23666,19776.8

61,78671.74,4106.7

94,59056,36359.6

52,73555.83,6276.4

13,9797,54354.05,98942.81,55420.6

164,268110,550

67.3103,482

63.07,0676.4

22,50514,17163.0

12,13353.9

2,03814.4

1,2552,000

.61,112

.2878.6

329120-.2-97-.4218.3

2011,1781.1769.7

409.6

7257012.34491.12521.6

3471,143

.6592.2

551.4

176214.5

-14-.52291.4

1.2551,137

.2934.1

203.1

384604.4

519.385.1

209195.1

144.051.1

662338.0

272.066.0

347329.1

223.0

106.1

0862.4

217.1

645.5

-56-478-.5

-601-.6123.2

-289781.0638.7

340.5

843612.41791.11821.6

0802.5

376.2

426.3

176267

.7222

.645.1

0-49-.2

-225-1.01761.3

36


Table 10. Total effect of the adjusted 1990 census-based population controls and the redesign on selected labor force groups, 1993annual averages —Continued


Employment status and group

Hispanic origin




Unemployment rate

CPS

1980census-based1

d)

15,75310,385

65.99,285

58.91,100

10.6

Adjusted1990

census-based

(2)

17,50511,611

66.310,370

59.21,241

10.7

Parallel survey

1980census-based

(3)

15,75310,666

67.79,412

59.71,25411.8

Adjusted1990

census-based

(4)

17,50511,933

68.210,528

60.11,40511.8

Effect2

Total

(4-1)

(5)

1,7521,548

2.31,243

1.23051.2

Popu-lation

controls(2-1)

(6)

1,7521,226

.41,085

.3141

.1

Redesign

(3-1)

(7)

02811.8127

.81551.2


2 Changes in column 5 minus those in column 6 do not necessarilyequal those in column 7 primarily because the population controls af-fected the CPS and the parallel survey estimates differently. Moreover,population estimates obtained from the two surveys do not always

agree due to slight differences in estimating procedures.

NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will notsum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presentedand Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.

Table 11. Total effect of adjusted 1990 census-based population controls and the redesign on selected labor force ratios and rates,1993 annual averages.

(Percent)

Category CPS 1980census-based1

Parallel survey,adjusted 1990census-based Total

Effect2

Populationcontrols Redesign

Labor force participation rates

Total, 16 years and overMen, 20 years and overWomen, 20 years and overBoth sexes, 16 to 19 yearsWhiteBlackHispanic origin

Employment-population ratios


Unemployment rates


66.276.958.551.666.762.565.9

61.772.055.141.862.854.458.9

6.86.45.8

19.06.0

13.010.6

66.876.859.654.067.363.068.2

61.971.755.842.863.053.960.1

7.46.76.4

20.66.4

14.411.8

0.6-.21.12.3

.6

.52.3

.2-.4.7

1.1.2

-.51.2

.6

.3

.61.6.4

1.41.2

0.2A.1.0.1.7.4

.1

.3

.0

.0

.0

.6

.3

0.4-.51.12.4.5

-.21.8

.1-.7.7

1.1.2

-1.0.8

.5

.2

.51.6.3

1.31.2

1 These estimates differ slightly from previously published 1993 av-erages because of the estimation procedure used.

2 The sum of the difference due to population controls and the redesignmay not equal the total difference primarily due to rounding.

37


Summary table A. Major labor force status categories, seasonally adjusted


Category1993

Jan. Feb. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec.

1994

Jan.

tabor force status

Civilian noninstitutional population..Civilian labor force ..

Percent of population..Employed

Percent of population..Unemployed

Not in labor force..

Unemployment rates

AH workersMen, 20 years and overWomen, 20 years and overBoth sexes, 16 to 19 years .....WhiteBlack .Hispanic origin

192,644127,224

66.0

192,786 192.959 193,126 193.283 193,456 193,633 193,793 193.971127,400 127,440 127.539 128,075 128,056 128,102 128.334 128,108 128,580 128,662 128,898 130,667

66.1 66.0 66.0 66.3 66.2 66.2 66.2 66.0

194,151(.58066.2

118,178 118.442 118.562 118.585 119,180 119.187 119,370 119,692 119,568 119,941

194,3211,66266.2

194,472 195,953

66.3

61.39,046

65,420

7.16.56.3

19.66.2

14.111.4

61.48,958

65,386

7.06.66.0

19.66.1

13.311.3

61.48.878

65,519

7.06.75.7

19.56.1

13.511.2

61.48,954

65,587

7.06.56.0

20.36.1

13.710.5

61.78,895

65,208

6.96.55.9

19.86.1

12.910.0

61.68,869

65,400

6.96.55.9

19.56.1

13.310.3

61.68.732

65,531

6.86.55.8

18.46.0

12.810.8

61.88.642

65.459

6.76.45.7

18.45.9

12.59.9

61.68.540

65.863

6.76.35.8

17.95.8

12.510.0

61.88.639

65.571

6.76.25.8

18.96.1

11.911.4

120.332 120.66161.9

8.33065,659

6.55.95.7

18.35.6

12.510.4

62.08,237

65,574

6.45.85.7

17.85.6

11.510.5

66.7121,971

62.2

6.75.96.0

18.45.8

13.110.6

NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the

Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in this issue.

Summary table B. Employment, hours, and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls,seasonally adjusted


Industry1993

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.1

1994

Jan."

Employment

TotalTotal private

Goods-producing IndustriesMiningConstructionManufacturing

Service-producing industriesTransportation and public utilities..Wholesale tradeRetail tradeFinance, insurance, and real estateServicesGovernment

109,235 109,539 109,565 109,820 110.058 110.10190,48023,001

6114.454

17,93686,234

5,7196,086

19,5236,578

29.57318.755

90.76223.069

6004.515

17,95486,470

5,7256.097

19.6296.577

29.66518.777

90.77723.016

6004.481

17,93586,549

5.7246,103

19.6046.574

29.75618.788

91.02022.980

6004,517

17,86386,8405,7206,110

19,6486,585

29,97718.800

91.23923.006

6024.577

17,82787,052

5,7196,125

19,7026,588

30.09918.819

91.27822,941

5964,574

17,77187,160

5,7116.110

19,7516.590

30.17518.823

110.33891.49722.948

5954,593

17,76087,3905,7096.126

19.7906.604

30.32018.841

110.305 110.502 110,66491.47822.903

5924,593

17,71887.402

5.6906.107

19.7956.602

30.38118.827

91.58022.886

5964.592

17,69887.616

5.6926.117

19.8366,616

30.43318.922

91,76122.934

5964.629

17.70987.730

5.6936.122

19.8466.632

30.53418.903

110,880 111.070 11191.97622.994

5954,664

17,73587,886

5,7006,129

19.8536.651

30.64918.904

92.11223.006

6064.663

17.73788.064

5.7016,130

19.9086.661

30.70618,958

1.13292,18423,027

6044.660

17,76388,105

5,7166.140

19.9286.667

30,70618,948

Over-the-month change

TotalTotal private

Goods-producing industriesMining

ManufacturingService-producing industries

Transportation and public utilities...Wholesale tradeRetail tradeFinance, insurance, and real estateServicesGovernment

Total private...Manufacturing.

Overtime

15616716-2-523140122463349-11

30428268-116118236611106-19222

2615

-530

-34-1979-16

-25-39111

255243-36

036

-72291

-47

4411

22112

238219

262

60-36212

-11554

312219

4339

-65-6-3

-56108

-8-1549

2764

237219

7-119

-11230

-2163914

14518

-33-19-45-30

-4212

-19-19

5-261

-14

197102-17

4-1

-20214

21041145295

162181480

3711

11415

1016

101-19

21621560-13526

156777

19115

1

1901361211-12

17811

55105754

627221-2-3264115102060

-10

Hours of work1

34.541.44.0

34.441.44.2

34.241.24.0

34.441.54.2

34.741.44.1

34.441.24.0

34.541.44.0

34.741.44.1

34.341.54.1

34.541.64.3

34.541.74.3

34.541.74.4

34.841.74.4

Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100)'

Total private....Manufacturing.

Average hourly earnings, total private:Current dollarsConstant (1982) dollars2

Average weekly earnings, total private .

122.5101.8

122.7102.3

122.2101.6

123.1101.8

124.6101.4

123.6100.8

124.1101.0

124.8100.9

123.7100.9

124.9101.5

125.1102.0

125.2102.1

126.3102.4

Earnings1

$10.737.40

370.19

$10.747.38

369.46

$10.787.39

368.68

$10.777.36

370.49

$10.827.39

375.45

$10.817.38

371.86

$10.817.37

372.95

$10.867.39

376.84

$10.867.39

372.50

$10.927.40

376.74

$10.937.40

377.09

$10.957.40

377.78

$11.03N.A.

383.84

1 Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. N.A. = not available.2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical ' = preliminary.

Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series.

38


Chart 1. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted,1990-94Thousands111,500

111,000

110,500

110,000

109,500

109,000

108,500

108,000

107,500

Thousands111,500

111,000

110,500

110,000

109,500

109,000

108,500

108,000

1990 1991 1992

NOTE: Shaded area represents recession.

1993 1994107,500

Chart 2. Uemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 1990-94

Percent8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

Percent8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0

1990 1991 1992 1993 19944.0

NOTE: Shaded area represents recession. Household data beginning in January 1994 reflect: 1) Theintroduction of the results of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey questionnaire and collectionmethodology, and 2) the introduction of population controls based on the 1990 census, adjusted for theestimated population undercount, and are not directly comparable with data for prior years.

39


HOUSEHOLD DATAHISTORICAL

A-1. Employment status of the civilian nonlnstitutional population 16 years and over, 1961 to date


Yearand

month

Civiliannoninsti-tutional

population


NumberPercent

ofpopulation

Employed

NumberPercent

ofpopulation

AgricultureNonagricultural

industries

Unemployed

Number

Percentof

laborforce

Not inlaborforce

Annual averages

1961 ...19621 ...1963 ...1964 ...1965 ...1966 ...1967 ...1968 ...1969 ...

1970 ...1971 ...,19721 ...19731 ..,1974 ...1975 ....1976 ....1977 ....19781 ...1979 ....

1980 ....1981 ...1982 ...1983 ....1984 ...1985 ...19861 ..1987 ....1988 ...1989 ...

1990 ...1991 ...1992 ...1993 ...

1993:JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptember.OctoberNovember..December..

1994:January3

118,771120,153122,416124,485126,513128,058129,874132,028134,335

137,085140,216144,126147,096150,120153,153156,150159,033161,910164,863

167,745170,130172,271174,215176,383178,206180,587182,753184,613186,393

188,049189,765191,576193,550

192,644192,786192,959193,126193,283193,456193,633193,793193,971194,151194,321194,472

195,953

70,45970,61471,83373,09174,45575,77077,34778,73780,734

82,77184,38287,03489,42991,94993,77596,15899,009102,251104,962

106,940108,670110,204111,550113,544115,461117,834119,865121,669123,869

124,787125,303126,982128,040

59.358.858.758.758.959.259.659.660.1

60.460.260.460.861.361.261.662.363.263.7

63.863.964.064.06 4 ^64.865.365.665.966.5

66.466.066.366.2

65,74666,70267,76269,30571,08872,89574,37275,92077,902

78,67879,36782,15385,06486,79485,84688,75292,01796,04898,824

99,303100,39799,526100,834105,005107,150109,597112,440114,968117,342

117,914116,877117,598119,306

55.455.555.455.756.256.957.357.558.0

57.456.657.057.857.856.156.857.959.359.9

59.259.057.857.959.560.160.761.562.363.0

62.761.661.4

5,2004,9444,6874,5234,3613,9793,8443,8173,606

3,4633,3943,4843,4703,5153,4083,3313,2833,3873,347

3,3643,3683,4013,3833,3213,1793,1633,2083,1693,199

3,1863,2333,2073,074

60,54661,75963,07664,78266,72668,91570,52772,10374,296

75,21575,97278,66981,59483,27982,43885,42188,73492,66195,477

95,93897,03096,12597,450

101,685103,971106,434109,232111,800114,142

114,728113,644114,391116,232

4,7143,9114,0703,7863,3662,8752,9752,8172,832

4,0935,0164,8824,3655,1567,9297,4066,9916,2026,137

7,6378,273

10,67810,7178,5398,3128,2377,4256,7016,528

6,8748,4269,3848,734

Monthly data, seasonally adjusted2

127,224127,400127,440127,539128,075128,056128,102128,334128,108128,580128,662128,898

130,667

66.066.166.066.066.366.266.266.266.066.266.266.3

66.7

118,178118,442118,562118,585119,180119,187119,370119,692119,568119,941120,332120,661

121,971

61.361.461.461.461.761.661.661.861.661.861.962.0

62.2

3,1823,1163,0993,0713,0743,0313,0433,0053,0933,0213,1143,096

3,331

114,996115,326115,463115,514116,106116,156116,327116,687116,475116,920117,218117,565

118,639

9,0468,9588,8788,9548,895

8,7328,6428,5408,6398,3308,237

8,696

6.75.55.75.24.53.83.83.63.5

4.95.95.64.95.68.57.77.16.15.8

7.17.69.79.67.57.27.06.25.55.3

5.56.77.46.8

7.17.07.07.06.96.96.86.76.76.76.56.4

6.7

48,31249,53950,58351,39452,05852,28852,52753,29153,602

54,31555,83457,09157,66758,17159,37759,99160,02559,65959,900

60,80661,46062,06762,66562,83962,74462,75262,88862,94462,523

63,26264,46264,59365,509

65,42065,38665,51965,58765,20865,40065,53165,45965,86365,57165,65965,574

65,286

1 Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see"Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of theExplanatory Notes and Estimates of Error.

2 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.3 Data, beginning in 1994, are not directly comparable with data for

1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of

the Current Population Survey (household survey) questionnaire andcollection methodology and the introduction of 1990 census-basedpopulation controls, adjusted for the estimated undercount. For additionalinformation, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey EffectiveJanuary 1994" in this issue.

40


HOUSEHOLD DATAHISTORICAL

A-2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1983 to date


Sex, year,and month


population


NumberPercent

ofpopulation

Employed

NumberPercent

ofpopulation

AgricultureNonagricultural

industries

U nemployed

Number

Percentof

laborforce

Not inlaborforce

MEN19831984198519861

198719881989

1990199119921993

1993:JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptember .OctoberNovember ..December ..

1994:January3

WOMEN19831984198519861

198719881989

1990199119921993

1993:JanuaryFebruary ...MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctober ....NovemberDecember

1994:January3

82,53183,60584,46985,79886,89987,85788,762

89,65090,55291,54192,620

63,04763,83564,41165,42266,20766,92767,840

68,23468,41169,18469,633

92,13092,20892,30492,39392,47992,57392,66992,74992,84392,94193,03393,116

93,909

91,68492,77893,73694,78995,85396,75697,630

98,39999,214100,035100,930

102,044

69,21469,39669,50269,51469,703

69,73069,84769,58069,82069,73069,813

70,744

48,50349,70951,05052,41353,65854,74256,030

56,55456,89357,79858,407

100,514100,577100,654100,733100,805100,883100,965101,044101,128101,210101,288101,356

58,01058,00457,93858,02558,37258,37358,37258,48758,52858,76058,93259,085

59,923

Annual averages

76.476.476.376.376.276.276.4

76.175.575.675.2

56,78759,09159,89160,89262,10763,27364,315

64,43563,59363,80564,700

68.870.770.971.071.572.072.5

71.970.269.7

2,7042,6682,5352,5112,5432,4932,513

2,5072,5522,5342,438

54,08356,42357,35658,38159,56460,78061,802

61,92861,04161,27062,263


75.3

75.175.375.375.275.475.375.275.374.975.175.075.0

64,23764,32964,35564,41664,68764,64264,72864,90464,75664,97165,14465,259

65,963 70.2

69.769.869.769.769.969.869.870.069.769.970.070.1

2,5302,5112,4512,4612,4472,3982,3912,3522,4552,3762,4812,461

2,545

61,70761,81861,90461,95562,24062,24462,33762,55262,30162,59562,66362,798

63,419

Annual averages

52.953.654.555.356.056.657.4

57.557.357.857.9

44,04745,91547,25948,70650,33451,69653,027

53,47953,28453,79354,606

48.049.550.451.452.553.454.3

54.353.753.854.1

680653644652666676687

679682673

43,36745,26246,61548,05449,66851,02052,341

52,80052,60253,12153,970


58.7

57.757.757.657.657.957.957.857.957.958.158.258.3

53,94154,11354,20754,16954,49354,54554,64254,78854,81254,97055,18855,402

56,007

53.753.853.953.854.154.154.154.254.254.354.554.7

54.9

652605648610627633652653638645633635

787

53,28953,50853,55953,55953,86653,91253,99054,13554,17454,32554,55554,767

55,221

6,2604,7444,5214,5304,1013,6553,525

3,7994,8175,3804,932

4,9775,0675,1475,0985,0165,0415,0024,9434,8244,8494,5864,554

4,781

4,4573,7943,7913,7073,3243,0463,003

3,0753,6094,0053,801

4,0693,8913,7313,8563,8793,8283,730

3,7163,7903,7443,683

3,916

9.97.47.06.96.25.55.2

5.67.07.87.1

6.8

6.5

19,48419,77120,05820,37620,69220,93020,923

21,41722,14122,35622,987

7.27.37.47.37.27.27.27.16.96.96.66.5

22,91622,81222,80222,87922,77622,89022,93922,90223,26323,12123,30323,303

23,165

9.27.67.47.16.25.65.4

5.46.36.96.5

43,18143,06842,68642,37642,19542,01441,601

41,84542,32142,23742,522

7.06.76.46.66.66.66.46.36.36.46.46.2

42,50442,57342,71642,70842,43342,51042,59342,55742,60042,45042,35642,271

42,121

1 Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see "HistoricalComparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes andEstimates of Error.

2 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.3 Data, beginning in 1994, are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier

years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey(household survey) questionnaire and collection methodology and the introduction of1990 census-based population controls, adjusted for the estimated undercount. Foradditional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey EffectiveJanuary 1994" in this issue.

41


HOUSEHOLD DATASEASONALLY ADJUSTED

A-3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted


Employment status,sex, and age

1993

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

1994

Jan.

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population1

Civilian labor forcePercent of population

EmployedEmployment-population ratio2


Men, 16 years and overCivilian noninstitutional population1



AgricultureNonagricultural industries


Not in labor force

Men, 20 years and overCivilian noninstitutional population1





Not in labor force

Women, 16 years and overCivilian noninstitutional population1





Not in labor force

Women, 20 years and overCivilian noninstitutional population1


Employed ,Employment-population ratio2 ,



Not in labor force

Both sexes, 16 to 19 yearsCivilian noninstitutional population1





Not in labor force

192,644127,224

66.0118,178

61.39,046

7.1

92.13069,214

75.164,237

69.72,530

61,7074,977

7.222,916

85,44565,658

76.861,418

71.92,328

59,0904,240

6.519,787

100,51458,010

57.753,941

53.7652

53,289

192,786 192,959127,400 127,440

66.1 66.0118,442 118,562

193,126127,539

66.0

193,283128,075

66.3118,585 119,180

7.042,504

94,00754,783

58.351,308

54.6605

50,7033,475

6.339,224

13,1916,783

51.45,45241.3249

5,2031,331

19.66,408

61.48,958

7.0

92,20869,396

75.364,329

69.82,511

61,8185,067

7.322,812

85,55465,802

76.961,477

71.92,295

59,1824,325

6.619,752

100,57758,004

57.754,113

53.8605

53,5083,891

6.742,573

94,08854,774

58.251,479

54.7564

50,9153,295

6.039,314

13,1436,824

51.95,486

41.7257

5,2291,338

19.66,319

61.48,878

7.0

92,30469,502

75.364,355

69.72,451

61,9045,147

7.422,802

85,66465,916

76.961,498

71.82,261

59,2374,418

6.719,748

100,65457,938

57.654,207

53.9648

53,5593,731

6.442,716

94,14854,759

58.251,616

54.8615

51,0013,143

5.739,389

13,1476,765

51.55,448

41.4223

5,2251,317

19.56,382

61.48,954

7.0

92,39369,514

75.264,416

69.72,461

61,9555,098

7.322,879

85,73165,902

76.961,614

71.92,273

59,3414,288

6.519,829

100,73358,025

57.654,169

53.8610

53,5593,856

6.642,708

94,21454,814

58.251,533

54.7584

50,9493,281

6.039,400

13,1816,82351.8

5,43841.3214

5,2241,38520.3

6,358

61.78,895

6.9

92,47969,703

75.464,687

69.92,447

62,2405,016

7.222,776

85,81666,134

77.161,849

72.12,246

59,6034,285

6.519,682

193,456128,056

66.2119,187

61.68,869

6.9

92,57369,683

75.364,642

69.82,398

62,2445,041

7.222,890

85,87266,087

77.061,805

72.02,220

59,5854,282

6.519,785

193,633128,102

66.2

193,793128,334

66.2

193,971128,108

66.0119,370 119,692

194,151128,580

66.2119,568 119,941

100,805 100,88358,372

57.954,493

54.1627

53,8663,879

6.642,433

94,26455,016

58.451,777

54.9597

51,1803,239

5.939,248

13,2036,925

52.55,55442.1231

5,3231,37119.8

6,278

58,37357.9

54,54554.1633

53,9123,828

6.642,510

94,31555,132

58.551,875

55.0596

51,2793,257

5.939,183

13,2706,83751.5

5,50741.5215

5,2921,330

19.56,433

61.68,732

6.8

92,66969,730

75.264,728

69.82,391

62,3375,002

7.222,939

85,95066,140

77.061,869

72.02,235

59,6344,271

6.519,810

100,96558,372

57.854,642

54.1652

53,9903,730

6.442,593

94,42555,100

58.451,901

55.0616

51,2853,199

5.839,325

13,2586,862

51.85,600

42.2192

5,4081,262

18.46,396

61.88,642

6.7

92,74969,847

75.364,904

70.02,352

62,5524,943

7.122,902

86,00266,221

77.062,006

72.12,193

59,8134,215

6.419,781

101,04458,487

57.954,788

54.2653

54,1353,699

6.342,557

94,49055,249

58.552.084

55.1614

51,4703,165

5.739,241

13,3016,864

51.65,60242.1198

5,4041,26218.4

6,437

61.68,540

6.7

92,84369,580

74.964,756

69.72,455

62,3014,824

6.923,263

86,07566,038

76.761,901

71.92,264

59,6374,137

6.320,037

101,12858,528

57.954,812

54.2638

54,1743,716

6.342,600

94,57555,251

58.452,072

55.1596

51,4763,179

5.839,324

13,3216,81951

5,59542.0233

5,3621,224

17.96,502

61.88,639

6.7

92,94169,820

75.164,971

69.92,376

62,5954,849

6.923,121

86,15666,306

77.062,172

72.22,223

59,9494,134

6.219,850

101,21058,760

58.154,970

54.3645

54,3253,790

6.442,450

94,65655,462

58.652,243

55.2601

51,6423,219

5.839,194

13,3396,81251.1

5,52641.4197

5,3291,286

18.96,527

194,321128,662

66.2120,332

61.98,330

6.5

93,03369,730

75.065,144

70.02,481

62,6634,586

6.623,303

86.24566.198

76.862,315

72.32,334

59,9813,883

5.920,047

194,472128,898

66.3120,661

62.08,237

6.4

93,11669,813

75.065,259

70.12,461

62,7984,554

6.523,303

86,37366,321

76.862,444

72.32,300

60,1443,877

5.820,052

101,288 101,35658,932

58.255,188

54.5633

54,5553,744

6.442,356

59,08558.3

55,40254.7635

54,7673,683

6.242,271

195,953130,667

66.7121,971

62.28,696

6.7

93,90970,744

75.365,963

70.22,545

63,4194,781

6.823,165

86,77866,806

77.062,842

72.42,352

60,4903,964

5.919,972

102,04459,923

58.756,007

54.9787

55,2213,916

6.542,121

94,70955,621

58.752,423

55.4597

51,8263,198

5.739,088

13,3676,84351.2

5,59441.8183

5,4111,24918.3

6,524

94,76455,783

58.952.631

55.5599

52,0323,152

5.738,981

13,3356,794

50.95,58641.9197

5,3891,20817.8

6,541

95,10956,368

59.353,014

55.7744

52,2703,354

6.038,742

14,0667,49353.3

6,11543.5236

5,8791,37818.4

6,573

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.2 Employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in tables A-3

through A-12 will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent

seasonal adjustment of the various series. Data for 1994 are not directlycomparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information,see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" inthis issue.

42



A-4. Employment status of the civilian nonlnstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonallyadjusted


Employment status,race, sex, age, and

Hispanic origin

1993


1994

Jan.

WHITE

















MenWomen

BLACK














163,343108,779

66.6102,029

62.56,750

6.2

56,92177.5

53,61373.0

3,3085.8

46,09958.1

43,60854.9

2,4915.4

5,75954.7

4,80845.795116.517.915.0

22,15713,817

62.411,864

53.51,953

14.1

6,47572.3

5,63863.083712.9

6,54558.9

5,74151.680412.3

163,429108,746

66.5102,076

62.56,670

6.1

56,92277.5

53,61373.0

3,3095.8

46,03758.0

43,63954.9

2,3985.2

5,78755.0

4,82445.896316.617.815.3

22,18414,014

63.212,157

54.81,857

13.3

6,54473.0

5,74764.179712.2

6,67259.9

5,92353.274911.2

163,543108,922

66.6102,251

62.56,671

6.1

57,03677.6

53,64973.0

3,3875.9

46,11258.0

43,77355.1

2,3395.1

5,77454.8

4,82945.894516.417.115.5

22,21713,862

62.411,991

54.01,87113.5

6,48972.2

5,64462.884513.0

6,60559.2

5,90453.070110.6

163,649108,791

66.5102,190

62.46,601

6.1

56,96177.4

53,69873.0

3,2635.7

46,04257.9

43,66654.9

2,3765.2

5,78854.9

4,82645.896216.618.514.5

22,24913,868

62.311,965

53.81,90313.7

6,41671.3

5,59962.281712.7

6,65559.6

5,93053.172510.9

163,748109,234

66.7102,612

62.76,622

6.1

57,08277.5

53,81873.1

3,2645.7

46,29158.2

43,91655.2

2,3755.1

5,86155.5

4,87846.298316.817.216.3

22,28013,944

62.612,140

54.51,804

12.9

6,48672.0

5,69563.279112.2

6,64159.4

5,95153.269010.4

163,857109,373

66.7102,721

62.76,652

6.1

57,13577.5

53,87873.1

3,2575.7

46,45858.4

44,00855.3

2,4505.3

5,78054.7

4,83545.894516.318.414.0

22,31313,922

62.412,076

54.11,846

13.3

6,49271.9

5,67762.981512.6

6,65859.5

5,94853.171010.7

163,971109,393

66.7102,835

62.76,558

6.0

57,13677.5

53,84073.0

3,2965.8

46,44658.3

44,09355.4

2,3535.1

5,81154.9

4,90246.390915.617.713.4

22,34613,920

62.312,134

54.31,78612.8

6,50972.0

5,74263.576711.8

6,60558.9

5,87952.572611.0

164,074109,646

66.8103,179

62.96,467

5.9

57,19677.5

53,98673.2

3,2105.6

46,58658.5

44,26355.5

2,3235.0

5,86455.3

4,93046.593415.917.714.0

22,37513,969

62.412,225

54.61,74412.5

6,55272.4

5,76463.778812.0

6,64459.2

5,94753.069710.5

164,190109,492

66.7103,094

62.86,398

5.8

57,09777.3

53,94873.1

3,1495.5

46,54458.4

44,20755.4

2,3375.0

5,85155.1

4,93946.591215.616.814.3

22,40813,952

62.312,202

54.51,75012.5

6,50771.8

5,71763.179012.1

6,68659.5

6,00153.468510.2

164,309110,009

67.0103,273

62.96,736

6.1

57,39077.7

54,14473.3

3,2465.7

46,71058.5

44,22355.4

2,4875.3

5,90955.6

4,90646.2

1,00317.017.916.0

22,44213,945

62.112,292

54.81,65311.9

6,48271.5

5,77063.671211.0

6,73159.8

6,05953.967210.0

164,421109,804

66.8103,662

63.06,142

5.6

57,12377.2

54,27973.4

2,8445.0

46,76858.6

44,39255.6

2,3765.1

5,91355.6

4,99146.992215.617.713.3

22,47514,057

62.512,297

54.71,76012.5

6,52971.8

5,72563.080412.3

6,76660.1

6,11154.26559.7

164,516 165,014110,016

66.9110,802

67.1103,807 104,355

63.16,209

5.6

57,28077.4

54,28373.3

2,9975.2

46,87258.7

44,55455.8

2,3184.9

5,86455.1

4,97046.789415.216.913.4

22,50414,011

62.312,397

55.11,61411.5

6,46970.9

5,78763.568210.5

6,80160.3

6,14354.56589.7

63.26,447

5.8

57,45777.6

54,43873.5

3,0195.3

47,02559.0

44,63156.0

2,3935.1

6,32156.5

5,28647.3

1,03416.418.514.0

22,72314,368

63.212,482

54.91,88713.1

6,56372.1

5,75363.281012.3

6,91760.5

6,12153.679611.5

43



A-4. Employment status of the civilian nonlnstltutlonal population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonallyadjusted—Continued


Employment status,race, sex, age, and

Hispanic origin

BLACK—ContinuedBoth sexes, 16 to 19 years




MenWomen

HISPANIC ORIGIN


Civilian labor forcePercent of population ,



1993


1994

Jan.

79738.348523.331239.139.738.5

15,50010,225

66.09,064

58.51,161

11.4

79838.348723.431139.039.538.4

15,54010,273

66.19,113

58.61,160

11.3

76836.844321.232542.344.140.1

15,58510,311

66.29,152

58.71,159

11.2

79738.243620.936145.346.843.2

15,63510,232

65.49,154

58.51,078

10.5

81739.149423.632339.540.238.7

15,68110,247

65.39,226

58.81,021

10.0

77236.945121.632141.638.844.8

15,72910,285

65.49,221

58.61,064

10.3

80638.551324.529336.437.934.7

15,77710,375

65.89,250

58.61,125

10.8

77336.851424.525933.534.932.0

15,82410,331

65.39,311

58.81,020

9.9

75935.948422.927536.239.732.3

15,87110,433

65.79,394

59.21,039

10.0

73234.546321.826936.740.632.8

15,91710,586

66.59,384

59.01,202

11.4

76235.946121.730139.539.239.7

15,96710,575

66.29,476

59.31,099

10.4

74135.246722.227437.038.835.2

16,01410,625

66.39,513

59.41,112

10.5

88940.560727.728131.738.125.5

17,84911,746

65.810,495

58.81,251

10.6

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.2 Employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum

to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and

Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Datafor 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years.For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population SurveyEffective January 1994" in this issue.

44



A-5. Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers by sex and age, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Full- and part- time status, sex,and age

1993


1994

Jan.

EMPLOYED

Full-time workersMen, 16 years and overMen, 20 years and overWomen, 16 years and overWomen, 20 years and overBoth sexes, 16 to 19 years

Part-time workersMen, 16 years and overMen, 20 years and overWomen, 16 years and overWomen, 20 years and overBoth sexes, 16 to 19 years

UNEMPLOYED

Looking for full-time workMen, 16 years and overMen, 20 years and overWomen, 16 years and overWomen, 20 years and overBoth sexes, 16 to 19 years

Looking for part-time workMen, 16 years and overMen, 20 years and overWomen, 16 years and overWomen, 20 years and overBoth sexes, 16 to 19 years

UNEMPLOYMENT RATES

Full-time workersMen, 16 years and overMen, 20 years and overWomen, 16 years and overWomen, 20 years and overBoth sexes, 16 to 19 years

Part-time workersMen, 16 years and overMen, 20 years and overWomen, 16 years and overWomen, 20 years and overBoth sexes, 16 to 19 years

97,44457,26456,21240,28839,607

1,625

20,5946,9545,169

13,65811,7263,699

7,4414,4644,0423,0492,827

572

1,660688286968624750

7.17.26.77.06.7

26.0

7.59.05.26.65.116.9

97,76657,32156,29540,47539,7561,715

20,6617,0045,20913,65611,7453,707

7,3054,5004,0602,9092,666579

1,620641236991628756

7.07.36.76.76.3

25.2

7.38.44.36.85.1

16.9

97,94557,38456,35140,57039,832

1,762

20,6296,9715,152

13,64511,8133,664

7,2664,4724,0912,8292,552

623

1,600668286927609705

7.26.86.56.0

26.1

7.28.75.36.44.916.1

97,94057,35856,37140,54939,7881,781

20,5336,9725,20813,56311,7483,577

7,2794,3804,0082,8812,636635

1,699685269995671759

6.97.16.66.66.2

26.3

7.68.94.96.85.4

17.5

98,25457,52356,50140,73039,975

1,778

20,8847,1005,328

13,75711,8043,752

7,2754,3474,0122,8992,624

639

1,544621252912565727

6.97.06.66.66.2

26.4

6.98.04.56.24.6

16.2

98,19857,45256,46740,69139,959

1,772

21,0517,1695,349

13,84911,9143,788

7,2604,2993,9852,9392,688

587

1,621753300871568753

6.97.06.66.76.3

24.9

7.19.55.35.94.616.6

98,35957,59956,62440,63239,9541,781

21,0927,0915,25113,95411,9123,929

7,2314,3524,0132,8922,595623

1,522614253908621648

6.87.06.66.66.1

25.9

6.78.04.66.15.0

14.2

98,71657,74256,71140,92040,204

1,801

21,0737,1395,315

13,89811,8753,883

7,1094,2753,9492,8042,561

599

1,547648274900608665

6.76.96.56.46.0

25.0

6.88.34.96.14.9

14.6

98,69057,83356,71840,95340,066

1,906

20,8677,0095,236

13,89711,9213,710

6,9644,1383,8512,8412,613

500

1,557671292881567

6.66.76.46.56.1

20.8

6.98.75.36.04.5

15.8

98,94557,87656,77041,08540,334

1,841

20,9977,1565,392

13,88611,9093,696

7,0444,1933,8682,8092,590

586

1,623652270

1,016651702

6.66.86.46.46.0

24.1

7.28.44.86.85.2

16.0

99,37358,11557,03241,28440,511

1,830

20,9617,0695,283

13,90011,9163,762

6,7073,9783,5812,7862,542

584

1,565616259957643663

6.36.45.96.35.9

24.2

6.98.04.76.45.1

15.0

99,59558,26557,15641,38640,632

1,807

21,0607,0355,268

14,05612,0393,753

6,7603,9633,6512,7872,568

541

1,489606254868575

6.46.46.06.35.9

23.0

6.67.94.65.84.6

15.0

97,94057,71456,65740,29139,496

1,787

23,9328,2146,148

15,72013,5234,260

7,1604,2053,7672,9662,749

644

1,581681276890580726

6.86.86.26.96.5

26.5

6.27.74.35.44.1

14.6

1 These rates reflect a refined definition of the full- and part-time laborforce and differ from the rates previously published elsewhere in thispublication.

NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in theCurrent Population Survey Effective January 1994" in this issue.

45



A-6. Employed persons by marital status, occupation, class of worker, and part-time status, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Category1993


1994

Jan.

MARITAL STATUS

TotalMarried men, spouse presentMarried women, spouse presentWomen who maintain families

OCCUPATION

Managerial and professional specialtyTechnical, sales, and administrativesupport

Service occupationsPrecision production, craft, and repairOperators, fabricators, and laborersFarming, forestry, and fishing

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture:Wage and salary workersSelf-employed workersUnpaid family workers

Nonagricultural industries:Wage and salary workersPrivate industries

Private householdsOther industries

GovernmentSelf-employed workersUnpaid family workers

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME1

All industries:Part time for economic reasonsSlack work or business conditionsCould only find part-time work

Part time for noneconomic reasons

Nonagricultural industries:Part time for economic reasonsSlack work or business conditionsCould only find part-time work

Part time for noneconomic reasons

118,17840,67830,2736,599

31,833

36,43516,34813,02317,1043,409

1,6481,395

130

105,94287,501

1,07386,42818,4418,799

242

6,2993,0672,895

14,821

6,0162,8992,841

14,392

118,44240,83730,4296,654

31,851

36,69916,41912,98917,2203,328

1,6191,367

126

106,15887,661

1,08586,57618,4979,047

222

6,4183,1542,958

14,799

6,1972,9882,897

14,385

118,56240,86230,5836,760

32,204

36,43816,43212,99917,1363,385

1,5921,384

126

106,41587,898

1,12786,77118,5178,842

208

6,2483,0832,863

14,908

6,0292,9262,789

14,446

118,58540,93530,1946,923

31,701

36,52616,48313,14117,1733,310

1,6301,333

107

106,23587,711

1,10886,60318,5248,971

233

6,4053,1442,966

14,663

6,1892,9662,879

14,293

119,18041,05730,3936,804

32,056

36,76416,57113,30117,0763,348

1,6041,365

111

106,75188,174

1,09587,07918,5779,180

197

6,4903,1852,986

15,083

6,2193,0122,888

14,657

119,18740,95830,340

6,772

32,180

36,84416,51513,40116,8963,299

1,6021,336

103

106,88788,334

1,05987,27518,5539,102

150

6,4353,3782,842

15,272

6,1923,2202,770

14,847

119,37040,87730,3226,806

32,370

37,17116,46613,28016,8593,286

1,6261,323

93

107,05788,622

1,08187,54118,4359,093

203

6,4513,0992,986

15,121

6,2132,9202,931

14,707

119,69240,79230,536

6,840

32,476

36,90216,47013,72616,8923,262

1,5661,312

110

107,37088,843

1,12887,71518,5279,026

245

6,4693,2022,935

15,216

6,2163,0492,856

14,814

119,56840,82630,5096,833

32,538

36,83216,54713,48716,9683,319

1,6671,319

90

107,33188,824

1,12387,70118,5078,949

250

6,3943,1672,937

15,182

6,1733,0062,879

14,757

119,94140,81630,6416,784

32,635

36,96516,59913,43016,9963,287

1,6571,274

97

107,72789,251

1,17988,07218,4768,961

229

6,2023,0722,872

15,201

5,9572,9272,773

14,788

120,33240,84230,8726,704

32,739

36,97416,68813,59716,9583,389

1,7191,311

89

107,97589,482

1,10388,37918,4939,011

223

6,1263,0372,810

15,290

5,9042,9052,719

14,858

120,66140,95131,0516,693

32,764

37,24316,73413,44517,2093,325

1,7241,269

92

108,24789,744

1,10488,64018,5039,053

217

6,2173,0992,828

15,373

5,9342,9222,739

14,909

121,97141,48331,579

6,796

33,008

37,41116,79613,49417,6853,598

1,6411,590

78

109,52691,364

92890,43618,1638,990

142

5,1672,5612,171

17,744

4,8422,4392,075

17,056

1 Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from theirjobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, orindustrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons whousually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week

for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather.NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and

earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the CurrentPopulation Survey Effective January 1994" in this issue.

46



A-7. Employed persons by age and sex, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Age and sex1993

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

1994

Jan.

Total, 16 years and over....

16 to 24 years16 to 19 years


20 to 24 years25 years and over












118,178

17,6095,4522,0673,358

12,157100,54885,93014,626

64,237

9,2162,8191,0571,7466,397

55,01746,7398,300

53,941

8,3932,6331,0101,6125,760

45,53139,1916,326

118,442

17,6505,4862,1023,379

12,164100,82286,03914,830

64,329

9,2692,8521,0901,7536,417

55,08346,730

8,384

54,113

8,3812,6341,0121,6265,747

45,73939,3096,446

118,562

17,6295,4482,0693,379

12,181100,93986,31114,649

64,355

9,2442,8571,1091,7536,387

55,10046,8138,276

54,207

8,3852,591

9601,6265,794

45,83939,498

6,373

118,585

17,5455,4382,0563,386

12,107100,94586,30714,600

64,416

9,1012,8021,0631,7456,299

55,24247,003

8,226

54,169

8,4442,636

9931,6415,808

45,70339,3046,374

119,180

17,750>,554

196372

12 19610144386 63014 733

64 687

91852 838

1171,7206,347

55,50347,158

8,293

54,493

8,5652,7161.D791,3525,949

45, M039,472

6,440

119,187

17,7125,5072,0823,394

12,205101,51686,73114,760

64,642

9,1842,8371,0801,7426,347

55,48447,178

8,284

54,545

8,5282,6701,0021,6525,858

46,03239,5536,476

119,370

17,7525,6002,1533,425

12,152101,60886,94714,587

64,728

9,1992,8591,1121,7296,340

55,53847,321

8,187

54,642

8,5532,7411,041

5,81246,07039,6266,400

119,692

17,6885,6022,1853,410

12,086102,00687,20414,830

64,904

9,2452,8981,1301,7436,347

55,66747,366

8,288

54,788

8,4432,7041,0551,6675,739

46,33939,838

6,542

119,568

17,6795,5952,1933,412

12,084101,89987,27514,612

64,756

9,1822,8551,1201,7456,327

55,58147,3868,199

54,812

8,4972,7401,0731,6675,757

46,318

6,413

119,941

17,6485,5262,1623,375

12,122102,31087,47914,787

64,971

9,1792,7991,1061,7016,380

55,82347,496

8,318

54,970

8,4692,7271,0561,6745,742

46,48739,983

120,332

17,6635,5942,1943,406

12,069102,66587,96814,806

65,144

9,1712,8291,1331,7056,342

55,97047,791

8,241

55,188

8,4922.7651,0611,7015,727

46,69540,1776,565

120,661

17,7095,5862,2403,350

12,123102,97688,19714,831

65,259

9,1652,8151,1521,6706,350

56,08947,8608,253

55,402

8,5442,7711,0881,6805,773

46,88740,337

6,578

121,971

18,6376,1152,4353,657

12,522103,31288,30815,036

65,963

9,7113,1211,2201,8866,590

56,24447,9448,333

56,007

8,9262,9941,2151,7715,932

47,06940,3646,703

NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years.For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective

January 1994" in this issue.

A-8. Unemployed persons by age and sex, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Age and sex1993

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

1994

Jan.

Total, 16 years and over ...















9,046

2,8511,331

639666

1,5206,2885,559

685

4,977

1,591737362358854

3,4853,070

403

4,069

1,260594277308666

2,8032,489

282

8,958

2,8551,338

590747

1,5176,0775,408

673

5,067

1,580742333408838

3,4653,074

403

3,891

1,275596257339679

2,6122,334

270

8,878

2,7781,317

641677

1,4616,0705,428

653

5,147

1,562729347387833

3,5523,127

420

3,731

1,216588294290628

2,5182,301

233

8,954

2,8341,385

597793

1,4496,1015,424

640

5,098

1,634810336478824

3,4613,042

3,856

1,200575261315625

2,6402,382

247

2,1)991.IJ71

!)91'91

5,1)775,(111

(>52

5,016

1,608731CI31'.11ill

3,0 902,572

4̂ 10

3,8|79

640260380651

2,5872,339

242

2,7471,330

628717

1,4176,1405,457

651

5,041

1,572759384392813

3,4613,070

379

3,828

1,175571244325604

2,6792,387

272

8,732

2,6831,262

551707

1,4216,0405,395

651

5,002

1,535731321409804

3,4583,039

410

3,730

1,148531230298617

2,5822,356

241

8,642

2,6951,262

547706

1,4335,9425,270

662

4,943

1,567728314409839

3,3742,948

425

1,128534233297594

2,5682,322

237

8,540

2,5741,224

519694

1,3505,9785,273

721

4,824

1,463687286389776

3,3602,911

462

3,716

1,111537233305574

2,6182,362

259

8,639

2,6161,286

566724

1,3306,0165,369

4,849

1,475715312404760

3,3652,961

417

3,790

1,141571254320570

2,6512,408

282

8,330

2,5681,249

566687

1,3195,7475,124

649

4,586

1,438703314388735

3,1412,755

391

3,744

1,130546252299584

2,6062,369

258

8,237

2,4801,208

527689

1,2725,7505,106

657

4,554

1,389677286390712

3,1712,774

411

3,683

1,091531241299560

2,5792,332

246

8,696

2,9221,378

654700

1,5445,8575,107

723

4,781

1,670816384418854

3,1942,787

408

3,916

1,252562271283690

2,6642,320

315

NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years.For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective

Janusjry 1994" in this issue.

47



A-9. Unemployment rates by age and sex, seasonally adjusted

(Civilian workers)

Age and sex1993 1994

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.

Total, 16 years and over ....








20 to 24 years25 years and over ,







7.1

13.919.623.616.611.15.96.14.5

7.2

14.720.725.517.011.86.06.24.6

7.0

13.118.421.516.010.45.86.04.3

7.0

13.919.621.918.111.15.75.94.3

7.3

14.620.623.418.911.65.96.24.6

6.7

13.218.520.317.310.65.45.64.0

7.0

13.619.523.716.710.75.75.94.3

7.4

14.520.323.818.111.56.16.34.8

6.4

12.718.523.415.19.85.25.53.5

7.0

13.920.322.519.010.75.75.94.2

7.3

15.222.424.021.511.65.96.14.6

6.6

12.417.920.816.19.75.55.73.7

6.9

14.019.821.219.011.15.65.84.2

7.2

14.920.522.919.312.15.85.94.7

6.6

13.119.119.418.710.05.35.63.6

6.9

13.419.523.217.410.45.75.94.2

7.2

14.621.126.218.411.45.96.14.4

6.6

12.117.619.616.49.35.55.74.0

6.8

13.118.420.417.110.55.65.84.3

7.2

14.320.422.419.111.35.96.04.8

6.4

11.816.218.114.99.65.35.63.6

6.7

13.218.420.017.210.65.55.74.3

7.1

14.520.121.719.011.75.75.94.9

6.3

11.816.518.115.19.45.35.53.5

6.7

12.717.919.116.910.05.55.74.7

6.9

13.719.420.318.210.95.75.85.3

6.3

11.616.417.815.59.15.35.63.9

6.7

12.918.920.717.79.95.65.84.5

6.9

13.820.322.019.210.65.75.94.8

6.4

11.917.319.416.09.05.45.74.2

6.5

12.718.320.516.89.95.35.54.2

6.6

13.619.921.718.510.45.35.54.5

6.4

11.716.519.214.99.35.35.63.8

6.4

12.317.819.017.19.55.35.54.2

6.5

13.219.419.918.910.15.45.54.7

6.2

11.316.118.115.18.85.25.53.6

6.7

13.618.421.216.111.05.45.54.6

6.8

14.720.723.918.111.55.45.54.7

6.5

12.315.818.213.810.45.45.44.5

NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 andearlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current

Population Survey Effective January 1994" in this issue.

48



A-10. Unemployment rates by occupation, industry, and selected demographic characteristics, seasonally adjusted

Category1993


1994

Jan.

CHARACTERISTIC

TotalMen, 20 years and overWomen, 20 years and overBoth sexes, 16 to 19 years

WhiteBlack and otherBlackHispanic origin

Married men, spouse presentMarried women, spouse presentWomen who maintain families

OCCUPATION1

Managerial and professional specialtyTechnical, sales, and administrative supportPrecision production, craft, and repairOperators, fabricators, and laborersFarming, forestry, and fishing

INDUSTRY

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workersGoods-producing industries

MiningConstructionManufacturing


Service-producing industriesTransportation and public utilitiesWholesale and retail tradeFinance, insurance, and real estateServices

Government workersAgricultural wage and salary workers

7.16.56.3

19.6

6.212.714.111.4

4.54.9

10.4

3.35.58.0

10.08.4

7.48.97.2

14.77.47.47.36.75.08.04.46.63.6

11.7

7.06.66.0

19.6

6.112.113.311.3

4.64.4

10.1

3.45.37.9

10.18.7

7.28.87.3

14.37.37.17.56.64.87.94.36.53.6

13.0

7.06.75.7

19.5

6.112.013.511.2

4.74.49.0

3.15.28.3

10.38.4

7.29.06.1

15.37.37.27.66.54.97.94.36.13.5

11.8

7.06.56.0

20.3

6.112.413.710.5

4.54.89.6

3.05.48.59.88.6

7.28.98.2

14.77.37.37.36.55.18.14.36.13.4

11.8

6.96.55.9

19.8

6.111.812.910.0

4.54.59.8

3.05.38.0

10.07.7

7.29.0

10.715.27.27.17.36.55.48.14.05.93.1

10.8

6.96.55.9

19.5

6.112.013.310.3

4.44.79.7

2.85.78.3

10.07.8

7.19.06.8

15.17.37.47.16.44.57.94.56.13.4

11.8

6.86.55.8

18.4

6.011.612.810.8

4.54.79.6

2.75.38.6

10.28.1

7.09.25.9

15.77.37.07.86.24.97.53.96.03.4

11.5

6.76.45.7

18.4

5.911.512.59.9

4.44.59.0

2.85.37.5

10.47.5

7.08.97.2

14.77.37.27.46.25.47.64.25.73.3

12.1

6.76.35.8

17.9

5.811.412.510.0

4.24.69.0

2.85.37.6

10.17.7

6.98.87.5

14.17.27.37.26.25.37.54.05.92.8

10.4

6.76.25.8

18.9

6.110.911.911.4

4.44.89.3

2.85.37.99.88.1

6.98.46.5

13.76.96.96.96.35.57.93.75.93.1

11.8

6.55.95.7

18.3

5.611.312.510.4

4.04.49.0

2.95.26.79.27.8

6.78.07.2

12.26.76.57.06.25.27.73.75.93.0

10.3

6.45.85.7

17.8

5.610.711.510.5

3.94.3

10.2

2.85.17.49.18.7

6.67.96.9

12.76.56.36.86.25.17.43.75.93.1

11.3

6.75.96.0

18.4

5.811.613.110.6

4.14.49.4

2.95.47.0

10.08.4

7.07.85.1

13.96.15.37.36.75.58.13.76.63.8

13.6

1 Seasonally adjusted data for service occupations are not availablebecause the seasonal components are small relative to the trend-cycle and/orirregular components and consequently cannot be separated with sufficientprecision.

NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 andearlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the CurrentPopulation Survey Effective January 1994" in this issue.

49



A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted


Reasons for unemployment1993


1994

Jan.

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobsOn temporary layoffNot on temporary layoff

Job leaversReentrantsNew entrants

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total unemployedJob losers and persons who completed temporary jobs

On temporary layoffNot on temporary layoff


UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THECIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobsJob leaversReentrantsNew entrants

4,9341,0723,862834

2,295950

100.054.711.942.89.3

25.510.5

3.9.71.8.7

4,7991,0813,7181,0202,281899

100.053.312.041.311.325.310.0

3.8.8

1.8.7

4,8561,0963,7601,0612,059

922

100.054.612.342.311.923.110.4

3.8.8

1.6.7

4,8621,0683,794

9902,187

920

100.054.311.942.311.124.410.3

3.8.8

1.7.7

4,7521,1443,608

9602,237

890

100.053.812.940.810.925.310.1

3.7.7

1.7.7

4,8451,1313,714

9402,201

894

100.054.612.741.810.624.810.1

3.8.7

1.7.7

4,8721,1833,689

9152,117

870

100.055.513.542.010.424.1

3.8.7

1.7.7

4,8641,1903,674

8822,081

834

100.056.213.742.410.224.09.6

3.8.7

1.6.6

4,6991,1123,587

9262,075

843

100.055.013.042.010.824.39.9

3.7.7

1.6.7

4,7791,2163,563

9572,084

839

100.055.214.041.111.124.19.7

3.7.7

1.6.7

4,444963

3,481960

2,084833

100.053.411.641.811.525.010.0

3.5.7

1.6

4,4421,0603,382

9322,018

797

100.054.212.941.311.424.69.7

3.4.7

1.6.6

4,4421,1963,246

7622,831

651

100.051.113.837.4

8.832.67.5

3.4.6

2.2.5



A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted


Duration1993


1994

Jan.


Less than 5 weeks ,5 to 14 weeks15 weeks and over ,

15 to 26 weeks27 weeks and over

Average (mean) duration, in weeks ...Median duration, in weeks


Total unemployedLess than 5 weeks5 to 14 weeks15 weeks and over

15 to 26 weeks27 weeks and over

3,2622,5433,2931,3721,921

18.58.6

100.035.928.036.215.121.1

3,2322,5493,1741,2841,890

18.28.4

100.036.128.535.414.321.1

3,1482,5833,1101,2751,835

17.78.4

100.035.629.235.214.420.8

3,3092,5372,9861,3111,675

17.78.5

100.037.528.733.814.819.0

3,2422,5263,0461,2701,776

17.88.3

100.036.828.734.614.420.1

3,2322,7583,0251,2571,768

17.88.3

100.035.930.633.613.919.6

3,2232,5433,0071,2581,749

17.98.3

100.036.729.034.314.319.9

3,0462,6083,0001,2591,741

18.38.4

100.035.230.134.714.520.1

3,0522,4573,0471,2971,750

18.48.9

100.035.728.735.615.220.5

3,1562,4913,0301,2841,746

18.48.3

100.036.428.734.914.820.1

2,9462,4012,9711,2161,755

18.98.5

100.035.428.935.714.621.1

3,0632,2472,8641,1501,714

18.28.2

100.037.527.535.014.121.0

3,3492,3363,0271,3141,713

18.38.5

100.038.426.834.715.119.7



50


HOUSEHOLD DATANOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

A-13. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race


Age, sex, and race

January 1994


population


TotalPercent

ofpopulation

Employed

Total ofpopulation

Agri-culture

Nonagri-cultural

industries

Unemployed

Number

Percentof

laborforce

Notin

laborforce

TOTAL

16 years and over16 to 19 years



25 to 34 years25 to 29 years30 to 34 years




65 years and over65 to 69 years70 to 74 years75 years and over

Men









Women









195,95314,0667,1256,941

18,469111,95541,54419,47022,07441,17021,70619,46329,24216,37212,87020,63010,6809,950

30,8329,7178,439

12,676

93,9097,1313,6563,4759,128

55,04120,4919,593

10,89820,24910,6829,567

14,3018,0136,2899,7915,1034,688

12,8184,3683,6854,766

102,0446,9353,4703,4659,342

56,91421,0539,877

11,17620,92111,0249,896

14,9408,3596,581

10,8395,5785,262

18,0145,3494,7557,911

129,3933,8042,7304,074

13,79493,24034,46116,12318,33834,80218,21416,58823,97813,75610,22211,7007,2854,4153,8542,117

951786

69,9593,5481,3932,1547,295

50,50318,9988,805

10,19318,6959,8888,807

12,8107,2865,5246,4613,9662,4952,1531,178

540435

59,4333,2561,3371,9206,500

42,73815,4637,3188,145

16,1078,3267,781

11,1686,4704,6985,2393,3191,9201,700

939411350

66.048.438.358.774.783.383.082.883.184.583.985.282.084.079.456.768.244.412.521.811.36.2

74.549.738.162.079.991.892.791.893.592.392.692.189.690.987.866.077.753.216.827.014.79.1

58.247.038.555.469.675.173.474.172.977.075.578.674.877.471.448.359.536.5

9.417.68.64.4

119,9015,5072,1353,373

12,11087,50231,90114,75917,14232,73517,09415,64122,86713,1319,736

11,0986,9294,1693,6832,020

905758

64,4342,7551,0361,7206,285

47,22617,4957,9939,501

17,5549,2928,262

12,1776,9455,2336,1043,7512,3532,0641,120

523421

55,4672,7521,0991,6535,824

40,27614,4066,7657,64115,1817,8027,38010,6896,1864,5034,9953,1781,8161,620900382338

61.239.230.048.665.678.276.875.877.779.578.880.478.280.275.753.864.941.911.920.810.76.0

68.638.628.349.568.985.885.483.387.286.787.086.485.186.783.262.373.550.216.125.614.2

54.439.731.747.762.370.868.468.568.472.670.874.671.574.068.446.157.034.59.016.88.04.3

2,8921426082

2481,8206643233406723573154842492353901971932921409161

2,2091134470

2061,3595192572625322812513081641442991581412321146652

68329161342

46114567781407664176859191395260252510

117,0095,3652,0753,29011,86285,68231,23714,43516,80232,06316,73715,32622,38212,8819,50110,7086,7323,9763,3911,881814697

62,2252,642992

1,6506,080

45,86716,9767,7379,23917,0229,0118,01111,8696,7815,0895,8053,5932,2111,8321,006457

54,7842,7231,0831,6405,782

39,81514,2616,6987,562

15,0417,7267,316

10,5136,1014,4124,9043,1391,7651,560

875357328

9,4921,297

595701

1,6855,7382,5601,3641,1962,0671,120

9461,111

625486602356246170974627

5,526792358435

1,0093,2771,503

812692

1,14159654563234129135821514290581715

3,966505238267675

2,4611,057

55350592552440147928419524414010481392912

7.319.121.817.212.26.27.48.56.55.96.15.74.64.54.85.14.95.64.44.64.83.5

7.922.325.720.213.86.57.99.26.86.16.06.24.94.75.35.55.45.74.24.93.13.4

6.715.517.813.910.45.86.87.66.25.76.35.24.34.44.14.74.25.44.74.2

66,5617,2624,3952,8674,675

18,7157,0833,3473,736

3,4922,8765,2642,6162,6488,9303,3955,535

26,9797,5997,489

11,891

23,9503,5832,2621,3211,8334,5381,493

788705

1,554794760

1,492727765

3,3301,1372,193

10,6653,1903,1454,330

42,6113,6782,1331,5452,842

14,1765,5902,5593,0314,8142,6982,1153,7721,8891,8835,6002,2593,342

16,3144,4104,3447,561

51



A-13. Employment status of the civilian noninstltutlonal population by age, sex, and race—Continued


Age, sex, and race

January 1994


population


TotalPercent

ofpopulation

Employed

TotalPercent

ofpopulation

Agri-culture

Nonagri-cultural

industries

Unemployed

Number

Percentof

laborforce

Notin

laborforce

WHITE




25 to 34 years25 to 29 years30<to 34 years












65 years and over65 to 69 years70 to 74 years75 years and over ....

Women








65 years and over65 to 69 years70 to 74 years75 years and over ....

165,01411,1835,6515,532

14,88893,37034,08215,82618,25634,27818,01216,26625,00913,94311,06617,9109,2248,686

27,6638,6527,562

11,450

79,7645,7022,9072,7957,448

46,44417,0227,8969,126

17,0888,9938,095

12,3346,9035.4308,6074,4744,133

11,5623,9373,3064,320

85,2505,4812,7442,7367,440

46,92617,0607,9309,130

17,1909,0198,171

12,6767,0405,6369,3034,7504,553

16,1014,7144,2567,130

109,7505,7632,3443,419

11,48778,68928,62913,30815,32129,31015,27214,03820,75111,8648,887

10,2916,4043,8873,5201,950

873696

60,0933,0341,2241,8106,120

43,19315,9907,3648,626

16,0008,4427,558

11,2036,3804,8235,7663,5442,2221,9811,092

498391

49,6572,7281,1201,6085,368

35,49612,6395,9446,695

13,3106,8296,4819,5475,4844,0634,5262,8601,6661,539

858376305

66.551.541.561.877.284.384.084.183.985.584.886.383.085.180.357.569.444.812.722.511.66.1

75.353.242.164.882.293.093.993.394.593.693.993.490.892.486.867.079.253.717.127.715.19.0

58.249.840.858.872.175.674.174.973.377.475.779.375.377.972.148.660.236.6

9.618.28.84.3

102,6284,7621,8542,908

10,28674,43026,76512,30814,45727,78814,44113,34819,87711,3758,5029,7846,1033,681

1,864831671

55,8782.420

9231,4975,389

40,70914,8486,7338,115

15,1517,9837,168

10,7106,1214.5895,4573,3612.0961,9031,042

483378

46,7502,342

9311,4114,897

33,72111,9175,5756,342

12,6386,4586,1809,1675,2543,9134,3272,7421,5851,463

822348293

62.242.632.852.669.179.778.577.879.281.180.282.179.581.676.854.666.242.412.221.611.05.9

70.142.431.753.672.387.787.285.388.988.788.888.586.888.784.563.475.150.716.526.514.68.7

54.842.733.951.665.871.969.970.369.573.571.675.672.374.669.446.557.734.8

9.117.48.24.1

2,7151416082

2251,702

611294317633336296458232226375

2711358453

2,0561124469

1881,255

4702292414962612352891531352861511352151096343

65829161337

4471416576

1377562

169799089385257252110

99,9144,6211,7942,826

10,06172,72826,15412,01414,14027,15614,10413.05119,41911,1438,2769.4095.9143.4953,0951,730

747618

53,8222,308

8791,4285,200

39,45414,3786,5047,874

14,6557,7226,933

10,4215,9684,4535,1713.2101,9621,688

933420335

46,0922,313

9151,3984,861

33,27411,7765,5106,266

12,5016,3826,1188,9985,1753,8234,2382,7041,5331,406

797327283

7,1221,000

490510

1,2024,2591,8641,000

8641,522

831691874489385507301206154864325

4,216614301313731

2,4841,142

63151184945939049325923530918312578501513

2,907386189198470

1,7757223693536733723013812301501981188176362712

6.517.420.914.910.55.46.57.55.65.25.44.94.24.14.34.94.75.34.44.44.93.6

7.020.224.617.311.95.87.18.65.95.35.45.24.44.14.95.45.25.63.94.53.03.3

5.914.216.812.38.85.05.76.25.35.15.44.64.04.23.74.44.14.84.94.27.34.1

55,2645,4203,3072,1133,401

14,6805,4532,5182,9354,9682,7402,2284,2592,0792,1807,6192,8204,798

24,1446,7016,688

10,754

19,6712,6681,683

9851,3293,2511,032

531501

1,088551537

1.130523607

2,841929

1.9129,5822,8452,8083,929

35,5932,7521,6241,1282,072

11,4304,4211,9862,4343,8802,1891,6913,1291,5561,5734,7771,8912,887

14,5623,8563.8816,825

52



A-13. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race—Continued


January 1994

Age, sex, and raceCiviliannoninsti-tutional

population


TotalPercent

ofpopulation

Employed

TotalPercent

ofpopulation

Agri-culture

Nonagri-cultural

industries

Unemployed

Percentof

laborforce

laborforce

BLACK









Men









Women









22,723

2,194

1,128

1.067

2.604

13.383

5,389

2,627

2,762

4,976

2,690

2.286

3,018

1,725

1,293

2,033

1,074

9592,509

825693990

10.182

1,077

565512

1,191

6,052

2,417-

1,238

2,272

1,227

1,045

1.362

784579884471413979325297357

12,541

1,118

563555

1.413

7,331

2.971

1,447

1,525

2,705

1,463

1,241

1,655

941714

1,149

603546

1,530

500397633

14,197

800296504

1.691

10.456

4,213

2,027

2,186

3,981

2,162

1,819

2,262

1,333

9281,000

6233782501375657

6,879

378114264827

5,075

2,090

9991.090

1,912

1,034

8781,074

621453478295183121662827

7,318

421181240864

5,381

2,124

1.028

1,096

2,070

1.128

9411,188

712476522328194129712830

62.536.426.247.364.978.178.277.279.180.080.479.674.977.371.849.258.039.410.016.68.15.7

67.635.120.251.669.583.986.484.788.184.184.384.078.879.378.254.162.744.312.320.39.57.4

58.337.732.243.361.173.471.571.171.976.577.175.871.775.766.645.454.335.68.4

14.27.14.8

12,274556217339

1,2559,2813,6291,7191,9113,5461,9231,6232,1061,241

8659425863552401295457

5,853232

72160581

4,4731,793

850943

1,691926765989564424453277176114612627

6,421325145179674

4,8081,836

1.855997858

1,117676441488309179126682830

54.025.319.231.848.269.467.365.469.271.371.571.069.871.966.946.354.637.09.6

15.67.85.7

57.521.512.731.248.873.974.272.176.274.475.573.272.672.073.451.358.942.611.618.88.87.4

51.229.025.832.447.765.661.860.063.568.668.169.167.571.961.742.551.232.88.3

13.67.14.8

103

126524168

2816131394

1266

14265

66122157

261610139

261266

10235

12,171556217339

1,2439,2163.6051,7021,9033,5181,9071,6112,0931,231

8619305813492261274851

5,763232

72160574

4,4121,771

836936

1.665911755975555420442272170103592321

6.408325145179668

4,8041,834

867967

1,852997856

1.117676441488309179123682530

1.92324379

165436

1,175584309275435239196156936359362210

1,02714742

10424760229614914822010811385572825187752

896973660

1905732881601282151328370363534191533

13.530.426.632.725.811.213.915.212.610.911.110.86.97.06.85.95.85.93.95.8

(1)

0

14.938.837.139.529.811.914.214.913.511.510.412.98.09.26.25.26.03.95.6

12.223.020.025.222.010.613.515.611.710.411.78.85.95.07.36.55.77.82.2

0Oo

8,5261,395

832563913

2.9271.176

599576995528467756391365

1.033451582

2.259688637933

3.302698451248364976328181147360193167289163126406176230858259268331

5.224696381315549

1,950848419429635335300468229239627276351

1,401430369603

1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years.

For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey EffectiveJanuary 1994" in this issue.

53



A-14. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age


Employment status andrace

Total

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Men, 20 years andover

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Women, 20 years andover

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Both sexes, 16 to 19years

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population .Civilian labor force




Not in labor force

White





Not in labor force

Black





Not in labor force

192,644126,034

65.4116,123

2,753113,370

9,9117.9

66,610

163,343107,795

66.0100,296

2,58497,7127,498

7.055,548

22,15713,648

61.611,663

12011,5441,984

14.58,509

195,953129,393

66.0119,901

2,892117,009

9,4927.3

66,561

165,014109,750

66.5102,628

2,71599,914

7,1226.5

55,264

22,72314,197

62.512,274

10312,1711,923

13.58,526

85,44565,346

76.560,271

2,07358,1975,075

7.820,099

73,41456,610

77.152,650

1,94150,7093,959

7.016,804

8,9536,417

71.75,510

965,414

90714.1

2,536

86,77866,412

76.561,6782,096

59,5834,733

7.120,366

74,06257,059

77.053,458

1,94451,5143,602

6.317,003

9,1056,501

71.45,621

895,532

88013.5

2,604

94,00754,600

58.151,016

53050,4863,584

6.639,408

79,40645,986

57.943,365

50042,865

2,6215.7

33,420

11,1216,527

58.75,723

165,706

80412.3

4,594

95,10956,177

59.152,715

65452,061

3,4626.2

38,933

79,76946,928

58.844,408

62943,7792,520

5.432,841

11,4246,896

60.46,097

146,083

80011.6

4,528

13,1916,088

46.24,837

1504,6871,25120.6

7,103

10,5235,19949.4

4,281143

4,13891817.7

5,323

2,08370433.8430

742327438.9

1,379

14,0666,804

48.45,507

1425,3651,29719.1

7,262

11,1835,763

51.54,762

1414,6211,000

17.45,420

2,19480036.4556

55624330.4

1,395

NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current


54



A-15. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educationalattainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin


Enrollment status, educationalattainment, race, and Hispanic origin

January 1994


population

16.81511,1045,712

8,5678,2496,7651,484

8,5035,6682,835

4,5333,9703,319

651

8,3125,4362,876

4,0344,2793,446

832

13,3148,8154,500

6,7676,548

6,6726,6425,4601,182

2,4471,695

752

1,2061,240

1,473974784190

1,7291,225

504

846883

1,079650487163


Total

7,9944,6873,307

3,3794,6153,4171,198

3,9482,3581,590

1,7972,1511,607

544

4,0462,3291,717

1,5822,4641,810

654

6,7184,0002,718

3,3543,364

2,8453,8742,895

979

875508368

379496

416460325134

653363291

336317

287366244122

Percent ofpopulation

47.542.257.9

39.455.950.580.7

46.441.656.1

39.654.248.483.5

48.742.859.7

39.257.652.578.6

50.545.460.4

49.651.4

42.658.353.082.8

35.829.948.9

31.440.0

28.247.241.570.6

37.829.657.6

39.735.9

26.656.350.175.2

Employed

Total

6,8453,8812,964

2,7044,1413,0571,085

3,2731,8821,391

1,3821,8911,417

473

3,5731,9991,574

1,3222,2511,639

611

5,8513,3602,491

2,8353,016

2,2963,5552,652

903

650380270

258393

316335234101

487237250

237250

184303191113

Fulltime

1,219296922

1311,087

475612

643166477

96547271276

576130445

35541204336

1,045265781

550495

114932418513

992277

6336

14853154

1051887

5550

24813249

Parttime

5,6273,5852,042

2,5733,0542,581

473

2,6301,716

914

1,2861,3441,147

197

2,9971,8691,128

1,2871,7101,435

275

4,8063,0961,710

2,2852,521

2,1822,6242,234

390

551358194

194357

30125020347

382219163

182200

16022215864

Unemployed

Total

1,149806343

675473360113

676476200

41526019070

473330143

26021317142

867640227

519348

549318243

76

22512798

122103

1001259233

16612640

9967

103635310

Lookingfor

full-timework

21078

132

681438656

1344589

44904644

773344

24524013

1284583

8444

41875036

682444

4127

19493019

321418

1813

102222

Lookingfor

part-timework

938728210

607331274

56

542431111

37217014327

396297100

23616113130

739595144

435304

50723219240

15710354

8076

81766114

13511222

8154

94413110

Percentof

laborforce

14.417.210.4

20.010.310.59.4

17.120.212.5

23.112.111.813.0

11.714.28.3

16.48.69.46.5

12.916.08.4

15.510.3

19.38.28.47.8

25.725.126.5

32.120.8

24.127.128.224.6

25.534.713.9

29.421.2

36.017.221.8

7.9

TOTAL ENROLLED

Total, 16 to 24 years16 to 19 years20 to 24 years

High schoolCollege

Full-time studentsPart-time students

Men, 16 to 24 years16 to 19 years20 to 24 years

High schoolCollege


Women, 16 to 24 years16 to 19 years20 to 24 years

High schoolCollege


White


MenWomen

High schoolCollege


Black


MenWomen

High schoolCollege


Hispanic origin


MenWomen

High schoolCollege



55



A-15. Employment status of the civilian nonlnstitutfonal population 16 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educationalattainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin—Continued


Enrollment status, educationalattainment, race, and Hispanic origin

January 1994


population


TotalPercent ofpopulation

Employed

TotalFulltime

Parttime

Unemployed

Total

Lookingfor

full-timework

Lookingfor

part-timework

Percentof

laborforce

TOTAL NOT ENROLLED


Less than a high school diplomaHigh school graduates, no collegeLess than a bachelor's degreeCollege graduates

Men, 16 to 24 years16 to 19 years20 to 24 years


Women, 16 to 24 years16 to 19 years20 to 24 years


White


MenWomen


Black


MenWomen


Hispanic origin


MenWomen


15,7202,962

12,758

3,761

3,5241,548

7,7561,4636,292

1,9653,5281,609

654

7,9641,4996,465

1,7963,3601,915

894

12,7572,369

10,388

6,3846,373

2,9455,5012,9281,383

2,352500

1,852

1,0611,290

6401,165

46284

2,591573

2,017

1,3971,194

1,276935320

12,6052,117

10,488

2,3265,6523,1551,472

6,8941,1905,704

1,5943,1791,498

623

5,711927

4,783

7322,4731,658

848

10,5311,7638,769

5,8004,732

1,9234,6402,6441,325

1,615292

1,323

827789

289845404

76

1,909381

1,528

1,242

822739290

57

80.271.582.2

61.882.189.595.1

88.981.390.7

81.190.193.195.3

71.761.974.0

40.773.686.694.9

82.674.484.4

90.874.3

65.384.390.395.8

68.758.571.4

77.961.1

45.272.587.690.2

73.766.575.8

88.955.9

64.579.190.60)

10,7721,6269,145

1,6834,8452,8491,395

5,768873

4,894

1,1772,6851,326

580

5,004753

4,251

5062,1601,523

815

9,1961,4027,795

4,9734,223

1,4434,0652,4321.255

1,161176

555606

14062832469

1,641297

1,344

1,088553

676645265

55

8,5891,0877,502

1,2753,8352,2471,233

4,920629

4,292

9702,2901,134

526

3,669458

3,210

3051,5441,112

708

7,385951

6,435

4,2773,108

1,0933,2621,9201.109

863103760

431432

102442258

61

1,295196

1,098

891403

525513205

52

2,182539

1,643

4081,010

602162

848245603

20739519254

1,335294

1,040

201616411108

1,811451

1,360

6961,115

350803512146

29873

224

124174

37186

347101246

197150

15113360

3

1,833491

1,342

643807307

77

1,126316810

41749417243

707175532

22631313533

1,335361974

826509

47957421170

455116339

272183

15021881

7

26884

164

154114

14794252

1,707452

1,255

58676228772

1,087303785

39548616641

620149471

19127612131

1,238327911

796442

438540195

430111319

267163

13620781

7

25579

176

150104

1389025

2

1263987

574520

5

391325

22863

872562

3537142

973463

3067

4134175

245

19

420

1410

1368

310

95

14.523.212.8

27.714.39.75.2

16.326.614.2

26.215.511.57.0

12.418.811.1

30.912.78.13.9

12.720.511.1

14.210.8

24.912.48.05.3

28.239.725.6

32.923.2

51.725.819.98.8

14.022.112.0

12.417.1

17.812.78.7

1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.NOTE: In the summer months, the educational attainment levels of youth not

enrolled in school are increased by the temporary movement of high school andcollege students into that group. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origingroups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not

presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black populationgroups. Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlieryears. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population SurveyEffective January 1994" in this issue.

56



A-16. Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race

(In thousands)

Age, sex, and race

January 1994

Employed1

Full-time workers

Total

At work

35hours

ormore

1 to 34hours for

ornoneconomic

reasons

Notat

work

Part-time workers

Total

At work2

Part time foreconomicreasons

Part timefor

noneconomicreasons

Notat

work

Unemployed

Lookingfor

full-timework

Lookingfor

part-timework

TOTAL

Total, 16 years and over16 to 19 years


20 years and over20 to 24 years25 years and over


Men, 16 years and over16 to 19 years20 years and over



Women, 16 years and over16 to 19 years20 years and over



White













96,0871,383

1041,279

94,7048,424

86.27975,73210,547

56.318794

55,5244,769

50,75544,3966,359

39,769589

39,1803,656

35,52431,336

4,188

48,955701

48,2544,126

44,12838,4495,679

33,072514

32,5583,089

29,46925,868

3,601

5,06267

4,995427

4,5684,103

465

4,93858

4,880410

4,4704,049

421

82,5271,116

771,040

81,4117,180

74,23165,4478,784

48,946649

48,2974,056

44,24138,8975,344

33,582467

33,1143,124

29,99026,5503,440

42,621576

42,0453,540

38,50533,7174,788

27,924418

27,5062,655

24,85021,893

2,958

4,30454

4,250339

3,9113,532

379

4,11636

4,080331

3,7493,416

334

10,199238

23216

9,9601,0058,9567,7651,191

5,412120

5,292594

4,055644

4,787119

4,668411

4,2573,710

547

4,665109

4,556490

4,0663,499

567

3,99092

3.898343

3,5553,087

468

5547

54873

474419

55

63122

61057

552487

65

3,36129

524

3,332240

3,0932,520

573

1,96026

1,935119

1,816

372

1,4003

1,398121

1,2771,076

201

161,653

961,5571,233

325

1,1573

1,15491

1,064889175

2036

19715

18215131

190

19022

16814722

23,8144,1242,0302,093

19,6903,685

16,00511,7714,234

8,1161,9616,1551,5164.6382,8301.808

15,6982,163

13,5352,169

11,3678,9402,426

6,9221,7195,2041,2623,9412,2601,681

13,6781,828

11,8501,808

10,0427,8532,189

791164626154472370102

1,483267

1,217264953759194

3,64027636240

3,364711

2,6532,319334

1,642155

1,487296

1,1911,028163

1,998121

1,877415

1,4621,291171

1,290136

1,153238915772143

1,561103

1,458334

1,124982142

25618

2384519317716

36014

3466428225824

18,5363,6571,9171,74014,8792,704

12,1758,6743,501

5,9051,7404,1641,1173,0471,5951,452

12,6311,917

10,7141,5879,1287,0792,049

5,1171,5303,587

9252,6621,3131,350

11,1611,6249,5371,3278,2106,3611,849

48713635210724516282

1,041231810183627461166

1,63719077113

1,447270

1,177778

56966503103400207192

1,069125944167777571207

51652463100364176188

956102854146708509

4711361

35314

8322601743404

7,766530106424

7,2361,3885,8495,248600

4,755348

4,407874

3,5333,151383

3,012182

2,829514

2,3152,098218

3,601246

3,355634

2,7212,394327

2,146126

2,020360

1,6601,487173

9148982622060657828

7394769214354951731

1,725767489277959297662490172

77144432613619112665

955322632161471364107

615368246971509060

761261500111390288101

11258552728253

158501084661566

1 Employed persons are classified as full- or part-time workers based on their usualweekly hours at all jobs regardless of the number of hours they are at work during thereference week. Persons absent from work are also classified according to their usualstatus.

2 Includes some workers at work 35 hours or more, classified by their reason for

working part time.NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier

years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population SurveyEffective January 1994" in this issue.

57



A-17. Employed persons by occupation, sex, and age

(In thousands)

Occupation

Total

16 yearsand over

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Men

16 yearsand over

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

20 yearsand over

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Women

16 yearsand over

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

20 yearsand over

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Total

Managerial and professional specialtyExecutive, administrative, and managerial

Officials and administrators, public administrationOther executive, administrative, and managerialManagement-related occupations

Professional specialtyEngineersMathematical and computer scientistsNatural scientistsHealth diagnosing occupationsHealth assessment and treating occupationsTeachers, college and universityTeachers, except college and universityLawyers and judgesOther professional specialty occupations

Technical, sales, and administrative supportTechnicians and related support

Health technologists and techniciansEngineering and science techniciansTechnicians, except health, engineering, and science

Sales occupationsSupervisors and proprietorsSales representatives, finance and business servicesSales representatives, commodities, except retailSales workers, retail and personal servicesSales-related occupations

Administrative support, including clericalSupervisorsComputer equipment operatorsSecretaries, stenographers, and typistsFinancial records processing ,Mail and message distributingOther administrative support, including clerical

Service occupationsPrivate householdProtective serviceService, except private household and protective

Food serviceHealth service ,Cleaning and building service ,Personal service

Precision production, craft, and repairMechanics and repairersConstruction tradesOther precision production, craft, and repair ,

Operators, fabricators, and laborersMachine operators, assemblers, and inspectorsTransportation and material moving occupations

Motor vehicle operatorsOther transportation and material moving occupations ,

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborersConstruction laborersOther handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers

Farming, forestry, and fishingFarm operators and managersOther farming, forestry, and fishing occupations

116,123

31,94915,108

69810,3474,063

16,8411,703

984502955

2,540729

4,601814

4,013

36,0724,0941,5191,0981,477

13,7023,8352,2301,5615,987

8918,275

810568

4,2042,221

9529,519

16,135840

2,16613,1295,4852,1262,9502,568

12,6784,2784,4953,905

16,4797,3204,7693,6921,0774,390

5473,842

2,8111,1241,687

119,901

33,12515,488

75310,6074,127

17,6381,8181,250

520933

2,730785

4,591826

4,184

37,0373,9311,5961,1401,195

14,4494,2392,2181,4706,445

7618,657

819564

4,1102,327

9699,868

16,578757

2,14313,6786,0252,0972,7962,760

13,1294,4304,6484,052

17,0677,5075,0283,8541,1754,532

5314,001

2,9641,3271,637

62,721

16,6798,783

4146,4411,9277,8971,554

678344780342408

1,121641

2,028

13,0432,065

284841940

7,1702,4991,3421,2442,051

333,808

368206

90209567

2,368

6,73832

1,8374,8692,356

2821,751

480

11,5864,1234,4323,031

12,3044,4184,2953,2511,0453,591529

3,062

2,371961

1,410

64,434

17,0978,751397

6,5111,8448,3461,676819367741370459

1,165660

2,089

13,3491,928313865750

7,4342,6531,3671,1482,218

473,98735320667

213587

2,561

6,81730

1,7775,0112,579304

1,580549

11,9324,2534,5483,132

12,7934,6124,5353,4031,1323,646

5213,125

2,4451,0521,394

60,271

16,6088,749

4126,4101,9277,8591,552

678343778342406

1,109641

2,011

12,4862,035

275829931

6,8362,4841,3311,2201,776

263,616

368202

87205541

2,212

5,95324

1,8164,1121,753

2771,657

425

11,4164,0634,3642,989

11,5764,2994,2353,2021,0333,042516

2,526

2,232956

1,275

61,678

17,0118,704396

6,4651,8438,3071,669819367741368459

1,153660

2,072

12,6611,907311848748

7,0122,6301,3481,1391,848

473,74235319861

202572

2,355

5,92828

1,7344,1661,928294

1,464480

11,7334,1844,4553,093

12,0194,4754,4503,3311,1193,094

4792,614

2,3261,0241,303

53,402

15,2706,326

2843,9062,1368,944

149306158175

2,198321

3,479173

1,985

23,0292,0301,234

258537

6,5321,336

888316

3,93556

14,467442362

4,1142,013

3857,151

9,397808329

8,2593,1281,8451,1982,088

1,091155

63873

4,1752,902

474441

33799

18781

440163277

55,467

16,0286,737

3564,0972,2849,292

142431154192

2,360326

3,426166

2,096

23,6882,0031,284

275444

7,0151,585

851322

4,22829

14,670466359

4,0432,114

3827,307

9,760727367

8,6673,4461,7931,2162,211

1,197177100920

4,2742,895

493451

42886

10876

519275244

51,016

15,1866,294

2823,8822,1318,892

149306158175

2,198321

3,450173

1,962

21,7742,0021,214

250538

5,7081,314

875313

3,15451

14,064438355

4,0281,999

3746,870

8,527700323

7,5042,6341,7741,1381,958

1,06815360

855

4,0452,847

469436

33730

18712

416163253

52,715

15,9046,703

3564,0702,2769,201

142431154192

2,355319

3,387166

2,055

22,2921,9851,273

274438

6,0861,562

838319

3,34026

14,221466354

3,9492,088

3696,995

8,753624351

7,7792,8501,7261,1602,043

1,17217697

898

4,1012,822

490448

42788

10778

494269225



58



A-18. Employed persons by occupation, race, and sex


Occupation and race

Total

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Men

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Women

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

TOTAL

Total, 16 years and over (thousands)Percent


Technical, sales, and administrative supportTechnicians and related supportSales occupationsAdministrative support, including clerical



Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectorsTransportation and material moving occupationsHandlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers


White








Black








116,123100.0

27.513.014.531.1

3.511.815.713.9

.71.9

11.310.914.26.34.13.82.4

100,296100.0

28.613.714.931.43.5

12.315.612.7

.71.7

10.311.313.46.03.93.62.6

11,663100.0

17.67.89.8

28.13.57.9

16.723.5

1.33.2

19.08.4

20.98.66.26.11.5

119,901100.0

27.612.914.730.93.3

12.115.613.8

.61.8

11.411.014.26.34.23.82.5

102,628100.0

28.613.515.231.33.3

12.615.412.5

.61.6

10.311.313.55.94.13.62.7

12,274100.0

18.58.5

10.028.23.08.2

17.023.7

1.23.4

19.18.5

20.08.75.55.91.0

62,721100.0

26.614.012.620.83.3

11.46.1

10.7.1

2.97.8

18.519.67.06.85.73.8

54,815100.0

27.714.812.921.03.3

12.05.79.7

2.76.9

19.118.66.86.45.34.0

5,727100.0

15.07.77.3

18.13.16.38.7

19.7.1

5.114.614.530.18.7

11.410.12.6

64,434100.0

26.513.613.020.7

3.011.56.2

10.6

02.87.8

18.519.97.27.05.73.8

55,878100.0

27.514.213.421.1

3.012.25.99.4

02.56.8

19.118.86.86.75.34.1

•5,853100.0

16.38.87.6

17.02.96.08.0

19.6

5.314.314.930.29.9

10.49.91.9

53,402100.0

28.611.816.743.1

3.812.227.117.61.5.6

15.52.07.85.4

.91.5.8

45,481100.0

29.712.417.344.03.8

12.627.616.3

1.4.5

14.41.97.24.9

.91.4.9

5,936100.0

20.17.9

12.337.93.89.5

24.527.1

2.51.3

23.22.6

12.08.41.22.4

.4

55,467100.0

28.912.116.842.7

3.612.626.417.61.3.7

15.62.27.75.2

.91.6.9

46,750100.0

30.012.617.443.5

3.713.026.816.3

1.2.5

14.52.07.24.8

.91.51.1

6,421100.0

20.58.3

12.138.43.1

10.125.227.4

2.21.7

23.62.7

10.77.51.02.2

.2

1 Less than 0.05 percent.NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993

and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in theCurrent Population Survey Effective January 1994" in this issue.

59



A-19. Employed persons by industry and occupation

(In thousands)

Industry

January 1994

Totalem-

ployed

Managerial andprofessional

specialty

Executive,adminis-trative,

andmana-gerial

Profes-sional

specialty

Technical, sales, andadministrative

support

Techni-ciansand

relatedsupport

Sales

Adminis-trative

support,includingclerical

Serviceoccupations

Privatehouse-

hold

Otherservice1

Preci-sion

produc-tion,craft,and

repair

Operators,fabricators,

and laborers

Machineoper-ators,

assem-blers,and

inspec-tors

Transpor-tationand

materialmoving

Handlers,equipmentcleaners,helpers,

andlaborers

Farming,forestry,

andfishing

Agriculture ,MiningConstructionManufacturing


Transportation and publicutilities

Wholesale and retail tradeWholesale tradeRetail trade

Finance, insurance, andreal estate

ServicesPrivate householdsOther service industries .

Professional services...Public administration

2,892648

6,559

11,7308,136

8,44125,4934,45521,038

7,87542,391

87041,52128,9495,736

7296900

2,4981,4811,017

1,0142,132474

1,658

2,2345,204

25,2023,2281,338

7573136

1,8301,217613

49948283398

26413,414

413,41012,015

865

341340590390200

33115935124

1532,356

2,3561,957255

10950770311459

19210,4891,7998,690

1,8891,002

1,00221837

14590342

2,2171,263954

2,3242,347702

1,645

2,8686,898

106,8895,1691,426

757757

331419

25115596

2855,012

524,959

2208,506

568,4495,1301,483

47214

3,9603,8442,6291,215

1,1781,504323

1,181

1582,045

42,041463181

153264

6,0903,3822,708

90339135204

11833

833220

33

3881

463690367323

2,0291,018

481538

17640

6634366

52

827

5741,009

462547

4791,953

3281,625

22412

1839410147

2,416

1177724

20574216

40324

133118020

1 Includes protective service, not shown separately.NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993

and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in theCurrent Population Survey Effective January 1994" in this issue.

60



A-20. Employed persons in agriculture and nonagricultural Industries by age, sex, and class of worker

(In thousands)

Age and sex

January 1994

Agriculture

Wageand

salaryworkers

Self-employedworkers

Unpaidfamily

workers

Nonagricultural industries

Wage and salary workers

Total

Private industries

TotalPrivate

householdworkers

Otherprivate

industries

Government

Self-employedworkers

Unpaidfamily

workers

Total, 16 years and over....16 to 19 years


20 to 24 years25 to 34 years35 to 44 years45 to 54 years55 to 64 years65 years and over

Men, 16 years and over16 to 19 years



Women, 16 years and over16 to 19 years



1,357873354

18844729617311748

1,045742845

15533623411310133

3121359

3311262601616

1,47443162744

203372304268240

1,13534112341

175296195198196

3399543

2876

1087044

611211

115144854

29541992

3266

108,0985,2231,9973,226

11,58529,52129,39320,3389,3242,714

56,6862,560

9561,6045,916

15,94615,36110,6014,9121,390

51,4122,6631,0411,622

13,57414,0329,7374,4131,324

89,8634,9951,9213,074

10,55225,40223,68515,6517,3182,260

48,6362,456

9201,5355,484

13,98912,9308,5004,0801,197

41,2262,5401,0011,5395,067

11,41310,7557,1503,2381,063

8431187444

10816016110811771

1313

159

18861

774105614493

15114310011171

89,0204,8771,8473,030

10,44425,24223,52415,5437,2012,189

48,5682,443

9071,5355,470

13,98012,9128,4934,0741,197

40,4522,434

9401,4954,974

11,26210,6127,0513,127

992

18,23522876

1521,0344,1195,7084,6872,006

454

8,0491043669

4321,9572,4312,101

832192

10,1861234083

6022,1623,2772,5861,174

261

8,7741417862

2711,6802,6402,0121,371

660

5,508813744

1601,0241,6561,262

891434

3,266604218

111656983750481226

1372

25

3631331218

322

2455728

105

23126261010



61



A-21. Persons at work in agriculture and nonagriculture industries by hours of work

Hours of work

January 1994


Allindustries

Agriculture Nonagriculturalindustries


Allindustries

Agriculture Nonagriculturalindustries

Total, 16 years and over

1 to 34 hours1 to 4 hours5 to 14 hours15 to 29 hours30 to 34 hours

35 hours and over35 to 39 hours40 hours41 hours and over

41 to 48 hours49 to 59 hours60 hours and over

Average hours, total at workAverage hours, persons who usually work full time..

114,903

31,5161,3925,54815,2969,280

83,3878,656

39,21535,51613,85012,7418,925

38.643.0

2,654

1,057103247501207

1,597146467984208345431

38.046.1

112,248

30,4591,2895,301

14,7959,073

81,7908,510

38,74834,53213,64212,3978,494

38.643.0

100.0

27.41.24.8

13.38.1

72.67.5

34.130.912.111.17.8

100.0

39.83.99.3

18.97.8

60.25.5

17.637.1

7.813.016.2

100.0

27.11.14.7

13.28.1

72.97.6

34.530.812.211.07.6



A-22. Persons at work 1 to 34 hours in all and nonagricultural industries by reason for working less than 35 hours and usualfull- or part-time status


Reason for working less than 35 hours

January 1994

All industries

TotalUsuallywork

full time

Usuallywork

part time

Nonagricultural industries

TotalUsuallywork

full time

Usuallywork

part time


Economic reasonsSlack work or business conditionsCould only find part-time workSeasonal workJob started or ended during week

Noneconomic reasonsChild-care problemsOther family or personal obligationsHealth or medical limitationsIn school or trainingRetired or Social Security limit on earningsVacation or personal dayHoliday, legal or religiousWeather-related curtailmentAll other reasons

Average hours:Economic reasonsOther reasons

31,516

5,2352,8352,047

178175

26,281946

5,451636

6,1331,7891,875

2371,6707,544

22.621.1

10,199

1,7681,479

114175

8,431117844

56

1,875237

1,6703,632

23.625.5

21,317

3,4661,3552,047

64

17,851830

4,607636

6,0771,789

3,913

22.119.0

30,459

4,9632,6981,982

112171

25,495941

5,317611

6,0251,6391,853

2371,5727,300

22.721.2

9,866

1,6481,406

71171

8,217116834

55

1,853237

1,5723,550

23.825.6

20,593

3,3151,2921,982

41

17,278825

4,483611

5,9701,639

3,750

22.219.1



62



A-23. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and usual full- or part-time status


Industry and class of worker

January 1994

Totalat

work

Worked 1 to 34 hours

TotalFor

economicreasons

For noneconomicreasons

Usuallyworkfull

time

Usuallyworkparttime

Worked35 hoursor more

Average hours

Totalat

work

Persons whousually work

full time

Total 16 years and over.

Wage and salary workers .

Mining

Construction

ManufacturingDurable goodsNondurable goods.

Transportation and public utilitiesWholesale and retail tradeFinance, insurance, and real estate .

Service industriesPrivate households..All other industries ..

Public administration..

Self-employed workers.Unpaid family workers..

112,248

104,199

613

4,777

18,90011,1927,708

7,74122,6637,144

36,811812

35,9995,550

7,920130

30,459

27,406

68

1,211

2,5151,2321,283

1,3658,4291,362

11,560521

11,039896

2,98271

4,963

4,425

9

417

508168340

2341,507

113

1,575108

1,46763

539

8,217

7,655

47

560

1,417828589

5501,143

563

2,82933

2,796547

5574

17,278

15,326

12

235

590235355

5825,779

687

7,155380

6,776285

1,88666

81,790

76,793

545

3,567

16,3859,9616,425

6,37614,2345,782

25,252291

24,9604,654

4,93759

38.6

38.7

47.1

38.7

42.042.840.8

41.636.339.6

37.326.937.540.6

38.134.9

43.0

42.7

47.8

40.5

42.943.442.2

43.743.541.9

42.543.642.541.9

46.147.6



63



A-24. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, race, marital status, and usual full- or part-time status


Industry and class of worker

January 1994

Totalat

work


TotalFor

economicreasons


Usuallyworkfull

time

Usuallyworkparttime


Average hours

Totalat

work


full time

TOTAL





Men, 16 years and over16 to 19 years




Women, 16 years and over16 to 19 years




Race

White, 16 years and overMenWomen

Black, 16 years and overMenWomen

Marital status

Men, 16 years and over:Married, spouse presentWidowed, divorced, or separatedSingle (never married)

Women, 16 years and over:Married, spouse presentWidowed, divorced, or separatedSingle (never married)

112,2485,1551,9933,161

107,09411,36995,72582,50913,216

59,8712,557

9631,594

57,3145,874

51,44044,306

7,134

52,3782,5981,0301,568

49,7805,495

44,28438,2036,082

95,83651,79644,040

11,6615,5256,136

38,1046,415

15,350

29,44610,22212,708

30,4593,9921,9032,089

26,4674,170

22,29717,7284,569

11,9171,903

904999

10,0141,8678,1476,2021,945

18,5422,089

9991,089

16,4532,303

14,15011,5262,624

26,04110,14615,894

3,2121,2201,993

5,4781,2625,176

10,4522,9395,150

4,963325

41284

4,638866

3,7723,318

454

2,49517922

1572,316

4181,8981,680

219

2,468146

19127

2,322449

1,8731,638

236

3,9612,0301,931

770333437

1,126323

1,047

1,176532760

8,217152

12139

8,065761

7,3056,340

965

4,078744

704,004

4093,5953,099

496

4,139778

694,061

3513,7103,241

469

6,9553,5033,452

975431544

2,566550963

2,312953873

17,2783,5151,8491,666

13,7632,543

11,2208,0713,149

5,3431,649

877772

3,6941,0402,6541,4241,230

11,9351,866

972894

10,0691,5038,5666,6471,919

15,1254,614

10,511

1,468456

1,012

1,786390

3,166

6,9641,4533,517

81,7901,163

901,072

80,6277,199

73,42864,7818,647

47,954654

59594

47,3004,007

43,29338,104

5,189

33,83650931

47833,327

3,19230,13526,6773,458

69,79541,65028,145

8,4494,3054,143

32,6275,153

10,174

18,9947,2837,559

38.622.415.426.839.435.439.940.536.0

41.623.516.227.942.437.043.043.638.8

35.321.314.625.736.133.636.436.932.7

38.841.935.2

37.339.235.6

43.641.436.6

35.337.433.8

43.038.635.738.843.041.243.243.342.3

44.439.1039.244.541.744.844.943.7

40.938.0O38.341.040.641.041.140.2

43.244.741.1

40.941.939.9

45.243.542.5

40.741.141.3

1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.NOTE: Data fo '994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and


64



A-25. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and usual full- or part-time status


Occupation and sex

January 1994

Totalat

work


TotalFor

economicreasons


Usuallyworkfull

time

Usuallyworkparttime


Average hours

Totalat

work


full time

Total, 16 years and over1






Men, 16 years and over1






Women, 16 years and over1






112,192

31,95714,98816,96935,6843,786

13,87618,02315,844

7252,074

13,04612,46416,2427,1844,7104,348

59,658

16,5478,4828,065

12,9661,8677,2343,8666,583

281,7244,832

11,33712,2244,4514,2633,510

52,534

15,4106,5068,903

22,7181,9196,642

14,1589,261

697350

8,2141,1284,0182,733

446839

30,482

6,2002,1074,093

10,648909

4,4465,2937,214

467419

6,3282,2874,1321,3581,1061,668

11,845

2,185913

1,2722,536

3481,344

8442,324

21316

1,9872,0062,794

648861

1,285

18,637

4,0161,1942,8218,112

5613,1024,4494,890

446103

4,341282

1,338710245383

4,952

638246392

1,22669

638519

1,3069440

1,172703

1,079355297428

2,483

316158158308

3118295

4691129

429648741164257321

2,469

32288

23491838

4564248378311

74354

33819140

107

8,187

2,278912

1,3662,524

373698

1,45395830

164765

1,0861,341

610317414

4,041

961417544735177306252389

5132252980975331295350

4,146

1,317495822

1,790197392

1,2015692432

5121053652792364

17,343

3,284949

2,3356,898

4663,1103,3224,949

343215

4,391499

1,712394492827

5,321

908338570

1,493140856497

1,4665

1561,305

3771,077

153310615

12,021

2,377611

1,7655,405

3262,2542,8253,483

33959

3,086122635241182212

81,710

25,75712,88112,87525,0362,8779,429

12,7308,630

2571,6556,718

10,17712,1105,8263,6042,680

47,813

14,3627,5696,794

10,4301,5195,8903,0214,259

61,4082,8459,3319,4303,8033,4022,224

33,897

11,3945,3126,082

14,6061,3583,5399,7094,371

251247

3,873846

2,6802,022

202455

38.6

41.843.740.237.338.838.536.133.226.741.332.340.838.939.641.734.7

41.6

44.946.143.841.940.743.639.136.4ft42.534.441.140.041.142.735.3

35.3

38.540.736.934.737.032.935.330.926.935.631.037.935.737.232.332.5

43.0

44.845.644.042.341.745.240.441.843.144.541.142.242.141.145.440.1

44.4

46.747.446.045.342.847.442.543.2

045.242.242.342.942.145.540.2

40.9

42.443.041.940.340.541.639.740.543.740.940.340.839.439.143.239.3

1 Excludes farming, forestry, and fishing occupations.2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and


65



A-26. Unemployed persons by marital status, race, age, and sex

Marital status, race, and age

Men

Thousands ofpersons

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Unemploymentrates

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Women

Thousands ofpersons

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Unemployment

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Total, 16 years and overMarried, spouse presentWidowed, divorced, or separated .,Single (never married) ,

White, 16 years and overMarried, spouse presentWidowed, divorced, or separated ..Single (never married)

Black, 16 years and overMarried, spouse presentWidowed, divorced, or separated ..Single (never married)

Total, 25 years and overMarried, spouse presentWidowed, divorced, or separated ..Single (never married)

White, 25 years and overMarried, spouse presentWidowed, divorced, or separated ..Single (never married)

Black, 25 years and overMarried, spouse presentWidowed, divorced, or separated ..Single (never married)

5,7902,302

8802,608

4,4961,916

6661,915

1,057278191589

4,0692,143

8461,080

3,2101,791

632787

700252191257

5,5262,149

6862,690

4,2161,767

5011,948

1,027255143629

3,7241,996

6451,082

2,8701,641

460769

634231142261

8.55.4

11.614.1

7.65.1

10.512.7

15.68.9

18.822.3

7.05.2

11.511.0

6.34.9

10.310.0

12.58.3

19.016.7

7.95.09.0

14.0

7.04.67.9

12.5

14.97.9

14.323.6

6.34.88.6

10.7

5.64.57.59.5

11.27.4

14.516.8

4,1211,670

9841,467

3,0021,325

761916

927256184487

2,9301,465

926539

2,1861,166

716304

612219172220

3,9661,570

8831,512

2,9071,300

653952

184202510

2,7861,378

817590

2,0501,130

596324

610167195248

7.25.38.5

10.4

6.24.78.28.3

13.511.09.6

18.7

6.14.98.27.6

5.44.47.95.9

10.710.09.1

13.6

6.74.87.6

10.2

5.94.57.18.4

12.27.79.8

17.7

5.64.47.38.0

4.94.16.76.1

10.17.39.7

14.3



66



A-27. Unemployed persons by occupation and sex

Occupation

Thousands ofpersons

Total

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Unemployment rates

Total

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Men

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Women

Jan.1993

Jan.1994





Precision production, craft, and repairMechanics and repairersConstruction tradesOther precision production, craft, and repair

Operators, fabricators, and laborersMachine operators, assemblers, and inspectorsTransportation and material moving occupationsHandlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers

Construction laborersOther handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers

Farming, forestry, and fishing ,

No previous work experience16 to 19 years20 to 24 years25 years and over

9,911

1,097621476

2,285211

1,0271,047

1,54266

1081,368

1,399278806315

2,219916482821239582

388

907573194140

9,492

1,012558454

2,260144

1,0771,038

1,69781

1201,496

1,252251754246

2,262800531931220711

412

5383778080

7.9

3.33.92.7

6.04.97.05.4

8.77.34.89.4

6.115.27.5

11.911.19.2

15.830.413.2

12.1

7.3

3.03.52.5

5.73.56.95.3

9.39.75.39.9

8.75.4

14.05.7

11.79.69.6

17.029.315.1

12.2

8.5

3.33.82.8

5.65.05.46.2

8.7

04.6

10.2

10.16.2

15.37.1

12.010.79.4

16.329.913.3

11.3

7.9

2.93.32.5

5.12.85.55.6

10.0

04.9

11.5

8.85.4

13.65.5

11.98.8

10.017.728.515.6

12.2

7.2

3.34.22.7

6.24.88.75.2

8.77.45.69.0

8.12.7

10.38.8

11.511.76.8

13.5(*)

12.4

16.1

6.7

3.03.72.5

6.14.38.45.2

8.88.67.28.9

8.13.5

26.66.4

11.110.95.6

14.20

13.4

12.4

1 Includes a small number of persons whose last job was in the ArmedForces.

2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.

NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the CurrentPopulation Survey Effective January 1994" in this issue.

67



A-28. Unemployed persons by industry and sex

Industry

Thousands ofpersons

Total

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Unemployment rates

Total

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Men

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Women

Jan.1993

Jan.1994


Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers

MiningConstruction

ManufacturingDurable goods ,

Lumber and wood productsFurniture and fixturesStone, clay, and glass products ,Primary metal industriesFabricated metal productsMachinery and computing equipmentElectrical machinery, equipment, and suppliesTransportation equipment ,

AutomobilesOther transportation equipment

Professional and photographic equipment ,Other durable goods industries

Nondurable goodsFood and kindred products ,Textile mill productsApparel and other textile productsPaper and allied productsPrinting and publishingChemicals and allied productsRubber and miscellaneous plastics productsOther nondurable goods industries

Transportation and public utilitiesTransportationCommunications and other public utilities

Wholesale and retail tradeWholesale tradeRetail trade

Finance, insurance, and real estate ,Service industries

Professional servicesOther service industries

Agricultural wage and salary workersGovernment, self-employed, and unpaid family workersNo previous work experience ,

9,911

7,754

661,119

1,67599165635755

12215015921789

1284657

68417656

13835

106598034

375288

872,118

2811,837

3382,064

7541,310

264985907

9,492

7,682

481,057

1,4057325642483178

12992

15869893265

67320746

13825

118594336

41732196

2,273287

1,986288

2,193881

1,312

308964538

7.9

8.3

9.819.6

8.28.4

10.79.2

10.07.09.86.58.58.87.2

10.56.0

11.27.99.88.4

12.34.56.04.69.19.4

5.67.23.28.76.19.34.77.24.4

11.3

16.23.3

7.3

7.9

7.118.5

6.86.08.75.58.04.36.15.34.96.55.47.74.2

10.37.8

11.96.9

12.73.76.44.35.49.2

6.17.43.88.86.59.33.97.24.8

10.8

18.53.3

8.5

8.9

11.320.4

8.08.4

10.910.28.46.6

10.96.07.49.17.6

10.66.1

13.37.49.17.1

15.15.05.24.98.69.9

6.07.73.07.85.88.54.87.94.6

10.9

16.13.7

7.9

8.4

8.118.8

6.36.19.36.38.44.06.85.34.56.35.67.04.69.56.79.64.5

11.43.46.63.96.09.9

6.58.03.58.65.79.54.17.74.0

11.0

19.33.6

7.2

7.5

.410.3

8.58.49.47.0

15.99.55.78.3

10.17.75.99.85.97.08.7

11.29.8

11.22.97.14.2

10.18.6

4.65.63.69.66.6

10.04.66.84.3

11.8

16.82.9

6.7

7.3

1.715.3

7.75.86.13.56.36.62.95.55.47.24.5

10.43.6

11.59.5

16.110.213.34.76.15.24.08.2

5.15.84.49.18.59.23.86.85.1

10.7

15.72.9

1 Includes a small number of persons whose last job was in the ArmedForces.

NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993

and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the CurrentPopulation Survey Effective January 1994" in this issue.

68



A-29. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and race


Reason

Total,16 yearsand over

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Men,20 yearsand over

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Women,20 yearsand over

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Both sexes,16 to 19

years

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

White

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Black

Jan.1993

Jan.1994




Permanent job losersPersons who completed temporary jobs






UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THECIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobsJob leaversReentrantsN e w entrants

9,9115,8211,4874,333

00881

2,377831

100.058.715.043.78.9

24.08.4

4.6.71.9.7

9,4925,2151,6523,5632,617946804

2,942532

100.054.917.437.58.5

31.05.6

4.0.6

2.3.4

5,0753,656992

2,664

0O401895123

100.072.019.652.57.917.62.4

5.6.61.4.2

4,7333,223990

2,2341,637596368

1,08161

100.068.120.947.27.8

22.81.3

4.9.61.6.1

3,5841,884423

1,46200355

1,167177

100.052.611.840.89.9

32.64.9

3.5.7

2.1.3

3,4621,728542

1,1878942933DO

1,26995

100.049.915.734.310.636.72.8

3.1.7

2.3.2

1,25128072

208

00125315532

100.022.45.816.610.025.142.5

4.62.15.28.7

1,297263121143865667

591375

100.020.39.311.05.2

45.628.9

3.91.08.75.5

7,4984,5721,2953,276

00686

1,720521

100.061.017.343.79.2

22.96.9

4.2.61.6.5

7,1224,0951,3932,7022,035668636

2,039352

100.057.519.637.98.9

28.64.9

3.1.61.9.3

1,9841,017155862

0O162559247

100.051.27.8

43.48.2

28.212.4

7.51.24.11.8

1,923897205692445247136746144

100.046.610.736.07.1

38.87.5

4.61.05.31.0

1 Not available.NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and


69



A-30. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment


Reason, sex, and age

January 1994

Total unemployed

Thousandsof persons Percent

Duration of unemployment

Less than5 weeks

5 to 14weeks

15 weeks and over

Total 15 to 26weeks

27 weeksand over

















9,492

5,2151,6523,5632,617946804

2,942532

4,733

3,223990

2,2341,637596368

1,08161

3,462

1,728542

1,187894293368

1,26995

1,297

263121143865667591375

100.0

100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

100.0

100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

100.0

100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

100.0

100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

39.3

38.756.630.326.441.242.740.633.4

35.9

35.451.228.425.436.539.735.9O40.2

40.460.331.326.645.540.040.435.6

49.6

67.384.253.042.7OO

49.732.5

26.4

27.833.725.125.524.023.724.328.9

27.3

29.338.425.224.926.026.821.7O

25.1

25.929.024.526.119.623.324.723.8

26.8

22.315.827.829.6OO28.231.0

34.3

33.59.7

44.648.134.833.635.137.7

36.8

35.310.446.449.637.533.442.3O

34.7

33.710.744.247.335.036.735.040.6

23.6

10.4

19.227.7O(')22.136.5

15.4

14.16.4

17.617.318.619.516.616.2

16.1

15.37.2

18.918.420.219.818.1

14.4

13.26.3

16.315.917.720.314.511.8

15.5

4.8

18.8

19.53.3

26.930.816.214.118.521.6

20.7

20.03.2

27.531.217.313.624.20

20.3

20.54.4

27.931.417.316.420.428.8

8.2

5.5

8.910.8OO18.119.3

10.216.9OO4.1

17.2

1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993

and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the CurrentPopulation Survey Effective January 1994" in this issue.

A-31. Unemployed total and full-time workers by duration of unemployment

Duration of unemployment

Total


Jan.1993

Jan.1994


Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Full-time workers

Thousands of persons Percent distribution

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Jan.1993

Jan.1994


Less than 5 weeks5 to 14 weeks

5 to 10 weeks11 to 14 weeks

15 weeks and over15 to 26 weeks27 weeks and over27 to 51 weeks52 weeks and over

Average (mean) duration, in weeksMedian duration, in weeks

9,911

3,6252,7461,978

7683,5391,5302,009

7781,231

18.38.5

9,492

3,7312,5091,655

8543,2511,4631,788

5821,207

18.18.4

100.0

36.627.720.07.7

35.715.420.37.9

12.4

100.0

39.326.417.49.0

34.315.418.86.1

12.7

8.108

2,5872,2981,640

6573,2231,3631,861

7221,138

20.09.8

7,766

2,6872,1671,416

7522,9121,2451,667

5451,123

19.99.7

100.0

31.928.320.28.1

39.816.822.98.9

14.0

100.0

34.627.918.29.7

37.516.021.57.0

14.5



70



A-32. Unemployed persons by age, sex, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment

Sex, age, race, andmarital status

January 1994


Total than5 weeks

5 to 14W66KS

15 weeks and over

Total15 to 26weeks

27 weeksand over

Weeks

Average(mean)

duration

Medianduration

TOTAL


Men, 16 years and over16 to 19 years20 to 24 years25 to 34 years35 to 44 years45 to 54 years55 to 64 years65 years and over

Women, 16 years and over16 to 19 years20 to 24 years25 to 34 years35 to 44 years45 to 54 years55 to 64 years65 years and over

Race

White, 16 years and overMenWomen

Black, 16 years and overMenWomen

Marital statusMarried, spouse presentWidowed, divorced, or separated .Single (never married)

Married, spouse presentWidowed, divorced, or separated .Single (never married)

9,4921,2971,6852,5602,0671,111

602170

5,526792

1,0091,5031,141

632358

90

3,966505675

1,05792547924481

7,1224,2162,907

1,9231,027

896

2,149686

2,690

1,570883

1,512

3,73164381594370934620272

2,08438746354435118011940

1,6482563533993581668432

2,9371,6631,274

632325307

746232

1,106

685274688

2,50934741774652029015137

1,4922002624263251719315

1,0171481553191951195823

1,9481,204

743

457219238

564209720

365236416

3,25130745387183747524861

1,95020628453346528114635

1,30110116833937219310226

2,2381,348

889

835483351

839246865

520373408

1,4632012793863231658425

903139162263178925613

56062

116123146732812

1,063641422

333217116

36987

447

246132182

1,78810617448551431016436

1,04767

1222702881899022

7413952

2152261217414

1,175707468

502266235

470159418

274241226

18.111.412.918.122.023.423.520.0

18.811.614.218.323.225.323.322.2

17.210.911.017.920.721.023.817.6

16.517.215.5

23.424.222.5

20.821.016.6

16.521.915.4

8.44.75.38.8

10.111.610.08.8

8.85.06.59.4

10.312.19.68.3

7.84.44.38.39.6

11.011.09.1

7.68.06.9

11.913.410.1

9.89.27.9

7.211.16.3



71



A-33. Unemployed persons by occupation, Industry, and duration of unemployment

Occupation and industry

January 1994


TotalLessthan

5 weeks

5 to 14weeks

15 weeks and over

Total 15 to 26weeks

27 weeksand over

Weeks

Average(mean)

duration

Medianduration

OCCUPATION

Managerial and professional specialtyTechnical, sales, and administrative supportService occupationsPrecision production, craft, and repairOperators, fabricators, and laborersFarming, forestry, and fishing

INDUSTRY1

AgricultureConstructionManufacturing


Transportation and public utilitiesWholesale and retail tradeFinance, insurance, and real estateServicesPublic administration

No previous work experience

1,0122,2601,6971,2522,262412

3081,0781,422741681476

2,279304

2,539191

538

381963747464844145

108398482234249182

1,038107

1,04456

177

254521390382650145

11739236419217213556486

57537

155

376775560406768122

8428857531625915967711192098

206

16034124321831072

5613124313410959

30743

43447

91

2164343,1718745850

28157332182151101369

68486

50

115

19.517.917.316.019.214.8

13.516.421.021.720.119.015.620.718.224.1

21.6

10.07.67.28.38.68.4

8.27.7

10.511.110.08.16.4

10.58.4

15.1

10.4

1 Includes wage and salary workers only.NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and


A-34. Persons not in the labor force by desire and availability for work, age, and sex

(In thousands)

Category

January 1994

Total

Age

16 to 24years

25 to 54years

55 yearsand over

Sex

Men Women

Total not in the labor forceDo not want a job now1

Want a job1

Did not search for work in previous yearSearched for work in previous year2

Not available to work nowAvailable to work nowReason not currently looking:Discouragement over job prospects3...Reasons other than discouragement ..Family responsibilitiesIn school or trainingIll health or disabilityOther4

66,56159,5636,9984,1872,811691

2,120

6001,521210358224728

11,9379,4242,5121,4321,080287793

1746195529732235

18,71515,2883,4271,9841,443361

1,082

33874514558134408

35,90934,8511,05877028844245

871571035886

23,95021,2232,7271,5561,171249922

32459836169106287

42,61138,3404,2712,6301,641442

1,199

276923174189118441

1 Includes some persons who are not asked if they want a job.2 Persons who had a job in the prior 12 months must have searched since

the end of that job.3 Includes believes no work available, could not find work, lacks necessary

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of

discrimination.4 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for

such reasons as child care and and transportation problems, as well as asmall number for which reason for non participation was not ascertained.

72



A-35. Multiple jobholders by selected demographic and economic characteristics


Characteristic

January 1994

Both sexes

Number Rate1

Men

Number Rate1

Women

Number Rate1

AGE


16 to 19 years20 years and over20 to 24 years25 years and over

25 to 54 years55 years and over55 to 64 years65 years and over

RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN

WhiteBlackHispanic origin

MARITAL STATUS

Married, spouse presentWidowed, divorced, or separatedSingle (never married)

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Primary job full time, secondary job part timePrimary and secondary jobs both part timePrimary and secondary jobs both full timeHours vary on primary or secondary job

6,756180

6,576747

5,8295,192

637510127

5,932567400

3,9141,1041,738

3,9061,403245

1,158

5.63.35.76.25.75.94.34.63.4

5.84.63.9

5.46.25.8

3,62771

3,556341

3,2152,85436128774

3,211296242

2,407349871

2,271482174679

5.62.65.85.45.86.04.44.73.6

5.75.13.9

5.95.05.3

--_

3,129109

3,020407

2,6142,33827522352

2,721270158

1,507754867

1,63592072479

5.63.95.77.05.65.84.24.53.2

5.84.24.0

4.87.06.5

1 Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed persons in specifiedgroup.

2 Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primaryjob and full time on their secondary jobs(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum tototals because data for the "other races" group are not presented andHispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.

A-36. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age


Veteran statusand age

Civiliannoninstitutional

population

Jan.1993

Jan.1994


Total

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Employed

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Unemployed

Number

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

Percent oflabor force

Jan.1993

Jan.1994

VIETNAM-ERA VETERANS



55 years and over

NONVETERANS

Total, 40 to 54 years40 to 44 years45 to 49 years50 to 54 years

7,0716,2862,4542,8221,010

785

14,9446,5214,4803,943

7,3746,5071,9573,1811,369

867

15,7887,3114,6013,877

6,2845,8302,2772,635

917455

13,5086,0624,0783,368

6,4775,9621,7922,9521,218

515

14,2126,7354,1143,363

5,8955,4602,1122,492

856436

12,7235,7313,8323,160

6,1625,6611,6752,8351,150

501

13,4286,3493,9033,177

3893711661436218

786332247207

3153011171176814

784387211186

6.26.47.35.46.74.0

5.85.56.16.2

4.95.16.53.95.62.8

5.55.75.15.5

NOTE: Male Vietnam-era veterans are men who served in theArmed Forces between August 5, 1964 and May 7, 1975. Nonveteransare men who have never served in the Armed Forces. Data for 1994

are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. Foradditional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population SurveyEffective January 1994" in this issue.

73


ESTABLISHMENT DATAHISTORICAL EMPLOYMENT

B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1943 to date

(In thousands)

Yearand

monthTotal Total

private

Goods-producing

Total Mining Construc-tion

Manufac-turing

Service-producing

Total

Transpor-tationand

publicutilities

Whole-saletrade

Retailtrade

Finance,insurance,

andreal

Services

Government

Federal State Local

Annual averages

1943 ....1944 ....1945 ....1946 ....1947 ....1948 ....1949 ....

1950 ....1951 ....1952 ....1953 ....1954 ....1955 ....1956 ....1957 ....1958 ....19592 ...

1960 ....1961 ....1962 ....1963 ....1964 ....1965 ....1966 ....1967 ....1968 ....1969 ....

1970 ....1971 ....1972 ....1973 ....1974 ....1975 ....1976 ....1977 ....1978 ....1979 ....

1980 ....1981 ....1982 ....1983 ....1984 ....1985 ....1986 ....1987 ....1988 ....1989 ....

1990 ....1991 ....1992 ....1993? ...

1993:JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember"

1994:January*

42,43441,86440,37441,65243,85744,86643,754

45,19747,81948,79350,20248,99050,64152,36952,85351,32453,268

54,18953,99955,54956,65358,28360,76563,90165,80367,89770,384

70,88071,21473,67576,79078,26576,94579,38282,47186,69789,823

90,40691,15289,54490,15294,40897,38799,344101,958105,210107,895

109,419108,256108,519110,174

109,235109,539109,565109,820110,058110,101110,338110,305110,502110,664110,880111,070

111,132

36,35635,82234,43136,05638,38239,21637,897

39,17041,43042,18543,55642,23843,72745,09145,23943,48345,186

45,83645,40446,66047,42948,68650,68953,11654,41356,05858,189

58,32558,33160,34163,05864,09562,25964,51167,34471,02673,876

74,16675,12173,70774,28278,38480,99282,65184,94887,82490,117

91,11589,854

91,332

20,11419,32817,50717,24818,50918,77417,565

18,50619,95920,19821,07419,75120,51321,10420,96419,51320,411

20,43419,85720,45120,64021,00521,92623,15823,30823,73724,361

23,57822,93523,66824,89324,79422,60023,35224,34625,58526,461

25,65825,49723,81223,33024,71824,84224,53324,67425,12525,254

24,90523,74523,14222,975

925

955994930

901929898866791792822828751732

712672650635634632627613606619

623609628642697752779813851958

1,0271,1391,128

952966927777717713692

709689631599

1,5871,1081,1471,6832,0092,1982,194

2,3642,6372,6682,6592,6462,8393,0392,9622,8173,004

2,9262,8592,9483,0103,0973,2323,3173,2483,3503,575

3,5883,7043,8894,0974,0203,5253,5763,8514,2294,463

4,3464,1883,9043,9464,380

4,8104,9585,0985,171

5,1204,6504,4714,574

17,60217,32815,52414,70315,54515,58214,441

15,24116,39316,63217,54916,31416,88217,24317,17415,94516,675

16,79616,32616,85316,99517,27418,06219,21419,44719,78120,167

19,36718,62319,15120,15420,07718,32318,99719,68220,50521,040

20,28520,17018,78018,43219,37219,24818,94718,99919,31419,391

19,07618,40618,04017,802

22,32022,53622,86724,40425.34826,09226,189

26,69127,86028,59529,12829,23930,12831,26631,88931,81132,857

33,75534,14235,09836,01337,27838,83940,74342,49544,16046,023

47,30248,27850,00751,89753,47154,34556,03058,12561,11363,363

64,74865,65565,73266,821

72,54474,81177,28480,08682,642

84,51484,51185,37787,199

3,6473,8293,9064,0614,1664,1894,001

4,0344,2264,2484,2904,0844,1414,2444,2413,9764,011

4,0043,9033,9063,9033,9514,0364,1584,2684,3184,442

4,5154,4764,5414,6564,7254,5424,5824,7134,9235,136

5,1465,1655,0814,9525,1565,2335,2475,3625,5145,625

5,7935,7625,7095,709

1,8281,8511,9552,2982,4782,6122,610

2,6432,7352,8212,8622,8752,9343,0273,0372,9893,092

3,1533,1423,2073,2583,3473,4773,6083,7003,7913,919

4,0064,0144,1274,2914,4474,4304,5624,7234,9855,221

5,2925,3755,2955,2835,5685,7275,7615,8486.0306,187

6,1736,0816,0456,113

5,1545,2085,3596,0776,4776,6596,654

6,7437,0077,1847,3857,3607,6017,8317,8487,7618,035

8,2388,1958,3598,5208,8129,2399,6379,906

10,30810,785

11,03411,33811,82212,31512.53912,63013,19313,79214.55614,972

15,01815,17115,15815,58716,51217,31517,88018,42219.02319,475

19.60119,28419,34619,740

1,4811,4611,4811,6751,7281,8001,828

1,9562,0352,1112,2002,2982,3892,4382,4812,549

2,6282,6882,7542,8302,9112,9773,0583,1853,3373,512

3.6453,7723,9084,0464,1484,1654,2714,4674.7244,975

5,1605,2985,3405,4665,6845,9486,2736,5336,6306,668

6,7096,6466,5716,604

4,1304,1454,2224,6975,0255,1815,239

5,3565,5475,6995,8355,9696,2406,4976,7086,7657,087

7,3787,6197,9828,2778,6609,0369,498

10,04510,56711,169

11,54811,79712,27612,85713,44113,89214,55115,30216,25217.112

17,89018,61519,02119,66420,74621,92722,95724,11025,50426,907

27,93428,33629,05330,192

2,9052,9282,8082,2541,8921,8631.908

1,9282,3022,4202,3052,1882,1872,2092,2172,1912,233

2,2702,2792,3402,3582,3482,3782,5642,7192,7372,758

2,7312,6962,6842,6632,7242,7482,7332,7272,7532,773

2,8662,7722,7392,7742,8072,8752,8992,9432,9712,988

3,0852,9662,9692,915

()O1

()1,1681,2501,3281,4151,484

1,5361,6071,6681,7471,8561,9962,1412,3022,4422,533

2,6642,7472,8592,9233,0393,1793,2733,3773,4743,541

3,6103,6403,6403,6623,7343,8323,8933,9674,0764.182

4,3054,3554,4034,467

Monthly data, seasonally adjusted

90,48090,76290,77791,02091,23991,27891,49791,47891,58091,76191.97692,112

92,184

23,00123,06923,01622,98023,00622,94122,94822.90322,88622,93422,99423,006

23,027

611600600600602596595592596596595606

604

4,4544,5154,4814,5174,5774,5744,5934,5934,5924,6294,6644,663

17,93617.95417.93517,86317,82717,77117,76017,71817,69817,70917,73517,737

17,763

86,23486,47086,54986,84087,05287,16087,39087,40287,61687,73087,88688,064

88,105

5,7195,7255,7245,7205,7195,7115,7095,6905,6925,6935,7005,701

5,716

6,0866,0976,1036,1106,1256,1106,1266,1076,1176,1226,1296,130

6,140

19,52319,62919,60419,64819,70219,75119,79019,79519,83619,84619,85319,908

19,928

6,5786,5776,5746,5856,5886,5906,6046,6026,6166,6326,6516,661

6,667

29,57329,66529,75629,97730,09930,17530,32030,38130,43330,53430,64930,706

30.706

2.9452,9442,9382,9232,9122,9012,8962,9062,9012,9012,8962,921

2,901

4,4354,4394,4434,4584,4624,4514,4774,4714,5074,4884,4864,500

4,497

0)1

3,5583,8194,0714,2324,366

4,5474,7084,8815,1215,3925,7006,0806.3716.6606,904

7,1587,4377,7908,1468,4078,7588,8659,0239.4469,633

9,7659,6199,4589,4349,4829,6879,901

10,10010,33910,609

10,91411,08111,28111,459

11,37511,39411,40711,41911,44511.47111,46811,45011,51411,51411,52211,537

11,550

1 Not available.2 Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959. This inclusion resulted in an

increase of 212,000 (0.4 percent) in the nonfarm total for the March 1959 benchmarkmonth.

p = preliminary.

NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March 1992benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusteddata (beginning April 1992) and all seasonally adjusted data (beginning January1989) are subject to revision.

75


ESTABLISHMENT DATAHISTORICAL HOURS AND EARNINGS

B-2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervlsory workers1 on private nonfarmpayrolls by major industry, 1964 to date

Year andmonth

Total private1

Weeklyhours

Hourlyearnings

Weeklyearnings

Mining

Weeklyhours

Hourlyearnings

Weeklyearnings

Construction

Weeklyhours

Hourlyearnings

Weeklyearnings

Annual averages

1964...1965...1966...1967...1968...1969...

1970...1971 ...1972...1973...1974...1975...1976...1977...1978...1979...

1980...1981 ...1982...1983...1984...1985...1986...1987...1988...1989...

1990...1991 ...1992...1993P .

1993:JanuaryFebruary ...MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovember.December"

1994:January9....

38.738.838.638.037.837.7

37.136.937.036.936.536.136.136.035.835.7

35.335.234.835.035.234.934.834.834.734.6

34.534.334.434.5

$2.362.462.562.682.853.04

3.233.453.703.944.244.534.865.255.696.16

6.667.257.688.028.328.578.768.989.289.66

10.0110.3210.5810.83

$91.3395.4598.82

101.84107.73114.61

119.83127.31136.90145.39154.76163.53175.45189.00203.70219.91

235.10255.20267.26280.70292.86299.09304.85312.50322.02334.24

345.35353.98363.95373.64

41.942.342.742.642.643.0

42.742.442.642.441.941.942.443.443.443.0

43.343.742.742.543.343.442.242.442.343.0

44.144.443.944.3

$2.812.923.053.193.353.60

3.854.064.444.755.235.956.466.947.678.49

9.1710.0410.7711.2811.6311.9812.4612.5412.8013.26

13.6814.1914.5414.60

$117.74123.52130.24135.89142.71154.80

164.40172.14189.14201.40219.14249.31273.90301.20332.88365.07

397.06438.75459.88479.40503.58519.93525.81531.70541.44570.18

603.29630.04638.31646.78

37.237.437.637.737.337.9

37.337.236.536.836.636.436.836.536.837.0

37.036.936.737.137.837.737.437.837.937.9

38.238.138.038.4

$3.553.703.894.114.414.79

5.245.696.066.416.817.317.718.108.669.27

9.9410.8211.6311.9412.1312.3212.4812.7113.0813.54

13.7714.0014.1514.35

Monthly data, not seasonally adjusted

34.034.134.034.234.634.634.835.134.534.634.534.7

34.3

$10.7710.7710.7910.7910.8210.7610.7510.7810.9110.9410.9610.97

11.07

$366.18367.26366.86369.02374.37372.30374.10378.38376.40378.52378.12380.66

379.70

44.143.542.943.744.344.144.144.944.545.544.744.9

43.9

$14.7214.6014.7114.8814.7214.5914.4814.4314.5314.4614.4314.67

14.99

$649.15635.10631.06650.26652.10643.42638.57647.91646.59657.93645.02658.68

658.06

36.136.737.437.839.239.339.539.738.339.338.638.3

37.0

$14.2014.1114.2714.2514.3114.2314.3514.4314.5114.5314.4414.44

14.39

$132.06138.38146.26154.95164.49181.54

195.45211.67221.19235.89249.25266.08283.73295.65318.69342.99

367.78399.26426.82442.97458.51464.46466.75480.44495.73513.17

526.01533.40537.70551.04

$512.62517.84533.70538.65560.95559.24566.83572.87555.73571.03557.38553.05

532.43


76



B-2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarmpayrolls by major industry, 1964 to date—Continued

Year andmonth

Manufacturing

Weeklyhours

Hourlyearnings

Hourlyearnings,excludingovertime

Weeklyearnings


Weeklyhours

Hourlyearnings

Weeklyearnings

Wholesale trade

Weeklyhours

Hourlyearnings

Weeklyearnings

Annual averages

1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.

1970.1971 .1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.

1980.1981 .1982.1983.1984.1985.1986.1987.1988.1989.

1990.1991 .1992.1993P

1993:JanuaryFebruary ...MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovember.December45

1994:January"....

40.741.241.440.640.740.6

39.839.940.540.740.039.540.140.340.440.2

39.739.838.940.140.740.540.741.041.141.0

40.840.741.041.4

$2.532.612.712.823.013.19

3.353.573.824.094.424.835.225.686.176.70

7.277.998.498.839.199.549.739.91

10.1910.48

10.8311.1811.4611.76

$2.432.502.592.712.883.05

3.233.453.663.914.254.675.025.445.916.43

7.027.728.258.528.829.169.349.489.73

10.02

10.3710.7110.9511.20

$102.97107.53112.19114.49122.51129.51

133.33142.44154.71166.46176.80190.79209.32228.90249.27269.34

288.62318.00330.26354.08374.03386.37396.01406.31418.81429.68

441.86455.03469.86486.86

41.141.341.240.540.640.7

40.540.140.440.540.239.739.839.940.039.9

39.639.439.039.039.439.539.239.238.838.9

38.938.738.939.7

$2.893.033.113.233.423.63

3.854.214.655.025.415.886.456.997.578.16

8.879.70

10.3210.7911.1211.4011.7012.0312.2612.60

12.9713.2213.4613.65

$118.78125.14128.13130.82138.85147.74

155.93168.82187.86203.31217.48233.44256.71278.90302.80325.58

351.25382.18402.48420.81438.13450.30458.64471.58475.69490.14

504.53511.61523.59541.91

40.740.840.740.340.140.2

$2.522.602.732.873.043.23

39.939.439.439.238.838.638.738.838.838.8

38.438.538.338.538.538.438.338.138.138.0

38.138.138.238.2

3.433.643.854.074.384.725.025.395.886.39

6.957.558.088.548.889.159.349.599.98

10.39

10.7911.1511.3911.71


11.97

$11.1111.1111.1411.1911.1811.1711.1911.1411.2511.2111.2711.37

11.40

$477.58477.58476.08478.94484.04485.62480.93485.97492.19493.66498.96509.22

496.76

39.039.139.239.239.839.740.040.439.839.939.839.9

40.1

$13.5813.6013.6313.6113.5713.5813.6513.6513.7013.6813.7113.78

13.84

$529.62531.76534.30533.51540.09539.13546.00551.46545.26545.83545.66549.82

554.98

$102.56106.08111.11115.66121.90129.85

136.86143.42151.69159.54169.94182.19194.27209.13228.14247.93

266.88290.68309.46328.79341.88351.36357.72365.38380.24394.82

411.10424.82435.10447.32

37.837.937.838.038.438.338.338.438.138.338.238.3

38.2

$11.5911.6111.5911.7011.7311.6411.7111.7311.7811.8011.7911.83

11.92

$438.10440.02438.10444.60450.43445.81448.49450.43448.82451.94450.38453.09

455.34


77



B-2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarmpayrolls by major Industry, 1964 to date—Continued

Year andmonth

Retail trade

Weeklyhours

Hourlyearnings

Weeklyearnings

Finance, insurance,and real estate

Weeklyhours

Hourlyearnings

Weeklyearnings

Services

Weeklyhours

Hourlyearnings

Weeklyearnings

Annual averages

1964...1965...1966...1967...1968...1969...

1970...1971 ...1972...1973...1974...1975...1976...1977...1978...1979...

1980...1981 ...1982...1983...1984...1985...1986...1987...1988...1989...

1990...1991 ...1992...1993P .

1993:January ,February ....MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptember.OctoberNovember..December"

1994:January9

37.036.635.935.334.734.2

33.833.733.433.132.732.432.131.631.030.6

30.230.129.929.829.829.429.229.229.128.9

28.828.628.828.8

$1.751.821.912.012.162.30

2.442.602.752.913.143.363.573.854.204.53

4.885.255.485.745.855.946.036.126.316.53

6.756.947.137.29

$64.7566.6168.5770.9574.9578.66

82.4787.6291.8596.32

102.68108.86114.60121.66130.20138.62

147.38158.03163.85171.05174.33174.64176.08178.70183.62188.72

194.40198.48205.34209.95

37.337.237.337.137.037.1

36.736.636.636.636.536.536.436.436.436.2

36.236.336.236.236.536.436.436.335.935.8

35.835.735.835.7

$2.302.392.472.582.752.93

3.073.223.363.533.774.064.274.544.895.27

5.796.316.787.297.637.948.368.739.069.53

9.9710.3910.8211.32

$85.7988.9192.1395.72

101.75108.70

112.67117.85122.98129.20137.61148.19155.43165.26178.00190.77

209.60229.05245.44263.90278.50289.02304.30316.90325.25341.17

356.93370.92387.36404.12

36.135.935.535.134.734.7

34.433.933.933.833.633.533.333.032.832.7

32.632.632.632.732.632.532.532.532.632.6

32.532.432.532.5

$1.942.052.172.292.422.61

2.813.043.273.473.754.024.314.654.995.36

5.856.416.927.317.597.908.188.498.889.38

9.8310.2310.5510.81


28.028.227.828.528.929.129.629.728.928.828.629.2

28.2

$7.277.267.287.277.287.267.247.247.327.367.367.36

7.47

$203.56204.73202.38207.20210.39211.27214.30215.03211.55211.97210.50214.91

210.65

35.735.735.535.736.235.635.636.435.635.735.635.7

36.2

$11.1311.1911.1711.2111.3411.2011.2411.3511.3811.4811.5211.60

11.79

$397.34399.48396.54400.20410.51398.72400.14413.14405.13409.84410.11414.12

426.80

32.232.332.332.332.732.632.833.132.332.432.532.4

32.5

$10.8310.8310.8110.7710.7810.6810.6410.6810.8510.8910.9511.00

11.10

$70.0373.6077.0480.3883.9790.57

96.66103.06110.85117.29126.00134.67143.52153.45163.67175.27

190.71208.97225.59239.04247.43256.75265.85275.93289.49305.79

319.48331.45342.88351.33

$348.73349.81349.16347.87352.51348.17348.99353.51350.46352.84355.88356.40

360.75

1 Data relate to production workers in mining andmanufacturing; construction workers in construction; andnonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities;wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate;and services.

p = preliminary.NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently

projected from March 1992 benchmark levels. When morerecent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted datafrom April 1992 forward are subject to revision.

78


ESTABLISHMENT DATAEMPLOYMENT

SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Industry1993


1994

Jan.p

Total

Total private

Goods-producing

Mining1

Oil and gas extraction

Construction1

General building contractors

Manufacturing

Durable goodsLumber and wood productsFurniture and fixturesStone, clay, and glass productsPrimary metal industries

Blast furnaces and basic steelproducts

Fabricated metal productsIndustrial machinery and equipment...Electronic and other electrical

equipmentTransportation equipment

Motor vehicles and equipmentAircraft and parts

Instruments and related productsMiscellaneous manufacturing

Nondurable goodsFood and kindred productsTobacco productsTextile mill productsApparel and other textile productsPaper and allied productsPrinting and publishingChemicals and allied productsPetroleum and coal productsRubber and misc. plastics products....Leather and leather products

Service-producing

Transportation and public utilitiesTransportation

Trucking and warehousingTransportation by air

Communications and public utilities

Wholesale tradeDurable goodsNondurable goods

Retail trade1

General merchandise storesFood storesAutomotive dealers and service

stationsApparel and accessory storesEating and drinking places


109,235

90,480

23,001

611342

4,4541,049

17,936

10,152683477510684

2421,3181,908

1,5171,792841572902361

7,7841,656

48669993685

1,4991,080157880117

86,234

5,7193,5081,624733

2,211

6,0863,4762,610

19,5232,3823,186

2,0031,1356,737

109,539

90,762

23,069

600336

4,5151,058

17,954

10,163690480515683

2421,3201,907

1,5201,786833570900362

7,7911,659

48670993684

1,5021,078157883117

86,470

5,7253,5151,626736

2,210

6,0973,4802,617

19,6292,4023,195

2,0131,1466,765

109,565

90,777

23,016

600334

4,4811,049

17,935

10,144# 690480513682

2411,3201,904

1,5251,771827563896363

7,7911,658

48669992684

1,5031,078156886117

86,549

5,7243,5131,627735

2,211

6,1033,4822,621

19,6042,3943,198

2,0181,1436,743

109,820

91,020

22,980

600335

4,5171,062

17,863

10,090683480511678

2401,3161,904

1,5191,743810558892364

7,7731,651

48670987682

1,5031,074156886116

86,840

5,7203,5131,629737

2,207

6,1103,4882,622

19,6482,3783,199

2,0211,1386,803

110,058

91,239

23,006

602338

4,5771,067

17,827

10,047678482512678

2391,3101,902

1,5131,723

803550886363

7,7801,650

48670988682

1,5061,077

156887116

87,052

5,7193,5151,630

7362,204

6,1253,4892,636

19,7022,3683,205

2,0261,1446,843

110,101

91,278

22,941

596340

4,5741,063

17,771

10,011677481511673

2371,3061,900

1,5081,712

804541880363

7,7601,646

48667983681

1,5031,075

155887115

87,160

5,7113,5101,624

7352,201

6,1103,4882,622

19,7512,3563,220

2,0291,1456,865

110,338

91,497

22,948

595346

4,5931,060

17,760

9,996678482511672

2371,3041,898

1,5061,706

807534876363

7,7641,645

47668979680

1,5061,076

155891117

87,390

5,7093,5141,632

7322,195

6,1263,4972,629

19,7902,3663,217

2,0331,1446,892

110,305

91,478

22,903

592351

4,5931,050

17,718

9,974680479511670

2361,3031,891

1,5061,700812528874360

7,7441,651

45663973678

1,5071,072154886115

87,402

5,6903,4971,631728

2,193

6,1073,4882,619

19,7952,3593,226

2,0401,1456,902

110,502

91,580

22,886

596352

4,5921,050

17,698

9,974683479512671

2361,3041,893

1,5071,696814527869360

7,7241,640

45662969678

1,5071,072154883114

87,616

5,6923,5031,630732

2,189

6,1173,4972,620

19,8362,3643,220

2,0461,1436,927

110,664

91,761

22,934

596351

4,6291,062

17,709

9,988690480513672

2361,3071,892

1,5091,697823521868360

7,7211,652

45663962676

1,5031,068154883115

87,730

3,5051,631729

2,188

6,1223,4992,623

19,8462,3653,228

2,0531,1356,929

110,880

91,976

22,994

595349

4,6641,078

17,735

10,013•694482513676

2381,3131,897

1,5151,698827514865360

7,7221,649

47662959675

1,5051,066155889115

87,886

5,7003,5171,638731

2,183

6,1293,5052,624

19,8532,3613,213

2,0621,1306,950

111,070

92,112

23,006

606344

4,6631,083

17,737

10,025698485514675

2361,3141,895

1,5181,704842505861361

7,7121,643

46662953677

1,5041,065154892116

88,064

5,7013,5251,633739

2,176

6,1303,5112,619

19,9082,3433,218

2,0741,1446,985

111,132

92,184

23,027

604343

4,6601,088

17,763

10,052703487517677

2381,3241,895

1,5141,712

875500860363

7,7111,640

44663952678

1,5061,062

152898116

88,105

5,7163,5401,643

7382,176

6,1403,5212,619

19,9282,3283,222

2,0851,1356,968

79


ESTABLISHMENT DATAEMPLOYMENTSEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups, seasonally adjusted—Continued

(In thousands)

Industry1993


1994

Jan.p

Finance, insurance, and real estateFinance ,

Depository institutionsInsuranceReal estate ,

Services1

Agricultural servicesHotels and other lodging placesPersonal servicesBusiness services

Personnel supply servicesAuto repair, services, and parkingMiscellaneous repair servicesMotion pictures ,Amusement and recreation servicesHealth services

HospitalsLegal servicesEducational servicesSocial servicesMuseums and botanical and zoological

gardensMembership organizationsEngineering and management services

GovernmentFederalStateLocal

6,5783,1842,1102,1111,283

29,573493

1,5651,0985,5211,802

894350423

1,1488,7203,804

9241,7212,013

741,9522,492

18,7552,9454,435

11,375

6,5773,1842,1092,1081,285

29,665501

1,5661,0875,5551,835

900351422

1,1468,7543,810

9261,7302,022

741,9522,494

18,7772,9444,439

11,394

6,5743,1852,1112,1091,280

29,756494

1,5631,0865,5981,874

906352416

1,1488,7843,811

9281,7362,032

731,9512,503

18,7882,9384,443

11,407

6,5853,1952,1132,1081,282

29,977505

1,5641,0915,6651,921

915353417

1,2068,8193,813

9301,7422,045

751,9562,509

18,8002,9234,458

11,419

6,5883,1972,1102,1101,281

30,099509

1,5721,1215,6961,941

921354415

1,2008,8473,825

9311,7452,050

761,9552,522

18,8192,9124,462

11,445

6,5903,2012,1072,1121,277

30,175510

1,5801,1235,7211,954

927356414

1,1988,8613,819

9291,7352,068

761,9652,527

18,8232,9014,451

11,471

6,6043,2142,1192,1141,276

30,320512

1,5841,1265,7721,997

931355415

1,2098,8853,822

9291,7522,098

761,9642,528

18,8412,8964,477

11,468

6,6023,2152,1162,1141,273

30,381516

1,5771,1235,8002,012

937355421

1,2128,9023,820

9301,7472,110

771,9632,527

18,8272,9064,471

11,450

6,6163,2262,1172,1131,277

30,433524

1,5841,1145,8142,015

942356428

1,1948,9333,821

9331,7572,092

771,9622,540

18,9222,9014,507

11,514

6,6323,2422,1222,1111,279

30,534527

1,5961,1165,9022,085

942358426

1,1728,9613,818

9321,7552,086

781,9642,536

18,9032,9014,488

11,514

6,6513,2532,1252,1141,284

30,649535

1,5861,1155,9452,108

951360422

1,1748,9853,818

9331,7702,099

781,9692,544

18,9042,8964,486

11,522

6,6613,2602,1262,1151,286

30,706537

1,5861,1175,9792,143

963361426

1,1688,9983,818

9311,7682,106

791,9652,538

18,9582,9214,500

11,537

6,6673,2662,1292,1141,287

30,706538

1,5901,1095,9662,154

970366428

1,1519,0233,818

9311,7672,106

781,9682,532

18,9482,9014,497

11,550

1 Includes other industries, not shown separately.p = preliminary.NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from

March 1992 benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data areintroduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1989 forward aresubject to revision.

80


ESTABLISHMENT DATAWOMEN EMPLOYEES

SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-4. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Industry1992

Nov. Dec.

1993

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.

Total

Total private

Goods-producing

Mining

Construction

Manufacturing

Durable goodsLumber and wood productsFurniture and fixturesStone, clay, and glass productsPrimary metal industriesFabricated metal productsIndustrial machinery and equipmentElectronic and other electrical equipmentTransportation equipmentInstruments and related productsMiscellaneous manufacturing

Nondurable goodsFood and kindred productsTobacco productsTextile mill productsApparel and other textile productsPaper and allied productsPrinting and publishingChemicals and allied productsPetroleum and coal productsRubber and misc. plastics productsLeather and leather products

Service-producing

Transportation and public utilities

Wholesale trade

Retail trade

Finance, insurance, and real estate

Services


52,667

42,538

6,483

91

506

5,886

2,69311114410291

289418640359374165

3,19353315

32077216766333625

29666

46,184

1,674

1,856

10,279

4,167

18,079

10,1291,2192,2076,703

52,732

42,610

6,483

90

504

5,889

2,69411114410291

290418640361372165

3,19553316

32077116866433625

29765

46,249

1,674

1,855

10,294

4,167

18,137

10,1221,2282,2136,681

52,816

42,690

6,492

90

506

5,896

2,70011214510292

291419540363371165

3,19653516

32077016866433625

29864

46,324

1,677

1,868

T0.331

4,169

18,153

10,1261,2212,2166,689

52,937

42,791

6,498

88

510

5,900

2,70011214610392

292419642359370165

3,20053616

32076916866633625

29965

46,439

1,679

1,869

10,381

4,166

18,198

10,1461,2222,2186,706

52,943

42,784

6,489

87

507

5,895

2,69511314610291

2914206.42356368166

3,20053615

31977016766633725

30065

46,454

1,680

1,869

10,348

4,162

18,236

10,1591,2202,2206,719

53,103

42,937

6,472

87

507

5,878

2,68311214510291

290418640353366166

3,19553516

32076616666633625

30065

46,631

1,678

1,874

10,370

4,170

18,373

10,1661,2162,2236,727

53,254

43,075

6,461

87

506

5,868

2,67111014510191

288418639351363165

3,19753516

32076616666733725

30164

46,793

1,679

1,876

10,405

4,178

18,476

10,1791,2122,2266,741

53,307

43,103

6,433

86

508

5,839

2,66011014610191

287415637347361165

3,17953116

31875916566633625

29964

46,874

1,681

1,867

10,431

4,178

18,513

10,2041,2072,2236,774

53,468

43,210

6,432

87

511

5,834

2,65011114610190

287412635345358165

3,18453015

31876216666633724

30165

47,036

1,680

1,871

10,451

4,189

18,587

10,2581,2002,2436,815

53,433

43,193

6,404

87

510

5,807

2,64211114510190

286410635345356163

3,16553214

31575016566933524

29863

47,029

1,674

1,862

10,441

4,192

18,620

10,2401,2052,2426,793

53,505

43,261

6,390

86

512

5,792

2,64011214510190

286411635343354163

3,15252215

31574716466833525

29863

47,115

1,675

1,866

10,459

4,200

18,671

10,2441,2042,2506,790

53,567

43,336

6,389

87

513

5,789

2,64211314510291

287410637341353163

3,14753115

31573916366633424

29763

47,178

1,679

1,874

10,467

4,201

18,726

10,2311,2032,2456,783

53,658

43,428

6,401

87

515

5,799

2,64611414710191

288410638.342352163

3,15353215

31373816466833524

30064

47,257

1,683

1,876

10,472

4,217

18,779

10,2301,2032,2436,784

NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March1992 benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced,

all seasonally adjusted data from January 1989 forward are subject to revision.

81


ESTABLISHMENT DATAEMPLOYMENTSEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-5. Production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonallyadjusted

(In thousands)

Industry1993


1994

Jan.p

Total private

Goods-producing

Mining

Construction

Manufacturing


Blast furnaces and basic steel productsFabricated metal productsIndustrial machinery and equipmentElectronic and other electrical equipmentTransportation equipment

Motor vehicles and equipmentInstruments and related productsMiscellaneous manufacturing


Service-producing


Wholesale trade

Retail trade


Services

73,543

16,041

432

3,399

12,210

6,775562377394520184969

1,149964

1,140651442258

5,4351,210

36571833516829563103680

94

57,502

4,793

4,904

17,211

4,769

25,825

73,831

16,121

424

3,463

12,234

6,790569379398520184972

1,149970

1,132643441260

5,4441,212

36571832517831563104684

94

57,710

4,801

4,915

17,314

4,769

25,911

73,827

16,088

424

3,433

12,231

6,783569379397520184973

1,147973

1,125639439261

5,4481,212

36569834517832565103686

94

57,739

4,794

4,923

17,274

4,769

25,979

74,014

16,068

423

3,467

12,178

6,745561379393516183969

1,148970

1,109625438262

5,4331,206

36571828514832565103685

93

57,946

4,792

4,924

17,302

4,767

26,161

74,291

16,115

426

3,534

12,155

6,718557381394516183966

1,148967

1,096619432261

5,4371,203

36571829515833568103686

93

58,176

4,790

4,935

17,371

4,775

26,305

74,296

16,064

421

3,528

12,115

556380393513181964

1,150963

1,087617430260

5,4191,199

36568823515832566102685

93

58,232

4,783

4,922

17,396

4,781

26,350

74,503

16,074

420

3,548

12,106

6,684557380394511180961

1,150962

1,082618427260

5,4221,199

35568819514833570102688

94

58,429

4,784

4,938

17,420

4,797

26,490

74,493

16,032

417

3,544

12,071

559377393510179962

1,144959

1,081620426257

5,4031,206

33563813512832567101684

92

58,461

4,763

4,927

17,430

4,800

26,541

74,577

16,039

421

3,544

12,074

6,682562379394511180963

1,148962

1,081621424258

5,3921,195

34563812511831571101683

91

58,538

4,761

4,932

17,446

4,814

26,585

74,779

16,089

419

3,579

12,091

6,702569379396512181966

1,152966

1,081626423258

5,3891,206

34564805510828571100679

92

58,690

4,771

4,939

17,462

4,828

26,690

74,956

16,156

418

3,611

12,127

6,725572382396516182972

1,156969

1,084631421257

5,4021,207

36562805510828574101687

92

58,800

4,776

4,944

17,474

4,841

26,765

75,030

16,165

430

3,599

12,136

6,747575384397516181974

1,159976

1,087644420259

5,3891,201

3456379951182657499

69092

58,865

4,764

4,945

17,488

4,855

26,813

75,076

16,168

425

3,571

12,172

6,780581386401519182982

1,161972

1,101673418259

5,3921,200

3356679751382657396

69692

58,908

4,778

4,955

17,519

4,858

26,798

1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing;construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers intransportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance,and real estate; and services.

p = preliminary.NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March

1992 benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced,all seasonally adjusted data from January 1989 forward are subject to revision.

82


ESTABLISHMENT DATADIFFUSION INDEXES

SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

Time span

Over 1-month span:1991199219931994

Over 3-month span:1991199219931994

Over 6-month span:1991199219931994

Over 12-month span:1991199219931994

Over 1-month span:1991199219931994

Over 3-month span:1991199219931994

Over 6-month span:1991199219931994

Over 12-month span:1991 .199219931994


Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1

39.241.958.1

P55.6

33.840.761.8

30.245.459.7

31.047.852.5

39.945.659.7

32.444.560.8

33.047.158.3

31.043.052.4

40.251.151.0

32.051.858.7

31.947.558.3

31.742.353.4

36.755.953.8

39.056.056.2

33.751.757.7

31.942.756.6

50.052.556.9

38.952.952.4

39.351.349.7

31.745.858.8

43.745.246.5

43.850.455.1

43.748.951.1

33.847.2

P59.0

47.652.257.9

48.044.846.5

46.247.352.9

35.849.3

P59.8

52.945.544.4

49.447.852.8

45.245.655.9

37.554.2

48.052.757.2

50.347.351.8

46.948.9

P57.4

40.053.1

46.952.453.9

44.552.061.9

43.851.8

P56.9

44.951.3

46.152.061.0

42.654.2

P60.0

41.657.7

45.552.1

45.254.8

P55.5

40.357.2

P60.5

41.256.6

46.351.5

Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1

33.837.453.2

P55.0

23.733.555.0

14.734.950.7

16.541.036.3

34.241.454.7

22.338.557.6

20.934.546.0

16.233.537.4

33.547.847.5

19.843.545.7

21.636.045.0

17.331.336.0

36.349.636.3

33.545.042.1

25.542.843.9

18.027.741.4

46.445.750.7

35.641.734.2

34.539.632.7

20.931.342.8

42.141.038.5

38.844.644.2

38.836.029.9

24.134.5

P45.0

45.350.450.7

45.735.632.4

42.430.238.5

26.335.6

P47.5

51.837.137.1

46.037.139.2

40.331.741.0

30.641.4

41.746.848.2

48.629.938.8

41.034.2

P47.1

32.741.7

47.139.649.3

38.839.954.0

38.137.4

P48.6

37.837.1

41.450.455.8

37.442.8

P55.0

34.548.6

36.738.1

40.347.1

P51.8

33.151.4

P58.6

34.249.6

36.736.3

1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans andunadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span.

P = preliminary.NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus

one half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent

indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasingemployment. Establishment survey estimates are currently projected fromMarch 1992 benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data areintroduced, all unadjusted data (beginning April 1992) and all seasonallyadjusted data (beginning January 1989) are subject to revision.

83


ESTABLISHMENT DATASTATE EMPLOYMENTSEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

State1992

Dec.

1993

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.P

Total1

AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgia

HawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMaryland

MassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew Jersey

New MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth Carolina

South DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming


1,691.0247.6

1,532.7976.1

12,039.31,610.11,507.2

347.7677.7

5,382.93,018.2

537.0423.6

5,221.32,556.31,252.61,122.01,522.91,620.8

513.92,071.1

2,758.73,944.72,212.4

979.02,319.4

321.9748.4651.6486.0

3,423.8

600.27,688.43,172.5

280.04,863.01,202.21,277.25,074.0

419.31,543.9

310.32,244.07,339.1

778.2249.2

2,849.02,232.0

644.32,365.0

205.6

251.81,537.1

981.912,030.4

1,615.11,508.9

349.7677.9

5,400.73,046.2

535.0424.9

5,236.62,570.31,260.41,128.91,533.61,636.3

519.12,087.0

2,798.53,989.82,219.2

982.52,337.0

324.4750.7658.1494.4

3,440.3

602.17,725.83,196.3

283.64,888.91,211.11,284.75,105.4

426.61,558.5

311.82,258.87,431.0

784.0251.1

2,867.52,242.3

647.62,378.4

205.9

1,703.7251.0

1,543.2981.2

12,030.81,619.91,511.1

349.1679.9

5,422.43,053.6

536.1423.6

5,246.32,570.41,261.01,134.11,538.41,637.6

519.62,083.5

2,786.03,985.72,222.9

987.82,348.2

326.3750.0658.7496.4

3,430.0

605.17,730.13,204.1

284.14,886.81,221.31,293.95,114.1

425.41,558.5

312.22,259.57,430.6

791.1253.7

2,866.52,244.9

646.32,388.1

205.3

1,698.9251.2

1,543.2980.4

12,018.11,622.71,503.0

346.0678.0

5,426.43,043.0

535.8425.6

5,230.82,562.01,260.71,132.51,532.91,631.0

517.02,070.4

2,774.73,964.32,222.4

984.12,344.5

325.2749.7659.7492.9

3,412.6

605.87,712.03,195.4

281.84,877.21,220.31,293.55,088.9

422.81,558.2

312.92,260.77,430.3

793.9253.0

2,853.62,240.4

647.22,386.5

205.0

1,694.8249.5

1,541.3981.2

12,004.81,631.91,502.6

347.3681.4

5,450.93,054.3

536.1427.0

5,236.92,558.91,253.21,132.71,528.51,618.4

514.52,075.5

2,772.43,950.52,225.0

982.42,346.7

323.8748.8660.1492.3

3,409.8

606.77,710.93,197.4

281.24,870.31,220.11,290.75,097.1

421.61,559.2

312.02.264.17,424.8

795.4253.0

2,860.52,242.4

650.52,383.7

204.5

1,690.1248.9

1,538.9979.4

11,985.61,631.51.498.0

346.1678.5

5,446.73,053.6

536.5427.8

5,234.12,558.51,254.31,129.61,523.91,609.6

512.02,076.9

2,762.33,957.62,228.3

978.62,341.2

321.9749.7658.5489.8

3,407.6

611.27,708.33,203.3

281.34,865.61,217.91,287.25,101.9

422.51,554.9

311.72.263.27,407.3

798.2252.0

2,855.22,237.1

653.22,392.7

205.7

1,687.4249.4

1,551.8979.2

11,959.41,630.51,488.2

346.6674.7

5,451.83,056.2

533.3424.9

5,215.02,565.71,253.81,132.11,528.91,617.5

507.32,064.7

2,753.53,950.22,229.0

978.62,337.9

321.4744.6660.5487.2

3,403.7

611.17,685.83,204.8

281.74,863.21,220.21,289.45,085.6

422.71,552.5

313.82,262.77,401.9

801.7250.0

2,847.52,232.3

649.22,386.8

206.5

1,684.8249.3

1,561.3978.6

11,976.31,639.31,491.9

346.7683.9

5,479.63,071.2

533.6426.8

5,229.82,561.91,251.41,134.71,531.31,632.1

507.22,068.2

2,757.63,954.02,235.9

978.52,332.2

323.5745.8659.9489.2

3,397.1

615.07,705.03,222.9

283.24,853.81,240.71,291.85,082.5

421.81,557.7

314.12,270.77,416.7

806.4249.0

2,859.62,230.9

647.62,393.0

206.5

1,683.5250.7

1,558.3979.7

11,961.11,641.31,483.9

346.1676.7

5,481.33,072.4

530.3426.3

5,237.72,560.21,256.31,128.11,527.61,634.1

509.82,059.1

2,753.83,935.32,233.8

965.92,328.7

324.0748.3661.2488.0

3,387.0

617.27,682.93,223.2

283.34,856.61,226.71,289.25,067.7

421.21,556.3

316.42.269.97,424.9

809.6248.4

2,853.42,225.6

648.32,393.8

204.8

1,690.0252.8

1,564.3983.3

11,920.11,643.61,480.5

347.3672.7

5,480.13,081.6

530.5429.3

5,244.62,569.31,258.01,135.21,528.91,633.9

512.72,062.4

2,757.33,955.02,244.1

981.52,338.4

323.3750.6661.6491.5

3,400.3

620.87,681.93,228.2

285.84,859.01,209.91,296.55,078.6

417.41,556.8

316.82,274.67.442.7

813.3250.2

2,863.32,238.1

648.92,399.8

207.2

1,697.5253.1

1,566.8986.1

11,904.21,657.71,486.1

347.4678.8

5,512.33,106.5

532.6435.0

5,274.62,583.81,264.31,141.51,536.11,632.8

519.62,066.7

2,774.13,968.52,253.7

987.92,353.1

325.6756.8671.0495.9

3,408.8

., 624.17,701.13,242.1

285.24,869.71,215.81,300.45,086.5

418.11,566.4

318.02,293.27.460.4

818.6250.2

2.870.52,247.6

652.02,408.0

208.9

253.61,569.5

989.711,889.2

1,658.41,485.1

349.1675.3

5,517.23,110.4

529.2438.1

5,283.12,595.01,269.21,141.81,537.81.635.6

520.02,068.7

2,781.13,990.22,263.4

989.52,360.5

325.9757.8676.6493.9

3,405.6

625.47,703.43,251.6

285.84,869.21,215.51,305.95,094.3

417.51,560.1

318.52,295.47,474.1

825.0252.2

2,880.72,251.6

651.82,411.5

209.0

1,700.9253.6

1,572.9991.0

11,884.31,664.51,484.1

349.4671.1

5,532.53,115.5

527.6439.4

5,292.12,598.71,269.41,144.51,536.31,640.3

520.12,070.1

2,782.04,000.82,269.0

990.02,370.1

327.5753.6685.4495.4

3,408.3

625.97,718.23,260.5

286.04,879.01,216.11,307.95,111.2

416.31,565.7

318.62.300.47.478.1

831.7252.2

2,884.02,255.0

658.82.414.6

209.2

84


ESTABLISHMENT DATASTATE EMPLOYMENT

SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued

(In thousands)

State1992

Dec.

1993


Construction


Hawaii2

IdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMaryland





77.010.783.938.9

458.275.547.519.48.4

271.5121.4

31.323.7

202.4109.846.144.871.1

100.221.9

114.6

72.7127.577.635.892.313.728.842.315.8

103.7

30.4227.9147.611.1

183.637.848.4

194.712.681.7

12.883.4

347.736.512.1

146.3121.727.894.611.5

77.510.682.339.1

443.175.248.519.69.1

279.3123.2

31.623.7

202.3111.947.945.569.4

103.123.5

116.4

79.4132.977.936.891.313.628.644.117.5

109.4

31.7235.4149.111.9

186.538.348.7

198.914.182.0

12.685.5

351.738.713.0

148.9122.329.394.211.4

78.210.784.538.6

451.276.849.319.69.2

281.6126.3

32.123.9

205.6111.548.046.571.1

102.623.4

115.0

78.8131.678.038.896.014.429.146.017.5

105.6

31.7235.1149.1

12.0186.640.350.9

198.313.882.6

12.886.6

351.240.013.0

149.4124.029.596.011.3

77.211.085.038.7

460.879.247.319.09.0

278.7125.8

31.623.6

203.2109.047.446.068.7

100.023.1

112.8

75.5128.178.338.894.114.128.845.617.6

101.8

31.8237.9147.8

11.7186.240.350.8

191.413.581.9

12.686.3

348.739.713.1

146.4122.829.396.010.7

76.910.884.938.6

460.082.146.919.19.8

278.6125.9

31.724.1

201.0110.044.345.168.699.922.7

111.2

74.1128.477.338.293.413.928.745.917.199.7

32.3238.0147.9

11.4184.839.750.2

192.413.881.8

12.386.8

348.739.112.4

146.2122.529.996.410.7

76.110.984.738.4

460.182.045.919.69.6

277.0127.3

31.324.4

196.0111.846.345.568.799.021.8

112.4

71.7132.277.337.793.613.929.246.316.698.6

32.9238.6147.811.5

184.340.050.3

193.814.181.1

12.887.6

347.038.311.9

145.3121.531.0

100.110.8

75.611.185.039.2

456.284.243.919.79.4

275.3127.3

31.023.8

195.7113.947.645.569.699.221.3

110.8

71.3132.577.338.093.114.129.145.816.796.0

32.6236.8148.011.6

183.939.649.8

192.113.780.6

13.388.0

349.238.511.5

144.7120.530.4

101.111.0

76.211.486.039.3

458.284.343.819.59.4

276.4130.8

30.823.6

196.1113.747.844.970.299.221.7

112.0

73.6136.277.636.992.113.529.246.216.993.9

33.6237.5149.1

11.4183.139.151.4

192.313.482.1

13.288.8

350.838.811.3

146.5121.230.6

102.710.9

75.411.587.339.1

458.283.043.319.69.4

274.8131.6

30.623.5

197.2113.548.346.069.698.221.0

110.7

73.1133.677.237.693.213.629.245.416.993.8

34.0235.5149.2

11.4182.538.452.0

190.913.081.4

13.089.4

349.839.311.3

147.6121.930.7

103.010.9

75.311.787.238.9

454.982.842.419.29.4

275.8131.7

30.424.2

197.1114.248.446.670.398.321.3

109.6

74.1134.277.938.994.713.529.545.416.894.1

34.6235.3149.311.8

182.838.652.7

191.713.081.3

12.990.5

348.639.911.2

148.0122.930.6

104.811.2

76.811.789.738.9

456.182.743.119.09.1

280.2131.1

30.424.6

198.5115.349.447.270.798.621.1

110.8

77.0133.979.939.597.314.030.346.516.796.3

35.2237.5150.3

12.1182.438.852.2

194.112.581.7

13.292.6

351.140.610.7

149.0125.531.5

105.011.6

76.711.590.239.4

455.980.544.819.19.1

281.3130.3

30.224.9

202.1117.150.647.271.399.621.6

110.6

77.2134.280.338.699.614.230.846.016.597.1

35.7236.3150.7

12.1183.138.753.2

196.012.580.3

13.192.3

354.141.911.0

149.1126.230.8

105.311.9

77.211.692.139.7

454.481.745.619.39.1

283.0132.9

29.425.5

204.2115.149.647.371.6

103.022.0

112.0

77.8132.280.639.0

100.614.330.346.717.099.0

36.6236.1152.312.5

184.539.051.9

199.111.780.4

13.292.8

358.543.111.3

149.7126.830.8

104.412.0

85




(In thousands)

State1992

Dec.

1993


Manufacturing







382.517.0

170.5238.3

1,846.1182.7298.8

67.413.8

475.9546.6

19.067.0

926.2631.1231.3180.7288.7185.191.2

180.9

452.5902.0398.4251.9405.8

22.9101.126.596.6

519.2

40.4

636.518.7

1,049.2163.5206.2935.8

88.4371.5

38.2514.6973.7104.843.0

404.3343.082.6

546.19.2

384.718.7

171.0239.9

1,843.7184.5297.9

67.213.8

480.5551.4

18.968.2

927.9638.3232.4179.8294.2186.792.9

182.2

454.4916.8398.8253.1412.1

23.1101.726.798.2

518.9

40.21,008.1

840.619.1

1,062.5164.5207.0939.9

90.1373.8

38.5518.2981.3105.243.3

408.6343.3

83.3551.3

9.2

385.719.2

170.9242.0

1,837.2183.8297.5

67.013.7

481.5551.4

18.767.9

926.9636.3233.5179.2292.0186.092.6

182.2

452.0913.1399.5254.8410.1

23.5101.526.898.1

514.1

40.31,004.4

842.519.3

1,058.5165.3208.6940.2

89.8371.6

38.6517.1985.6106.243.2

406.6343.8

83.6553.1

9.2

384.119.6

171.5242.2

1,824.7183.5295.3

66.213.6

481.2547.8

18.968.0

924.7633.4233.8179.1291.4185.691.8

181.1

449.2908.8398.3255.3410.6

23.3102.226.897.2

510.5

40.6997.0843.1

19.01,050.2

164.3209.5937.3

89.5370.6

39.1517.9985.8107.043.5

404.0342.1

83.0553.5

9.3

382.317.1

171.1243.1

1,816.6183.4293.8

66.613.6

480.0548.4

18.768.1

925.5631.5232.6179.1291.7183.092.3

181.2

449.1899.6398.0253.1408.4

23.1101.727.297.6

510.6

40.2989.2841.9

19.31,044.9

164.0208.4937.4

88.7369.9

39.3518.2984.5107.743.7

403.1341.5

82.7551.9

9.2

379.915.8

171.6242.4

1,806.1182.7292.0

66.213.8

479.5546.2

18.768.2

920.6629.8231.8179.0291.9182.592.0

180.6

446.5895.3396.9252.2406.8

22.7101.927.197.2

508.9

40.2984.2843.8

19.31,043.4

163.4206.7932.1

88.8368.5

39.5518.3982.6107.743.4

404.7341.2

82.7550.7

9.1

378.417.3

171.3241.1

1,798.3182.7290.0

65.814.0

478.8543.7

18.467.9

915.8630.4232.2180.1290.3182.391.3

178.6

444.5893.6394.4251.3405.4

22.7101.926.996.6

506.3

40.5971.5843.4

19.51,038.0

162.7205.9926.2

88.8367.1

39.7515.5981.2107.743.5

403.2339.0

82.5546.6

9.2

376.616.7

170.4241.7

1,797.2182.3288.8

65.513.8

481.8546.4

18.668.8

921.9628.2228.9180.4291.1184.191.1

178.5

441.4891.4396.5250.0402.2

22.8101.727.296.4

507.0

40.5974.1848.5

19.41,037.2

164.1205.1928.1

88.1366.3

39.7517.1981.5108.343.0

402.4335.8

82.2548.7

9.5

377.517.1

170.6241.0

1,788.9182.7285.2

65.013.7

480.8545.0

18.568.3

921.0628.2231.2180.0291.0184.391.6

177.4

438.0885.5395.1249.8399.6

22.7102.727.296.5

503.8

40.7965.4844.3

19.71,033.4

163.1205.2922.1

87.8365.2

40.3515.9981.0108.542.8

401.6335.7

82.5549,4

9.4

377.717.3

170.4241.7

1,774.1182.7287.6

64.913.8

480.8545.2

18.366.8

919.0627.5230.4179.2290.0184.791.2

175.9

437.8886.9396.8250.0399.1

22.7103.327.396.4

507.5

41.6963.8845.6

19.51,035.5

163.8206.9920.5

86.8365.4

40.2515.7986.1109.243.2

400.6335.6

82.7547.9

9.4

376.817.5

170.3242.5

1,770.6183.6287.5

65.113.8

481.0545.8

18.169.5

924.6628.6231.7178.8290.9184.592.4

176.7

439.6891.7398.0251.0401.5

22.9103.327.096.3

505.4

42.1964.5847.0

19.31,033.6

165.0208.7920.0

86.7364.1

40.7517.3989.1109.942.8

400.9336.6

82.3550.4

9.5

376.816.9

170.9243.0

1,767.6183.3285.464.813.9

480.5548.2

18.070.1

927.5631.0233.3178.2291.4184.992.2

176.7

436.8905.7399.7252.3404.1

22.2103.127.196.9

501.9

42.3965.3849.7

19.31,036.0

165.2208.0920.3

86.2363.2

41.2519.3988.7110.842.8

401.3334.4

82.6552.0

9.5

377.116.8

171.2242.7

1,762.2184.1284.464.613.8

478.9548.6

17.670.2

928.0633.8233.6178.4290.6184.991.9

176.7

433.9914.0401.8252.5403.7

22.3102.627.396.6

502.7

42.1965.2849.9

19.41,039.6

166.0209.9920.9

85.5364.5

41.3521.1991.2111.643.0

398.3332.8

82.7552.8

9.6

86



SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major Industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued

(In thousands)

State1992

Dec.

1993




HawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansas m

KentuckyLouisianaMaineMaryland





82.522.881.655.4

603.4100.366.414.323.0

277.1197.8

43.320.4

300.4129.554.363.882.6

104.621.299.4

119.9154.2108.846.3

149.420.047.233.317.0

227.1

28.5396.6154.6

17.5210.469.165.4

264.014.564.0

14.6121.4431.5

44.011.0

146.1113.138.6

109.314.1

82.423.077.856.1

604.5100.567.214.723.0

273.6200.7

43.220.9

303.2130.054.565.583.3

105.521.799.1

121.1154.5108.845.5

151.220.247.233.417.6

230.6

28.7397.6156.1

17.7211.1

70.066.0

266.914.965.1

14.7121.7438.4

44.211.1

146.3113.038.4

111.014.2

82.322.978.656.1

603.0100.567.714.423.0

276.3202.2

42.821.0

301.9129.654.565.683.3

105.621.398.3

119.1154.3108.545.4

152.120.247.333.717.8

232.1

28.7396.1155.6

17.7211.5

70.365.7

266.915.065.0

14.7121.4439.4

44.911.0

146.0113.538.2

111.914.1

81.922.778.256.2

602.3100.666.614.723.4

278.0201.6

42.620.8

301.9129.853.965.683.1

105.021.697.7

117.7154.3107.945.2

152.120.147.433.617.7

229.9

28.7395.2155.2

17.5210.8

70.165.8

266.914.864.9

14.9121.3438.9

45.211.1

144.7112.738.4

111.714.1

82.422.978.156.4

602.6101.065.114.923.2

278.4203.0

42.420.6

303.1128.753.666.083.0

105.821.497.9

118.4155.5108.145.4

152.620.147.633.717.4

229.8

28.6394.5155.6

17.5210.0

70.165.7

266.214.964.5

14.6121.3440.2

45.310.9

145.1112.938.2

111.214.3

82.523.277.956.2

601.4101.865.214.723.0

279.2202.9

41.920.6

302.0128.753.665.882.4

104.820.997.4

117.8156.0107.845.0

152.420.147.233.317.1

230.0

28.3394.0155.617.4

209.869.465.1

266.114.964.8

14.6121.6440.045.511.0

144.1111.938.7

111.214.3

82.622.377.856.4

599.5101.464.814.523.1

279.1204.0

41.620.4

300.6129.053.365.382.5

104.220.897.1

118.0155.2107.445.0

152.820.047.033.117.0

230.1

28.3393.2155.9

17.8209.468.665.1

266.114.664.3

14.7122.3439.3

45.810.9

144.6111.238.3

111.514.4

82.523.078.256.2

598.0102.266.114.723.0

278.2203.6

41.520.2

301.4128.653.765.582.5

104.320.597.7

118.6154.8107.745.3

154.120.147.133.316.7

226.9

28.4392.4154.9

17.9208.868.864.4

264.514.763.5

14.8122.9439.5

46.110.5

144.6110.0.38.7

111.314.4

82.522.977.656.1

597.5102.865.614.822.9

276.9203.6

41.220.3

300.0129.053.665.082.2

104.120.897.5

118.0153.7107.644.6

152.820.146.633.216.4

225.9

28.5390.5154.4

17.8208.268.664.3

263.314.763.4

14.9123.4439.6

46.410.5

144.5110.238.7

110.914.3

83.022.978.056.0

597.6102.765.614.822.7

276.6205.0

41.220.3

301.4129.253.665.583.2

103.220.497.7

118.0154.1107.644.7

153.419.846.733.417.0

225.9

28.5390.0153.9

17.8207.268.364.3

264.514.763.8

14.7123.8440.7

47.210.5

144.3110.938.8

111.714.5

83.022.677.956.3

597.1102.165.514.622.7

277.2204.1

41.020.4

302.0130.753.566.083.6

103.220.498.1

118.9155.2108.245.0

152.920.146.533.717.0

225.4

28.9392.4154.9

17.9207.268.064.3

264.214.664.2

14.6125.2441.8

47.410.6

144.8110.938.9

111.714.5

83.423.277.656.6

594.6102.665.115.022.2

278.6204.4

40.320.8

301.2131.553.466.184.2

103.220.598.9

118.3155.1108.544.3

152.920.147.034.016.8

225.9

28.8393.0155.4

17.9206.467.364.6

264.914.864.3

14.6124.2443.6

47.710.8

144.6110.638.7

112.014.4

82.823.177.056.6

593.8103.164.914.722.1

281.6203.0

40.021.0

303.5131.553.666.583.8

103.220.799.8

118.3154.6108.444.2

152.820.147.933.816.9

226.7

28.6394.8155.6

17.8206.767.264.8

265.015.064.4

14.6124.3441.8

48.110.7

145.0111.739.1

113.114.5

87




(In thousands)

State1992

Dec.

1993








Wholesale and retail trade

370.548.1

378.3217.2

2,802.7389.5328.0

76.453.2

1,418.7756.5

133.0107.7

1,230.6597.0316.6274.2357.1378.2131.2501.3

637.5935.7532.8202.1552.586.8

189.0132.0123.3799.9

142.81,551.0

722.373.9

1,165.7280.0323.0

1,155.289.1

350.8

80.1519.9

1,763.4185.257.8

631.4539.6147.4546.146.5

372.248.3

380.8218.4

2,807.8392.1329.7

76.853.9

1,426.1763.5

132.6107.6

1,231.4602.2318.9278.8361.3384.0130.6505.3

651.8947.3535.0204.3557.987.9

189.9132.7127.0804.1

143.21,554.9

732.274.8

1,167.2283.7325.2

1,171.092.1

355.5

80.6523.8

1,784.2188.458.5

636.2547.6148.5550.746.8

373.848.3

381.6218.5

2,805.8394.3329.3

76.653.9

1,427.3766.5

133.3108.0

1,234.7601.2319.8280.4362.8384.6131.6505.9

650.6950.2535.1204.6560.088.1

190.3133.0127.7804.3

143.91,565.8

734.574.8

1,167.7289.0326.6

1,172.592.2

357.8

80.8525.9

1,794.3190.959.0

636.4548.2148.6551.847.1

372.448.2

380.2217.9

2,801.5394.2327.1

75.953.2

1,432.1765.1

133.2107.9

1,230.8599.0319.7279.7360.5382.7129.8500.1

646.3939.7533.2203.3557.688.0

189.1132.9

* 125.7796.4

143.61,557.5

727.773.9

1,166.6289.0325.2

1,164.091.3

357.8

81.2525.7

1,791.9191.058.5

633.4546.6148.3551.047.3

372.148.7

381.1217.0

2,796.8396.2327.1

75.854.2

1,434.1766.9

133.0108.6

1,233.8597.6318.4278.8359.5379.4129.4502.5

645.6934.7533.7202.5557.887.8

188.1133.2125.6796.9

144.51,560.6

726.173.7

1,165.5289.3323.8

1,168.091.6

357.3

80.8526.6

1,793.0191.758.5

635.4546.8148.8551.047.3

370.143.8

381.3216.6

2,787.1395.7324.6

75.653.2

1,435.2764.1

132.8108.4

1,237.8598.5318.7277.7359.4377.0128.6503.0

643.2935.5535.3201.3556.087.5

188.6132.5125.1797.3

144.81,562.1

725.473.6

1,163.1288.3323.0

1,169.191.1

357.1

80.6525.9

1,783.3191.958.9

634.5545.9149.5551.047.5

369.348.9

381.3215.9

2,777.3394.4323.1

75.852.8

1,434.1766.6

133.0108.1

1,236.2598.7318.6276.5360.0377.4125.8499.3

639.5933.8534.8202.4555.386.7

186.9132.2123.9798.8

145.11,559.1

722.973.9

1,162.6288.7323.7

1,167.590.7

355.7

80.3527.8

1,779.6191.657.9

630.3542.9148.9550.6

47.6

369.249.1

385.8216.1

2,777.9396.2321.8

76.053.5

1,444.1775.0

133.3108.8

1,244.8598.5319.2278.1361.2378.8126.1499.9

638.6936.8534.3202.6553.787.4

184.8132.8123.8798.2

145.61,556.8

725.874.2

1,161.9291.5325.6

1,165.591.0

357.7

80.8530.4

1,785.1192.458.2

631.3546.5150.4549.847.4

369.649.3

385.7217.3

2,768.5395.4321.2

75.852.6

1,444.2774.0

131.8108.4

1,247.4598.2319.0276.1360.0378.7127.3497.5

637.5933.6534.0202.6553.887.6

186.4133.3123.0794.0

146.01,549.1

726.974.4

1,161.8289.6323.3

1,161.990.5

356.5

81.4529.7

1,787.5192.958.1

627.9543.3150.2549.5

47.3

370.850.0

387.0218.3

2,763.6397.7319.9

75.552.1

1,444.0771.6

132.1108.2

1,249.1599.1319.7276.7360.3379.0129.0496.6

635.6931.8535.9202.4555.187.4

186.7133.8122.5790.2

146.81,546.2

727.774.4

1,162.5288.9324.5

1,160.790.0

357.5

81.6531.2

1,791.8193.658.2

629.8546.0149.5549.947.5

372.850.2

388.8219.2

2,752.3402.0319.3

75.952.7

1,448.7778.1

132.5110.0

1,256.2606.9320.227g.7362.1380.0131.0497.2

638.0936.5538.2205.2557.188.3

189.4135.0124.1793.1

147.61,546.7

730.374.9

1,163.2290.4326.1

1,162.490.4

364.1

81.3535.4

1,793.7194.858.4

634.4549.2150.2552.347.7

373.650.8

387.7219.9

2,743.4403.1317.2

76.152.1

1,448.5776.2

131.5110.9

1,250.9608.2319.7279.2359.2379.9131.4497.1

642.5940.3540.3205.0557.488.6

189.2135.4123.6791.0

148.11,547.0

731.574.7

1,163.1288.4326.1

1,161.190.1

363.2

81.3534.9

1,791.3196.258.8

640.1547.6150.1552.747.6

374.250.6

388.4219.9

2,742.2403.4315.2

76.351.2

1,451.0777.9

131.1111.2

1,248.5610.1319.7278.2358.4377.9131.1496.8

643.9943.4540.6204.8558.288.3

189.1136.4124.2789.3

148.11,552.5

732.174.8

1,165.5287.7327.6

1,166.090.0

363.6

81.2534.2

1,788.1197.159.6

640.4549.8150.0552.7

47.2

88



SEASONALLY ADJUSTED


(In thousands)

State1992

Dec.

1993

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.*








73.710.894.739.4

785.9100.9140.533.333.7

351.6163.1

37.622.0

375.8127.973.258.263.377.123.9

128.5

194.0187.6131.038.4

136.614.648.829.629.5

226.5

26.5732.8136.813.2

257.160.487.2

298.524.764.6

17.0100.4418.5

37.611.7

148.2117.924.7

128.17.4

74.310.895.939.6

785.5102.0138.733.833.8

353.4163.7

37.822.3

377.2129.973.358.463.877.724.0

129.1

195.8189.2132.238.8

138.714.849.230.329.3

226.2

26.6735.1138.213.2

257.960.687.7

301.924.765.4

17.2101.5425.8

37.811.6

149.8117.624.8

128.37.4

74.310.895.939.4

782.2101.9139.333.832.7

354.0163.9

37.722.3

378.3130.073.758.364.177.924.0

128.5

194.7189.3132.438.8

138.614.748.830.529.4

225.6

26.8734.4138.513.3

257.960.488.3

301.424.465.1

17.5101.2425.0

37.811.7

150.1117.724.9

128.57.4

74.210.895.439.3

781.4101.8138.733.532.7

353.3163.7

37.622.3

378.1130.173.458.363.977.623.9

128.4

193.8187.8132.538.6

138.314.648.630.629.3

225.7

26.7731.8138.7

13.3258.160.587.9

300.824.664.9

17.5101.2424.5

37.911.8

149.6117.224.8

128.67.5

74.410.795.539.4

780.4102.0139.733.632.7

354.4164.0

37.322.3

379.2130.373.657.963.777.323.9

128.6

193.6188.5133.538.5

138.514.648.930.629.1

225.4

26.6731.6139.1

13.4258.260.787.9

300.924.765.3

17.6101.0424.3

38.411.7

150.4117.325.0

129.47.5

74.210.795.239.2

780.2102.3139.733.532.7

353.5163.4

37.522.3

379.5130.573.557.863.377.124.3

128.4

192.5188.1133.938.7

137.714.648.730.829.2

225.7

26.8731.1138.6

13.4257.760.487.9

301.324.564.8

17.7100.6425.7

39.011.6

149.9116.825.1

129.37.5

74.910.795.039.2

779.8102.7138.833.432.2

353.3163.5

37.322.3

377.2130.673.257.763.076.224.3

127.7

191.7188.2134.539.3

137.814.548.830.929.0

226.5

27.0730.7138.6

13.3257.560.488.3

301.424.765.2

17.7100.5427.7

39.611.6

149.4117.024.9

129.57.4

74.610.795.239.3

781.0103.6138.533.831.3

354.2164.6

37.722.4

378.9131.173.957.862.976.524.2

128.4

191.5188.8135.439.3

137.814.549.031.129.3

227.3

27.0730.2139.0

13.3257.860.589.1

301.024.465.2

17.9100.9429.8

39.811.6

150.4117.325.1

130.07.5

74.810.895.439.5

779.8103.8138.333.731.1

354.9164.1

37.922.2

378.4131.173.758.062.876.424.5

128.1

191.7188.5135.939.5

137.614.348.831.229.1

227.4

27.1728.2139.0

13.4257.560.289.4

301.124.465.1

17.9100.4429.1

40.411.6

150.5117.225.0

130.37.5

75.010.895.839.7

779.6104.4138.233.930.7

354.3164.2

38.022.3

380.0131.073.858.162.676.624.3

128.5

191.9188.0136.139.5

137.814.648.831.329.0

228.1

27.3729.4140.2

13.5257.060.389.8

300.024.464.8

17.9100.4430.7

41.011.6

150.0118.324.9

130.97.5

75.111.095.839.8

777.8104.9138.534.031.0

357.2164.7

38.122.4

382.1131.074.258.263.176.924.7

129.3

193.3185.0137.139.4

138.314.749.031.629.2

229.1

27.3732.7142.0

13.5257.6

60.390.5

300.424.665.2

17.9101.4431.341.611.7

152.0118.625.0

131.67.6

75.411.096.139.9

777.2105.6138.534.430.7

358.3164.3

38.122.6

382.9131.374.558.763.576.824.8

129.3

193.2188.9137.639.4

138.614.849.131.729.1

229.0

27.5730.7141.7

13.6257.8

60.390.8

300.924.565.3

18.0101.4434.1

41.611.6

152.4119.225.0

131.97.6

75.511.196.340.0

777.4105.7138.134.430.4

359.3164.5

38.022.7

383.1131.474.758.663.276.624.5

129.2

193.8188.5137.639.2

138.614.748.731.629.1

228.6

27.4729.8142.1

13.6258.2

60.091.0

299.624.365.4

17.9101.5433.6

42.511.6

151.7119.225.0

131.87.6

89



B-7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major Industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued

(In thousands)

State1992

Dec.

1993








Services

352.854.4

431.7214.0

3,431.1451.1420.5

87.7256.2

1,709.0685.2

160.793.0

1,397.4565.8306.9263.1354.7400.4130.0631.7

907.5986.6607.9187.1603.8

84.1186.2287.8131.2976.6

160.82,351.5

660.874.3

1,249.5288.2313.7

1,507.2128.0316.6

79.2544.4

1,888.3203.2

70.0765.4565.4161.0579.842.1

355.054.9

433.1214.9

3,441.2450.3421.6

89.0255.0

1,710.8695.6

159.592.6

1,405.6565.0308.6263.8359.2400.2131.4636.9

922.8999.3610.7187.2608.685.1

185.5290.4133.3980.2

160.42,365.2

662.775.1

1,255.3289.2316.6

1,508.6129.2317.9

79.8548.5

1,922.5203.5

69.3770.1567.0161.6580.642.1

356.054.8

432.1213.4

3,445.1451.0422.4

88.1257.0

1,719.6694.6

159.389.5

1,408.3567.2308.1265.4359.8401.3131.2635.8

916.3999.4613.6186.5612.2

85.4184.5288.6132.9977.7

161.82,369.0

666.475.2

1,256.6292.0319.7

1,515.1129.0319.7

79.6547.5

1,907.2204.8

71.9770.1568.6162.6582.6

42.0

355.754.9

433.2212.9

3,446.3451.8419.3

87.2256.1

1,722.8691.2

159.492:7

1,404.6565.4306.8264.3359.3399.8130.9632.6

916.5998.5614.1185.4612.2

85.0185.2288.5132.6977.8

161.72,366.1

666.275.0

1,258.4294.3319.9

1,509.6127.4320.5

79.8547.9

1,907.1206.0

71.6767.8567.4161.7582.5

41.9

354.855.3

433.6213.7

3,447.7455.4423.2

87.8257.0

1,733.9697.7

160.493.1

1,409.3565.2306.0264.6357.1397.6130.1635.8

914.8995.1617.2186.0614.6

84.5185.7288.1132.5978.7

162.02,372.5

669.974.7

1,259.8293.4320.8

1,514.5127.0321.9

79.9550.2

1,900.5207.5

71.8773.1568.4163.7582.6

41.6

354.855.1

434.6214.2

3,448.2455.6421.4

86.9255.2

1,737.6702.4

161.092.8

1,409.4563.7305.6264.3356.6395.5129.9637.8

914.8998.7618.6184.4613.1

84.2186.5287.1132.3976.3

163.22,372.3

673.975.0

1,259.8293.5320.7

1,517.8126.9321.7

79.0548.9

1,894.9209.6

71.1772.2569.7164.3584.742.7

353.355.1

436.6215.1

3,444.4456.0419.6

87.2254.0

1,740.6705.0

159.892.5

1,409.1565.2305.0265.0356.1397.3129.7634.4

914.6998.0621.3182.9610.9

83.9185.0287.0131.0974.1

163.92,371.7

679.075.6

1,263.3293.9322.2

1,511.3127.9321.9

79.9549.2

1,887.9210.7

70.8770.6569.1164.1583.0

42.0

354.055.2

439.7215.3

3,450.1459.6420.4

87.3256.2

1,748.5710.9

160.792.7

1,415.9566.6303.7265.2356.5399.1130.3637.8

918.81,006.7

624.8185.2610.9

85.6184.6288.1131.9980.9

165.62,377.4

682.375.8

1,263.4297.0322.9

1,512.3128.6323.3

79.8551.5

1,893.1213.0

70.7776.7568.9163.6586.0

42.2

353.655.2

439.0215.3

3,448.8460.9420.1

87.5256.8

1,748.9713.7

159.192.9

1,422.6567.6304.3265.9356.5398.3130.5633.6

920.11,007.1

624.4186.5612.2

85.7184.8288.0131.9979.0

165.82,381.5

679.675.6

1,264.3294.6322.3

1,508.8128.5324.4

79.8551.0

1,892.1213.4

70.7777.3568.3164.1585.442.1

355.655.6

441.8216.4

3,447.0464.6420.2

88.1256.1

1,756.1717.0

158.793.8

1,421.8565.5304.8266.7356.8398.2132.9634.2

923.11,008.2

628.1185.6614.3

85.6186.3288.6132.8982.1

167.02,390.5

681.775.7

1,265.0291.9325.3

1,522.3129.2325.2

79.3552.0

1,899.8213.9

71.8779.1570.9165.0589.841.9

358.255.7

442.8217.4

3,446.9469.9423.9

89.0261.8

1,768.0728.7

160.195.1

1,423.8569.7306.5268.7358.8400.1135.7642.9

928.41,013.9

629.1186.6620.7

86.0188.5294.4135.1986.2

167.62,402.1

688.776.0

1,270.1294.8326.4

1,525.4129.7328.2

80.8559.1

1,909.8215.6

71.9779.7573.9167.2591.642.3

358.055.7

443.5218.3

3,441.3470.5425.4

89.6258.6

1,769.9731.9

159.295.9

1,429.3574.2308.0270.7360.6401.5135.7644.3

936.11,017.1

632.5188.6622.4

86.1188.9300.1134.3986.2

168.12,408.0

691.876.7

1,271.9295.7328.7

1,528.5129.6327.7

80.9560.2

1,915.4217.3

73.3783.6575.9167.7593.142.8

358.156.2

445.4219.4

3,445.6472.6427.589.7

257.81,774.5

731.8

158.696.0

1,435.1576.2308.5271.7360.8403.8136.4642.2

938.21,019.3

635.7187.6626.6

87.3186.4306.6134.5987.3

168.12,415.0

695.976.3

1,274.5296.1328.8

1,531.3129.7328.9

81.0563.0

1,917.4218.9

72.5786.6579.2167.6594.0

42.9

90



SEASONALLY ADJUSTED


(In thousands)

State1992

Dec.

1993

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec."

Government






341.273.4

279.4169.3

2,078.3294.3204.849.1

289.3872.3540.2

112.187.3

770.5388.5222.0228.6276.4330.8

94.4413.5

373.4642.7348.9212.0374.374.0

145.887.172.2

568.9

156.51,424.1

510.567.5

733.5268.5231.8695.661.8

292.8

65.7355.1

1,346.4158.643.1

593.9427.9131.8358.7

57.1

341.274.9

283.7170.2

2,071.7294.2204.3

48.5289.2870.3540.6

111.487.0

770.9386.2222.4228.6273.2334.9

94.9416.8

371.9641.6349.4211.9372.5

73.9147.187.471.2

569.1

157.01,424.4

513.867.9

734.8269.6232.1696.1

61.3296.9

65.6355.0

1,358.0157.643.9

594.4428.1131.5359.9

57.2

342.773.8

287.1169.5

2,073.4295.3204.7

49.5290.3875.4541.2

112.288.4

773.5388.6220.9230.2277.3335.7

95.4416.6

373.3639.6349.2214.0374.8

74.2147.087.072.7

568.7

157.21,420.2

514.067.9

734.3267.9232.6697.8

61.0294.8

65.6355.1

1,361.6158.043.4

594.6425.7131.4361.7

57.2

342.873.7

287.2169.4

2,068.3295.4207.7

49.4289.9873.7540.3

112.587.8

769.7388.7223.5231.1277.6336.4

95.8416.5

374.6638.8351.0212.6375.1

74.2146.988.672.4

568.6

157.91,421.5

513.067.6

733.3266.1232.8697.2

61.5295.7

65.2355.7

1,367.5158.642.9

594.4428.4132.1360.7

57.2

341.273.8

284.5169.4

2,067.9295.7205.8

49.4290.8884.9541.0

112.687.7

767.6388.9222.6232.6276.7331.4

94.6417.2

375.7640.2349.7213.7377.0

74.0146.788.772.6

566.9

157.61,419.6

513.467.5

733.4267.1232.5696.1

60.7296.6

64.8355.4

1,367.9156.943.4

593.8429.7132.6358.9

56.7

341.974.4

281.1168.7

2,069.5295.4208.249.5

290.9878.2539.9

113.388.6

771.6388.9222.8231.0273.8329.694.4

416.3

374.7643.4350.5214.4377.2

73.5146.189.071.8

569.0

159.71,421.0

514.767.4

733.9267.7232.0700.262.0

295.0

64.8355.7

1,367.9157.643.5

591.2426.9132.4363.5

56.6

342.674.0

292.3168.6

2,071.3293.4207.1

50.1289.1884.7538.8

112.287.5

765.8391.6221.8233.7280.0336.7

94.0415.6

372.8640.5351.0214.7378.2

74.2144.492.472.5

570.1

158.41,418.0

513.666.2

734.7270.6233.0700.562.0

295.8

65.6354.8

1,369.6159.143.2

591.4429.5133.3362.2

57.4

341.073.2

293.6167.1

2,081.3295.6211.6

49.8296.6890.6532.6

111.088.0

756.1388.8222.1234.6279.7346.1

93.2412.7

374.0630.8351.2214.3377.2

74.2147.989.173.7

561.1

158.81,431.6

519.967.3

728.0283.8231.9698.4

61.3297.7

65.4354.5

1,368.4159.143.1

594.3428.0131.6362.2

57.0

339.474.0

290.3167.8

2,086.6297.2209.3

49.6290.1894.9533.0

111.288.3

756.5386.2224.1228.9278.7350.3

94.0413.1

374.3626.6352.4220.2375.3

74.6148.390.573.7

561.3

159.51,427.8

526.467.1

735.6276.4231.4699.3

62.0298.4

66.4355.8

1,377.0159.942.9

591.5425.9132.4363.0

55.9

341.974.2

291.8168.7

2,070.7292.9205.7

50.8287.8886.6539.5

111.889.4

761.9396.4225.2234.2279.1350.4

93.5418.7

375.7643.5354.1215.3379.7

74.4147.889.476.5

570.5

159.41,421.8

526.469.2

735.8262.9231.6698.7

59.0296.9

67.6356.7

1,376.3160.043.2

599.0430.4133.0362.5

57.1

344.174.2

289.2168.4

2,070.7297.0207.449.7

287.6894.1546.6

112.490.6

772.9395.3226.7235.5279.8345.9

94.2410.5

377.8644.1355.6216.1380.9

74.3148.290.577.0

571.4

159.81,420.2

525.567.7

742.2263.4230.8699.8

59.3297.0

66.8357.6

1,374.3160.343.6

597.1429.8132.9363.1

57.8

344.974.2

291.3169.0

2,076.6297.5207.8

50.0288.6894.1547.7

111.990.5

774.8395.6227.5233.4280.5346.1

93.7410.6

375.9640.8357.1216.2381.2

74.4148.289.976.2

572.7

159.51,418.1

527.367.6

737.2264.8233.1702.2

59.5294.2

66.8358.5

1,377.9161.043.3

597.1434.5133.0362.2

57.2

345.574.2

290.3169.0

2,076.1298.7207.6

50.3286.6

549.4

112.990.6

775.1394.5227.5235.7281.1347.J93.4

412.1

375.0640.7357.5217.6385.3

75.0147.090.676.7

573.0

159.71,419.7

529.167.9

736.1265.3232.5707.959.8

296.6

66.7358.9

1,378.3162.042.9

599.1432.2134.0363.4

57.2

Includes mining, not shown separately.Mining is combined with construction.

p = preliminary.NOTE: All State data have been adjusted to March 1992 benchmarks.

91


ESTABLISHMENT DATAHOURSSEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-8. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervlsory workers1 on private nonfarm payrollsby major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted

Industry1993


1994

Jan.p

Total private

Mining

Construction

ManufacturingOvertime hours

Durable goodsOvertime hours

Lumber and wood productsFurniture and fixturesStone, clay, and glass productsPrimary metal industries



Nondurable goodsOvertime hours

Food and kindred productsTobacco productsTextile mill productsApparel and other textile productsPaper and allied productsPrinting and publishingChemicals and allied productsPetroleum and coal productsRubber and misc. plastics productsLeather and leather products


Wholesale trade

Retail trade


Services

34.5

44.0

041.44.0

42.04.0

40.640.242.543.644.042.042.741.742.543.741.239.9

40.63.9

40.6ft41.637.643.538.243.0042.0

39.3

39.6

38.1

28.8

ft32.5

34.4

43.6

ft

41.44.2

42.14.3

40.840.342.543.844.442.142.941.742.844.241.039.9

40.74.1

40.7

041.837.543.838.142.9042.139.4

39.4

38.1

28.7

ft32.4

34.2

43.4

ft

41.24.0

42.04.2

40.640.142.243.944.441.942.841.642.744.341.139.9

40.33.8

40.4ft40.137.243.538.142.8ft41.839.0

39.6

38.0

28.2

ft32.4

34.4

44.3

ft

41.54.2

42.24.4

40.540.042.544.244.742.143.141.842.945.241.340.3

40.64.0

40.7ft41.937.143.738.442.9ft41.838.9

39.4

38.0

28.8

ft32.4

34.7

44.6

ft

41.44.1

42.04.3

40.639.742.843.644.141.942.941.842.744.041.339.8

40.53.9

40.4ft41.737.343.738.243.3

ft41.8

38.6

39.8

38.4

29.0

ft32.8

34.4

44.1

ft

41.24.0

41.94.2

40.439.542.643.444.141.942.941.442.543.541.239.5

40.53.9

40.6ft41.337.143.638.443.1ft41.7

37.7

39.4

38.2

28.8

ft32.5

34.5

44.9

ft41.44.0

42.04.1

40.739.942.743.644.341.943.141.842.343.041.439.5

40.63.9

40.8ft41.337.343.438.543.4

ft41.7

38.0

39.6

38.2

28.8

ft32.5

34.7

44.6

ft41.44.1

42.24.2

40.840.542.943.543.742.143.042.043.144.441.039.7

40.53.9

40.6ft41.437.343.538.143.2ft41.838.3

40.1

38.3

28.9

ft32.7

34.3

44.1

ft

41.54.1

42.34.2

41.139.942.843.444.442.042.842.143.845.141.139.9

40.54.0

40.6ft41.536.843.838.243.1ft41.638.8

39.6

37.9

28.8

ft32.2

34.5

45.1

ft

41.64.3

42.44.5

41.240.542.743.643.742.343.242.143.544.841.139.6

40.74.1

41.0ft41.336.943.838.543.4ft41.838.7

39.9

38.2

28.9

ft32.5

34.5

44.2

ft

41.74.3

42.54.7

41.540.743.344.144.042.543.241.943.845.940.939.9

40.74.0

40.8

ft41.937.343.738.443.0

ft42.1

38.6

39.7

38.2

28.8

ft32.5

34.5

44.2

ft41.74.4

42.64.6

41.440.143.044.344.242.643.341.844.146.241.140.0

40.64.0

40.6ft41.937.243.738.343.2

ft42.1

38.5

39.8

38.1

28.8

ft32.5

34.8

44.0

ft

41.74.4

42.74.8

41.440.143.543.943.942.643.742.443.946.141.440.1

40.44.0

40.4

ft41.436.843.538.043.4

ft41.8

38.8

40.6

38.5

29.0

ft32.8

1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing;construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers intransportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance,insurance, and real estate; and services.

2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because theseasonal components are small relative to the trend-cycle and/or irregular

components and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision.p = preliminary.NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from

March 1992 benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data areintroduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1989 forward aresubject to revision.

92


ESTABLISHMENT DATAHOURS

SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarmpayrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted

(1982=100)

Industry1993

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.1 Jan.p

Total private

Goods-producing

Mining

Construction

Manufacturing





Service-producing


Wholesale trade

Retail trade


Services

122.5

101.7

54.2

116.4

101.8

99.2120.6119.1101.285.972.3

101.190.599.6

112.1142.977.996.9

105.5110.768.698.791.9

109.4122.298.987.1

129.4

56.8

131.8

116.1

114.5

122.0

117.9

152.5

122.7

102.5

52.7

119.2

102.3

99.7122.7120.0102.386.373.3

101.690.9

100.2112.1139.077.397.6

105.8111.268.199.291.6

110.4122.298.787.4

130.4

56.9

131.8

115.7

114.8

122.3

117.2

152.5

122.2

101.9

52.5

118.8

101.6

99.3122.1119.4101.386.573.3

101.390.5

100.3111.2136.677.198.0

104.8110.365.494.891.1

109.6122.498.885.4

129.9

56.3

131.3

116.1

114.7

119.9

116.9

152.9

123.1

102.2

53.5

119.3

101.8

99.2120.1119.1101.086.573.4

101.391.2

100.5110.1136.377.399.4

105.4110.665.899.490.2

109.5123.399.087.9

129.7

55.6

132.4

115.5

114.7

122.6

117.2

154.0

124.6

102.8

54.2

124.5

101.4

98.5119.6118.9101.985.372.4

100.590.8

100.1108.3131.576.397.8

105.3109.566.098.990.8

109.7122.8100.586.9

129.9

55.2

134.5

116.6

116.1

124.0

120.0

156.7

123.6

102.0

53.0

123.4

100.8

97.8118.8118.0101.284.471.6

100.391.098.8

106.9129.575.796.7

104.8109.767.697.589.6

109.5123.399.784.9

129.4

53.9

133.4

115.3

115.2

123.3

117.9

155.6

124.1

102.6

53.8

125.3

101.0

97.9119.9119.2101.784.571.6

100.091.499.6

105.9128.375.696.7

105.2110.263.497.589.7

108.8123.8101.185.9

129.9

54.9

133.8

115.9

115.6

123.5

117.3

156.4

124.8

102.4

53.1

124.9

100.9

98.2120.6120.0101.984.170.2

100.690.799.8

107.8132.974.796.0

104.6110.360.596.889.0

108.6122.4100.185.6

129.5

54.1

134.9

116.8

115.7

124.0

120.7

157.7

123.7

102.1

53.0

123.3

100.9

98.5122.1118.8101.984.171.7

100.590.6

100.3109.6135.274.596.9

104.2109.362.397.187.7

109.1122.5100.684.1

128.7

54.2

133.4

115.3

114.6

123.6

118.4

155.5

124.9

102.8

53.9

124.5

101.5

99.1124.0120.6102.284.671.0

101.591.8

100.8108.8135.474.396.2

104.7111.463.296.887.2

108.9123.1101.386.3

128.6

54.7

134.7

116.5

115.6

124.2

119.7

157.6

125.1

103.8

52.7

127.9

102.0

99.8125.5122.2103.786.371.9

102.692.1

100.6110.1139.873.696.5

105.0111.067.197.888.1

108.7122.7100.983.1

131.0

54.6

134.7

116.0

115.8

123.8

119.3

158.0

125.2

103.8

54.2

127.1

102.1

100.2125.9121.0103.286.671.8

103.192.5

101.1110.9143.673.897.5

104.7109.962.298.087.2

108.9122.1101.382.4

131.6

54.4

134.8

116.0

115.5

123.9

119.4

158.3

126.3

103.7

53.3

125.5

102.4

101.0127.2121.7105.586.471.7

103.993.6

102.1111.9149.774.097.8

104.2109.261.097.486.1

108.8121.2101.681.8

131.8

54.8

136.4

118.7

116.9

125.0

121.8

159.7


p = preliminary.

NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected fromMarch 1992 benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data areintroduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1989 forward aresubject to revision.

93


ESTABLISHMENT DATAALL-EMPLOYEE HOURSSEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-10. Hours of wage and salary workers on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Millions of hours (annual rate)1

Nov.1993r

Dec.1993r

Jan.1994P

Percent change

Jan. 1993to

Jan. 1994p

Nov. 1993to

Dec. 1993r

Dec. 1993to

Jan. 1994P

Total

Private sector



Transportation and public utilities ...Wholesale tradeRetail tradeFinance, insurance, and real estateServices

Government

205,165

167,539

1,3659,459

38,20221,84916,35311,78112,17529,73212,38452,441

37,626

205,746

167,542

1,3979,432

38,20921,88916,32011,79812,14529,81412,29652,450

38,204

207,294

169,127

1,3939,378

38,25722,00016,25712,06012,29230,05112,59753,098

38,167

2.6

2.9

-1.27.4-.4.2

-1.32.61.92.83.05.2

1.3

.3

.0

2.4-.3.0.2

-.2.1

-.2.3

-.7.0

1.5

.8

.9

-.3-.6.1.5

-.42.21.2.8

2.41.2

-.1

1 Total hours paid for 1 week in the month, seasonally adjusted, multipliedby 52.

p = preliminary.r = revised.NOTE: Data refer to hours of all employees—production workers,

nonsupervisory workers, and salaried workers—and are based largely onestablishment data. See BLS Handbook of Methods, BLS Bulletin 2414,chapter 10, "Productivity Measures: Business Sector and Major Subsectors".

SOURCE: Office of Productivity and Technology (202—606-5606).

94


ESTABLISHMENT DATAEARNINGS

SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-11. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on privatenonfarm payrolls by major industry, seasonally adjusted

Industry1993

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec." Jan.p

1994

Average hourly earnings

Total private (in current dollars)


Excluding overtime2

Transportation and public utilities .Wholesale tradeRetail tradeFinance, insurance, and real estateServices

Total private (in constant dollars)3

Total private:In current dollarsIn constant (1982) dollars3.

$10.73

14.5814.1911.6111.0813.5711.577.23

11.0910.75

7.40

$10.74

14.5514.2211.6411.1013.5811.577.25

11.0910.75

7.38

$10.78

14.6414.2811.6611.1313.6411.597.27

11.1110.76

7.39

$10.77

14.8414.2811.7111.1313.6111.677.25

11.1510.73

7.36

$10.82

14.7614.3411.7111.1513.6211.747.29

11.3410.80

7.39

$10.81

14.5914.3211.7211.1713.6511.687.28

11.2610.78

7.38

$10.81

14.5114.3911.7211.1913.6611.737.28

11.3010.77

7.37

$10.86

14.5314.3911.7711.2213.6511.807.30

11.4810.83

7.39

$10.86

14.5014.3911.8411.2713.6311.767.29

11.3810.84

7.39

$10.92

14.6114.4111.8311.2613.6711.847.35

11.5110.89

7.40

$10.93

14.4914.4411.8811.2913.6811.787.34

11.5310.91

7.40

$10.95

14.6714.3811.9511.3413.7511.777.37

11.5510.90

7.40

$11.03

14.8614.3911.9611.3713.8311.907.43

11.7411.01

0

Average weekly earnings

370.19255.30

369.46253.92

368.68252.87

370.49253.24

375.45256.28

371.86253.83

372.95254.40

376.84256.53

372.50253.57

376.74255.24

377.09255.14

377.78255.26

383.840


2 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of timeand one-half.

3 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical

Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate these series.4 Not available.p = preliminary.NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March

1992 benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced,all seasonally adjusted data from January 1989 forward are subject torevision.

95


ESTABLISHMENT DATAEMPLOYMENTNOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry

(In thousands)

Industry1987SIC

Code

All employees

Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Production workers1

Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Total

Total private

Mining

Metal miningIron oresCopper ores

Coal miningBituminous coal and lignite mining

Oil and gas extractionCrude petroleum and natural gasOil and gas field services

Nonmetallic minerals, except fuelsCrushed and broken stoneSand and gravelChemical and fertilizer minerals

Construction

General building contractorsResidential building constructionOperative buildersNonresidential building construction

Heavy construction, except buildingHighway and street constructionHeavy construction, except highway

Special trade contractorsPlumbing, heating, and air conditioningPainting and paper hangingElectrical workMasonry, stonework, and plasteringCarpentry and floor workRoofing, siding, and sheet metal work

Manufacturing

Durable goods

Lumber and wood productsLoggingSawmills and planing mills

Sawmills and planing mills, generalHardwood dimension and flooring mills ...

Millwork, plywood, and structural membersMillworkWood kitchen cabinetsHardwood veneer and plywoodSoftwood veneer and plywood

Wood containersWood buildings and mobile homes

Mobile homesMiscellaneous wood products

Furniture and fixturesHousehold furniture

Wood household furnitureUpholstered household furnitureMetal household furnitureMattresses and bedsprings


10101102

12122

13131138

14142144147

15152153154

16161162

17171172173174175176

242412422421242624324312434243524362442452451249

252512511251225142515

109,856

90,783

613

51.78.5

15.1

118.5110.1

344.3172.0166.5

98.436.930.814.4

4,383

1,039.1509.126.6

503.4

668.4182.3486.1

2,675.6604.9151.5502.0388.0169.9192.5

17,928

10,152

676.976.8

176.6141.233.3

240.7100.067.222.127.342.159.543.681.2

478.8273.1122.487.820.328.5

107,678

88,971

601

51.08.3

15.0

117.4109.1

341.1170.6164.7

91.433.627.514.4

4,064

989.8485.0

25.8479.0

574.7139.3435.4

2,499.4590.9140.4486.1355.3161.9167.9

17,786

10,079

666.074.0

173.8138.933.1

238.599.366.422.427.141.857.642.380.3

475.8272.1122.587.519.928.5

111,818

92,510

599

50.310.014.9

94.986.8

351.8164.1181.8

101.638.633.312.9

4,776

1,093.3

111,826

92,556

607

50.610.014.9

110.5102.6

348.0162.6179.5

97.937.530.813.2

4,579

1,073.6

109,521

90,615

594

341.3

4,255

1,025.6536.127.3

529.9

748.4243.9504.5

2,934.2630.7177.5524.8434.7180.1218.4

17,803

10,050

695.377.4

176.4140.533.8

249.6103.669.722.826.643.965.949.782.1

486.2275.6123.089.120.629.2

528.727.4

517.5

673.1194.3478.8

2,832.0630.3166.7526.7414.2179.4204.8

17,748

10,040

693.074.8

176.8140.734.0

250.1103.770.022.726.943.766.049.881.6

486.5277.0123.389.620.929.6

17,623

9,988

686.6

485.8

73,833

434

40.86.6

12.4

95.788.7

224.485.8

134.2

72.928.2

3,344

731.3344.4

12.1374.8

548.0143.8404.2

2,064.2439.4123.6387.5329.0125.1151.4

12,188

6,767

555.562.8

153.0122.029.2

192.377.753.119.024.535.346.136.266.0

378.0227.7105.073.116.321.8

78,113

423

40.36.4

12.4

94.687.8

221.184.8

131.9

66.925.1

3,034

683.2321.4

11.3350.5

458.3103.3355.0

1,892.3423.8112.4371.0297.6117.9128.0

12,077

6,712

545.960.2

150.4120.028.9

190.276.952.419.124.435.244.635.065.3

375.5227.1105.172.916.121.7

75,478

423

40.58.2

12.4

73.466.6

232.180.2

147.4

76.930.3

3,719

781.2367.3

11.6402.3

630.2203.6426.6

2,307.4462.4148.4408.1372.6135.7176.7

12,185

6,759

573.563.6

153.2121.929.6

200.580.855.619.623.937.352.041.566.9

385.2231.1105.974.816.922.3

75,483

431

40.48.2

12.3

88.581.9

228.278.9

145.0

73.429.2

3,523

760.7358.8

11.6390.3

556.4154.3402.1

2,205.8462.2137.3409.0353.1135.0162.8

12,142

6,761

570.860.9

153.2121.829.7

200.981.155.919.424.237.052.241.666.6

385.3232.5106.375.217.322.6

73,608

416

3,200

12,043

6,721

565.7

384.2

96



NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry—Continued

(In thousands)

Industry1987SIC

Code

All employees

Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Production workers1

Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Durable goods—ContinuedFurniture and fixtures—Continued

Office furniturePublic building and related furniturePartitions and fixturesMiscellaneous furniture and fixtures

Stone, clay, and glass productsFlat glassGlass and glassware, pressed or blown

Glass containersPressed and blown glass, nee

Products of purchased glassCement, hydraulicStructural clay productsPottery and related productsConcrete, gypsum, and plaster products

Concrete block and brickConcrete products, neeReady-mixed concrete

Misc. nonmetallic mineral productsAbrasive productsAsbestos productsMineral wool

Primary metal industriesBlast furnaces and basic steel products

Blast furnaces and steel millsSteel pipe and tubes

Iron and steel foundriesGray and ductile iron foundriesMalleable iron foundriesSteel foundries, nee

Primary nonferrous metalsPrimary aluminum

Nonferrous rolling and drawingCopper rolling and drawingAluminum sheet, plate, and foilNonferrous wire drawing and insulating

Nonferrous foundries (castings)Aluminum foundries

Fabricated metal productsMetal cans and shipping containers

Metal cansCutlery, handtools, and hardware

Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsawsHardware, nee

Plumbing and heating, except electricPlumbing fixture fittings and trimHeating equipment, except electric

Fabricated structural metal productsFabricated structural metalMetal doors, sash, and trimFabricated plate work (boiler shops)Sheet metal workArchitectural metal work

Screw machine products, bolts, etcScrew machine productsBolts, nuts, rivets, and washers

Metal forgings and stampingsIron and steel forgingsAutomotive stampingsMetal stampings, nee


252253254259

3232132232213229323324325326327327132723273329329132923296

333313312331733233213322332533333343353351335333573363365

3434134113423423,53429343343234333443441344234433444344634534513452346346234653469

62.534.874.434.0

507.314.378.935.743.258.917.030.637.6

182.916.361.987.973.719.43.1

21.5

684.4243.5180.624.7

119.475.35.7

24.043.625.5

160.322.424.268.176.822.1

1,316.542.634.0

122.940.970.657.024.419.9

385.766.469.497.391.025.989.344.844.5

219.228.5

100.278.4

62.034.873.533.4

490.414.377.635.442.258.416.730.337.4

170.615.458.979.772.619.32.9

20.9

682.6241.2178.824.5

119.375.25.9

24.243.725.6

161.322.424.268.976.521.9

1,309.042.834.2

122.740.970.556.724.619.2

381.966.167.497.589.925.589.344.844.5

218.228.7

100.0111

63.335.776.834.8

518.314.277.934.543.458.616.831.138.3

194.716.863.297.973.419.32.9

21.3

675.5237.3174.125.3

118.776.15.9

24.241.223.6

159.922.423.268.877.022.4

1,320.741.533.1

123.741.770.158.524.320.9

390.066.071.894.394.425.590.146.144.0

221.228.9

100.680.2

63.535.775.634.7

509.714.276.633.643.057.716.830.638.4

189.116.462.293.773.119.32.9

21.1

675.6237.2173.725.5

119.276.45.7

24.540.923.3

159.722.422.669.277.422.3

1,320.740.932.7

124.241.870.659.224.820.7

388.966.370.594.394.325.490.346.244.1

221.329.1

101.479.5

497.7

675.9237.8

1,316.2

46.127.554.122.6

390.411.266.431.934.544.613.123.629.5

137.610.346.068.154.714.22.4

520.2185.0137.6

18.695.761.04.6

18.833.220.2

116.517.016.449.960.517.5

968.636.529.791.030.253.040.618.213.0

272.647.350.165.768.318.068.436.432.0

174.921.785.159.2

45.827.553.022.1

374.911.165.131.733.444.512.723.329.2

126.49.7

43.260.453.914.12.4

518.9183.3136.518.395.260.44.8

19.033.320.2

117.317.016.350.660.417.3

962.336.629.891.030.352.940.518.512.4

269.247.248.565.967.117.868.336.431.9

173.921.884.958.6

46.428.356.223.2

401.011.065.230.834.444.412.823.930.3

f48.810.647.377.555.014.62.3

515.7181.0133.718.695.061.54.7

19.230.918.4

116.817.115.750.362.018.1

979.635.528.792.231.752.442.318.114.0

279.546.952.665.271.418.169.237.431.8

176.922.185.161.3

46.528.255.023.1

392.710.963.930.033.943.712.823.430.4

143.410.346.373.454.714.62.3

516.8180.9133.418.895.661.84.5

19.530.718.1

117.117.115.350.962.518.0

980.134.928.392.531.752.842.718.613.8

278.947.451.465.571.318.069.437.531.9

177.322.486.060.7

381.9

518.5181.0

976.1

97




(In thousands)

Industry1987SICCode

34734713479348348334934943496

3535135113519352352335335313532353335353537354354135423544354535463553552355535563563561356235633564356635683573571

3575,8,9358358535935923596,9

363613612361336236213625363363236333634

All employees

Dec.1992

114.872.142.763.039.0

222.023.851.4

1,912.988.628.660.094.368.4

204.676.714.837.334.024.8

305.737.215.1

140.748.823.5146.715.421.122.9

233.930.938.125.130.915.919.3

379.8228.1

57.9170.2115.1289.120.7

225.4

1,518.082.841.441.4156.577.659.6115.425.517.829.0

Jan.1993

113.170.642.562.238.4

222.123.951.4

1,909.788.228.659.695.869.0

205.076.515.637.233.824.8

305.937.215.2

141.348.623.5146.715.621.023.0

233.931.037.925.130.815.819.3

376.6225.1

57.6171.3116.5286.320.7

222.9

1,514.582.441.141.3156.177.759.1116.025.818.028.2

Nov.1993

115.072.142.955.933.2

224.823.952.2

1,895.388.928.760.298.571.9

208.378.814.537.635.225.9

306.336.515.1

142.748.223.9146.315.720.022.5

232.229.835.924.731.916.019.6

349.3198.9

55.7177.7120.2287.821.0

224.9

1,521.080.140.040.1159.180.359.3125.328.318.632.3

Dec.1993P

115.272.243.055.833.2

224.923.652.1

1,898.689.728.860.999.872.6

209.079.214.437.435.526.1

307.536.415.0

143.648.423.9146.615.819.922.7

233.129.835.925.132.016.119.7

346.1196.6

54.7177.7120.4289.121.1

226.0

1,523.080.740.340.4159.780.659.6124.828.218.531.4

Jan.1994P

-

--_--

1,897.2

_--___-___-__

__-__--_-_-

-_-

-___-

1,513.7--

_--

-_-

Dec.1992

88.655.732.935.819.4

160.217.338.7

1,150.455.716.938.867.247.1123.045.88.9

23.618.816.6

215.522.99.4

107.634.215.884.310.211.313.5

148.917.330.313.820.911.212.8

126.858.2

26.3118.584.2

210.516.6

169.1

968.357.029.227.8109.659,936.291.421.413.222.0

Production workers1

Jan.1993

87.154.232.935.619.4

160.117.338.7

1,150.755.316.938.468.947.8123.345.59.2

23.818.916.6

215.522.69.5

108.033.916.084.510.311.613.5

149.017.330.413.920.811.112.7

126.157.6

26.1119.385.2

208.816.6

167.4

963.156.829.127.7109.560.235.891.521.813.521.3

Nov.1993

89.856.133.730.815.8

163.417.639.9

1 153.955.716.739.071.851.0128.849.58.5

24.719.717.1

214.922.29.3

108.833.216.183.710.510.313.6

146.616.228.313.021.611.213.0

117.051.2

23.2124.988.4

210.516.8

169.3

974.955.828.827.0111.461.935.5100.924.614.625.6

Dec.1993P

89.956.133.831.216.2

163.317.539.6

1,161.556.316.839.573.151.7130.550.78.4

24.720.117.3

216.522.29.3

109.633.516.284.310.610.413.7

147.216.328.213.321.611.313.0

116.550.6

22.6125.389.0

211.817.1

170.2

978.356.429.027.4112.162.235.8100.824.714.624.9

Jan.1994P

__

_

--

1,163.5

-_-

---

_-__

_

_-__-__--_---

-----

970.9--___-

__-

Durable goods—ContinuedFabricated metal products—Continued

Metal services, neePlating and polishingMetal coating and allied services

Ordnance and accessories, neeAmmunition, except for small arms, nee

Miscellaneous fabricated metal productsValves and pipe fittings, neeMisc. fabricated wire products

Industrial machinery and equipmentEngines and turbines

Turbines and turbine generator setsInternal combustion engines, nee

Farm and garden machineryFarm machinery and equipment

Construction and related machineryConstruction machineryMining machineryOil and gas field machineryConveyors and conveying equipmentIndustrial trucks and tractors

Metalworking machineryMachine tools, metal cutting typesMachine tools, metal forming typesSpecial dies, tools, jigs, and fixturesMachine tool accessoriesPower driven handtools

Special industry machineryTextile machineryPrinting trades machineryFood products machinery

General industrial machineryPumps and pumping equipmentBall and roller bearingsAir and gas compressorsBlowers and fansSpeed changers, drives, and gearsPower transmission equipment, nee

Computer and office equipmentElectronic computersComputer terminals, calculators, and

office machines, nee ....::.Refrigeration and service machinery

Refrigeration and heating equipmentMisc. industrial and commercial machinery

Carburetors, pistons, rings, valvesScales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee

Electronic and other electrical equipmentElectric distribution equipment

Transformers, except electronicSwitchgear and switchboard apparatus

Electrical industrial apparatusMotors and generatorsRelays and industrial controls

Household appliancesHousehold refrigerators and freezersHousehold laundry equipmentElectric housewares and fans


98





(In thousands)

Industry1987SIC

Code

All employees

Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Production workers1

Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Durable goods—ContinuedElectronic and other electrical equipment—Continued

Electric lighting and wiring equipmentElectric lampsCurrent-carrying wiring devicesNoncurrent-carrying wiring devicesResidential lighting fixtures

Household audio and video equipmentHousehold audio and video equipment

Communications equipmentTelephone and telegraph apparatus

Electronic components and accessoriesElectron tubesSemiconductors and related devicesElectronic components, nee

Misc. electrical equipment and suppliesStorage batteriesEngine electrical equipment

Transportation equipmentMotor vehicles and equipment

Motor vehicles and car bodiesTruck and bus bodiesMotor vehicle parts and accessoriesTruck trailers

Aircraft and partsAircraftAircraft engines and engine partsAircraft parts and equipment, nee

Ship and boat building and repairingShip building and repairingBoat building and repairing

Railroad equipmentGuided missiles, space vehicles, and parts

Guided missiles and space vehiclesMiscellaneous transportation equipment

Travel trailers and campers

Instruments and related productsSearch and navigation equipmentMeasuring and controlling devices

Environmental controlsProcess control instrumentsInstruments to measure electricity

Medical instruments and suppliesSurgical and medical instrumentsSurgical appliances and supplies

Ophthalmic goodsPhotographic equipment and suppliesWatches, clocks, watchcases, and parts

Miscellaneous manufacturing industriesJewelry, silverware, and plated ware

Jewelry, precious metalMusical instrumentsToys and sporting goods

Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehiclesSporting and athletic goods, nee

Pens, pencils, office, and art suppliesCostume jewelry and notions

Costume jewelryMiscellaneous manufactures

Signs and advertising specialties


36436413643364436453653651366366136736713674367936936913694

3737137113713371437153723721372437283733731373237437637613793792

3838138238223823382538438413842385386387

3939139113933943942,4394939539639613993993

174.621.263.919.120.583.058.6

234.5107.7521.225.2

215.0123.3150.025.362.6

1,791.8822.4321.8' 34.0421.6

27.5583.2319.4120.2143.6164.5119.545.028.1

133.396.844.317.6

904.8215.6283.842.957.374.5

265.0107.897.237.794.08.7

360.650.837.613.0

104.740.963.831.729.517.8

130.952.9

174.121.263.819.220.182.558.2

234.4108.0519.725.1

213.9122.2149.324.762.1

1,777.1820.9320.134.1

421.427.4

574.8313.5119.0142.3162.2118.044.227.8

130.895.244.417.8

900.2211.5283.2

42.857.474.4

265.4108.397.037.494.48.3

353.749.436.312.9

103.639.963.731.328.316.6

128.252.4

174.220.764.019.620.684.758.9

229.8105.0516.623.4

216.1121.7151.225.264.5

1,706.2833.5321.6

34.6429.630.4

515.6289.5106.6119.5153.1108.544.627.6

113.681.945.919.4

865.6194.0272.041.355.670.5

263.3109.994.037.990.08.4

366.251.338.513.2

107.344.263.130.829.818.2

133.854.5

174.520.764.419.320.584.758.8

229.3103.5517.223.4

216.5121.8152.125.365.1

1,711.1847.5330.3

35.1434.2

30.6509.0286.4105.0117.6153.6108.445.228.0

111.179.645.119.7

861.7191.1271.741.355.570.3

263.4110.493.537.789.4

8.4

360.250.537.713.2

104.641.463.230.828.817.6

132.354.6

1,699.6846.8

502.3

126.417.542.613.915.655.037.3

119.659.8

305.216.890.380.9

104.119.947.7

1,133.3

125.417.442.313.915.154.536.8

119.660.0

303.216.790.079.3

102.619.047.2

1,126.5

125.916.442.814.215.756.737.6

117.357.3

300.915.791.179.6

106.019.550.0

1,090.1

126.316.443.214.115.656.837.6

117.556.9

301.715.891.879.2

106.719.650.4

1,096.1

858.7

356.5

633.0234.726.9

336.121.9

274.5130.160.883.6

127.390.836.521.336.925.028.414.3

444.269.1

147.329.127.235.8

155.065.062.925.340.4

7.1

257.836.526.910.775.228.546.720.921.312.493.236.2

631.6232.826.9

336.321.7

271.0129.459.781.9

126.190.136.020.936.224.428.614.5

442.067.3

147.228.827.435.7

154.965.662.325.140.8

6.7

252.334.925.610.574.127.546.620.520.812.091.535.7

637.6227.828.0

343.624.7

236.5116.951.568.1

119.082.336.720.632.721.931.215.8

422.660.7

138.727.326.133.2

152.065.659.925.738.76.8

262.436.927.610.776.630.745.920.522.813.894.936.9

648.8233.7

28.0348.5

25.0232.5114.650.967.0

118.881.737.120.931.820.930.616.1

421.660.1

138.427.226.132.9

152.366.259.325.338.76.8

257.336.126.810.774.027.946.120.522.113.293.936.8

1,090.7647.6

417.3

252.5

99




(In thousands)

Industry1987SICCode

2020120112013201520220222026203203220332037204204120482052051

2052,3206206120622063206420720820822086209

21211

22221222223224225225122522253225422572262261226222722822812282229

23231* '2322321232523262332331233523372339

All employees

Dec.1992

7,7761,635.8444.0137.890.7

215.5150.340.469.1

220.222.865.344.6123.819.941.9207.5148.4

59.1109.39.54.610.054.231.6174.239.692.8174.9

51.534.2

670.386.269.217.321.5

200.129.238.757.927.026.767.830.723.460.197.878.013.350.3

994.544.8

276.867.583.240.7

306.434.751.729.5190.5

Jan.1993

7,7071,610.7438.3135.889.3

213.2148.739.368.7

214.222.663.141.9122.519.641.9205.6147.2

58.4103.38.34.59.8

50.931.4171.438.092.2175.3

51.334.0

666.186.368.817.321.6197.329.038.656.026.726.567.730.523.559.897.277.413.350.1

982.744.6

275.266.883.840.1

303.134.750.528.2189.7

Nov.1993

7,7531,658.9449.9135.093.3

221.6149.639.469.4234.423.574.147.1123.420.441.2

211.4149.5

61.9112.510.34.811.955.531.3175.937.795.9170.5

47.732.1

664.485.168.017.421.6193.226.539.754.625.125.869.031.623.461.497.377.113.551.4

967.043.3

271.462.683.341.5

287.231.646.729.1179.8

Dec.1993P

7,7081,629.6448.3134.593.1

220.7148.639.169.3

218.123.564.143.1123.520.541.4

210.0148.4

61.6106.89.84.810.752.130.9175.438.195.5168.0

48.832.2

662.384.868.717.621.6190.426.339.851.625.326.068.931.623.561.897.377.013.651.2

954.343.2

269.261.982.641.5

280.731.345.725.8177.9

Jan.1994P

7,6351,596.0

--_-_

-_

-_

-

_-__-__---

47.2-

660.1_--_-_-_-_-

__-

_-

941.3____-

___-

Dec.1992

5,4211,190.6377.1115.668.6192.994.532.435.8181.119.052.538.888.313.327.1134.088.6

45.486.57.73.28.9

43.921.876.823.833.0130.5

39.525.8

572.676.658.914.418.1

174.226.134.950.623.322.656.125.718.848.887.370.111.538.2

832.537.3

238.758.272.735.5

256.028.141.424.3162.2

Production workers

Jan.1993

5,3651,168.3372.1113.667.2191.393.331.435.7174.818.850.035.887.513.127.3132.187.4

44.780.96.63.18.6

40.821.375.622.633.6130.7

39.425.8

567.776.658.514.418.2

171.225.834.748.723.022.455.525.318.848.686.669.511.438.1

822.737.1

237.057.473.135.0

253.028.040.423.0161.6

Nov.1993

5,4261,216.4383.6114.172.0197.594.231.836.3194.219.560.641.288.814.326.5138.389.5

48.889.48.33.410.445.521.480.623.736.6125.9

36.524.3

565.175.657.414.818.2

166.823.335.747.121.721.656.726.418.649.387.069.611.639.3

811.136$

234.453.872.836.4

239.725.437.124.2153.0

Dec.1993P

5,3811,187.3381.3113.871.8195.793.531.736.2178.019.450.637.288.614.326.6136.888.4

48.483.97.93.59.3

42.121.280.924.336.6123.1

37.324.1

562.775.457.915.018.2

164.123.235.744.022.121.856.426.218.749.586.969.511.739.3

798.835.9

232.453.272.436.3233.625.336.321.1150.9

Jan.1994P

5,3221,159.6

__-__--______-

-

___

__-_-

36.1-

562.2_--

__---_-_-_-__-

786.4___

--___-

Nondurable goodsFood and kindred products

Meat productsMeat packing plantsSausages and other prepared meatsPoultry slaughtering and processing

Dairy productsCheese, natural and processedFluid milk

Preserved fruits and vegetablesCanned specialtiesCanned fruits and vegetablesFrozen fruits and vegetables

Grain mill productsFlour and other grain mill productsPrepared feeds, nee

Bakery productsBread, cake, and related productsCookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products,

except breadSugar and confectionery products

Raw cane sugarCane sugar refiningBeet sugarCandy and other confectionery products

Fats and oilsBeverages

Malt beveragesBottled and canned soft drinks

Misc. food and kindred products

Tobacco productsCigarettes

Textile mill productsBroadwoven fabric mills, cottonBroadwoven fabric mills, syntheticsBroadwoven fabric mills, woolNarrow fabric millsKnitting mills

Women's hosiery, except socksHosiery, nee ,Knit outerwear mills ,Knit underwear millsWeft knit fabric mills

Textile finishing, except wool ,Finishing plants, cottonFinishing plants, synthetics

Carpets and rugsYarn and thread mills

Yarn spinning millsThrowing and winding mills

Miscellaneous textile goods

Apparel and other textile productsMen's and boys' suits and coatsMen's and boys' furnishings

Men's and boys' shirtsMen's and boys' trousers and slacksMen's and boys' work clothing

Women's and misses' outerwearWomen's and misses' blouses and shirtsWomen's, juniors', and misses' dressesWomen's and misses' suits and coatsWomen's and misses' outerwear, nee


100





(In thousands)

Industry1987SIC

Code

All employees

Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Production workers1

Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Nondurable goods—ContinuedApparel and other textile products—Continued

Women's and children's undergarmentsWomen's and children's underwearBrassieres, girdles, and allied garments

Girls' and children's outerwearGirls' and children's dresses and blouses

Misc. apparel and accessoriesMisc. fabricated textile products

Curtains and draperiesHouse furnishings, neeAutomotive and apparel trimmings

Paper and allied productsPaper mills .Paperboard millsPaperboard containers and boxes

Corrugated and solid fiber boxesSanitary food containersFolding paperboard boxes

Misc. converted paper productsPaper, coated and laminated, neeBags: plastics, laminated, and coatedEnvelopes

Printing and publishingNewspapersPeriodicalsBooks

Book publishingBook printing

Miscellaneous publishingCommercial printing

Commercial printing, lithographicCommercial printing, nee

Manifold business formsBlankbooks and bookbindingPrinting trade services

Chemicals and allied productsIndustrial inorganic chemicals

Industrial inorganic chemicals, neePlastics materials and synthetics

Plastics materials and resinsOrganic fibers, noncellulosic

DrugsPharmaceutical preparations

Soap, cleaners, and toilet goodsSoap and other detergentsPolishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations ...Toilet preparations

Paints and allied productsIndustrial organic chemicals

Cyclic crudes and intermediatesIndustrial organic chemicals, nee

Agricultural chemicalsMiscellaneous chemical products

Petroleum and coal productsPetroleum refiningAsphalt paving and roofing materials

Rubber and misc. plastics productsTires and inner tubesRubber and plastics footwearHose, belting, gaskets, and packing

Rubber and plastics hose and beltingFabricated rubber products, neeMiscellaneous plastics products, nee


234234123422362361238239239123922396

26262263265265326562657267267226732677

272712722732731273227427527522759276278279

28281281928228212824283283428428412842,3284428528628652869287289

29291295

303013023053052306308

56.744.612.147.719.340.1

201.320.152.252.9

686.1171.751.7

212.5122.8

15.749.5

236.544.436.123.6

1,511.0454.9124.0117.680.836.880.7

532.6350.5163.147.767.960.0

55.644.211.447.319.239.7

196.919.050.951.6

681.0170.351.6

210.4122.216.049.1

235.144.235.923.7

1,499.5

55.443.412.043.918.039.5

205.019.751.954.5

676.1166.350.9

210.8122.9

15.848.3

235.143.935.723.6

1,511.3

54.642.412.243.418.138.0

204.019.951.554.4

676.7165.851.0

211.0123.4

15.948.3

235.844.235.923.7

1,513.0

673.8

1,506.1

1,079.6136.688.6

170.683.559.5

259.0213.0153.742.442.768.658.3

152.625.2

124.156.492.4

154.0117.125.1

876.183.610.359.323.2

100.9622.0

449.6123.6118.181.137.081.2

527.2348.3160.147.567.059.3

1,074.5

453.9125.7117.180.636.580.0

536.3351.6165.447.166.358.2

1,063.9

454.8125.7120.182.038.180.4

535.1350.6165.447.265.957.7

1,063.8 1,056.9136.888.8

169.582.959.3

258.4212.8152.142.042.567.657.6

152.325.3

123.756.691.2

152.5117.423.5

873.283.510.359.223.0

100.7619.5

133.486.0

165.481.456.8

261.7216.1153.642.042.569.157.8

147.925.2

119.555.988.2

155.8115.328.9

892.082.810.460.423.3

101.2637.2

133.786.3

164.781.356.5

262.9217.2153.242.042.568.757.4

147.425.2

119.055.988.6

152.1115.025.5

892.483.110.360.923.5

101.1637.0

148.0

891.3

46.838.08.8

40.416.632.5

163.616.444.042.9

516.9130.539.7

166.692.713.840.2

169.521.227.018.2

837.9160.043.365.635.230.439.3

387.1253.7117.933.251.143.4

559.559.740.1

101.351.032.3

112.995.592.426.123.742.630.575.214.658.233.03*5

100.275.418.6

677.263.4

8.843.717.875.8

485.5

45.737.6

8.140.416.732.3

160.515.543.041.9

512.9129.239.7

164.392.214.139.6

169.221.326.818.2

829.2156.442.666.535.930.639.6

381.9251.8114.833.251.043.1

559.259.740.3

101.450.832.3

113.595.691.725.723.742.330.075.814.658.a33.154.0

99.075.917.0

674.463.6

8.844.017.775.4

482.6

45.837.3

8.537.115.132.1

168.215.744.344.5

510.7126.839.1

164.893.013.839.0

170.021.126.818.4

831.1158.143.061.231.629.637.5

388.5253.5119.433.650.242.3

571.357.738.6

108.151.538.0

117.198.795.025.224.845.030.279.514.362.932.151.6

101.473.322.1

689.960.48.5

45.518.176.5

499.0

45.236.68.6

36.915.330.6

166.515.943.844.0

511.1126.239.1

164.893.313.939.0

170.921.226.918.5

832.9158.543.064.333.331.038.8

386.9252.2119.233.750.041.8

572.057.938.6

108.651.538.6

117.599.294.925.424.644.929.979.614.462.832.151.5

96.872.318.6

690.260.3

8.346.118.476.3

499.2

509.4

825.7

569.0

92.7

690.9

101




(In thousands)

Industry1987SIC

Code

3131131431433144316317

404011

41411412413415

42421422

44444449

454514512458

46

474724724473

48481481348348324833484

49491492493495

505015012501350250215023

Dec.1992

117.115.561.929.421.810.311.8

5,759

3,549

251.5218.8

378.1160.429.222.4

138.9

1,658.01,530.2

124.5

166.913.8

104.1

729.5601.0495.1

99.7

18.4

346.1182.4144.9132.9

2,210

1,264.4884.1829.2225.7111.5114.2129.2

945.7434.1162.1190.8128.9

6,068

3,467449.2113.3266.8140.063.576.5

All

Jan.1993

115.115.261.429.121.810.111.0

5,661

3,462

248.7216.4

374.9159.429.322.2

138.4

1,586.51,462.2

121.2

161.313.4

100.7

728.2599.9494.5

99.3

18.1

343.9182.1145.7132.0

2,199

1,255.2876.6820.9224.9110.8114.1128.5

943.5433.2161.6190.6128.6

6,034

3,456448.3113.1266.5138.063.574.5

employees

Nov.1993

116.215.262.329.321.7

9.811.6

5,742

3,559

247.6215.1

384.0162.029.021.9

144.0

1,664.61,533.2

128.1

163.812.6

103.4

732.7606.1490.297.8

17.5

348.7185.4150.4131.5

2,183

1,247.5866.3804.8225.7110.9114.8130.7

935.5427.7160.1184.6133.0

6,149

3,509461.3114.8275.4144.166.277.9

Dec.1993P

115.215.261.729.321.5

9.811.3

5,752

3,578

247.0214.5

384.1162.628.921.8

144.3

1,679.91,551.5

125.1

163.712.7

103.1

737.5611.5491.4

97.5

17.2

348.2185.2150.8131.5

2,174

1,241.6859.6797.3225.8110.8115.0131.4

932.5425.9159.9184.3132,4

6,137

3,515461.1115.3275.3145.866.978.9

Jan.1994P

113.8-__---

5,657

3,494

_

-

___

-

1,607.0

-

_

-

733.4---

-

-

-

2,163

_-----

__--

6,088

3,500-_

_-

Dec.1992

94.212.551.523.318.97.48.5

4,830

-

-

347.9145.9

-19.8-

1,451.71,343.7

105.0

__91.9

-

-

14.0

271.7142.1112.1104.4

983.9669.3628.9188.4

__

109.8

743.7337.1127.0145.3111.0

4,884

2,758360.5

_110.9

_-

Production workers1

Jan.1993

92.312.450.822.918.87.37.6

4,736

-

_

-

344.3144.8

_19.7-

1,381.91,277.6

101.5

88.9

__-

13.7

269.8142.0112.7103.3

-

976.3662.9621.9187.8

-

109.0

741.0336.9126.2144.6110.2

4,853

2,749359.7

__

109.5_-

Nov.1993

92.912.651.322.618.77.18.1

4,819

-

-

353.4147.3

-19.5-

1,451.11,340.2

108.0

__91.5

__-

13.5

274.3146.8118.2101.3

-

962.1649.4603.9188.3

-_

110.2

737.6334.2124.6140.6114.6

4,964

2,804372.9

__

114.7--

Dec.1993P

91.812.550.422.518.57.27.9

4,816

-

_

-

353.3147.8

-19.4-

1,464.11,356.1

105.1

_91.2

_-_-

13.4

274.1147.0118.8101.1

-

945.5632.4586.1188.3

-_

110.7

736.1333.5124.3140.5114.3

4,950

2,809372.5

_116.4

--

Jan.1994P

90.4___-_-

4,725

-

-

__-_-

_-

_

-

_---

-

_---

-

___--_-

-

4,905

_--__--

Nondurable goods—ContinuedLeather and leather products

Leather tanning and finishingFootwear, except rubber

Men's footwear, except athleticWomen's footwear, except athletic

LuggageHandbags and personal leather goods


Transportation

Railroad transportationClass I railroads2

Local and interurban passenger transitLocal and suburban transportationTaxicabsIntercity and rural bus transportationSchool buses

Trucking and warehousingTrucking and courier services, except air...Public warehousing and storage

Water transportationWater transportation of freight, neeWater transportation services

Transportation by airAir transportation, scheduled

Air transportation, scheduledAirports, flying fields, and services

Pipelines, except natural gas

Transportation servicesPassenger transportation arrangement

Travel agenciesFreight transportation arrangement


CommunicationsTelephone communications

Telephone communications, except radioRadio and television broadcasting

Radio broadcasting stationsTelevision broadcasting stations

Cable and other pay television services

Electric, gas, and sanitary servicesElectric servicesGas production and distributionCombination utility servicesSanitary services

Wholesale trade

Durable goodsMotor vehicles, parts, and supplies

Automobiles and other motor vehicles .......Motor vehicle supplies and new parts

Furniture and home furnishingsFurnitureHome furnishings


102





(In thousands)

Industry1987SIC

uode

503503150395045044504550475055065063506450655075072507450850825083508450855095093

51511511251251351451415147514851551651751715172518518151825195191

52521523525526

53531533539

54541542545546

55551

All employees

Dec.1992

221.7114.339.9

745.8184.7272.0152.4130.6473.5200.4

52.6220.5268.2

92.0110.3740.9

72.0108.4304.0140.3296.9107.5

2,601239.6128.9203.1208.3864.3273.7

62.096.5

118.2140.2176.973.6

103.3148.695.952.7

501.6151.9

20,020

762.4428.4

67.5158.482.6

2,657.32,239.9

176.1241.3

3,236.52,866.1

55.220.6

169.8

1,984.4885.3

Jan.1993

219.9114.339.2

745.0184.4270.5154.1130.4476.5201.6

54.6220.3266.8

91.8109.6737.7

71.6107.8303.3139.4293.5105.9

2,578243.6133.1202.7207.1854.8272.6

61.393.5

115.3139.7176.373.1

103.2145.894.251.6

492.4152.0

19,222

734.3419.566.1

155.368.5

2,426.02,052.2

161.2212.6

3,173.12,835.0

50.717.3

164.5

1,976.1886.3

Nov.1993

235.0120.641.8

718.0183.1239.6158.8133.5491.6212.1

52.3227.2272.7

93.5110.8744.9

72.6111.6309.1137.5307.4108.7

2,640248.8136.2203.8210.7884.6275.6

62.896.9

120.4136.8180.274.8

105.4149.797.851.9

504.5158.9

20,151

796.9456.2

69.2159.783.1

2,517.12,142.2

164.1210.8

3,248.82,873.9

56.417.9

172.2

2,062.4923.6

Dec.1993P

234.5121.141.7

720.8183.3240.0160.9133.2493.9213.6

52.3228.0273.6

93.6111.6745.3

73.2111.1309.1137.9307.0108.5

2,622248.7135.9204.2207.0878.2275.3

62.793.4

116.7137.6180.675.0

105.6150.397.752.6

498.5156.5

20,465

795.9455.1

68.0160.583.8

2,591.02,195.1

169.7226.2

3,279.12,882.4

60.618.6

175.5

2,061.3923.8

Jan.1994P

_-

-__--

---____

-

-

2,588--_

__-____

___

--

19,609

__--

2,369.4---

3,205.5_-_-

2,057.6-

Production workers1

Dec.1992

179.4__

602.2__

125.5103.7366.9

__-

213.9__

582.8___

237.9-

2,126193.3

_169.0165.2725.6

___96.7

106.0141.6

__

121.3__

407.3-

17,696

626.9359.3

51.9129.066.6

2,496.72,120.6

160.2215.9

2,953.52,630.1

_

151.5

1,647.3735.7

Jan.1993

177.5_-

601.3-

127.0103.6370.6

__-

212.8_

579.2___

234.6-

2,104197.1

_168.4163.7717.1

___93.9

105.9141.5

__

119.0__

397.5-

16,918

601.4351.3

50.7126.653.1

2,269.91,937.1

145.3187.5

2,893.02,600.7

-_

146.4

1,639.7737.0

Nov.1993

191.9_-

579.4-_

130.0106.7383.1

-_-

219.5--

587.2___

248.9-

2,160202.3

_169.4167.6744.8

_

_98.3

102.5145.4

__

121.8-_

407.7-

17,754

657.1382.6

54.1131.066.8

2,362.42,026.0

148.6187.8

2,962.32,636.4

_

153.8

1,711.7768.9

Dec.1993P

190.5__

581.8-_

132.0106.5385.0

__-

219.5-

587.1___

249.3-

2,141203.1

-169.7163.2737.2

-__95.1

103.1145.5

_

122.3__

402.1-

18,048

654.5379.9

53.0131.867.3

2,434.82,079.1

153.1202.6

2,990.42,642.7

__

157.2

1,711.0769.1

Jan.1994"

_

--_

--___--___-___-

_-__-_______

__-

_-

17,221

____-

___-

__-_-

-

Wholesale trade—ContinuedDurable goods—Continued

Lumber and other construction materialsLumber, plywood, and millworkConstruction materials, nee

Professional and commercial equipmentOffice equipmentComputers, peripherals and softwareMedical and hospital equipment

Metals and minerals, except petroleumElectrical goods

Electrical apparatus and equipmentElectrical appliances, television and radio setsElectronic parts and equipment

Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipmentHardwarePlumbing and hydronic heating supplies

Machinery, equipment, and suppliesConstruction and mining machineryFarm and garden machineryIndustrial machinery and equipmentIndustrial supplies

Misc. wholesale trade durable goodsScrap and waste materials

Nondurable goodsPaper and paper products

Stationery and office suppliesDrugs, proprietaries, and sundriesApparel, piece goods, and notionsGroceries and related products

Groceries, general lineMeats and meat productsFresh fruits and vegetables

Farm-product raw materialsChemicals and allied productsPetroleum and petroleum products

Petroleum bulk stations and terminalsPetroleum products, nee

Beer, wine, and distilled beveragesBeer and aleWine and distilled beverages

Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goodsFarm supplies

Retail trade

Building materials and garden suppliesLumber and other building materialsPaint, glass, and wallpaper storesHardware storesRetail nurseries and garden stores

General merchandise storesDepartment storesVariety storesMiscellaneous general merchandise stores

Food storesGrocery storesMeat and fish marketsDairy products storesRetail bakeries

Automotive dealers and service stationsNew and used car dealers


103




(In thousands)

Industry1987SIC

Code

553554559

56561562565566

57571571257257357315735

58

59591592593594594159425943594459475949596596159625985995992,3,4

6060260226021,960360356036606

61614615616

62621

622,3628

67671

Dec.1992

340.7612.8

7.1

1,237.095.7

409.1344.6211.1

852.9456.5274.476.7

319.7129.880.2

6,654.7

2,634 3617.7117.481.7

951.3170.199.073.2

151.1193.566.9

325.3197.676.4

102.9438.0149.8

6,559

3,175

2,103.51,483.4

603.6879.8357.7193.5164.2141.2

401.7126.479.5

178.9

447.1341.8

22.682.7

222.599.6

All

Jan.1993

337.4607.1

7.0

1,145.989.5

380.1309.6202.6

831.7450.0272.8

75.4306.3125.171.0

6,449.1

2,485.3608.3113.781.1

852.8158.3101.273.0

143.5173.364.1

300.6174.876.1

103.2425.6142.5

6,522

3,174

2,106.41,484.4

605.9878.5358.8193.8165.0142.0

400.2124.979.3

179.2

447.1342.3

22.682.2

219.899.4

employees

Nov.1993

361.0615.7

6.2

1,174.089.8

379.2330.1204.4

873.8479.8288.6

71.9322.1138.670.9

6,894.4

2,583.3612.4115.684.2

910.6174.894.972.6

141.6184.963.6

296.2170.377.4

101.5462.8156.5

6,625

3,243

2,118.21,492.9

617.2875.7357.4190.0167.4146.8

421.2122.679.7

201.8

476.2368.1

22.785.4

227.298.7

Dec.1993P

358.5617.4

6.0

1,247.395.5

398.4360.3213.4

892.9485.3291.6

73.0334.6142.778.0

6,936.1

2,660.9621.0118.484.6

960.1183.498.674.7

150.9194.963.0

295.4169.877.5

103.1478.3166.9

6,644

3,257

2,126.11,497.2

619.3877.9359.3191.8167.5147.4

424.5123.779.5

204.1

478.0368.9

22.986.2

228.698.3

Jan.1994P

--

1,145.4-_

-

___--_-

6,667.9

-_-

____

_

____-

6,613

3,256

2,124.6-

---

__

-

_

-

-

_

-

Production workers1

Dec.1992

268.8528.1

5.9

1,042.278.7

343.4302.4169.4

697.4371.5

_62.7

263.2107.467.4

6,017.9

2,214.5517.3

_67.8

805.5_

-___

282.6__85.2

361.0-

4,747

-

1,521.91,056.5

431.9624.6

---

111.9

302.694.3_-

_

-

_

53.3

-

Jan.1993

265.9522.4

5.8

950.272.4

312.7268.4160.3

676.8365.2

_61.5

250.1102.958.4

5,821.4

2,065.4507.9

_67.3

706.7-_-___

258.1__85.5

348.2-

4,719

-

1,524.21,057.5

433.2624.3

_-_

112.5

302.293.4_-

_

-

_52.6

_

-

Nov.1993

285.8528.3

5.2

969.172.7

308.2286.5160.0

710.6390.6

-58.5

261.5113.557.4

6,219.9

2,160.5512.1

_70.3

769.1_-

__

252.6--84.9

377.5-

4,822

-

1,531.21,061.3

441.4619.9

--_

116.8

317.989.4--

-

_

56.0

-

Dec.1993P

284.1529.8

5.0

1,037.577.9

325.3314.9168.7

728.0395.4

_59.4

273.2117.464.0

6,256.5

2,235.5519.8

-70.2

818.5__

_-_

251.9-_85.7

392.9-

4,840

-

1,537.71,065.1

443.9621.2

_-_

117.4

320.690.2_-

_

-

56.5

_

-

Jan.1994P

--

-__-

_

_--_-

-

---__--___

-_---

4,809

-

_--_----

_

-

_

-

-

_

-

Retail trade—ContinuedAutomotive dealers and service stations—Continued

Auto and home supply storesGasoline service stationsAutomotive dealers, nee

Apparel and accessory storesMen's and boys' clothing storesWomen's clothing storesFamily clothing storesShoe stores

Furniture and home furnishings storesFurniture and home furnishings stores

Furniture storesHousehold appliance storesRadio, television, and computer stores

Radio, television, and electronic storesRecord and prerecorded tape stores

Eating and drinking places

Miscellaneous retail establishmentsDrug stores and proprietary storesLiquor storesUsed merchandise storesMiscellaneous shopping goods stores

Sporting goods and bicycle shopsBook storesStationery storesJewelry storesGift, novelty, and souvenir shopsSewing, needlework, and piece goods

Nonstore retailersCatalog and mail-order housesMerchandising machine operators

Fuel dealersRetail stores, nee

Florists, tobacco stores, and newsstands

Finance, insurance, and real estate3

Finance

Depository institutionsCommercial banks

State commercial banksNational and commercial banks, nee

Savings institutionsFederal savings institutionsSavings institutions, except federal

Credit unions

Nondepository institutionsPersonal credit institutionsBusiness credit institutionsMortgage bankers and brokers

Security and commodity brokersSecurity brokers and dealersCommodity contracts brokers, dealers, and

exchangesSecurity and commodity services

Holding and other investment officesHolding offices


104





(In thousands)

Industry1987SIC

Code

All employees

Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Production workers1

Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Finance, insurance, and real estate—ContinuedInsurance

Insurance carriersLife insuranceMedical service and health insurance

Hospital and medical service plansFire, marine, and casualty insuranceTitle insurance

Insurance agents, brokers, and service

Real estateReal estate operators and lessorsReal estate agents and managersSubdividers and developers

Services

Agricultural servicesVeterinary servicesLandscape and horticultural services

Hotels and other lodging placesHotels and motels

Personal servicesLaundry, cleaning, and garment servicesPhotographic studios, portraitBeauty shopsFuneral service and crematoriesMiscellaneous personal services

Business servicesAdvertising

Advertising agenciesCredit reporting and collectionMailing, reproduction, and stenographic services

Photocopying and duplicating servicesServices to buildingsMiscellaneous equipment rental and leasing

Heavy construction equipment rentalPersonnel supply services

Employment agenciesHelp supply services

Computer and data processing servicesComputer programming servicesPrepackaged softwareComputer integrated systems designData processing and preparationInformation retrieval servicesComputer maintenance and repair

Miscellaneous business servicesDetective and armored car servicesSecurity systems servicesPhotofinishing laboratories

Auto repair, services, and parkingAutomotive rentals, without drivers

Passenger car rentalAutomobile parkingAutomotive repair shops

Automotive and tire repair shopsGeneral automotive repair shops


63,64

636316326324633636

64

65651653655

07074078

70701

72721722723726729

7373173117327337334734735735373673617363737737173727373737473757378738738173827384

7575175147527537532,47538

2,115

1,467.5525.8270.5209.5547.465.7

647.6

1,269561.2569.9106.0

29,453

449.7138.5269.2

1,513.01,474.1

1,103.3417.4

78.1384.785.1

118.0

5,538.0224.7153.0117.6240.6

52.4807.3204.439.0

1,819.6238.5

1,581.1852.4172.6133.6104.2211.947.142.5

1,271.4477.9

38.477.7

883.7159.097.358.9

499.1173.4207.6

2,109

1,462.1

2,110

524.7269.4208.7545.564.8

646.7

1,239540.7562.4103.6

29,081

413.8137.7235.4

1,481.21,443.0

1,130.7412.8

68.9381.8

84.9162.4

5,399.8223.5151.2117.0237.0

52.1802.7202.6

37.81,705.7

230.21,475.5

860.1174.3137.7106.7211.147.442.6

1,251.2470.3

38.671.2

885.4158.797.657.4

502.5175.3208.4

1,466.9516.0275.5215.2541.275.7

643.1

1,272555.1572.8108.6

30,665

528.0142.1343.7

1,541.81,498.1

1,102.4425.986.5

382.787.6

100.6

6,016.6228.4154.0115.2254.7

54.5838.4216.741.4

2,168.9294.2

1,874.7903.5187.6146.3113.0218.8

50.540.0

1,290.8488.7

37.678.9

951.4174.1110.160.0

535.8185.9223.9

2,113

1,467.8516.2276.3216.0539.377 A

645.3

1,274558.9574.9103.9

30,624

489.5142.2305.8

1,533.41,492.8

1,112.6425.2

85.7382.388.5

111.7

6,014.9229.2154.3114.3257.7

54.4837.6216.941.3

2,177.5299.8

1,877.7909.5188.9147.3113.5220.751.739.9

1,272.2485.337.577.3

957.2175.6110.760.2

537.0186.7224.8

2,112

1,002.6324.2221.4175.6355.8

1,001.9325.4220.3174.7356.1

1,245

30,176

449.9

1,503.9

1,138.7

5,829.2

2,035.1

959.6

25,710

369.2115.7219.2

1,298.0

368.7

344.6

99.4

4,902.5160.7

43.2724.2162.932.6

1,532.3685.3141.6

79.3

37.336.3

1,120.2446.6

32.7

723.2125.677.352.5

402.5141.6168.2

25,353

336.0114.5188.5

1,268.3

363.8

341.0

144.5

4,773.8160.4

J720.5161.531.5

1,427.1697.0143.3

81.2

38.136.2

1,102.4439.4

32.9

725.1125.977.751.1

405.5143.5168.7

1,025.9331.6224.5179.7358.3

1,029.4333.9225.0180.0357.7

26,792

441.5118.6288.4

1,315.5

375.4

341.8

83.3

5,359.9166.5

44.7752.5173.134.7

1,817.4734.6158.7

83.8

38.933.3

1,135.2456.1

32.1

782.2140.889.453.3

434.1152.8182.0

26,733

404.1118.8251.5

1,308.4

375.1

342.5

92.8

5,357.0166.9

44.6751.2173.234.8

1,821.1740.6160.7

84.7

39.733.1

1,116.2453.532.0

787.5141.890.153.5

435.2153.6183.0

26,289

105




(In thousands)

Industry1987SIC

0006

7547542

76762

78781783

7979379979917997

808018028048041,2805805180528059806806280638069807808

81

82821822824

83832833835836839

84

86861862863864

87871871187128713872

Dec.1992

166.796.2

346.4109.7

424.6174.4107.3

1,061.694.1

695.4117.7251.6

8,702.71,514.6

551.8340.8152.3

1,574.51,122.0

224.1228.4

3,799.73,494.3

102.6202.8186.2432.6

919.6

1,814.1483.2

1,122.877.6

2,016.0538.3280.2468.8551.9176.8

71.9

1,939.8102.452.9

135.5417.4

2,485.0752.9593.6112.646.7

502.0

All

Jan.1993

166.896.5

345.4110.0

421.1175.2104.6

1,026.894.2

675.9119.2225.6

8,702.91,510.6

551.2338.4151.5

1,573.71,121.0

224.4228.3

3,802.23,496.6

102.0203.6186.6436.6

919.2

1,700.3481.7

1,016.575.0

2,006.8537.3276.8464.1552.9175.7

67.8

1,919.9101.752.6

130.8404.8

2,475.5750.6592.3112.445.9

505.3

employees

Nov.1993

181.5104.0

361.3114.3

423.0178.0102.2

1,055.592.8

694.6117.2254.0

8,984.81,565.2

572.5364.6157.6

1,647.21,173.7

233.6239.9

3,818.43,513.4

98.7206.3197.6503.0

930.8

1 908.3502.8

1,192.478.1

2,109.1562.1291.4485.0585.3185.3

75.1

1,956.7107.053.3

134.5428.3

2,536.1772.2607.5114.050.7

496.9

Dec.1993P

184.4106.0

360.6115.3

433.4180.6106.6

1,060.193.4

696.3119.3250.8

9,007.41,570.7

575.9366.2157.3

1,653.21,179.0

234.0240.2

3,817 63,513.1

98.3206.2198.6507.7

929.2

1,867.2500.8

1,157.676.4

2,114.4564.2292.4486.1587.5184.2

76.7

1,955.6104.353.8

134.9429.0

2,527.9766.8601.2115.150.5

498.7

Jan.1994P

-

361.4-

426.8_-

1,031.4-__-

9,005.3----

___

3,817.8

--_-

926.2

1,745.7

--

2,098.0--_--

71.0

1,934.5_-_-

2,5118

-_--

Dec.1992

142.684.2

282.5-

349.3137.9

--

922.084.5

604.4104.5217.1

7,728.51,240.9

483.4277.8

_1,422.2

201.9_

3,488.6

-

_400.0

741.5

--

1,745.4467.7234.6415.0483.1145.0

-

_37.9_-

1,892.9615.4489.2

87.738.5

361.1

Production workers

Jan.1993

142.684.4

281.1-

346.9139.1

-

888.484.7

585.5106.4191.9

7,726.31,237.0

482.9275.7

_1,420.8

202.1_

3,489.6

--_

403.5

740.9

-_-

1,734.7466.1230.9410.2483.7143.8

-

_-37.6

-

1,885.3613.1487.6

87.637.9

367.4

Nov.1993

154.090.9

294.3-

350.6144.5

-

915.783.0

604.9105.4218.8

7,958.81,275.0

500.8300.9

-1,484.9

210.0_

3,495.6

-

-465.7

746.2

__-

1,824.1487.4243.7427.6511.5153.9

-

-37.5--

1 936.3635.8504.8

88.842.2

355.1

Dec.1993P

157.093.3

290.8-

357.4144.4

-

915.383.4

605.0107.3215.8

7,975.81,278.5

503.6303.0

_1,490.1

210.2_

3,493.1

---

469.7

745.3

__-

1,827.7489.0244.5428.1513.1153.0

-

-38.0

-

1,931.4631.0499.3

89.841.9

356.5

Jan.1994P

_

-

__-

_

_-

_-_

-___-_--_--

-

_--

-___-

-

-

-

---

-

Services—ContinuedAuto repair, services, and parking—Continued

Automotive services, except repairCarwashes

Miscellaneous repair servicesElectrical repair shops

Motion picturesMotion picture production and servicesMotion picture theaters

Amusement and recreation servicesBowling centersMisc. amusement and recreation services

Physical fitness facilitiesMembership sports and recreation clubs

Health servicesOffices and clinics of medical doctorsOffices and clinics of dentistsOffices and clinics of other health practitionersOffices and clinics of chiropractors and optometrists ...

Nursing and personal care facilitiesSkilled nursing care facilitiesIntermediate care facilitiesNursing and personal care, nee

HospitalsGeneral medical and surgical hospitalsPsychiatric hospitalsSpecialty hospitals, excluding psychiatric

Medical and dental laboratoriesHome health care services

Legal services

Educational servicesElementary and secondary schoolsColleges and universitiesVocational schools

Social servicesIndividual and family servicesJob training and related servicesChild day care servicesResidential care^.Social services, nee

Museums and botanical and zoological gardens

Membership organizationsBusiness associationsProfessional organizationsLabor organizationsCivic and social associations

Engineering and management servicesEngineering and architectural services

Engineering servicesArchitectural servicesSurveying services

Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping


106





(In thousands)

Industry1987SIC

Code

All employees

Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Production workers1

Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Services—ContinuedEngineering and management services—Continued

Research and testing servicesCommercial physical researchCommercial nonphysical researchNoncommercial research organizations

Management and public relationsPublic relations services

Services, nee

Government

Federal Government4

Executive, by agency4

Department of DefensePostal Service5

Other executive agenciesLegislativeJudicial

Federal Government, by industry:Manufacturing activities

Ship building and repairingTransportation and public utilities, except Postal

ServiceServices

Hospitals

State governmentHospitalsEducationGeneral administration, including executive, legislative,

and judicial functions

Local governmentTransportation and public utilitiesHospitalsEducation ,General administration, including executive, legislative,

and judicial functions

8738731873287338748743

89

3731

806

80682

80682

560.4231.7105.5141.2669.730.7

41.3

19,073

2,965

2,899.1902.7815.9

1,180.538.427.8

100.257.4

33.7396.7238.2

4,513418.9

1,915.7

1,705.6

11,595445.5681.4

6,605.9

3,488.1

552.2231.5101.0138.6667.4

30.4

41.8

18,707

2,922

2,856.0897.0779.3

1,179.738.227.8

99.456.9

33.5394.1237.9

4,391419.2

1,787.5

1,712.9

11,394445.2683.2

6,437.8

3,458.0

567.7231.5109.6144.1699.3

31.7

41.3

19,308

2,882

2,816.9847.1797.9

1,171.937.727.6

87.048.6

32.4399.3239.5

4,616415.4

1,988.8

1,738.8

11,810444.4699.7

6,734.8

3,554.1

563.4231.2107.0143.3699.0

31.0

41.2

19,270

2,921

86.048.1

32.3397.6240.0

4,581414.6

1,951.2

1,740.6

11,768445.4

6,723.5

3,526.0

419.5159.384.3

109.3496.922.4

32.4

412.8160.780.1

106.8492.021.7

32.9

430.2165.087.6

111.9515.222.1

32.8

427.7165.685.7

111.2516.221.5

32.7

18,906

2,881

4,452

11,573


2 Data relate to line-haul railroads with operating revenues of$50,000,000 or more.

3 Excludes nonoffice commissioned real estate sales agents.4 Prepared by the Office of Personnel Management. Data relate to

civilian employment only and exclude the Central Intelligence Agency and

the National Security Agency.5 Includes rural mail carriers.- Data not available.p = preliminary.NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from

March 1992 benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data areintroduced, all unadjusted data from April 1992 forward are subject torevision.

107


ESTABLISHMENT DATAWOMEN EMPLOYEESNOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-13. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major Industry and manufacturing group

(In thousands)

Industry Oct.1992

Nov.1992

Sept.1993

Oct.1993

Nov.1993

Total

Total private

Goods-producing

Mining

Construction

Manufacturing



Service-producing ,


Wholesale trade

Retail trade


Services


52,978

42,702

6,546

91

513

5,942

2,71011114510492

292416643363376169

3,23255518

3217821686603362629968

46,432

1,688

1,865

10,321

4,157

18,125

10,2761,2132,2596,804

53,317

42,869

6,524

90

508

5,926

2,70811114510391292418644362375168

3,21854016

3237811686663362529867

46,793

1,687

1,872

10,511

4,155

18,120

10,4481,2142,2736,961

53,480

43,415

6,470

86

521

5,863

2,65511414610391289409637345355167

3,20856616

31875216666433625

30065

47,010

1,685

1,873

10,501

4,196

18,690

10,0651,2062,2126,647

53,972

43,540

6,455

87

521

5,847

2,65811414710391289409640343354168

3,18955416

31774816466533524

30065

47,517

1,692

1,887

10,498

4,188

18,820

10,4321,1992,2946,939

54,299

43,744

6,435

86

517

5,832

2,66011514810291290410642344353166

3,17253816

3157441656703342430165

47,864

1,695

1,891

10,702

4,204

18,817

10,5551,1982,3087,049

NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected fromMarch 1992 benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are

introduced, all unadjusted data from April 1992 forward are subject torevision.

108


ESTABLISHMENT DATASTATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT


B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry

(In thousands)

State and area

Total

Dec.1992

1,699.8435.3142.4193.3140.967.7

238.5114.2

1,561.71,015.0

274.2

978.761.482.7

269.634.3

12,164.11,125.6

174.9227.4

3,841.6119.7868.5225.8723.1624.0108.1943.1925.8784.3142.2143.2152.0139.4

1,628.4131.6884.4

1,530.4178.4433.1

60.9235.2114.881.8

349.7292.9

680.02,207.6

5,450.4124.0530.8128.4104.4424.2149.7162.4880.9581.7134.2117.0130.6886.2364.0

Nov.1993

1,711.7439.0140.9195.7142.470.1

246.6118.4

1,595.31,037.9

278.2

995.163.482.6

272.034.0

11,993.11,108.4

174.9228.7

3,751.6119.3855.7222.9713.8627.8108.1929.7916.6770.0140.5143.9152.8138.3

1,668.8135.5908.5

1,504.9176.0425.4

61.5235.6111.782.5

351.3290.2

676.02,217.9

5,556.0129.1542.3132.8106.4428.5152.4162.2899.6599.4134.6117.9132.7891.8364.4

Dec.1993P

1,709.9440.7140.4195.7143.469.9

244.4118.1

1,602.41,044.2

278.5.

993.663.382.7

272.033.9

12,006.11,108.0

175.4227.9

3,766.6118.3856.9222.7715.7628.9106.3930.3917.7770.2139.6143.8151.5137.2

1,683.4135.9909.7

1,506.4175.5425.1

61.2235.5113.082.8

351.5290.0

673.52,216.3

5,601.8129.9549.0135.2106.8429.9154.3163.0904.9603.4134.8119.5132.7900.3370.4

Mining

Dec.1992

10.85.1

0)(1)(1)

2.5

,10.03.3

12.6.8

2.2

3.6(1)

.8(1)

( 1 )

33.31.0

11.6.5

7.9ft

3.11.91.2.7.3.5.6.2

1.0.5.1.4

16.2(1)

8.5

.7ft(1)ft(1)(1)

ft

.1

.2

.1

.6

6.8ft

2.ftftft

3.2ft

.6ftftftft

.4ft

Nov.1993

10.85.3

9(1)

2.5

10.13.3

12.2.8

1.9

3.7(1)

.9(1)

( 1 )

32.5.9

11.0.5

7.9ft

3.01.81.4.7.3.5.6.2

1.0.6.1.4

15.7

8.2

.9ft(1)ft0)0ft

.1

.2

.1

.6

6.0ft CNj

ftftft

2.4ft

.6ftftftft

.4ft

Dec.1993?

10.55.2

(1)(1)0

2.3

9.73.2

12.2.8

1.9

3.7(1)

.9(1)

( 1 )

32.3.9

11.0.5

7.9ft

3.01.81.4.7.3.5.6.2

1.0.6.1.4

15.6(1)

8.1

.8ft0)

9ft

.1

.2

.1

.6

6.0ft

.2ftftft

2.4ft

.6ftftftft

.5ft

(

Dec.1992

76.522.5

4.713.06.43.4

9.24.8

83.655.514.9

38.52.32.8

11.1.9

456.844.4

9.110.8

104.26.1

40.210.137.027.2

3.940.928.227.2

5.27.65.89.3

74.24.4

40.5

47.54.7

11.63.78.02.82.4

19.215.6

8.794.4

274.16.3

28.910.63.9

22.96.57.3

35.529.9

7.47.25.4

41.719.9

construction

Nov.1993

77.523.0

4.714.16.43.5

11.26.1

91.961.716.8

39.82.52.9

11.4.8

462.742.7

8.911.7

100.46.3

40.510.537.830.9

3.839.529.128.0

5.08.76.49.9

83.14.8

48.1

47.44.6

12.23.88.92.52.5

19.414.5

.9.597.8

285.36.6

30.111.83.5

23.36.57.6

41.130.1

7.87.45.0

40.220.0

Dec.1993P

76.723.24.6

14.06.33.4

10.05.6

91.861.617.1

39.32.52.9

11.3.9

452.641.6

9.111.299.96.2

39.210.136.729.0

3.639.528.527.8

5.08.46.19.8

80.45.0

46.3

45.64.6

11.53.79.02.52.4

19.114.4

9.496.8

285.66.6

29.912.23.6

23.66.87.6

41.230.6

7.97.45.0

40.219.8

BirminghamHuntsvilleMobileMontgomeryTuscaloosa

AlaskaAnchorage

ArizonaPhoenixTucson

ArkansasFayetteville-SpringdaleFort SmithLittle Rock-North Little RockPine Bluff

CaliforniaAnaheim-Santa AnaBakersfieldFresnoLos Angeles-Long BeachModestoOaklandOxnard-VenturaRiverside-San BernardinoSacramentoSalinas-Seaside-MontereySan DiegoSan FranciscoSan JoseSanta Barbara-Santa Maria-LompocSanta Rosa-PetalumaStocktonVallejo-Fairfield-Napa

ColoradoBoulder-LongmontDenver

ConnecticutBridgeport-MilfordHartfordNew BritainNew Haven-MeridenStamfordWaterbury

DelawareWilmington

District of ColumbiaWashington MSA

Daytona BeachFort Lauderdale-Hollywood-Pompano BeachFort Myers-Cape CoralGainesvilleJacksonvilleLakeland-Winter HavenMelbourne-Titusville-Palm BayMiami-HialeahOrlandoPensacolaSarasotaTallahasseeTampa-St. Petersburg-ClearwaterWest Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Delray Beach


109


ESTABLISHMENT DATASTATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENTNOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry—Continued

(In thousands)

State and area

Manufacturing

Dec.1992

382.454.332.527.917.010.1

11.81.8

171.2127.523.7

238.114.824.633.4

7.2

1,841.4214.1

10.424.6

697.923.8

106.730.984.541.8

8.3120.176.4

229.118.420.220.612.5

183.428.489.2

301.345.669.116.141.917.217.3

67.457.3

13.678.9

480.511.240.3

5.45.5

33.820.528.983.145.611.17.34.4

85.231.7

Nov.1993

378.453.931.027.317.210.7

12.31.8

171.8127.124.5

243.215.525.333.9

7.0

1,767.6205.6

10.325.2

654.822.7

102.329.982.742.6

9.2114.176.3

221.917.220.120.412.2

184.828.787.8

287.545.161.315.941.716.417.3

65.154.0

13.978.7

484.0•11.241.7

5.35.8

33.820.927.985.146.111.27.34.2

84.430.9

Dec.1993*

377.053.830.727.417.610.6

11.61.7

171.9127.124.7

242.515.625.433.8

6.9

1,756.8204.7

10.224.6

652.821.9

102.229.682.242.1

8.9113.575.2

220.516.920.119.912.2

184.828.987.4

286.744.761.215.941.616.517.2

64.653.3

13.878.8

483.511.441.6

5.45.8

33.821.227.985.346.111.17.44.2

83.830.7

Transportation andf

Dec.1992

82.730.83.3

10.95.82.2

21.812.2

82.657.211.1

55.84.45.2

17.32.3

609.536.1

8.712.2

203.35.3

54.910.737.129.4

5.135.377.322.6

5.25.89.85.7

101.73.1

73.1

67.87.2

17.82.6

15.95.03.3

14.616.4

22.9103.1

277.13.9

25.75.92.1

31.27.44.7

68.833.6

6.13.83.1

39.914.5

HJblic utilities

Nov.1993

83.330.6

3.310.75.72.2

22.312.1

77.954.111.0

57.24.75.4

17.42.1

598.936.98.4

12.1198.5

5.653.710.036.729.0

5.134.774.922.5

4.85.89.86.0

103.13.3

74.1

66.16.9

16.72.5

15.64.83.3

15.016.6

22.2101.8

278.63.8

26.55.82.1

30.67.24.8

71.934.9

5.93.63.1

39.814.7

5

Dec.1993?

83.030.73.3

10.75.72.2

22.112.2

78.054.310.9

57.14.75.4

17.42.0

600.136.6

8.411.9

199.25.5

54.09.9

37.029.0

5.034.974.722.54.75.99.75.9

104.63.4

74.8

66.36.9

17.02.5

15.74.93.3

15.016.4

22.0101.4

281.63.9

27.16.02.1

30.67.34.8

72.435.3

5.93.83.1

40.215.0


Dec.1992

379.5107.227.650.332.814.6

47.826.8

391.0256.766.3

219.213.917.063.9

7.2

2,888.0285.842.258.1

877.331.1

206.654.3

190.2146.628.8

223.0200.7160.932.936.638.935.5

400.628.3

218.8

341.040.793.313.249.027.417.0

78.160.6

54.9416.2

1,460.435.6

156.136.922.3

111.443.036.6

238.1148.032.233.727.4

238.6101.0

Nov.1993

379.0106.527.451.233.014.7

50.328.6

395.8262.664.6

221.014.116.963.6

7.1

2,794.0275.242.055.7

847.230.4

201.752.9

182.9144.128.5

215.0194.3156.233.135.538.335.3

406.128.9

222.3

323.938.892.113.247.326.516.5

77.158.8

53.0407.7

1,462.436.3

156.937.922.4

112.043.736.6

237.1151.532.533.828.7

233.698.8

Dec.1993P

383.3108.028.051.533.514.9

50.228.6

401.2267.065.0

221.914.117.064.4

7.1

2,824.8278.242.256.1

860.430.7

204.653.6

185.0146.728.1

216.2196.7157.733.335.838.235.1

414.928.8

225.0

327.539.193.013.448.427.317.0

78.059.3

52.9412.2

1,493.836.8

161.138.922.8

113.244.837.6

242.1154.033.134.928.9

238.8102.6

BirminghamHuntsvilleMobileMontgomeryTuscaloosa

AlaskaAnchorage





Bridgeport-MilfordHartfordNew BritainNew Haven-MeridenStamfordWaterbury

DelawareWilmington


FloridaDaytona BeachFort Lauderdale-Hollywood-Pompano BeachFort Myers-Cape CoralGainesvilleJacksonvilleLakeland-Winter HavenMelbourne-Titusville-Palm BayMiami-Hialeah

PensacolaSarasotaTallahasseeTampa-St. Petersburg-ClearwaterWest Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Delray Beach


110




B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls In States and selected areas by major industry—Continued

(In thousands)

State and area


Dec.1992

73.730.24.07.98.12.2

10.76.6

95.175.311.6

39.31.72.6

16.01.3

787.195.1

5.713.2

250.95.1

57.412.330.742.1

6.460.8

102.331.5

7.79.68.95.1

101.34.7

67.0

140.510.369.4

4.014.013.74.3

33.129.7

33.5128.0

352.55.4

39.37.84.4

45.07.54.9

63.134.1

5.17.65.2

62.726.0

Nov.1993

75.331.4

4.27.98.12.3

11.06.8

96.476.511.7

39.71.82.6

16.31.2

777.692.5

5.613.1

245.85.1

56.412.230.343.56.5

59.7101.930.8

7.69.38.74.8

104.75.0

69.4

137.910.268.5

4.113.913.34.4

34.230.6

30.4126.2

358.75.4

39.27.84.4

44.37.65.4

64.636.0

5.07.75.2

64.026.5

Dec.1993?

75.531.54.27.98.12.3

11.06.9

96.676.811.6

39.91.82.7

16.41.2

778.692.2

5.613.2

246.05.1

56.412.230.343.8

6.559.4

101.830.9

7.69.48.84.8

106.15.0

69.9

138.110.269.04.0

13.813.44.4

34.230.6

30.2126.1

360.45.4

39.17.94.4

44.37.65.5

64.736.1

5.07.75.2

64.526.6

Dec.1992

351.5114.137.050.634.110.2

52.829.8

434.7293.0

80.0

211.212.220.473.67.3

3,450.9319.940.854.7

1,159.326.3

230.160.9

185.2150.428.2

281.7308.0224.242.637.034.734.0

452.037.1

247.1

421.950.6

108.714.273.537.925.0

87.474.1

257.5769.9

1,711.838.0

165.140.427.0

117.238.255.1

266.0218.640.743.730.1

296.9122.0

Services

Nov.1993

358.0117.736.551.234.910.9

54.130.6

445.2300.8

81.4

217.412.619.774.4

7.6

3,461.9324.2

41.455.8

1,158.926.5

231.961.7

186.7150.828.3

284.9308.1223.6

41.738.034.834.6

465.838.4

258.4

426.750.8

110.114.374.637.525.2

89.475.2

259.9790.6

1,767.240.8

170.742.427.3

120.839.854.9

271.0227.341.643.930.1

308.1123.9

Dec.1993P

356.7117.636.250.835.010.9

54.530.8

448.5303.4

81.5

216.512.519.774.0

7.7

3,466.3323.4

41.555.8

1,160.926.3

232.961.6

187.0152.328.1

285.3308.6223.841.638.034.533.9

473.538.6

258.4

428.850.6

110.014.174.337.725.4

89.475.4

259.1787.6

1,777.440.6

172.343.027.4

120.539.854.6

272.3227.541.244.029.9

310.2125.9

Dec.1992

342.771.133.332.736.722.5

74.428.9

290.9149.064.4

173.012.19.3

54.38.1

2,097.1129.246.453.3

540.822.0

169.544.7

157.2185.827.1

180.8132.388.629.225.933.236.9

299.025.6

140.2

209.719.363.2

7.132.910.812.5

49.839.0

288.6616.4

887.223.675.221.339.162.323.424.9

125.771.731.213.754.8

120.848.9

Government

Nov.1993

349.470.633.833.337.123.3

75.329.1

304.1154.366.3

173.112.28.9

55.08.2

2,097.9130.447.354.6

538.122.7

166.243.9

155.3186.226.4

181.3131.486.830.125.934.335.1

305.526.4

140.2

214.519.664.5

7.733.610.713.3

51.040.3

287.0614.5

913.825.077.021.740.863.324.325.0

128.273.330.214.256.2

* -121.349.6

Dec.1993P

347.270.733.433.437.223.3

75.329.1

302.2153.265.8

172.712.18.7

54.78.1

2,094.6130.447.454.6

539.522.6

164.643.9

156.1185.325.8

181.0131.686.829.525.634.235.1

303.526.2

139.8

212.619.463.4

7.632.710.713.1

51.140.4

286.0612.8

913.525.277.721.740.663.524.425.0

126.373.630.314.356.2

122.149.8

AlabamaBirminghamHuntsvilleMobileMontgomeryTuscaloosa

AlaskaAnchorage






DelawareWilmington


FloridaDaytona BeachFort Lauderdale-Hollywood-Pompano BeachFort Myers-Cape CoralGainesvilleJacksonvilleLakeland-Winter HavenMelboume-Titusville-Palm BayMiami-HialeahOrlandoPensacolaSarasota . . A .TallahasseeTampa-St. Petersburg-ClearwaterWest Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Delray Beach


I l l




(In thousands)

State and area

Total

Dec.1992

3,048.151.869.2

1,548.6184.897.6

129.0119.3

545.1421.2

424.1119.8

5,264.5154.472.594.2

3,120.0165.555.8

117.839.4

235.7153.3138.9110.3

2,576.150.659.4

101.1140.6203.3247.8687.5

48.774.357.0

120.162.6

1,261.597.2

245.647.558.958.874.4

1,130.640.092.8

248.6

1,537.4213.2495.0

38.7

1,629.248.0

251.257.9

101.270.761.9

542.2140.4

Nov.1993

3,135.951.473.0

1,614.5182.7100.0128.9121.4

532.3410.3

441.6128.6

5,327.3156.972.794.2

3,166.8167.754.4

118.738.9

238.6154.8140.0111.2

2,619.049.860.4

105.0143.3208.1243.9700.450.476.159.6

121.361.7

1,282.997.5

247.148.060.559.175.4

1,152.041.093.6

244.1

1,553.5217.3509.3

38.9

1,646.948.9

251.959.7

102.873.861.7

541.1142.3

Dec.1993P

3,146.151.870.4

1,625.1183.3100.3129.2120.9

535.8413.3

439.8128.4

5,335.7156.572.893.7

3,175.5166.454.7

118.439.2

238.6154.2140.0110.9

2,619.249.059.8

104.9142.3206.8244.9699.0

50.475.859.5

120.561.4

1,277.797.3

247.448.260.759.475.0

1,153.041.093.9

244.3

1,550.7216.8508.339.0

1,648.749.1

251.760.0

103.175.261.6

543.5142.1

Mining

Dec.1992

7.4

ft.1

1.1.5.1.1

ft

0)(1)

2.4(1)

17.9(1)(1)0

1.50(1)0(1)(1)(1)0(1)

6.7(1)(1)(1)

1.7(1)(1)

.7(1)(1)(1)(1)

.3

2.1(1)(1)(1)0)0)(1)

8.7(1)0)

1.7

29.0.2.5.5

44.4.1.9

4.110.7

.9

.513.82.7

Nov.1993

7.4

ft.1

1.0.5.1.1

ft

(1)(1)

2.40

14.7

0(1)(1)

1.5(1)0)(1)(1)(1)0)(1)(1)

6.2(1)(1)(1)

1.4(1)(1)

.6(1)(1)(1)(1)

.4

2.2(1)(1)(1)(1)O(1)

8.4(1)(1)

1.7

27.0.2.6.5

43.6.1.9

4.710.8

1.0.4

12.32.6

Dec.1993P

7.4

ft.1

1.0.5.1.1

ft(1)(1)

2.1(1)

14.5(1)(1)(1)

1.4(1)0)(1)0)(1)0)(1)(1)

6.1(1)0)0)

1.4

o0

.6(1)0)(1)(1)

.4

2.1(1)(1)O(1)(1)(1)

8.2(1)(1)

1.7

26.8.2.6.5

43.6.1.9

4.610.7

1.0.5

12.42.6

(

Dec.1992

121.92.81.9

64.713.33.33.76.5

31.423.1

23.17.8

198.38.12.23.2

110.67.53.18.71.6

10.77.34.84.7

109.21.62.82,77.58.6

14.634.2

1.02.81.86.33.2

43.44.99.81.61.62.72.8

43.61.33.4

11.7

70.511.022.72.4

100.22.8

30.53.05.28.53.3

22.86.5

Construction

Nov.1993

132.92.82.2

75.812.03.53.65.7

30.322.9

26.19.1

209.38.32.32.7

116.38.42.99.01.7

11.77.35.44.5

120.21.93.23.18.09.5

14.834.2

1.02.92.36.72.9

52.44.8

10.21.81.93.23.0

48.11.43.7

12.3

73.411.325.1

2.3

102.03.2

29.83.35.59.43.5

24.07.7

Dec.1993"

133.42.82:1

76.212.13.73.65.4

29.522.4

24.98.7

199.98.12.02.7

112.67.62.88.71.8

11.76.65.24.2

114.51.93.13.17.19.0

14.733.1

.92.72.36.72.7

46.84.5

10.01.51.93.02.8

46.11.33.5

12.1

71.010.724.3

2.3

103.23.2

30.63.35.89.63.3

24.17.7

Georgia ,AlbanyAthensAtlantaAugusta ,ColumbusMacon-Warner RobinsSavannah

HawaiiHonolulu

IdahoBoise City

IllinoisAurora-ElginBloomington-NormalChampaign-Urbana-Rantoul....ChicagoDavenport-Rock Island-MolineDecaturJolietKankakeeLake CountyPeoriaRockfordSpringfield

IndianaAndersonBloomingtonElkhart-GoshenEvansvilleFort WayneGary-HammondIndianapolisKokomo ,Lafayette-West LafayetteMuncieSouth Bend-MishawakaTerre Haute

IowaCedar RapidsDes MoinesDubuqueIowa CitySioux CityWaterloo-Cedar Falls

KansasLawrenceTopekaWichita

Kentucky *Lexington-FayetteLouisvilleOwensboro

LouisianaAlexandriaBaton RougeHouma—Thibodaux ,LafayetteLake CharlesMonroeNew OrleansShreveport


112





(In thousands)

State and area

Manufacturing

Dec.1992

549.37.8

15.0173.942.020.418.417.0

19.014.0

67.118.8

926.938.6

7.010.2

510.826.214.221.16.2

51.431.842.4

4.0

630.414.79.1

51.630.851.453.1

109.519.114.910.920.711.4

231.420.924.612.34.4

11.616.2

180.54.89.3

59.6

291.133.687.66.4

185.73.3

23.64.89.8

10.88.2

44.317.2

Nov.1993

550.67.4

15.4176.140.520.818.716.8

18.013.3

70.820.4

929.039.2

7.510.2

516.326.513.321.46.5

52.032.141.9

4.1

633.013.29.0

53.632.652.351.8

110.819.414.610.920.911.4

234.220.925.212.74.5

11.715.8

178.04.79.2

55.6

292.534.589.16.2

187.03.4

23.05.0

10.011.17.9

43.217.0

Dec.1993*

551.37.5

15.1176.840.921.118.616.9

17.713.0

70.320.4

928.739.17.5

10.2516.8

25.913.321.46.5

52.131.942.1

4.1

633.312.59.0

53.132.551.851.9

111.219.514.710.920.811.4

233.720.825.112.74.5

11.715.7

178.24.69.3

55.2

293.034.589.3

6.3

185.43.3

23.04.9

10.111.28.0

43.016.8

Transportation andf

Dec.1992

200.32.51.8

134.24.93.44.8

10.4

43.735.9

20.66.0

303.13.63.02.3

199.97.54.89.31.57.87.74.75.0

130.11.21.72.46.6

13.417.841.3

1.42.24.35.52.5

54.75.4

12.31.81.63.51.9

64.6.9

6.111.6

82.99.1

33.02.0

105.52.3

11.65.86.24.12.9

40.27.9

)ublic utilities

Nov.1993

205.72.61.8

137.25.03.74.6

11.1

40.633.1

21.06.3

304.53.52.92.4

201.98.04.99.51.67.97.85.05.2

131.91.21.72.66.7

14.417.240.8

1.32.34.65.42.4

53.65.2

11.81.81.63.51.9

66.31.06.5

11.6

84.98.6

35.62.0

104.22.5

11.65.75.94.63.0

39.67.6

5

Dec.1993P

205.52.61.8

137.05.03.74.7

11.1

40.433.0

21.26.3

306.23.52.92.4

202.68.05.09.61.67.97.94.95.2

132.11.31.72.56.7

14.417.140.7

1.32.34.75.32.4

54.05.1

11.91.81.63.51.9

67.31.06.5

11.6

84.18.8

34.82.0

104.12.5

11.75.86.04.53.0

40.17.5


Dec.1992

779.013.517.3

433.840.621.930.929.1

135.9103.2

109.229.0

1,265.538.316.921.0

744.850.512.527.3

9.964.436.531.625.7

610.411.813.819.436.749.960.1

178.010.814.912.530.317.6

322.023.163.610.911.214.717.7

279.69.6

21.258.0

367.948.4

123.19.9

385.710.854.915.026.616.315.5

140.234.8

Nov.1993

790.512.817.6

450.639.322.431.129.4

131.999.5

111.830.5

1,268.538.916.820.6

750.750.112.326.8

9.864.137.131.225.6

617.211.914.520.035.949.358.8

184.010.815.113.330.517.7

323.523.465.611.211.214.418.3

282.79.9

21.056.0

366.949.5

123.710.0

384.110.855.215.126.916.815.7

137.034.4

Dec.1993P

801.213.017.6

457.939.922.531.429.5

133.9101.1

112.731.0

1,284.139.117.220.9

761.550.312.427.1

9.964.237.431.425.7

623.711.814.620.436.449.660.2

185.711.015.213.330.717.5

325.023.765.711.411.414.518.4

283.610.121.356.7

369.250.1

125.310.1

385.410.955.415.227.016.815.6

138.535.0

GeorgiaAlbanyAthensAtlantaAugustaColumbusMacon-Warner RobinsSavannah

HawaiiHonolulu

IdahoBoise City

IllinoisAurora-ElginBloomington-NormalChampaign-Urbana-Rantoul ....ChicagoDavenport-Rock Island-MolineDecaturJolietKankakeeLake CountyPeonaRockfordSpringfield

IndianaAndersonBloomingtonElkhart-GoshenEvansvilleFort WayneGary-HammondIndianapolisKokomoLafayette-West LafayetteMuncieSouth Bend-MishawakaTerre Haute



KentuckyLexington-FayetteLouisvilleOwensboro

LouisianaAlexandriaBaton RougeHouma-ThibodauxLafayetteLake CharlesMonroeNew OrleansShreveport


113



B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major Industry—Continued

(In thousands)

State and area


Dec.1992

163.82.02.2

105.96.26.97.94.3

37.831.2

22.09.2

375.49.5

12.13.1

262.78.02.44.41.7

15.38.66.28.1

127.61.52.02.55.8

11.78.8

54.11.43.11.86.82.2

73.35.1

33.91.71.62.64.1

58.01.86.3

11.2

63.19.4

27.71.4

77.52.1

14.22.14.02.64.2

28.96.5

Nov.1993

164.42.12.1

105.16.67.38.24.1

38.231.3

22.69.4

380.99.6

12.23.2

268.07.92.44.51.6

15.58.56.48.1

130.71.42.02.56.2

11.89.2

54.51.63.31.96.62.3

74.15.2

34.51.71.72.63.9

58.31.76.3

11.5

63.29.6

28.51.4

76.82.1

14.42.24.02.64.2

29.16.7

Dec.1993P

165.22.12.1

105.76.67.38.34.1

38.231.3

22.79.4

382.69.6

12.13.2

268.97.92.44.51.6

15.68.56.48.1

131.11.41.92.56.2

11.89.4

54.71.63.41.96.62.3

74.85.2

34.81.71.72.63.9

58.41.76.3

11.5

63.09.3

28.51.4

77.02.1

14.42.34.02.64.2

29.36.7

Dec.1992

684.411.411.3

408.340.121.427.533.3

161.7119.4

92.128.2

1,394.638.317.218.5

902.339.312.728.411.054.144.335.829.6

564.511.810.515.636.947.757.4

165.48.1

13.612.638.014.1

308.126.168.415.310.416.718.1

261.58.5

23.664.3

352.352.8

132.99.5

398.813.658.711.224.915.514.7

158.036.1

Services

Nov.1993

731.211.711.3

439.440.322.627.734.7

159.5117.8

94.730.6

1,429.339.517.219.0

927.340.812.729.310.755.544.336.630.4

574.812.310.316.237.150.155.9

171.58.5

14.513.237.913.6

309.525.866.414.810.816.618.5

269.98.4

23.964.0

360.252.5

138.39.7

401.113.659.211.525.715.915.0

162.537.5

Dec.1993"

731.011.811.1

441.239.922.327.634.6

159.6117.8

95.030.3

1,432.239.317.219.1

928.340.812.928.910.755.044.136.630.4

575.012.210.216.237.149.655.4

169.28.5

14.513.237.113.7

309.426.166.615.110.617.118.4

270.18.5

23.864.0

358.352.2

137.19.7

402.213.759.311.625.517.115.0

161.736.9

Dec.1992

542.011.819.6

226.737.220.235.718.7

115.694.4

87.620.8

782.818.014.135.9

387.426.5

6.118.67.5

32.017.113.433.2

397.28.0

19.66.8

14.520.436.0

104.26.8

22.913.112.511.2

226.511.733.0

3.928.1

7.013.6

234.113.122.930.5

280.648.767.56.6

331.413.056.811.913.812.012.694.028.7

Government

Nov.1993

553.212.022.5

229.338.519.634.919.6

113.892.4

92.222.3

791.117.913.836.1

384.826.0

5.918.27.0

31.917.713.533.3

405.17.8

19.87.1

15.520.736.3

104.17.7

23.313.413.311.0

233.412.233.4

4.028.8

7.114.0

240.313.923.031.4

285.451.168.4

6.8

348.113.257.812.214.012.412.0

* 93.428.8

Dec.1993P

551.112.020.5

229.338.419.634.919.3

116.594.7

9C.922.3

787.517.813.935.2

383.425.9

5.918.27.1

32.117.813.433.2

403.47.7

19.37.1

15.120.536.1

104.07.6

23.013.313.211.0

231.911.933.3

4.029.0

7.013.9

241.113.823.231.5

285.351.068.46.7

347.813.356.412.314.012.412.094.428.9

GeorgiaAlbanyAthensAtlantaAugustaColumbusMacon-Warner RobinsSavannah

HawaiiHonolulu

IdahoBoise City

IllinoisAurora-ElginBloomington-NormalChampaign-Urbana-Rantoul ....ChicagoDavenport-Rock Island-MolineDecaturjolietKankakeeLake CountyPeoriaRockfordSpringfield




KentuckyLexington-FayetteLouisvilleOwensboro ,



114





(In thousands)

State and area

Total

Dec.1992

516.638.2

124.8

2,093.51,100.8

420.7759.6

2,795.91,562.7

64.650.137.1

151.392.260.438.7

216.5185.4

3,996.5182.161.067.4

1,914.3167.2370.6

54.7117.8217.2

56.4166.3

2,228.6101.8

1,426.169.087.6

987.8194.2

2,335.6787.4

1,166.3128.4

322.1

753.2126.1338.7

653.1401.2146.6

494.277.885.0

106.7

3,452.1160.6599.8428.4227.8533.9317.0880.4192.056.3

Nov.1993

526.340.1

127.4

2,091.41,089.9

417.7761.1

2,814.01,566.9

64.050.536.9

149.290.459.739.4

213.3187.0

4,047.1180.662.468.0

1,938.4165.9380.6

55.8119.8219.1

56.9167.5

2,286.0102.2

1,453.869.691.2

1,000.1196.5

2,380.3801.3

1,176.1133.4

328.5

762.0126.9338.0

682.1424.3151.1

499.877.386.3

109.4

3,433.8163.8592.6426.7228.5527.9316.4876.5187.956.2

Dec.1993P

522.740.1

126.3

2,092.41,089.9

417.4761.7

2,818.61,567.9

63.750.336.8

150.090.659.539.3

213.5187.4

4,052.6180.462.067.9

1,947.2167.0381.3

56.0119.8219.1

56.6166.8

2,285.6102.2

1,455.969.491.0

998.6195.7

2.386.6802.6

1,179.5134.0

327.6

758.5126.7336.3

686.5428.4150.9

503.877.586.4

108.3

3,436.3161.4591.3428.4228.0528.2314.0878.0188.356.0

Mining

Dec.1992

0.10(2)

1.1.2

(1)(1)

1.2.4

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

0)(2)

.1

.2

.2

8.2(1)

(1)

(1)

.70

(1)0)

9

7.04.7

(2)

( 1 )

5.4.5

4.70)

0)

5.7

1.4(1)V)

12.9.3.9

.4(1)C>(1)

2.0(1)(1)

( 1 )

0).6

(1).5

(1).3

Nov.1993

0.1(2)

(2)

1.2.2

(1)(1)

1.2.3

(2)

(2)

(2)

0)(2)

.1

.2

.2

8.2(1)

(1)

0)1.0

(1)

(1)

00)

(1)0)

7.45.4

(2)

( 1 )

5.1.5

4.4(1)

(1)

0

5.6

1.5(1)(1)

12.4.3.8

.5(1)

( 1 )

( 1 )

1.9(1)(1)

( 1 )

0.6

(1)

.5(1)

.3

Dec.1993P

0.1(2)

(2)

1.2.2

(1)(1)

1.1.3

(2)

(2)

(2)

0

.1

.2

.2

7.9(1)

9.9

9

9D

6.85.4

(2)

95.1

.4

4.3(1)

95.4

1.5(1)

( 1 )

12.3.3.8

.4(1)

91.8

(1)(1)

(1)

0).5

(1).5

(1).3

Constructor

Dec.1992

21.61.55.0

113.453.712.048.9

73.137.7

1.71.2.9

5.03.51.81.35.25.6

126.13.41.91.8

55.94.7

14.71.64.15.91.87.1

72.54.0

43.82.23.5

35.97.1

91.231.348.5

4.8

12.8

27.74.3

12.8

41.829.2

7.3

16.02.92.02.6

104.95.5

17.016.03.8

14.*12.628.43.51.6

Nov.1993

22.91.55.7

113.053.812.148.5

82.240.5

1.81.1.8

5.33.61.71.35.85.7

141.24.22.11.9

60.85.5

16.41.74.46.32.08.5

83.73.6

48.92.34.3

40.17.7

101.234.651.8

5.1

15.1

31.04.9

13.9

46.732.4

8.0

17.93.22.52.7

101.94.8

16.316.13.8

13.412.227.7

3.71.9

l

Dec.1993P

21.71.55.3

110.752.211.747.7

78.238.7

1.81.0.8

5.03.41.71.15.55.4

130.63.91.91.8

57.65.3

15.61.64.36.01.97.5

75.53.4

44.92.03.8

39.17.6

99.633.551.75.1

13.3

29.24.4

13.1

46.131.9

7.9

17.23.22.42.5

100.44.7

16.215.74.0

12.812.127.4

3.51.9

Lewiston-AuburnPortland

MarylandBaltimore MSABaltimore CitySuburban Maryland-D.C

MassachusettsBostonBrocktonFall RiverFitchburg-LeominsterLawrence-HaverhillLowellNew BedfordPittsfieldSpringfieldWorcester

MichiganAnn ArborBattle CreekBenton HarborDetroitFlintGrand RapidsJacksonKalamazooLansing-East LansingMuskegonSaginaw-Bay City-Midland

MinnesotaDuluthMinneapolis-St. PaulRochesterSt. Cloud

MISSISSIPPIJackson

MissouriKansas CitySt. LouisSpringfield

NebraskaLincolnOmaha

Las Vegas"...!!".!Reno

New HampshireManchesterNashuaPortsmouth-Dover-Rochester....

New JerseyAtlantic CityBergen-PassaicCamdenJersey CityMiddlesex-Somerset-HunterdonMonmouth-OceanNewarkTrentonVineland-Millville-Bridgeton


115



B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls In States and selected areas by major Industry—Continued

(In thousands)

State and area

Manufacturing

Dec.1992

92.37.8

12.4

182.0111.939.333.2

456.5204.7

8.313.610.541.027.114.97.7

42.435.6

909.337.516.420.4

428.247.1

100.912.128.129.514.942.9

396.78.4

259.511.915.3

253.322.2

408.3102.8199.520.1

23.2

101.614.934.8

26.411.29.0

97.69.9

28.619.1

520.46.6

114.159.232.094.221.2

138.625.014.1

Nov.1993

93.48.3

13.1

177.9108.438.333.3

440.2197.9

8.314.010.438.825.615.17.3

40.234.8

912.534.716.620.0

435.845.1

103.512.527.628.614.841.7

399.38.4

257.811.415.5

254.621.0

404.3101.7192.720.7

22.8

103.214.934.9

27.211.39.7

97.69.9

28.619.3

506.57.0

109.558.131.092.8,19.7

142.623.014.0

Dec.1993P

93.08.2

12.4

177.8108.638.233.7

437.8196.9

8.1-14.110.139.125.614.97.2

40.034.9

921.334.916.620.2

441.346.0

104.312.627.829.114.741.8

400.18.4

258.711.315.5

253.920.8

406.1102.0193.020.6

22.6

103.214.934.4

27.211.39.7

97.69.9

28.719.2

503.76.7

108.258.130.093.019.6

142.323.013.9

Transportation and1

Dec.1992

21.31.45.7

100.755.021.831.4

121.972.1

4.21.81.35.74.72.31.27.98.7

155.44.22.02.8

86.84.8

13.43.53.16.52.36.3

110.06.0

76.92.24.2

46.613.5

150.563.777.6

7.5

20.3

47.37.3

23.6

33.420.2

9.6

17.34.42.83.0

230.77.0

27.519.026.943.515.275.7

7.22.2

Dublic utilities

Nov.1993

20.61.45.6

100.254.321.531.4

120.070.9

4.31.91.45.54.52.21.17.78.6

156.03.82.03.0

89.54.5

13.93.63.26.52.26.3

109.65.7

75.62.24.2

44.913.3

154.265.379.0

7.9

20.2

47.27.0

23.6

34.020.810.0

17.04.63.43.1

228.67.0

28.018.127.542.015.376.4

7.02.4

5

Dec.1993P

20.81.45.7

101.154.521.331.3

120.371.04.31.91.45.54.52.21.17.68.6

155.73.92.03.0

90.34.5

14.03.63.26.52.26.3

109.75.7

75.92.24.3

44.513.3

153.965.978.7

8.0

20.4

48.07.1

24.0

33.920.810.1

17.24.53.53.2

230.37.0

28.218.327.542.915.476.8

6.92.3


Dec.1992

133.010.540.2

515.8261.4

73.9190.6

658.6343.4

20.812.69.9

36.519.815.49.4

49.043.8

962.832.713.314.2

467.941.098.213.827.148.913.742.5

544.026.2

345.314.326.1

206.246.4

563.9201.5283.2

36.7

87.4

191.827.886.1

135.183.234.7

126.619.720.927.6

822.931.5

173.6115.558.5

130.986.0

176.329.510.7

Nov.1993

133.211.040.1

505.9253.3

70.8189.1

654.2338.5

20.012.19.5

36.519.814.69.3

48.043.0

954.831.813.814.4

465.640.098.414.127.549.313.542.6

547.526.5

345.714.527.2

206.946.6

565.8202.0284.5

37.8

88.7

190.827.784.4

137.585.335.2

125.519.220.629.0

803.632.8

164.1112.457.4

123.985.4

169.027.010.1

Dec.1993P

132.811.240.1

511.2255.8

70.9190.9

664.6342.3

20.112.19.6

37.320.014.69.5

48.443.4

970.832.213.814.7

475.240.499.114.327.749.713.542.9

551.826.6

349.014.827.3

208.847.6

569.7203.7288.3

38.1

88.9

191.928.285.4

139.486.435.7

127.419.620.628.5

812.331.8

166.1114.157.7

124.086.5

170.527.610.1

MaineLewiston-AuburnPortland





MississippiJackson


Montana


NevadaLas VegasReno




116





(In thousands)

State and area


Dec.1992

23.82.0

11.6

128.575.138.846.2

194.1134.9

2.73.01.45.22.72.11.7

14.213.8

187.84.93.12.6

106.75.9

16.71.86.4

12.31.85.9

131.43.5

102.61.82.7

38.514.4

137.060.073.3

5.7

14.5

48.98.6

28.7

29.719.97.1

29.78.53.36.9

225.45.7

33.422.519.442.518.567.610.63.7

Nov.1993

24.62.0

11.7

129.073.538.146.8

192.6133.4

2.53.01.45.22.62.11.8

13.614.2

188.15.03.12.7

105.46.0

17.31.66.6

12.61.86.2

137.23.4

107.11.92.9

39.314.6

138.661.773.46.1

14.6

48.98.5

28.3

31.621.4

7.3

29.17.53.46.8

227.45.5

33.622.620.343.818.366.210.53.7

Dec.1993P

24.42.0

11.8

129.273.738.246.6

194.0134.1

2.63.01.45.22.62.11.8

13.514.3

188.74.93.12.7

105.45.9

17.41.76.5

12.61.86.2

138.03.5

107.71.92.8

39.314.6

139.062.073.66.2

14.6

48.88.5

28.2

31.721.5

7.3

29.37.53.46.9

227.55.5

33.722.620.543.918.266.310.53.7

Dec.1992

127.010.532.9

630.4332.8144.6239.8

911.8584.5

15.611.48.8

38.021.514.312.462.050.7

985.639.412.816.1

526.039.088.811.630.344.012.439.5

609.727.3

400.529.420.7

186.448.6

598.5202.8333.8

36.8

83.4

186.729.7

104.3

284.7190.857.7

130.623.119.722.6

970.175.3

163.3118.046.3

128.798.7

254.661.710.8

Services

Nov.1993

133.711.534.4

644.6334.7146.2243.8

943.6602.5

15.611.89.0

38.421.614.413.563.852.4

1,021.240.213.316.6

537.840.792.411.930.946.812.840.6

633.127.2

416.030.021.4

188.250.8

621.3209.2342.7

38.4

85.1

189.529.7

103.8

300.1204.0

59.4

133.023.720.123.1

984.377.6

166.5120.546.3

130.9100.6256.1

61.910.8

Dec.1993P

133.411.434.4

640.9332.8145.5243.3

942.0601.1

15.611.79.1

38.521.914.313.463.952.6

1,018.340.113.016.2

537.840.691.912.030.846.212.840.5

637.627.2

418.729.921.5

186.849.5

621.4208.6342.1

38.4

86.6

186.929.4

103.0

303.2207.3

58.5

133.923.620.123.1

981.076.8

164.9120.746.0

131.297.1

255.662.510.7

Dec.1992

97.54.5

17.0

421.6210.7

90.3169.5

378.7185.0

11.36.54.3

19.912.99.64.9

35.627.0

661.360.011.59.5

242.224.737.910.418.670.0

9.622.1

357.321.7

197.27.2

15.1

215.541.5

381.5125.3150.416.8

74.8

147.833.548.4

89.146.420.3

76.09.37.7

24.9

575.729.070.978.240.978.864.8

138.754.512.9

Govemmeni

Nov.1993

97.84.4

16.8

419.6211.790.7

168.2

380.0182.9

11.56.64.4

19.512.79.65.0

34.028.1

665.160.811.59.4

242.424.038.710.319.769.0

9.721.6

368.222.0

202.37.3

15.7

221.042.0

390.5126.8152.017.4

76.4

149.934.249.1

92.648.820.7

79.29.27.7

25.4

579.629.174.678.942.280.564.9

138.054.813.0

Dec.1993P

96.54.4

16.6

420.3212.1

91.6168.2

380.6183.5

11.26.54.4

19.412.69.75.1

34.428.0

659.360.511.59.4

238.824.439.010.219.569.0

9.621.6

366.122.0

200.77.3

15.8

221.141.9

392.6126.9152.117.6

75.8

149.034.248.2

92.748.920.9

80.89.27.7

24.9

579.328.974.078.942.379.965.1

138.654.313.1






MississippiJackson


Montana


NevadaLas VegasReno




117




(In thousands)

State and area

Total

Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Mining

Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Construction

Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

New MexicoAlbuquerqueLas CrucesSanta Fe

New YorkAlbany-Schenectady-TroyBinghamtonBuffaloElmiraGlens FallsNassau-SuffolkNew York PMSANew York CityNiagara FallsOrange CountyPoughkeepsieRochesterRockland CountySyracuseUtica-RomeWestchester County

North CarolinaAshevilleCharlotte-Gastonia-Rock HillGreensboro-Winston-Salem-High PointRaleigh-Durham

North DakotaBismarckFargo-MoorheadGrand Forks

OhioAkronCantonCincinnatiClevelandColumbusDayton-SpringfieldToledoYoungstown-Warren

OklahomaEnidLawtonOklahoma CityTulsa

OregonEugene-SpringfieldMedfordPortlandSalem

PennsylvaniaAllentown-BethlehemAltoonaBeaver CountyErieHarrisburg-Lebanon-CarlisleJohnstownLancasterPhiladelphia PMSAPhiladelphia CityPittsburoh > «


603.8255.245.164.5

7,796.0430.4114.7455.5

39.946.4

1,061.03,807.73,313.7

81.6108.5108.7488.5

96.2309.0123.6379.4

3,199.892.2

634.0511.6469.0

281.743.184.433.9

4,913.2292.4168.3758.6928.9743.1449.9290.3199.1

1,211.222.937.8

438.1324.3

1,284.3118.358.3

657.4112.0

5,122.2283.2

54.850.7

123.4316.5

82.5195.7

2,112.8696.5920.0

628.9266.446.466.5

7,811.4435.6112.9454.241.346.9

1,051.83,789.73,303.4

82.8107.9101.8491.6

95.3311.3126.6372.6

3,284.994.2

643.8516.2480.8

288.343.686.134.2

4,927.1299.5

767.3926.5743.8452.4292.6199.8

1,224.022.636.4

440.4326.0

1,323.5120.860.3

670.9116.0

5,156.2286.856.251.7

126.2318.9

85.3197.5

2,099.7679.2931.2

629.5266.346.066.4

7,826.5434.0112.5454.741.046.6

1,056.13,802.93,316.6

82.7107.8101.5490.4

95.8310.1126.8372.2

3,287.894.4

645.2517.7481.4

287.443.585.534.3

4,929.1300.6170.4769.6930.0743.4452.1293.5200.1

1,225.022.537.0

440.7326.4

1,314.8120.060.0

671.9114.4

5,162.1286.4

56.151.9

125.4318.785.7

197.32,108.6

682.3929.3

14.8

OO(1)O1

0)0)1

0)

(1)

4.9.4

3.8()00

13.8.5.7.4.7.7.5.2.4

34.7.9.1

8.79.9

1.4.1.1.5.1

22.7.5

()00)1

15.9

5.3.4

15.8

4.9.4

()V)O(1)0

()

ooo0

.7

()0)(1)0)0

()0(1)

0o01

013.5 3.5

3.9()0)O

01

3.7

13.7.5.7.5.8.7.5.2.4

35.1.9.1

8.59.8

1.4.2.1.5.1

20.6.5

13.7.5.7.5.6.7.5.2.4

34.8.9.1

8.49.7

1.3.2.1.4.1

21.1.4

()0)1

()0

3.7 3.8 3.7

30.412.22.32.8

228.815.34.4

15.11.21.7

38.1103.483.1

3.03.74.5

15.13.2

12.72.5

15.5

147.74.1

32.022.419.5

9.91.94.21.4

180.89.86.7

35.030.327.714.310.46.8

37.5.8

1.014.311.0

47.74.11.9

25.24.9

190.110.42.42.24.2

12.75.6

T0.972.111.239.8

36.815.12.53.3

246.216.24.6

16.61.41.7

38.4103.283.0

3.23.74.6

16.53.2

14.03.3

15.6

152.54.5

32.122.919.5

12.32.54.81.6

191.911.07.6

37.733.128.815.410.98.0

39.2.8

1.114.211.0

54.24.72.3

28.05.3

203.110.72.42.05.2

13.65.1

10.974.510.844.1

36.615.02.43.2

237.315.34.3

15.31.31.6

37.4102.182.93.03.54.3

15.63.1

12.92.8

14.7

152.54.5

32.222.919.2

11.12.34.41.4

181.710.57.2

36.731.227.614.710.27.4

38.7.7

1.014.210.9

51.14.52.2

26.75.0

194.510.32.31.94.7

12.84.9

10.772.310.642.0

118





(In thousands)

State and area

Manufacturing

Dec.1992

40.219.82.71.9

1,002.245.229.270.1

8.49.4

123.6352.9288.720.913.222.3

127.314.146.820.948.0

840.420.3

144.7145.165.6

18.92.25.81.7

1,054.262.842.6

141.7186.6101.595.054.645.5

163.51.63.3

47.752.6

202.717.78.6

100.213.8

938.369.5

9.69.3

35.146.512.055.5

312.168.2

110.8

Nov.1993

42.521.1

2.62.0

976.344.927.369.0

8.79.9

120.0351.7290.8

19.912.615.4

122.213.045.820.545.7

854.720.7

147.5146.767.6

19.72.36.11.8

1,043.263.942.5

140.5180.7101.293.555.144.8

165.61.53.5

48.653.2

207.818.38.6

100.915.2

924.969.7

9.89.7

34.347.112.154.7

306.064.6

107.1

Dec.1993"

41.920.9

2.42.0

967.844.427.269.18.79.9

118.9344.3283.9

19.912.515.4

121.812.945.821.045.3

853.720.7

147.6146.767.9

19.62.25.91.8

1,044.764.443.0

139.7181.3100.993.755.745.1

166.01.53.6

48.853.5

206.318.08.2

100.914.2

923.469.7

9.69.7

34.346.812.455.0

304.664.1

106.7

Transportation andpublic utilities

Dec.1992

29.312.41.61.2

402.916.84.4

21.11.41.4

48.0232.0206.2

4.56.53.9

15.95.5

18.74.3

19.6

155.84.6

50.627.522.5

17.83.14.71.8

213.113.45.8

40.639.031.817.914.47.0

69.72.22.0

21.325.9

66.24.63.0

39,13.5

268.014.24.94.74.2

20.25.37.4

98.638.656.0

Nov.1993

29.312.4

1.71.2

398.916.44.4

21.41.31.4

47.4227.3201.8

4.46.33.8

15.65.5

18.74.2

19.3

156.44.6

51.027.521.7

18.13.14.81.8

209.113.55.6

40.537.831.117.713.86.9

67.52.12.0

21.025.2

65.44.43.1

38.03.7

268.614.35.04.64.1

20.15.67.5

99.739.055.9

Dec.1993"

29.412.51.71.2

401.116.44.4

21.51.31.4

47.9229.1203.4

4.36.43.8

15.65.6

18.84.3

19.5

156.84.6

51.028.121.6

18.13.14.81.8

209.413.65.7

40.538.230.617.813.86.9

67.72.12.0

21.125.2

65.64.53.1

38.43.7

269.014.35.14.64.0

20.05.77.6

100.039.355.9


Dec.1992

145.062.1

9.813.4

1,609.287.825.1

117.89.9

10.6277.4674.2564.8

19.628.421.0

104.820.974.126.584.4

738.122.3

155.6115.497.7

75.010.925.19.8

1,196.371.842.9

197.1225.6193.6104.572.353.9

284.46.28.8

106.177.6

330.730.818.2

172.825.6

1,189.262.514.611.326.871.419.649.9

480.2120.3230.4

Nov.1993

149.063.9

9.914.2

1,583.390.624.6

113.710.410.5

273.3652.9546.920.428.320.6

105.220.973.526.281.2

743.022.6

154.9114.297.2

75.411.125.3

9.6

1,179.370.942.4

196.6219.6189.31*03.672.053.4

291.06.18.6

106.177.4

332.530.519.0

171.825.7

1,186.162.914.811.126.669.921.449.8

469.5113.9231.4

Dec.1993P

150.464.3

9.914.3

1,611.091.724.9

115.510.510.7

278.2664.9556.820.628.621.0

106.221.374.626.482.8

747.923.0

156.0115.598.4

75.911.225.4

9.7

1,196.171.643.2

199.8224.0191.5104.573.354.0

292.16.18.8

106.477.9

335.430.319.3

174.426.0

1,200.263.414.911.326.771.021.350.4

474.7113.9233.4


New YorkAlbany-Schenectady-TroyBinghamtonBuffaloElmiraGlens FallsNassau-SuffolkNew York PMSANew York CityNiagara FallsOrange CountyPoughkeepsieRochesterRockland CountySyracuseUtica-RomeWestchester County






PennsylvaniaAllentown-BethlehemAltoonaBeaver CountyErieHarrisburg-Lebanon-CarlisleJohnstownLancasterPhiladelphia PMSAPhiladelphia CityPittsburgh


119




(In thousands)

State and area


Dec.1992

26.514.4

1.72.6

736.527.5

4.027.0

1.41.7

80.2511.2476.2

2.15.94.4

22.24.9

18.78.1

29.2

136.52.7

39.025.923.5

13.21.85.01.2

257.411.86.7

43.960.560.017.411.29.2

60.31.01.8

25.417.5

87.26.32.7

56.96.1

298.614.42.21.75.6

22.04.39.2

155.958.854.7

Nov.1993

27.314.81.92.7

731.427.14.1

26.51.41.7

78.3506.7472.2

2.15.94.4

22.54.8

18.48.3

28.7

141.32.7

40.026.623.7

13.51.95.21.3

257.311.96.8

43.660.559.117.411.39.0

60.11.01.8

25.117.7

90.96.62.8

57.66.3

300.014.82.31.75.8

22.54.39.4

156.756.854.9

Dec.1993P

27.314.81.92.7

733.427.2

4.026.5

1.41.7

78.5508.2473.8

2.16.04.4

22.74.8

18.38.3

28.7

141.82.7

40.126.623.9

13.61.95.21.3

258.512.16.8

43.861.159.117.511.49.0

59.91.01.8

25.117.6

91.06.72.8

57.76.3

299.714.72.31.75.8

22.74.39.3

157.156.854.5

Dec.1992

159.582.3

8.518.1

2,370.3124.226.2

129.110.411.8

314.61,269.11,111.8

18.125.929.5

131.227.384.630.6

124.6

657.924.5

135.9115.4134.9

74.213.524.2

7.8

1,247.075.943.1

202.9265.1190.4123.380.750.5

284.55.97.9

109.087.6

313.129.213.8

172.025.5

1,507.278.813.713.533.074.923.044.6

693.9266.6320.4

Services

Nov.1993

165.985.4

9.318.9

2,432.1125.526.2

130.811.012.0

316.71,285.81,129.3

19.026.030.4

136.727.686.732.7

123.5

693.224.9

141.8118.0140.9

76.713.324.5

8.1

1,277.080.344.2

209.6273.9193.8128.681.951.4

293.66.08.2

115.189.1

330.330.914.1

182.326.4

1,534.680.314.214.334.976.023.746.5

696.8265.6324.5

Dec.1993P

166.885.4

9.118.8

2,434.3125.026.0

131.110.811.9

316.21,293.21,137.1

19.025.930.0

135.927.685.932.6

123.2

693.124.8

141.7117.5141.4

76.113.324.3

8.1

1,272.080.5

'44.1209.6273.0192.1128.081.951.4

292.36.08.2

114.988.9

328.130.514.2

182.926.1

1,532.880.114.214.334.675.523.946.0

700.1266.7323.9

Dec.1992

158.152.018.524.5

1,441.2113.221.475.4

7.19.7

179.0664.9582.5

13.324.923.171.220.353.530.858.0

520.013.776.259.9

105.3

68.99.7

15.710.2

750.446.519.997.1

121.0137.577.046.525.6

276.64.3

12.9105.642.2

235.325.510.090.732.5

708.132.9

7.48.0

14.568.812.717.8

300.0132.8104.2

Government

Nov.1993

162.253.718.524.2

1,438.0114.321.676.2

7.09.7

177.8662.1579.0

13.925.122.672.120.354.231.358.6

540.314.276.560.3

110.2

68.79.4

15.410.0

755.647.519.898.3

120.1139.875.747.425.9

271.94.2

11.1101.842.6

241.025.210.391.833.3

718.333.6

7.78.3

15.369.713.118.3

296.5128.5109.5

Dec.1993P

161.353.418.624.2

1,436.7113.721.775.9

6.99.5

179.1661.0578.5

13.824.922.672.020.453.931.558.0

538.514.176.660.4

109.0

69.39.5

15.510.2

753.047.419.799.0

120.6140.975.447.025.9

273.54.2

11.5101.842.7

236.025.310.190.533.0

721.433.5

7.78.4

15.369.913.217.9

299.8130.9109.2

New MexicoAlbuquerqueLas Cruces ,Santa Fe

New YorkAlbany-Schenectady-TroyBinghamton ,BuffaloElmiraGlens FallsNassau-SuffolkNew York PMSANew York CityNiagara FallsOrange CountyPoughkeepsieRochesterRockland CountySyracuseUtica-RomeWestchester County

North CarolinaAshevilleCharlotte-Gastonia-Rock HillGreensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point ...Raleigh-Durham

North DakotaBismarck ,Fargo-MoorheadGrand Forks

OhioAkronCanton ,CincinnatiClevelandColumbusDayton-SpringfieldToledoYoungstown-Warren



PennsylvaniaAllentown-BethlehemAltoonaBeaver CountyErieHarrisburg-Lebanon-CarlisleJohnstownLancasterPhiladelphia PMSAPhiladelphia CityPittsburgh


120





(In thousdnds)

State and area

Total

Dec.1992

154.1303.7

42.362.150.5

184.0

425.3124.8301.8

1,554.7205.9247.5337.6

309.541.183.6

2,259.7208.4178.8289.0485.3524.8

7,404.050.881.1

417.4152.969.284.360.2

141.01,416.5

222.7600.883.2

1,638.181.051.769.6

100.0110.745.945.239.0

562.237.047.664.432.085.250.0

Nov.1993

155.9309.6

41.964.450.4

189.4

424.4125.9300.1

1,574.1206.0249.9341.7

318.942.884.3

2,315.9210.9176.5294.2494.1539.9

7,534.151.082.8

431.0153.369.287.663.2

138.11,442.8

224.8610.984.2

1,642.084.153.671.3

101.8115.845.645.239.0

575.537.647.465.833.986.750.7

Dec.1993P

156.0309.742.061.750.0

190.3

421.6124.7298.9

1,576.5206.0250.7342.7

317.742.484.2

2,316.7210.1176.6291.5494.3540.5

7,544.150.983.2

431.8153.869.688.563.1

138.01,446.0

225.7609.084.5

1,648.684.354.071.9

101.6116.845.745.639.2

575.637.447.465.734.186.750.7

Mining

Dec.1992

(1)0.6

(1)0)(1)

.5

.2

.1

.1

1.9(1)(1)(1)

2.6(1)(1)

4.8.6

(1)1.2

(1)(1)

169.61.3.8.8

1.11.2

(1).7

3.017.1

(1)4.4

.967.7

(1)1.93.4

.2

.88.94.7

.61.6

(1).1

1.51.5

(1)1.4

Nov.1993

(1)0.6

(1)(1)(1)

.5

.3

.2

.1

1.9(1)(1)(1)

2.6(1)(1)

4.7.6

0)1.2

(1)0)

169.01.3.8.8

1.01.2

0).7

2.816.7

(1)4.4

.866.1

0)2.13.3

.2

.99.14.8

.61.5

(1).1

1.51.6

(1)1.4

Dec.1993P

O0.6

(1)(1)(1)

.5

.3

.2

.1

1.90(1)(1)

2.6(1)(1)

4.6.6

(1)1.2

(1)(1)

169.21.3.8.8

1.01.2

(1).7

2.716.8

(1)4.4

.867.2

(1)2.13.2

.2

.99.04.9

.61.5

(1).1

1.51.6

(1)1.4

(

Dec.1992

6.110.9

1.12.12.18.7

13.24.68.9

82.512.412.519.9

11.72.54.2

82.96.48.1

12.817.219.9

344.61.62.9

14.515.58.82.51.9

11.448.28.2

20.75.6

107.43.21.63.33.24.31.42.81.3

24.21.51.62.11.93.31.5

Construction

Nov.1993

6.311.9

1.02.32.29.7

13.25.19.3

81.912.912.621.5

13.22.64.4

93.56.68.0

14.717.821.3

356.91.83.6

16.914.58.52.72.0

11.453.28.2

22.15.2

104.23.41.82.93.84.61.62.51.4

25.11.42.22.32.63.51.7

Dec.1993P

6.211.4

.92.22.19.5

12.24.98.5

81.312.712.721.6

12.12.54.2

92.36.67.9

14.517.521.3

355.61.83.6

17.114.48.62.72.1

11.452.58.5

22.15.2

103.73.41.83.13.84.71.62.61.4

25.11.42.12.32.63.41.7

Pennsylvania-ContinuedReadingScranton-Wilkes-BarreSharonState CollegeWilliamsportYork

Rhode IslandPawtucket-Woonsocket-AttleboroProvidence

South CarolinaCharlestonColumbiaGreenville-Spartanburg

South DakotaRapid CitySioux Falls

TennesseeChattanoogaJohnson City-Kingsport-BristolKnoxvilleMemphisNashville

TexasAbileneAmarilloAustinBeaumont-Port ArthurBrazoriaBrownsville-HarlingenBryan-College StationCorpus ChristiDallasEl PasoFt. Worth-ArlingtonGalveston-Texas CityHoustonKilleen-TempleLaredoLongview-MarshallLubbockMcAllen-Edinburg-MissionMidlandOdessaSan AngeloSan AntonioSherman-DenisonTexarkanaTylerVictoriaWacoWichita Falls


121




(In thousands)

State and area

Manufacturing

Dec.1992

43.563.8

9.78.6

14.154.8

90.342.956.5

373.820.826.295.9

38.34.5

10.5

515.544.653.650.960.391.5

977.34.39.0

54.625.617.712.34.0

13.4209.4

44.899.8

8.6175.4

8.92.0

15.47.2

12.02.34.45.2

46.39.46.1

11.13.0

15.17.4

Nov.1993

43.163.7

9.68.7

13.855.1

88.443.254.7

365.720.226.695.4

41.44.6

10.3

521.645.653.151.461.392.2

993.83.99.3

55.725.017.513.34.0

13.5210.0

45.8101.2

8.4174.4

9.22.0

15.67.8

13.32.04.44.7

46.89.95.7

11.23.1

15.57.9

Dec.1993P

43.264.0

9.88.6

13.755.4

87.242.454.1

366.820.426.695.7

41.54.6

10.3

521.945.353.351.361.192.3

994.93.99.4

56.025.317.513.34.0

13.5209.7

46.0100.5

8.4174.5

9.22.0

15.77.6

13.32.04.44.8

46.59.85.7

11.33.0

15.67.9


Dec.1992

6.416.8

1.71.71.99.4

14.73.6

10.6

64.610.311.114.0

14.71.85.6

122.57.56.3

10.348.330.9

435.42.65.4

13.69.42.63.91.37.0

87.511.462.7

4.7110.2

2.77.83.45.73.52.42.12.8

24.61.52.12.91.43.32.6

Nov.1993

6.417.1

1.91.81.99.2

14.93.1

10.8

64.811.011.114.3

14.72.05.5

125.57.56.7

10.050.131.6

444.92.65.5

13.99.62.63.91.36.6

88.611.460.6

4.9110.1

2.68.33.45.93.62.32.12.6

26.11.52.02.71.43.42.6

i

Dec.1993P

6.417.0

1.91.91.99.1

15.23.1

11.2

65.011.011.214.3

14.72.15.5

125.57.56.69.9

49.931.5

445.82.65.5

14.09.62.63.91.36.7

88.211.560.5

5.0110.3

2.68.43.45.93.62.32.12.6

26.21.52.02.71.43.42.6


Dec.1992

36.174.610.812.411.647.1

91.331.362.1

353.449.855.580.3

80.311.823.0

534.350.240.874.7

128.6130.9

1,804.913.222.587.735.513.123.512.834.0

365.955.5

152.617.1

388.818.416.517.328.135.911.312.79.4

142.68.2

11.416.58.8

20.312.1

Nov.1993

35.675.710.412.311.547.9

91.730.462.1

364.149.656.379.6

81.112.522.9

546.249.641.274.7

130.5133.1

1,814.113.222.188.835.113.523.814.232.7

365.555.0

153.617.7

388.219.416.918.028.036.311.012.89.3

142.98.0

11.616.89.0

20.312.1

Dec.1993P

36.076.810.612.211.648.2

92.130.762.7

366.449.856.880.0

81.412.123.0

549.249.641.474.1

131.5133.6

1,830.213.422.690.435.513.824.414.032.9

370.155.6

153.817.6

393.419.516.918.428.436.911.213.09.4

144.98.1

11.616.89.3

20.612.2








122





(In thousands)

State and area


Dec.1992

9.013.2

1.51.82.35.6

24.83.1

20.7

64.27.9

17.912.9

17.01.48.7

100.613.35.6

10.225.030.6

420.62.04.1

24.04.71.83.42.16.1

120.68.4

28.15.7

97.13.51.92.54.53.82.31.31.6

38.82.11.82.91.55.22.2

Nov.1993

9.413.1

1.61.82.35.8

24.52.7

21.0

64.88.2

17.613.4

17.91.58.8

101.513.95.5

10.325.830.4

434.51.94.2

24.74.81.83.42.36.0

120.88.3

27.75.7

97.33.71.92.64.44.02.31.31.7

40.22.01.83.01.55.22.2

Dec.1993P

9.413.1

1.61.82.35.8

24.32.6

20.8

64.98.2

17.513.4

17.91.59.0

101.713.95.4

10.325.930.4

435.81.94.1

24.74,81.83.42.36.0

120.78.3

27.65.7

97.93.72.02.64.44.02.31.31.7

40.52.01.93.01.55.22.2

Dec.1992

34.480.212.311.512.238.9

127.627.995.2

313.249.854.170.3

77.811.023.3

539.950.538.673.8

127.2153.5

1,884.515.920.1

109.438.211.419.311.234.8

395.046.2

149.916.2

466.419.98.8

15.026.719.79.98.4

10.3156.7

9.412.217.17.7

23.612.6

Services

Nov.1993

35.782.912.311.712.441.8

130.229.596.3

327.050.454.573.3

79.711.423.9

559.152.036.176.1

129.3161.3

1,919.216.420.6

113.839.411.419.912.134.9

410.246.7

157.517.3

467.820.8

8.915.726.720.4

9.98.7

10.6165.6

9.812.117.37.9

24.112.6

Dec.1993*

35.482.112.111.412.242.3

129.229.295.7

325.350.354.573.2

79.511.423.7

558.551.835.974.5

129.3161.3

1,913.616.220.5

113.539.411.420.112.334.7

410.446.8

156.217.6

467.220.8

9.015.726.6.20.6

9.88.7

10.6163.8

9.712.117.47.8

23.712.7

Dec.1992

18.643.6

5.224.06.3

19.0

63.211.347.7

301.154.970.244.3

67.18.18.3

359.235.325.855.178.767.5

1,367.19.9

16.3112.822.912.619.426.231.3

172.848.282.624.4

225.124.411.29.3

24.430.7

7.48.87.8

127.44.9

12.310.36.2

14.410.2

Government

Nov.1993

19.444.6

5.125.86.3

19.4

61.211.745.8

303.953.771.244.2

68.38.28.5

363.835.125.955.879.370.0

1,401.79.9

16.7116.423.912.720.626.630.2

177.849.483.824.2

233.925.011.79.8

25.032.7

7.48.68.1

127.35.0

11.911.06.8

14.710.2

Dec.1993P

19.444.7

5.123.66.2

19.5

61.111.645.8

304.953.671.444.5

68.08.28.5

363.034.826.155.779.170.1

1,399.09.8

16.7115.323.812.720.726.430.1

177.649.083.924.2

234.425.111.89.8

24.732.8

7.58.68.1

127.14.9

11.910.76.9

14.810.0








123




(In thousands)

State and area

Total

Dec.1992

788.1106.7535.5

253.534.377.3

2,876.733.871.141.978.2

593.1768.6467.3128.9

2,240.91,139.3

648.0115.1112.964.260.5

2,379.8172.860.4

113.960.746.557.7

237.7774.1

75.453.555.4

203.528.8

859.858.160.757.9

523.3

45.3

Nov.1993

836.9114.3565.9

254.934.077.4

2,908.634.272.642.580.0

591.6781.4476.9130.0

2,274.91,140.1

657.2119.1113.165.560.7

2,437.7178.761.7

117.860.547.558.8

247.7785.3

77.154.256.2

207.728.5

853.858.955.958.4

519.3

44.3

Dec.1993?

842.2114.8569.0

256.434.476.3

2,912.134.472.042.380.3

591.9784.6478.0129.6

2,263.51,138.0

662.5119.0113.264.660.8

2,429.0177.960.9

117.560.847.958.8

246.1789.0

77.654.756.3

207.128.4

(*)(*)(2)<">(2)

44.2

Mining

Dec.1992

8.4(1)

3.1

.5(1)(1)

13.4(1)(1)0)(1)(1)

.4

.7(1)

3.3.5

30.41.91.6.4

1.6

2.0(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)0)(1)(1)(1)0

17.82.2

.9(1)(1)(1)

.5

(1)

Nov.1993

8.6(1)

3.2

.6(1)(1)

12.50)(1)(1)(1)(1)

.4

.8O

3.2.5

23.91.61.5.4.9

2.5(1)(1)(1)(1)00)V)(1)(1)(1)(1)

18.32.3

.9(1)V)(1)

.5

(1)

Dec.1993P

8.5(1)

3.2

.6(1)(1)

13.2(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)

.4

.8(1)

3.2.5

29.61.51.5.4

1.4

2.1O(1)0)O(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)

18.42.2

(*)0)(1)(1)(*)

(1)

Construction

Dec.1992

35.65.3

23.1

12.01.53.5

146.01.23.11.83.2

31.437.126.86.2

117.759.3

27.25.55.13.02.1

92.19.11.76.32.41.91.89.9

28.62.82.32.6

10.51.4

46.71.72.53.6

33.1

4.5

Nov.1993

43.35.7

28.7

12.01.53.6

151.81.23.41.93.3

32.240.027.16.6

127.162.2

32.26.55.23.22.5

109.210.62.36.92.52.02.5

11.830.2

3.92.72.8

12.11.5

44.01.52.33.6

30.9

2.4

Dec.1993?

42.05.6

27.8

11.21.53.4

149.41.13.51.93.3

31.939.826.66.6

122.660.4

30.26.04.82.92.2

101.910.22.06.52.42.02.2

11.229.5

3.82.62.6

11.01.4

(*)(*)<*)

2.2

UtahProvo-OremSalt Lake City-Ogden

VermontBarre-MontpelierBurlington

VirginiaBristolCharlottesvilleDanvilleLynchburgNorfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport NewsNorthern VirginiaRichmond-PetersburgRoanoke

Seattle

West VirginiaCharlestonHuntington-AshlandParkersburg-MariettaWheeling

WisconsinAppleton-Oshkosh-NeenahEau ClaireGreen BayJanesville-BeloitKenoshaLa CrosseMadisonMilwaukeeRacineSheboyganWausau

WyomingCasper

Puerto RicoCaguasMayaguezPonceSan Juan

Virgin Islands


124





(In thousands)

State and area

Manufacturing

Dec.1992

105.713.569.7

43.54.6

14.0

406.39.97.9

15.722.562.032.161.919.0

341.5207.8

82.410.619.313.56.8

544.755.310.124.218.19.7

10.225.7

165.924.220.715.3

9.41.6

151.015.417.210.463.3

2.8

Nov.1993

111.914.272.7

43.35.0

13.6

403.89.97.8

15.822.961.131.460.318.8

336.3198.9

82.810.418.113.86.6

552.656.69.8

25.517.09.9

10.226.6

166.124.721.515.7

9.81.5

144.814.516.810.160.7

2.9

Dec.1993P

112.614.372.8

43.55.1

13.5

400.49.97.7

15.622.860.631.460.418.6

331.2197.7

82.510.317.913.66.4

551.356.39.9

25.217.29.8

10.326.7

166.224.921.515.7

9.81.5

(*)<*)O(2)O

2.9


Dec.1992

44.42.0

35.1

11.0.9

3.5

148.11.22.51.12.8

28.648.923.0

8.4

113.870.7

38.69.07.22.63.4

110.87.43.28.12.41.52.38.3

37.02.41.73.3

14.11.6

21.9.4.5

1.817.9

2.5

Nov.1993

48.02.1

38.5

10.8.7

3.4

145.51.22.31.12.7

29.048.122.78.3

111.067.8

38.89.06.92.63.5

113.77.73.28.32.51.42.48.3

36.92.41.53.3

14.41.6

22.8.4.5

1.918.3

2.6

>

Dec.1993P

48.62.1

39.0

10.7.7

3.4

147.01.32.31.12.8

29.548.122.98.4

112.469.2

39.19.06.92.63.5

114.57.83.28.32.61.52.48.3

37.52.31.53.2

14.51.6

(2)(*)(*)(2)(*)

2.6


Dec.1992

192.725.9

134.3

59.07.3

18.7

652.58.7

14.18.7

17.3143.0170.8110.735.6

552.2273.8

151.028.828.415.615.6

558.436.717.027.214.314.216.352.4

174.216.810.213.0

46.18.3

163.312.310.210.1

109.6

9.9

Nov.1993

202.225.7

138.0

59.57.3

17.6

654.89.0

14.58.6

17.4141.5170.0113.234.1

557.8273.4

152.630.228.816.015.8

563.737.517.327.514.415.016.453.3

179.216.810.113.4

46.98.1

163.013.210.09.5

109.1

10.4

Dec.1993?

205.225.9

140.6

60.87.5

17.6

661.89.0

14.68.7

17.7142.1173.8115.034.6

562.7277.3

153.630.729.215.915.9

564.837.217.327.814.415.116.553.6

181.216.910.213.5

46.88.0

(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)

10.5




WashingtonSeattle


WisconsinAppleton-Oshkosh-NeenahEau ClaireGreen BayJanesville-BeloitKenoshaLa CrosseMadisonMilwaukeeRacineSheboyganWausau

WyomingCasper


Virgin Islands


125



B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls In States and selected areas by major Industry—Continued

(In thousands)

State and area


Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Services

Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Government

Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P




WashingtonSeattle


Appleton-Oshkosh-NeenahEau ClaireGreen BayJanesville-BeloitKenoshaLa CrosseMadisonMilwaukeeRacineSheboyganWausau

WyomingCasper


Virgin Islands

1 Combined with construction.2 Not available.P = preliminary.

37.72.7

31.0

11.72.64.0

148.41.23.71.23.6

25.448.438.18.9

117.973.6

24.76.33.72.43.0

128.08.62.06.91.71.41.8

20.552.92.32.34.0

7.41.1

36.11.21.51.6

28.6

2.1

41.63.0

34.8

11.52.64.1

151.31.13.71.23.8

26.248.940.2

8.8

118.774.2

24.96.43.72.43.0

131.28.62.07.61.81.41.9

21.653.8

2.32.34.2

7.51.1

36.11.31.41.7

28.5

2.1

42.63.1

35.4

11.62.74.2

152.01.13.91.23.8

26.149.340.3

8.8

119.274.6

25.06.53.62.43.0

131.78.72.17.61.81.42.0

21.854.12.32.34.2

7.61.1

ftftftftft

2.1

204.841.4

134.7

71.09.0

20.9

759.66.0

15.87.7

19.1160.6272.8108.934.3

563.2290.8

160.232.427.516.018.4

576.936.614.328.613.911.116.454.9

224.917.810.010.2

39.47.0

143.19.59.5

12.397.5

9.7

218.046.2

143.5

71.88.3

21.4

780.56.2

16.57.8

20.0161.3283.2111.335.8

574.6292.2

166.933.928.416.118.8

592.538.214.829.114.110.916.858.1

228.418.010.210.4

39.67.0

148.810.29.8

13.3101.2

10.3

220.746.6

144.9

73.48.5

21.3

780.86.2

16.27.7

20.0161.5283.0111.335.6

577.0293.5

166.833.828.615.918.8

591.038.214.829.314.111.316.857.8

228.918.210.510.5

40.27.1

ftftftftft

10.3

158.815.9

104.5

44.88.4

12.7

602.45.6

24.05.79.7

142.1158.197.216.5

431.3162.8

133.520.620.110.79.6

366.919.111.912.77.96.88.7

66.090.59.16.26.7

58.85.6

296.817.519.418.1

172.9

13.8

163.317.4

106.5

45.46.6

13.7

608.45.6

24.46.19.9

140.3159.4101.317.6

446.2170.9

135.121.120.511.09.6

372.319.612.312.98.36.98.6

67.990.7

9.06.0

59.15.4

293.417.819.818.3

170.1

13.6

162.017.2

105.3

44.68.4

12.9

607.55.8

23.86.19.9

140.2158.8100.7

17.0

435.2164.8

135.721.220.710.99.6

371.819.611.712.88.36.88.6

66.791.5

9.16.16.7

58.85.5

ftftftftft

13.6

NOTE: Area definitions are published annually in the May issue of this publication.All State and area data have been adjusted to March 1992 benchmarks.

126


ESTABLISHMENT DATAHOURS AND EARNINGSNOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailedindustry

Industry1987SIC

Code

Average weekly hours

Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Average overtime hours

Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Total private

Mining ,




Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels

Crushed and broken stone

Construction




Manufacturing

Durable goods



Millwork, plywood, and structural membersMillwork ,Wood kitchen cabinets ,Hardwood veneer and plywoodSoftwood veneer and plywood


Mobile homes ,Miscellaneous wood products ,





10101102

12122

13131138

14142

15152153154

16161162

17171172173174175176

242412422421242624324312434243524362442452451249

252512511251225142515252253254259

34.5

44.4

43.240.844.5

44.845.1

44.642.246.1

44.144.0

37.2

37.035.837.138.2

39.437.839.9

36.738.835.739.133.835.432.3

41.9

42.6

40.838.842.042.340.940.840.040.542.243.639.440.240.641.3

41.240.240.339.841.940.243.243.241.244.0

34.0

44.1

43.143.145.1

45.545.7

44.242.845.0

42.542.7

36.1

36.134.836.037.3

38.136.138.7

35.638.034.138.532.733.529.0

41.1

41.7

39.836.741.541.641.239.939.239.641.942.638.638.438.840.2

39.839.440.038.240.341.440.041.839.640.8

34.5

44.7

42.845.143.2

45.045.2

44.342.445.4

46.648.0

38.6

37.837.038.338.5

42.342.742.1

37.838.936.539.135.235.435.4

42.0

42.8

41.440.142.642.841.741.440.841.641.842.438.941.341.441.2

40.940.140.339.642.038.643.741.541.241.6

34.7

44.9

43.945.445.7

44.945.0

44.943.245.9

45.746.5

38.3

38.037.039.038.8

40.940.241.2

37.739.336.440.035.336.333.2

42.4

43.4

41.739.642.943.341.941.941.042.642.143.639.440.941.341.8

41.340.740.641.042.539.243.841.241.143.2

34.3

43.9

37.0

41.5

42.4

40.7

39.8

4.2

4.3

3.84.44.54.83.53.52.93.34.75.13.13.43.63.2

3.63.22.93.44.72.83.94.74.14.5

3.8

3.8

3.54.34.54.73.63.12.43.04.45.02.92.42.63.0

2.72.52.62.02.74.22.73.43.12.4

4.6

4.9

4.45.65.25.64.24.13.44.44.75.23.03.93.93.6

3.53.13.22.94.22.24.53.84.43.4

4.7

5.1

4.54.85.35.64.24.33.74.44.85.13.43.94.33.9

3.83.43.13.55.52.94.63.84.24.5

4.2

4.5

128


ESTABLISHMENT DATAHOURS AND EARNINGS


B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailedindustry—Continued

Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Total private

Mining




Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels

Crushed and broken stone

Construction




Manufacturing

Durable goods



Millwork, plywood, and structural membersMillworkWood kitchen cabinetsHardwood veneer and plywoodSoftwood veneer and plywood


Mobile homesMiscellaneous wood products





10101102

12122

13131138

14142

15152153154

16161162

17171172173174175176

242412422421242624324312434243524362442452451249

252512511251225142515252253254259

$10.70

14.58

15.4717.1013.86

17.3117.47

13.9216.5712.29

12.4611.60

14.27

13.5712.5813.4114.43

13.8212.9814.10

14.6515.0313.3815.6914.4514.5412.81

11.64

12.22

9.5111.189.75

10.148.069.549.788.998.17

11.106.999.229.178.88

9.198.607.989.538.498.919.959.73

10.539.49

$10.77

14.72

15.2415.7313.85

17.4817.67

14.1016.9212.26

12.3611.41

14.20

13.6012.6413.5614.41

13.5912.8213.81

14.5714.9013.1915.5514.4614.2112.71

11.62

12.19

9.4610.929.74

10.148.089.529.708.988.26

11.216.979.189.198.86

9.168.608.059.418.549.149.919.63

10.429.55

$10.96

14.43

15.5616.9014.30

17.1417.38

13.9217.2312.13

12.8612.16

14.44

13.6912.7013.2214.58

14.2514.2114.27

14.7614.9713.7515.9014.7714.3713.07

11.88

12.50

9.6711.479.82

10.208.339.749.959.158.46

11.627.069.359.369.01

9.448.888.349.658.709.28

10.219.72

10.799.63

$10.97

14.67

15.4016.4714.21

17.5217.76

14.0317.5612.15

12.8812.15

14.44

13.7212.6813.6514.64

13.9213.4514.09

14.8315.1613.6415.8914.8614.5113.13

12.01

12.63

9.7111.269.88

10.258.379.80

10.079.198.49

11.537.159.609.699.15

9.448.928.329.768.719.36

10.199.72

10.659.76

$11.07

14.99

14.39

11.97

12.57

9.74

9.39

$369.15

647.35

668.30697.68616.77

775.49787.90

620.83699.25566.57

549.49510.40

530.84

502.09450.36497.51551.23

544.51490.64562.59

537.66583.16477.67613.48488.41514.72413.76

487.72

520.57

388.01433.78409.50428.92329.65389.23391.20364.10344.77483.96275.41370.64372.30366.74

378.63345.72321.59379.29355.73358.18429.84420.34433.84417.56

$366.18

649.15

656.84677.96624.64

795.34807.52

623.22724.18551.70

525.30487.21

512.62

490.96439.87488.16537.49

517.78462.80534.45

518.69566.20449.78598.68472.84476.04368.59

477.58

508.32

376.51400.76404.21421.82332.90379.85380.24355.61346.09477.55269.04352.51356.57356.17

364.57338.84322.00359.46344.16378.40396.40402.53412.63389.64

$378.12

645.02

665.97762.19617.76

771.30785.58

616.66730.55550.70

599.28583.68

557.38

517.48469.90506.33561.33

602.78606.77600.77

557.93582.33501.88621.69519.90508.70462.68

498.96

535.00

400.34459.95418.33436.56347.36403.24405.96380.64353.63492.69274.63386.16387.50371.21

386.10356.09336.10382.14365.40358.21446.18403.38444.55400.61

$380.66

658.68

676.06747.74649.40

786.65799.20

629.95758.59557.69

588.62564.98

553.05

521.36469.16532.35568.03

569.33540.69580.51

559.09595.79496.50635.60524.56526.71435.92

509.22

548.14

404.91445.90423.85443.83350.70410.62412.87391.49357.43502.71281.71392.64400.20382.47

389.87363.04337.79400.16370.18366.91446.32400.46437.72421.63

$379.70

658.06

532.43

496.76

532.97

396.42

373.72

129




Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Durable goods—ContinuedStone, clay, and glass products

Flat glassGlass and glassware, pressed or blown




Misc. nonmetallic mineral productsAbrasive productsAsbestos products









Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws ...Hardware, nee



Screw machine products, bolts, etcScrew machine products .....Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers




Misc. fabricated metal productsValves and pipe fittings, neeMisc. fabricated wire products


323213223221322932332432532632732713272327332932913292

333313312331733233213322332533333343353351335333573363365

3434134113423423,5342934334323433344344134423443344434463453451345234634623465346934734713479348348334934943496

42.145.042.543.441.742.642.940.942.841.042.242.938.643.543.444.0

43.844.143.945.343.944.046.843.043.343.044.243.246.243.342.242.1

42.745.245.542.942.642.742.342.242.241.843.039.543.041.340.642.741.743.843.443.444.242.142.441.743.543.342.643.043.142.1

41.043.942.743.741.741.843.640.841.838.640.141.135.242.442.743.0

43.643.943.945.043.543.943.742.643.743.443.944.346.442.841.941.6

41.743.643.441.241.340.941.142.239.140.741.538.342.140.140.042.441.643.342.843.043.042.041.341.141.741.940.942.342.841.7

43.648.642.943.342.543.743.241.341.844.545.744.044.043.343.742.8

44.244.044.244.145.546.343.844.342.541.944.644.146.144.142.742.2

42.943.743.542.842.043.042.842.842.842.243.440.943.241.241.742.641.943.345.043.046.943.041.340.941.942.542.142.842.042.3

42.947.042.442.941.943.143.542.042.143.045.043.441.643.442.943.0

44.744.644.844.946.247.047.244.342.942.345.143.647.245.143.042.1

43.543.543.143.142.143.543.042.543.742.844.240.643.841.743.343.542.644.545.644.247.343.742.142.042.442.241.143.843.742.7

41.9

43.943.9

42.3

4.66.14.65.63.74.03.83.53.75.05.35.04.55.04.45.7

5.35.45.45.65.35.49.65.05.15.15.96.37.34.93.83.8

4.35.96.04.03.73.94.04.23.64.15.32.54.93.53.34.43.95.04.75.05.13.94.23.84.94.13.44.44.53.6

4.15.64.75.93.52.95.03.03.14.34.44.43.54.44.15.4

5.25.65.75,35.25.37.05.04.94.75.87.27.35.03.73.8

3.85.75.63.13.03.13.34.11.63.44.02.14.22.93.24.74.15.44.24.14.43.83.73.34.33.62.94.04.53.4

5.79.84.45.63.34.44.33.94.77.37.55.97.75.14.25.8

6.05.75.95.47.28.18.25.65.04.76.67.27.66.04.84.6

4.95.65.74.43.94.64.84.34.94.75.53.95.24.33.95.14.75.56.25.17.44.84.24.04.53.93.54.74.84.1

5.18.34.35.53.24.14.14.04.76.26.55.46.04.93.65.6

6.15.65.66.57.38.1

10.25.44.94.57.07.27.67.05.04.3

5.35.25.24.53.94.75.24.95.44.95.83.45.74.44.25.64.96.46.76.37.75.14.44.34.74.13.45.35.44.5

130





Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Durable goods—ContinuedStone, clay, and glass products

Flat glassGlass and glassware, pressed or blown




Misc. nonmetallic mineral productsAbrasive productsAsbestos products









Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsawsHardware, nee



Screw machine products, bolts, etcScrew machine productsBolts, nuts, rivets, and washers




Misc. fabricated metal productsValves and pipe fittings, neeMisc. fabricated wire products


323213223221322932332432532632732713272327332932913292

333313312331733233213322332533333343353351335333573363365

3434134113423423,5342934334323433344344134423443344434463453451345234634623465346934734713479348348334934943496

$11.6416.6713.1213.5512.7110.2214.8810.059.90

11.0710.5010.0911.7112.2910.5813.36

13.8116.1017.1412.6112.2712.6713.3311.7615.1315.2913.0912.7215.6512.9311.0510.60

11.6015.0716.1011.5710.7111.7710.439.95

10.5910.8310.809.01

12.1511.0410.1811.5010.6612.4213.7513.7315.6011.029.639.589.72

12.7212.5210.8611.499.59

$11.6316.6413.1513.5912.7110.3014.9610.1910.0910.8710.399.91

11.4712.2410.5913.24

13.7515.9816.9812.6312.1512.5312.6911.8315.0115.2113.1012.6515.6013.1211.1010.63

11.5515.0616.1511.4810.7911.5910.389.99

10.3710.7310.728.95

12.0210.979.86

11.5510.6812.5013.7113.5015.6311.009.599.579.63

12.7512.6510.7611.299.59

$11.9918.2913.4113.8912.9810.2915.8010.5610.4111.4810.6910.2912.1512.4610.6214.36

14.1016.5517.7712.8812.7713.3514.1011.6515.2815.3913.2412.8915.6013.2711.2110.57

11.8315.1516.2611.8011.1011.8510.639.93

10.8410.8910.779.24

12.4111.0710.0211.6610.9512.4714.3113.7116.5311.199.669.779.47

13.6613.8111.0511.429.85

$11.9517.9713.3913.8512.9810.4015.2710.5210.4411.3610.6010.2811.9912.5410.9014.82

14.2616.5817.7613.2013.0613.7714.7211.6315.3215.5613.5513.0816.5113.5611.4010.77

11.9115.2516.4211.8211.1911.8010.589.92

10.8510.9710.859.29

12.5111.179.85

11.7010.9512.5514.5014.0516.7511.279.749.839.59

13.6613.8111.1311.449.77

$11.98

14.1016.41

11.85

$490.04750.15557.60588.07530.01435.37638.35411.05423.72453.87443.10432.86452.0>534.62459.17587.84

604.88710.01752.45571.23538.65557.48623.84505.68655.13657.47578.58549.50723.03559.87466.31446.26

495.32681.16732.55496.35456.25502.58441.19419.89446.90452.69464.40355.90522.45455.95413.31491.05444.52544.00596.75595.88689.52463.94408.31399.49422.82550.78533.35466.98495.22403.74

$476.83730.50561.51593.88530.01430.54652.26415.75421.76419.58416.64407.30403.74518.98452.19 ,569.32

599.50701.52745.42568.35528.53550.07554.55503.96655.94660.11575.09560.40723.84561.54465.09442.21

481.64656.62700.91472.98445.63474.03426.62421.58405.47436.71444.88342.79506.04439.90394.40489.72444.29541.25586.79580.50672.09462.00396.07393.33401.57534.23517.39455.15483.21399.90

$522.76888.89575.29601.44551.65449.67682.56436.13435.14510.86488.53452.76534.60539.52464.09614.61

623.22728.20785.43568.01581.04618.11617.58516.10649.40644.84590.50568.45719.16585.21478.67446.05

507.51662.06707.31505.04466.20509.55454.96425.00463.95459.56467.42377.92536.11456.08417.83496.72458.81539.95643.95589.53775.26481.17398.96399.59396.79580.55581.40472.94479.64416.66

$512.66844.59567.74594.17543.86448.24664.25441.84439.52488.48477.00446.15498.78544.24467.61637.26

637.42739.47795.65592.68603.37647.19694.78515.21657.23658.19611.11570.29779.27611.56490.20453.42

518.09663.38707.70509.44471.10513.30454.94421.60474.15469.52479.57377.17547.94465.79426.51508.95466.47558.48661.20621.01792.28492.50410.05412.86406.62576.45567.59487.49499.93417.18

$501.96

618.99720.40

501.26

131




Industry1987SIC

Code

Average weekly hours Average overtime hours

Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Durable goods—ContinuedIndustrial machinery and equipment

Engines and turbinesTurbines and turbine generator setsInternal combustion engines, nee







office machines, neeRefrigeration and service machinery













3535135113519352352335335313532353335353537354354135423544354535463553552355535563563561356235633564356635683573571

3575,8,9358358535935923596,9

36361361236133623621362536336323633363436436413643364436453653651366366136736713674367936936913694

43.745.946.945.441.842.544.643.741.347.845.841.944.444.344.244.943.544.143.744.242.543.343.642.843.543.943.046.043.743.142.7

43.543.243.343.441.743.4

42.643.041.444.643.143.342.442.245.540.441.242.143.441.144.139.441.641.844.848.142.141.843.440.142.343.341.9

42.844.243.044.741.841.744.043.841.447.143.741.143.843.144.444.542.742.642.642.941.242.742.642.043.243.740.444.743.341.540.5

42.441.741.942.942.543.0

41.742.041.143.142.542.741.540.541.040.040.341.745.341.042.938.740.841.043.045.241.442.242.239.641.440.441.5

43.445.445.645.342.643.443.642.343.346.843.942.743.943.646.544.243.342.843.741.842.744.643.343.843.844.842.842.943.342.342.6

43.243.644.043.143.443.0

42.542.842.942.843.143.142.942.340.745.043.142.445.041.143.440.441.541.644.144.941.643.041.540.943.545.043.7

44.447.046.947.143.044.145.244.745.048.546.042.844.744.546.845.044.543.744.642.544.444.544.344.745.045.043.145.244.242.743.8

42.444.845.344.244.943.9

43.043.944.443.343.743.244.142.641.045.642.643.444.742.544.140.741.542.844.646.542.142.741.641.943.744.244.3

43.8

42.4

5.05.67.64.83.53.75.34.33.97.56.94.15.85.35.66.64.43.95.35.05.45.25.04.85.35.44.46.45.14.24.2

3.73.93.85.03.45.2

4.24.23.94.43.83.93.14.36.12.53.24.04.63.44.22.74.23.74.75.94.53.95.43.23.94.03.7

4.44.63.94.93.93.64.94.24.27.15.83.35.64.25.46.54.03.74.54.34.54.74.23.85.05.02.96.14.13.32.9

3.53.23.34.64.14.8

3.73.63.43.93.43.52.73.43.82.42.83.54.53.43.62.13.42.73.84.84.03.34.72.93.52.73.6

5.16.27.85.64.14.55.24.56.16.56.14.65.85.16.76.54.74.85.43.95.26.34.74.86.05.14.45.63.83.83.8

4.85.35.85.15.55.1

4.54.34.54.04.14.13.94.01.86.14.64.34.93.43.43.94.94.15.05.34.35.05.13.45.46.35.8

5.77.48.07.24.65.16.25.77.07.57.74.96.25.76.76.85.35.66.14.36.36.15.46.46.55.63.96.14.74.04.2

4.25.86.45.76.85.6

4.84.95.44.34.84.45.04.12.17.53.74.85.34.13.83.24.64.55.36.54.74.95.04.05.35.86.2

132





Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Durable goods—ContinuedIndustrial machinery and equipment

Engines and turbinesTurbines and turbine generator setsInternal combustion engines, nee







office machines, neeRefrigeration and service machinery













3535135113519352352335335313532353335353537354354135423544354535463553552355535563563561356235633564356635683573571

3575,8,9358358535935923596,9

36361361236133623621362536336323633363436436413643364436453653651366366136736713674367936936913694

$12.6315.9017.1115.3511.9112.9312.8114.3912.9011.4711.8811.2313.2613.6713.3213.7811.7710.7513.0111.1214.7812.8412.3813.1113.3412.4610.5213.0012.2312.2813.05

12.4611.4911.5612.0613.0111.73

11.1310.9210.3511.4910.529.97

11.5410.6111.8012.918.27

10.9911.7710.8210.308.40

11.1311.4411.4111.8611.0712.6914.269.53

12.3613.1813.12

$12.5915.7416.3215.4911.7612.8512.7614.3012.7811.5711.7211.1413.2513.5213.3413.8211.6610.7312.9811.0814.7212.6812.3213.0013.3112.4210.3013.1312.1612.2613.24

12.2511.3911.5312.0813.3611.74

11.1310.7510.1011.4010.5310.0311.5310.5811.8112.778.24

10.9911.7910.9010.328.38

11.2211.5311.5612.1811.0713.2114.239.39

12.2813.0513.10

$12.8716.4017.1716.0712.3113.3313.0114.2813.4012.1812.0511.4813.4413.7113.8913.9411.9611.1813.2911.4415.2112.9612.6613.7613.9712.7810.6513.5912.5412.6513.63

12.7711.5711.7712.2813.4211.93

11.3611.0910.6311.5910.739.93

12.1910.6211.4613.348.41

11.0011.6710.9010.588.28

11.0111.6012.0413.1711.2712.9414.599.58

12.8814.4813.62

$13.0116.7217.3916.4312.4313.4613.2114.6913.7012.1412.2311.3213.5213.9013.9214.0511.9211.2313.4511.5515.4613.0812.7513.9313.8413.0210.5513.6812.8312.8313.96

12.8611.5911.8112.4413.6912.05

11.5011.1310.6411.6710.8910.1212.3310.6211.4913.258.36

11.1311.5710.9310.528.31

11.1511.5712.4013.7511.4313.2114.769.76

12.9714.0813.98

$12.95

11.46

$551.93729.81802.46696.89497.84549.53571.33628.84532.77548.27544.10470.54588.74605.58588.74618.72512.00474.08568.54491.50628.15555.97539.77561.11580.29546.99452.36598.00534.45529.27557.24

542.01496.37500.55523.40542.52509.08

474.14469.56428.49512.45453.41431.70489.30447.74536.90521.56340.72462.68510.82444.70454.23330.96463.01478.19511.17570.47466.05530.44618.88382.15522.83570.69549.73

$538.85695.71701.76692.40491.57535.85561.44626.34529.09544.95512.16457.85580.35582.71592.30614.99497.88457.10552.95475.33606.46541.44524.83546.00574.99542.75416.12586.91526.53508.79536.22

519.40474.96483.11518.23567.80504.82

464.12451.50415.11491.34447.53428,28478.50428.49484.21510.80332.07458.28534.09446.90442.73324.31457.78472.73497.08550.54458.30557.46600.51371.84508.39527.22543.65

$558.56744.56782.95727.97524.41578.52567.24604.04580.22570.02529.00490.20590.02597.76645.89616.15517.87478.50580.77478.19649.47578.02548.18602.69611.89572.54455.82583.01542.98535.10580.64

551.66504.45517.88529.27582.43512.99

482.80474.65456.03496.05462.46427.98522.95449.23466.42600.30362.47466.40525.15447.99459.17334.51456.92482.56530.96591.33468.83556.42605.49391.82560.28651.60595.19

$577.64785.84815.59773.85534.49593.59597.09656.64616.50588.79562.58484.50604.34618.55651.46632.25530.44490.75599.87490.88686.42582.06564.83622.67622.80585.90454.71618.34567.09547.84611.45

545.26519.23534.99549.85614.68529.00

494.50488.61472.42505.31475.89437.18543.75452.41471.09604.20356.14483.04517.18464.53463.93338.22462.73495.20553.04639.38481.20564.07614.02408.94566.79622.34619.31

$567.21

485.90

133




Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Durable goods—ContinuedTransportation equipment

Motor vehicles and equipmentMotor vehicles and car bodiesTruck and bus bodiesMotor vehicle parts and accessoriesTruck trailers



Railroad equipmentGuided missiles, space vehicles, and parts..

Guided missiles and space vehiclesMisc. transportation equipment







Jewelry, precious metalMusical instrumentsToys and sporting goods





Nondurable goods

Food and kindred productsMeat products

Meat packing plantsSausages and other prepared meatsPoultry slaughtering and processing





3737137113713371437153723721372437283733731373237437637613793792

3838138238223823382538438413842385386387

3939139113933943942,4394939539639613993993

202012011201320152022022202620320322033203720420412048

43.043.742.943.844.443.143.142.543.643.540.841.339.442.142.041.940.239.9

42.141.642.741.843.442.941.943.240.538.944.040.8

40.438.538.339.940.839.141.841.041.541.340.640.6

41.1

41.340.642.742.638.641.239.542.541.944.241.442.146.348.245.3

42.242.841.142.344.242.442.242.042.042.640.040.438.941.640.740.439.538.5

41.341.741.240.442.141.641.142.140.039.243.040.9

39.436.636.239.740.139.240.639.640.039.239.839.1

40.4

40.340.041.841.338.541.539.342.440.745.439.741.644.846.744.6

44.045.846.243.546.142.442.141.244.142.140.440.839.543.442.442.940.238.6

41.440.942.041.742.342.241.141.840.440.041.842.1

40.639.939.740.040.539.141.441.641.141.340.640.8

41.1

41.541.042.643.139.441.640.442.840.746.140.338.146.148.544.0

44.846.547.144.546.743.943.141.945.343.341.342.039.943.443.144.140.438.8

42.041.943.043.043.143.141.641.841.639.242.141.5

40.639.138.540.440.439.141.342.540.640.840.941.2

41.2

41.340.542.641.538.941.540.242.541.244.441.039.246.447.144.6

43.645.2

41.3

39.6

40.3

40.1

4.65.24.6"4.45.74.74.33.84.94.53.13.22.63.53.53.93.12.6

3.22.53.13.03.22.83.53.83.12.15.01.8

2.92.52.62.33.12.63.42.52.71.83.23.6

4.1

4.64.45.95.23.34.03.24.44.87.23.35.57.36.56.9

3.94.43.43.85.33.93.63.63.63.73.03.32.32.72.72.92.92.2

2.71.92.42.32.72.02.92.92.82.34.91.9

2.4.7.5

2.13.02.73.12.02.01.02.72.7

3.7

4.34.15.44.63.24.23.14.34.37.13.14.96.76.16.9

5.97.38.15.a7.35.04.64.06.14.52.92.92.84.53.13.33.12.5

3.02.23.03.43.02.43.23.52.92.64.22.9

3.53.63.72.13.42.73.83.04.55.73.53.6

4.2

4.94.55.35.73.74.53.84.94.55.43.93.87.78.26.9

6.37.78.55.87.75.25.04.46.84.83.23.33.04.73.53.53.52.8

3.32.53.64.43.32.83.43.43.42.14.32.9

3.32.62.52.43.12.33.62.94.14.83.63.7

4.2

4.74.45.64.93.64.23.44.64.55.43.63.87.37.07.0

3.8

134





Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994"


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Durable goods—ContinuedTransportation equipment

Motor vehicles and equipmentMotor vehicles and car bodiesTruck and bus bodiesMotor vehicle parts and accessoriesTruck trailers



Railroad equipmentGuided missiles, space vehicles, and parts..

Guided missiles and space vehiclesMisc. transportation equipment







Jewelry, precious metalMusical instruments ..-.Toys and sporting goods





Nondurable goods

Food and kindred productsMeat products

Meat packing plantsSausages and other prepared meatsPoultry slaughtering and processing





3737137113713371437153723721372437283733731373237437637613793792

3838138238223823382538438413842385386387

3939139113933943942,4394939539639613993993

202012011201320152022022202620320322033203720420412048

$15.5715.7518.6413.9714.519.77

17.11

0$16.74

15.6912.1813.139.69

14.7816.52

O$11.24

10.3212.1215.9911.8910.2311.7112.9010.7010.7410.098.44

14.608.10

9.329.669.628.898.738.378.93

10.107.966.919.87

10.23

10.90

10.368.439.249.787.36

11.4710.2312.2010.0413.0610.429.02

12.5910.7110.08

$15.5015.6618.5714.1014.489.67

16.99

0$16.52

15.6012.3113.299.75

14.5816.56

ft$11.17

10.2812.0915.8311.8610.1511.5113.0010.7510.7910.128.51

14.448.10

9.349.629.559.098.808.409.03

10.177.976.919.83

10.08

10.88

10.318.409.189.707.41

11.5410.3112.1810.0612.9410.528.99

12.4210.6810.04

$16.2316.6120.1514.3715.119.92

17.77

0$17.34

16.1512.4813.579.96

15.1017.07

ft$10.92

10.58

12.3816.7412.2710.8911.9313.4810.8710.7010.258.98

14.788.23

9.459.719.609.418.828.588.96

10.248.097.05

10.0310.53

11.09

10.538.609.389.897.61

11.8410.4512.5710.1213.3210.199.15

12.7010.5710.40

$16.4616.9320.6514.9915.2410.0217.84(2)

$17.0616.2712.4113.499.90

15.3517.34

ft$11.09

10.62

12.5016.9112.3411.1411.8213.5211.0110.7810.369.03

14.888.31

9.559.809.789.448.858.778.90

10.238.347.36

10.1410.45

11.18

10.648.669.459.947.66

11.8910.6312.5310.3813.6210.709.37

12.8110.7610.38

$16.2616.69

12.52

9.57

11.17

10.60

$869.51688.28799.66611.89644.24421.09737.44

$729.86682.52496.94542.27381.79622.24693.84

$451.85AM.77

510.25665.18507.70427.61508.21553.41448.33463.97408.65328.32642.40330.48

376.53371.91368.45354.71356.18327.27373.27414.10330.34285.38400.72415.34

447.99

427.87342.26394.55416.63284.10472.56404.09518.50420.68577.25431.39379.74582.92516.22456.62

$654.10670.25763.23596.43640.02410.01716.98

$693.84664.56492.40536.92379.28606.53673.99

$441.22395.78

499.32660.11488.63410.06484.57540.80441.83454.26404.80333.59620.92331.29

368.00352.09345.71360.87352.88329.28366.62402.73318.80270.87391.23394.13

439.55

415.49336.00383.72400.61285.29478.91405.18516.43409.44587.48417.64373.98556.42498.76447.78

$714.12760.74930.93625.10696.57420.61748.12

$764.69679.92504.19553.66393.42655.34723.77

$438.98408.39

512.53684.67515.34454.11504.64568.86446.76447.26414.10359.20617.80346.48

383.67387.43381.12376.40357.21335.48370.94425.98332.50291.17407.22429.62

455.80

437.00352.60399.59426.26299.83492.54422.18538.00411.88614.05410.66348.62585.47512.65457.60

$737.41787.25972.62667.06711.71439.88768.90

$772.82704.49512.53566.58395.01666.19747.35

$448.04412.06

525.00708.53530.62479.02509.44582.71458.02450.60430.98353.98626.45344.87

387.73383.18376.53381.38357.54342.91367.57434.78338.60300.29414.73430.54

460.62

439.43350.73402.57412.51297.97493.44427.33532.53427.66604.73438.70367.30594.38506.80462.95

$708.94754.39

517.08

378.97

450.15

425.06

135




Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Nondurable goods—ContinuedFood and kindred products—Continued









Women's hosiery, except socksHosiery, neeKnit outerwear millsKnit underwear millsWeft knit fabric mills

Textile finishing, except woolFinishing plants, cottonFinishing plants, synthetics

Carpets and rugsYam and thread mills










Paper and allied productsPaper millsPaperboard mills


2052051

2052,3206206120622063206420720820822086209

21211

22221222223224225225122522253225422572262261226222722822812282229

232312322321232523262332331233523372339234234123422362361238239239123922396

26262263

39.638.9

41.042.246.645.741.940.845.942.144.241.239.5

39.538.6

41.742.641.941.141.539.839.039.739.239.641.044.244.744.044.141.141.438.243.4

37.836.637.937.338.437.337.036.035.435.737.837.337.536.237.637.037.439.438.839.041.0

44.345.845.8

38.238.0

38.640.237.343.842.739.545.140.441.339.938.3

38.638.3

41.341.641.942.840.839.739.039.738.440.640.343.042.842.842.541.341.638.843.0

37.335.937.036.836.537.036.936.636.336.237.137.337.735.637.436.637.038.738.137.140.5

43.545.045.0

40.539.8

41.742.358.948.441.139.645.541.143.340.540.5

37.636.2

42.242.242.643.139.940.742.440.338.941.240.943.945.442.344.241.741.939.644.6

37.637.037.435.737.538.036.035.836.035.236.238.438.239.037.436.638.239.938.440.140.7

44.145.345.9

40.539.7

42.042.057.644.940.839.445.741.142.241.339.8

37.537.2

42.242.742.743.640.839.939.839.438.740.240.844.345.343.345.241.742.039.644.3

37.637.137.036.036.738.336.236.036.235.936.337.837.638.837.837.437.240.239.339.641.8

44.545.845.6

37.5

41.1

36.6

43.5

4.44.2

4.64.511.68.24.13.36.84.36.23.84.0

2.83.3

4.76.24.45.24.03.22.73.23.22.14.06.26.56.16.24.24.33.05.6

2.0.91.71.22.21.71.9.71.71.82.21.81.72.01.71.91.72.92.73.03.7

5.46.06.7

3.63.7

3.53.65.76.24.63.16.13.85.63.54.0

1.81.9

4.25.54.25.53.23.03.23.12.22.04.05.55.45.34.54.24.43.14.9

1.8.71.51.01.61.51.91.31.91.82.01.41.31.71.92.11.42.32.41.82.8

5.15.86.2

5.04.8

5.45.116.89.84.73.37.34.97.83.94.6

1.81.2

4.95.84.85.83.23.65.24.22.32.54.16.27.15.26.64.54.73.25.9

2.01.41.61.21.71.61.4.7

2.01.31.32.12.02.61.81.52.23.83.03.74.7

5.56.07.3

4.74.4

5.24.715.27.04.13.36.94.46.14.24.3

2.42.3

4.96.04.86.53.23.32.94.12.42.24.36.47.15.87.24.54.63.35.7

2.01.31.61.41.61.61.3.71.81.31.31.91.82.61.81.91.53.92.93.05.5

5.66.17.0

136





Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Nondurable goods—ContinuedFood and kindred products—Continued









Women's hosiery, except socksHosiery, neeKnit outerwear millsKnit underwear millsWeft knit fabric mills

Textile finishing, except woolFinishing plants, cottonFinishing plants, synthetics

Carpets and rugsYam and thread mills










Paper and allied productsPaper millsPaperboard mills


2052051

2052,3206206120622063206420720820822086209

21211

22221222223224225225122522253225422572262261226222722822812282229

232312322321232523262332331233523372339234234123422362361238239239123922396

26262263

$11.7311.57

12.0210.8010.1215.3211.109.9810.7214.6519.9811.709.52

16.3521.41

8.769.079.419.218.268.047.517.687.827.909.009.108.979.568.728.478.458.7310.44

7.047.716.656.566.506.436.575.997.037.166.476.736.507.786.376.356.938.367.137.1811.04

13.2716.2416.48

$11.6911.59

11.8810.9710.4415.1811.0310.1110.6514.2419.3511.649.46

15.9020.50

8.809.169.429.368.238.077.617.737.758.079.089.108.959.588.708.538.528.73

10.50

7.057.776.726.686.496.516.616.136.937.116.546.776.527.996.446.346.888.227.067.07

10.53

13.1716.0916.42

$11.7111.56

11.9811.0710.5416.3011.3610.0110.9215.0020.5712.209.68

16.4721.44

8.989.319.899.408.278.207.867.917.758.169.169.249.209.559.028.688.658.97

10.51

7.187.926.736.766.556.386.736.277.367.426.546.926.727.786.436.297.018.407.247.47

10.60

13.5416.8317.04

$11.7711.67

11.9611.0410.8415.9411.629.88

11.0314.8020.1712.079.92

16.9122.02

9.019.369.869.398.298.167.617.947.668.079.309.329.259.649.118.718.689.03

10.61

7.257.966.816.866.646.526.786.267.477.546.606.906.687.816.366.386.988.517.207.35

11.11

13.6016.8417.16

$17.19

9.04

7.22

13.53

$464.51450.07

492.82455.76471.59700.12465.09407.18492.05616.77883.12482.04376.04

645.83826.43

365.29386.38394.28378.53342.79319.99292.89304.90306.54312.84369.00402.22400.96420.64384.55348.12349.83333.49453.10

266.11282.19252.04244.69249.60239.84243.09215.64248.86255.61244.57251.03243.75281.64239.51234.95259.18329.38276.64280.02452.64

587.86743.79754.78

$446.56440.42

458.57440.99389.41664.88470.98399.35480.32575.30799.16464.44362.32

613.74785.15

363.44381.06394.70400.61335.78320.38296.79306.88297.60327.64365.92391.30383.06410.02369.75352.29354.43338.72451.50

262.97278.94248.64245.82236.89240.87243.91224.36251.56257.38242.63252.52245.80284.44240.86232.04254.56318.11268.99262.30426.47

572.90724.05738.90

$474.26460.09

499.57468.26620.81788.92466.90396.40496.86616.50890.68494.10392.04

619.27776.13

378.96392.88421.31405.14329.97333.74333.26318.77301.48336.19374.64405.64417.68403.97398.68361.96362.44355.21468.75

269.97293.04251.70241.33245.63242.44242.28224.47264.96261.18236.75265.73256.70303.42240.48230.21267.78335.16278.02299.55431.42

597.11762.40782.14

$476.69463.30

502.32463.68624.38715.71474.10389.27504.07608.28851.17498.49394.82

634.13819.14

380.22399.67421.02409.40338.23325.58302.88312.84296.44324.41379.44412.88419.03417.41411.77363.21364.56357.59470.02

272.60295.32251.97246.96243.69249.72245.44225.36270.41270.69239.58260.82251.17303.03240.41238.61259.66342.10282.96291.06464.40

605.20771.27782.50

$644.63

371.54

264.25

588.56

137




Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Nondurable goods—ContinuedPaper and allied products—Continued

Paperboard containers and boxesCorrugated and solid fiber boxesSanitary food containersFolding paperboard boxes






Manifold business formsBlankbooks and bookbindingPrinting trade services





Soap, cleaners, and toilet goodsSoap and other detergentsPolishing, sanitation, and finishing preparationsToilet preparations







Leather and leather productsLeather tanning and finishingFootwear, except rubber




Railroad transportation:Class I railroads3


265265326562657267267226732677

272712722732731273227427527522759276278279

28281281928228212824283283428428412842,3284428528628652869287289

29291295

303013023053052306308

3131131431433144316317

4011

43.844.443.643.443.343.042.242.7

38.733.837.641.340.142.636.840.139.840.242.638.939.3

43.743.542.444.045.042.942.943.143.544.042.343.842.345.545.945.445.243.2

43.944.841.7

42.444.342.042.542.642.442.1

39.143.838.437.838.639.737.2

39.2

45.2

43.143.941.842.742.441.942.142.7

37.932.437.939.038.539.636.339.439.239.541.138.039.5

43.043.142.143.744.543.042.042.042.042.441.442.041.344.845.044.844.442.6

44.145.141.1

42.044.541.941.941.541.741.7

39.044.038.738.339.638.536.7

39.0

45.6

44.345.142.644.142.742.842.442.4

38.833.837.640.539.241.837.340.340.140.241.839.239.6

43.444.043.344.345.243.441.541.342.543.741.942.242.545.446.145.244.943.1

43.943.745.2

42.343.343.441.542.942.042.3

38.842.537.937.538.038.339.8

39.8

46.8

44.545.342.944.743.242.942.442.5

38.933.837.440.539.441.637.240.440.240.642.540.240.0

44.144.343.744.445.743.142.942.943.544.842.443.443.245.846.145.746.343.5

43.643.942.8

42.643.041.142.043.242.542.7

39.043.738.338.038.640.037.2

39.9

47.3

37.7

43.4

43.6

41.9

38.6

5.25.44.25.54.94.14.74.7

3.31.52.63.82.85.02.33.93.74.04.62.54.6

4.85.05.05.35.44.84.54.53.95.23.63.33.46.47.96.05.64.4

5.96.06.1

4.56.43.04.55.14.14.4

2.46.11.92.31.52.6

.6

4.85.13.85.34.53.54.64.5

2.7.8

2.42.92.33.61.73.33.23.23.62.04.4

4.64.64.75.25.74.74.34.43.54.23.63.13.55.87.85.35.34.4

6.26.46.1

4.25.33.33.83.33.84.1

2.25.71.72.11.41.6.7

5.76.34.25.44.74.15.24.0

3.51.53.03.62.44.92.24.44.24.24.62.73.7

4.85.25.36.06.95.13.73.53.64.73.82.83.76.37.95.95.64.7

5.95.28.5

4.76.33.54.24.24.14.6

2.74.92.02.12.02.33.3

5.66.14.05.74.94.35.24.1

3.41.63.03.72.84.82.14.24.04.35.03.14.3

5.15.35.46.06.85.14.54.43.94.83.63.53.96.38.15.95.95.0

5.35.16.4

4.75.81.44.24.44.34.7

2.55.82.02.11.63.31.1

40.1

138





Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Nondurable goods—ContinuedPaper and allied products—Continued

Paperboard containers and boxesCorrugated and solid fiber boxesSanitary food containersFolding paperboard boxes






Manifold business formsBankbooks and bookbindingPrinting trade services





Soap, cleaners, and toilet goodsSoap and other detergentsPolishing, sanitation, and finishing preparationsToilet preparations







Leather and leather productsLeather tanning and finishingFootwear, except rubber




Railroad transportation:Class I railroads3


265265326562657267267226732677

272712722732731273227427527522759276278279

28281281928228212824283283428428412842,3284428528628652869287289

29291295

303013023053052306308

3131131431433144316317

4011

$11.1711.1611.1312.0111.8213.5511.0210.96

11.8811.8012.7210.8810.6311.1511.2412.0812.1111.8612.679.29

14.54

14.7816.0416.4015.5416.1014.8214.6114.6312.1915.9411.1010.4812.7117.6517.2117.9115.4613.32

18.1119.6713.06

10.5417.117.46

10.4810.419.889.80

7.509.677.087.706.527.746.72

13.58

16.68

$11.1111.0811.0011.7911.7313.3411.0210.91

11.8411.8312.9310.7910.5511.0511.0112.0212.0711.7412.509.18

14.55

14.7616.0116.4815.4116.0614.7114.7014.7112.2515.7111.2210.7012.6217.4217.3617.6015.3013.25

18.4019.9012.97

10.5517.257.38

10.4210.409.849.79

7.499.707.057.696.377.836.64

13.58

16.96

$11.4411.5611.3612.0111.8713.7811.1610.90

12.0211.9013.5111.2610.8211.7111.4812.1612.2411.8012.699.50

14.38

14.9516.6717.1715.2816.8213.6214.7314.8212.4315.9211.7210.7912.8917.8817.4818.1115.1813.68

18.6820.5414.13

10.6417.657.90

10.6910.8510.149.89

7.809.967.377.956.787.987.12

13.71

17.03

$11.5411.6611.3312.0911.9313.8911.2211.02

12.1211.9913.6111.3410.9211.7711.5312.2712.3711.8512.839.64

14.68

15.0516.8117.2915.3616.9613.6514.8114.8712.7116.2911.8511.0912.9517.8617.6818.0415.1113.83

18.7220.3813.93

10.6917.817.9310.6810.9710.199.95

7.8410.217.357.926.797.857.13

13.78

16.98

$12.05

15.03

18.56

10.75

7.89

13.84

$489.25495.50485.27521.23511.81582.65465.04467.99

459.76398.84478.27449.34426.26474.99413.63484.41481.98476.77539.74361.38571.42

645.89697.74695.36683.76724.50635.78626.77630.55530.27701.36469.53459.02537.63803.08789.94813.11698.79575.42

795.03881.22544.60

446.90757.97313.32445.40443.47418.91412.58

293.25423.55271.87291.06251.67307.28249.98

532.34

753.94

$478.84486.41459.80503.43497.35558.95463.94465.86

448.74383.29490.05420.81406.18437.58399.66473.59473.14463.73513.75348.84574.73

634.68690.03693.81673.42714.67632.53617.40617.82514.50666.10464.51449.40521.21780.42781.20788.48679.32564.45

811.44897.49533.07

443.10767.63309.22436.60431.60410.33408.24

292.11426.80272.84294.53252.25301.46243.69

529.62

773.38

$506.79521.36483.94529.64506.85589.78473.18462.16

466.38402.22507.98456.03424.14489.48428.20490.05490.82474.36530.44372.40569.45

648.83733.48743.46676.90760.26591.11611.30612.07528.28695.70491.07455.34547.83811.75805.83818.57681.58589.61

820.05897.60638.68

450.07764.25342.86443.64465.47425.88418.35

302.64423.30279.32298.13257.64305.63283.38

545.66

797.00

$513.53528.20486.06540.42515.38595.88475.73468.35

471.47405.26509.01459.27430.25489.63428.92495.71497.27481.11545.28387.53587.20

663.71744.68755.57681.98775.07588.32635.35637.92552.89729.79502.44481.31559.44817.99815.05824.43699.59601.61

816.19894.68596.20

455.39765.83325.92448.56473.90433.08424.87

305.76446.18281.51300.96262.09314.00265.24

549.82

803.15

$454.29

652.30

809.22

450.43

304.55

554.98

139




Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Transportation and public utilities—ContinuedLocal and interurban passenger transit

Local and suburban transportationIntercity and rural bus transportation

Trucking and warehousingTrucking and courier services, except airPublic warehousing and storage

Water transportation:Water transportation services





Telephone communications, except radioRadio and television broadcastingCable and other pay television services


Wholesale trade

Durable goodsMotor vehicles, parts, and suppliesFurniture and home furnishingsLumber and other construction materialsProfessional and commercial equipment

Medical and hospital equipmentMetals and minerals, except petroleumElectrical goodsHardware, plumbing, and heating equipment...Machinery, equipment, and suppliesMisc. wholesale trade durable goods

Nondurable goodsPaper and paper productsDrugs, proprietaries, and sundriesApparel, piece goods, and notionsGroceries and related productsFarm-product raw materialsChemicals and allied productsPetroleum and petroleum productsBeer, wine, and distilled beveragesMisc. wholesale trade nondurable goods

Retail trade


General merchandise storesDepartment stores


41411413

42421422

449

474724724473

484814813483484

49491492493495

505015025035045047505506507508509

51511512513514515516517518519

52521523525526

53531

33.438.537.6

38.938.840.0

35.4

41.0

36.835.535.537.7

39.440.840.834.639.2

42.441.843.443.442.3

38.2

38.738.437.339.538.937.840.338.538.739.237.5

37.536.937.437.238.335.340.337.636.936.4

29.2

35.937.736.032.133.9

32.632.9

32.737.937.4

37.837.639.4

36.4

40.9

36.535.935.936.8

39.741.341.334.738.8

41.641.242.141.842.4

37.8

38.538.737.138.638.737.439.838.138.439.237.0

37.036.437.236.537.834.239.937.536.435.9

28.0

35.437.235.931.732.3

27.827.8

33.538.537.7

39.339.141.5

35.4

42.4

37.135.835.738.3

39.441.041.134.239.1

42.542.043.342.942.9

38.2

38.838.237.739.739.038.540.838.338.739.437.6

37.536.537.336.838.237.040.137.337.036.7

28.6

36.138.136.131.933.1

28.928.9

33.838.337.6

39.439.341.1

36.2

42.9

37.235.735.738.3

39.240.740.834.338.8

42.441.943.543.042.4

38.3

38.938.438.039.639.038.241.138.638.939.337.7

37.537.237.636.738.434.540.037.537.236.7

29.2

36.037.836.232.333.1

31.231.3

38.2

28.2

140





Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Transportation and public utilities—ContinuedLocal and interurban passenger transit

Local and suburban transportationIntercity and rural bus transportation

Trucking and warehousingTrucking and courier services, except airPublic warehousing and storage

Water transportation:Water transportation services





Telephone communications, except radioRadio and television broadcastingCable and other pay television services


Wholesale trade

Durable goodsMotor vehicles, parts, and suppliesFurniture and home furnishingsLumber and other construction materialsProfessional and commercial equipment

Medical and hospital equipmentMetals and minerals, except petroleumElectrical goodsHardware, plumbing, and heating equipment...Machinery, equipment, and suppliesMisc. wholesale trade durable goods

Nondurable goodsPaper and paper productsDrugs, proprietaries, and sundriesApparel, piece goods, and notionsGroceries and related productsFarm-product raw materialsChemicals and allied productsPetroleum and petroleum productsBeer, wine, and distilled beveragesMisc. wholesale trade nondurable goods

Retail trade


General merchandise storesDepartment stores


41411413

42421422

449

46

474724724473

484814813483484

49491492493495

505015025035045047505506507508509

51511512513514515516517518519

52521523525526

53531

$9.9410.7312.69

12.2412.429.94

17.14

19.29

10.9510.1110.0312.15

14.8815.6315.7914.1011.28

16.4517.0115.9619.4411.98

11.52

11.8310.4810.5611.0214.1312.9711.8912.2011.1711.809.23

11.1011.6013.1510.7211.298.34

13.2310.5413.099.41

7.20

8.558.979.147.357.41

7.167.19

$9.9710.6912.81

12.1812.3610.00

17.42

19.24

10.9610.039.88

12.26

14.9515.7215.9014.1111.24

16.4116.9316.1119.2612.08

11.59

11.9410.5410.6611.0914.3513.1011.9712.3011.1911.849.34

11.1211.5813.3010.8611.288.29

13.2310.5912.849.45

7.27

8.608.959.137.417.70

7.267.30

$10.0710.8112.87

12.4812.699.96

17.85

19.87

11.0910.3010.2712.31

15.1415.8616.0714.5911.53

17.0417.6816.7720.1812.26

11.79

12.1710.7210.7311.2814.6613.1812.0812.7311.4912.179.56

11.2711.9713.4010.9011.568.44

13.1210.7312.939.50

7.36

8.759.079.457.507.66

7.297.27

$10.0710.7913.26

12.5712.7710.10

18.07

20.12

11.1910.3410.3112.50

15.1015.7915.9914.6611.57

16.9617.6116.6020.1612.13

11.83

12.1910.7910.6811.3014.6313.2612.1312.7511.5312.209.59

11.3311.9113.3711.0311.628.46

13.0310.6713.229.56

7.36

8.749.099.437.547.61

7.317.31

$11.92

7.47

$332.00413.11477.14

476.14481.90397.60

606.76

790.89

402.96358.91356.07458.06

586.27637.70644.23487.86442.18

697.48711.02692.66843.70506.75

440.06

457.82402.43393.89435.29549.66490.27479.17469.70432.28462.56346.13

416.25428.04491.81398.78432.41294.40533.17396.30483.02342.52

210.24

306.95338.17329.04235.94251.20

233.42236.55

$326.02405.15479.09

460.40464.74394.00

634.09

786.92

400.04360.08354.69451.17

593.52649.24656.67489.62436.11

682.66697.52678.23805.07512.19

438.10

459.69407.90395.49428.07555.35489.94476.41468.63429.70464.13345.58

411.44421.51494.76396.39426.38283.52527.88397.13467.38339.26

203.56

304.44332.94327.77234.90248.71

201.83202.94

$337.35416.19485.20

490.46496.18413.34

631.89

842.49

411.44368.74366.64471.47

596.52650.26660.48498.98450.82

724.20742.56726.14865.72525.95

450.38

472.20409.50404.52447.82571.74507.43492.86487.56444.66479.50359.46

422.63436.91499.82401.12441.59312.28526.11400.23478.41348.65

210.50

315.88345.57341.15239.25253.55

210.68210.10

$340.37413.26498.58

495.26501.86415.11

654.13

863.15

416.27369.14368.07478.75

591.92642.65652.39502.84448.92

719.10737.86722.10866.88514.31

453.09

474.19414.34405.84447.48570.57506.53498.54492.15448.52479.46361.54

424.88443.05502.71404.80446.21291.87521.20400.13491.78350.85

214.91

314.64343.60341.37243.54251.89

228.07228.80

$455.34

210.65

141




Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Retail trade—ContinuedGeneral merchandise stores—Continued

Variety storesMisc. general merchandise stores

Food storesGrocery storesRetail bakeries

Automotive dealers and service stations...New and used car dealersAuto and home supply storesGasoline service stationsAutomotive dealers, nee


Furniture and home furnishings storesFurniture and home furnishings stores ...Household appliance storesRadio, television, and computer stores...

Radio, television, and electronic storesRecord and prerecorded tape stores ...

Eating and drinking places4

Miscellaneous retail establishmentsDrug stores and proprietary storesUsed merchandise storesMiscellaneous shopping goods stores ....Nonstore retailersFuel dealersRetail stores, nee



State commercial banksNational and commercial banks, nee ...

Credit unions

Nondepository institutionsPersonal credit institutions

Security and commodity brokers:Security and commodity services


Hospital and medical service plansFire, marine, and casualty insurance

Services


Hotels and other lodging places:Hotels and motels4


533539

54541546

55551553554559

56561562565566

5757157257357315735

58

59591593594596598599

6060260226021,9606

61614

628

636316326324633

07074078

701

30.431.3

29.529.628.5

35.837.237.733.033.9

26.930.324.128.127.9

33.433.634.332.833.427.8

24.6

30.828.432.029.635.939.631.5

35.6

35.034.735.234.435.5

37.538.4

36.1

37.937.638.738.437.4

32.3

32.228.334.0

29.8

27.028.4

29.129.227.8

35.737.137.333.234.1

25.128.422.326.226.1

32.532.733.132.032.125.8

24.0

29.228.032.227.133.239.230.1

35.7

35.235.035.334.835.6

37.037.3

36.6

37.837.439.039.037.4

32.2

31.028.532.2

29.7

27.829.1

29.429.628.5

35.937.337.733.234.2

26.128.723.627.526.8

33.133.333.732.732.328.2

24.8

29.528.032.427.434.338.830.6

35.6

34.934.835.234.435.4

37.837.5

36.0

37.837.438.438.237.4

32.5

33.628.235.9

30.7

29.631.0

29.729.829.4

35.837.237.233.334.4

27.230.624.528.627.4

33.833.735.133.733.730.5

25.1

30.728.432.429.535.639.231.8

35.7

35.034.835.234.535.5

38.238.3

36.2

37.737.238.638.237.5

32.4

32.628.134.6

29.8

36.2

32.5

142





Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993"

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Retail trade—ContinuedGeneral merchandise stores—Continued

Variety storesMisc. general merchandise stores

Food storesGrocery storesRetail bakeries

Automotive dealers and service stations...New and used car dealersAuto and home supply storesGasoline service stationsAutomotive dealers, nee


Furniture and home furnishings storesFurniture and home furnishings stores ...Household appliance storesRadio, television, and computer stores...

Radio, television, and electronic storesRecord and prerecorded tape stores ...

Eating and drinking places4

Miscellaneous retail establishmentsDrug stores and proprietary storesUsed merchandise storesMiscellaneous shopping goods stores ....Nonstore retailersFuel dealersRetail stores, nee



State commercial banksNational and commercial banks, nee ...

Credit unions

Nondepository institutionsPersonal credit institutions

Security and commodity brokers:Security and commodity services


Hospital and medical service plansFire, marine, and casualty insurance

Services


Hotels and other lodging places:Hotels and motels4


533539

54541546

55551553554559

56561562565566

5757157257357315735

58

59591593594596598599

6060260226021,9606

61614

628

636316326324633

07074078

701

$6.207.55

7.717.826.73

9.3111.458.266.57

10.57

6.928.376.486.657.34

9.349.189.899.429.565.73

5.35

7.707.796.767.028.16

11.208.04

11.03

8.998.548.448.628.85

11.789.69

15.42

12.7411.6212.3312.5713.79

10.76

8.628.148.95

7.64

$6.357.58

7.767.846.81

9.3511.518.236.61

10.49

7.058.826.716.797.19

9.389.189.809.569.335.78

5.34

7.887.896.707.318.24

11.188.12

11.13

9.038.628.498.718.91

11.839.76

15.68

12.8411.7912.4412.7113.83

10.83

8.638.169.00

7.62

$6.737.93

7.918.016.90

9.7212.078.326.73

10.52

7.078.346.686.887.45

9.539.449.809.599.555.94

5.40

8.008.276.757.328.52

11.348.14

11.52

9.198.758.618.859.16

12.8110.10

15.63

13.4512.7712.8613.1214.29

10.95

8.718.268.94

7.74

$6.657.86

7.867.976.96

9.6912.038.366.73

10.47

7.008.386.576.707.50

9.739.56

10.229.85

10.295.82

5.43

7.958.226.877.248.59

11.398.10

11.60

9.218.768.648.859.13

12.7010.01

15.67

13.6813.1012.9113.2914.59

11.00

8.728.238.99

7.80

$11.79

11.10

$188.48236.32

227.45231.47191.81

333.30425.94311.40216.81358.32

186.15253.61156.17186.87204.79

311.96308.45339.23308.98319.30159.29

131.61

237.16221.24216.32207.79292.94443.52253.26

392.67

314.65296.34297.09296.53314.18

441.75372.10

556.66

482.85436.91477.17482.69515.75

347.55

277.56230.36304.30

227.67

$171.45215.27

225.82 j228.93189.32

333.80427.02306.98219.45357.71

176.96250.49149.63177.90187.66

304.85300.19324.38305.92299.49149.12

128.16

230.10220.92215.74198.10273.57438.26244.41

397.34

317.86301.70299.70303.11317.20

437.71364.05

573.89

485.35440.95485.16495.69517.24

348.73

267.53232.56289.80

226.31

$187.09230.76

232.55237.10196.oo

348.95450.21313.66223.44359.78

184.53239.36157.65189.20199.66

315.44314.35330.26313.59308.47167.51

133.92

236.00231.56218.70200.57292.24439.99249.08

410.11

320.73304.50303.07304.44324.26

484.22378.75

562.68

508.41477.60493.82501.18534.45

355.88

292.66232.93320.95

237.62

$196.84243.66

233.44237.51204.62

346.90447.52310.99224.11360.17

190.40256.43160.97191.62205.50

328.87322.17358.72331.95346.77177.51

136.29

244.07233.45222.59213.58305.80446.49257.58

414.12

322.35304.85304.13305.33324.12

485.14383.38

567.25

515.74487.32498.33507.68547.13

356.40

284.27231.26311.05

232.44

$426.80

360.75

143




Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Services—ContinuedPersonal services:

Laundry, cleaning, and garment servicesBeauty shops4

Miscellaneous personal services

Business servicesAdvertisingMailing, reproduction, and stenographic services:


Heavy construction equipment rentalPersonnel supply services:

Help supply servicesComputer and data processing services

Computer programming servicesComputer integrated systems designInformation retrieval servicesComputer maintenance and repair

Miscellaneous business servicesDetective and armored car servicesSecurity systems services





Miscellaneous repair services

Motion picturesMotion picture production and services



Health servicesOffices and clinics of medical doctorsOffices and clinics of dentistsOffices and clinics of other health practitioners ..Nursing and personal care facilities

Intermediate care facilitiesHospitalsHome health care services

Legal services

Social servicesIndividual and family servicesJob training and related servicesChild day care servicesResidential careSocial services, nee

Membership organizations:Professional organizations


721723729

73731

73347347357353

7363737737173737375737873873817382

7575175147527537532,475387547542

76

78781

7979379979917997

808018028048058052806808

81

83832833835836839

862

33.928.922.5

33.136.6

37.828.639.239.5

31.637.737.738.338.238.933.533.837.3

35.936.935.932.738.037.437.930.026.8

38.1

28.939.0

26.324.625.817.829.3

32.832.328.329.632.231.434.527.6

34.7

31.232.330.429.531.632.1

34.7

33.428.517.1

32.836.5

37.328.237.737.8

31.337.938.237.839.139.033.233.437.3

35.636.635.633.137.937.137.928.824.5

37.8

28.838.3

26.124.825.117.727.0

32.732.228.029.632.331.534.527.5

34.6

31.132.430.329.231.732.0

34.5

34.128.525.4

33.136.6

37.428.638.939.6

31.738.138.438.638.739.033.333.436.2

36.336.835.733.238.237.537.831.228.8

38.1

29.039.2

26.724.426.118.027.8

32.732.328.229.732.031.334.627.9

34.6

31.131.830.829.331.731.6

35.2

34.228.924.5

33.236.6

37.628.939.039.4

31.937.938.538.238.639.433.633.635.8

36.236.936.034.238.237.338.030.828.3

38.1

28.638.4

26.824.626.318.129.4

32.832.328.629.932.031.534.627.9

34.7

31.132.030.829.131.832.1

34.9

144





Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Services—ContinuedPersonal services:

Laundry, cleaning, and garment servicesBeauty shops4

Miscellaneous personal services

Business servicesAdvertisingMailing, reproduction, and stenographic services:


Heavy construction equipment rentalPersonnel supply services:

Help supply servicesComputer and data processing services

Computer programming servicesComputer integrated systems designInformation retrieval servicesComputer maintenance and repair

Miscellaneous business servicesDetective and armored car servicesSecurity systems services





Miscellaneous repair services

Motion picturesMotion picture production and services



Health servicesOffices and clinics of medical doctorsOffices and clinics of dentistsOffices and clinics of other health practitioners ..Nursing and personal care facilities

Intermediate care facilitiesHospitalsHome health care services

Legal services

Social servicesIndividual and family servicesJob training and related servicesChild day care servicesResidential careSocial services, nee

Membership organizations:Professional organizations


721723729

73731

73347347357353

7363737737173737375737873873817382

7575175147527537532,475387547542

76

78781

7979379979917997

808018028048058052806808

81

83832833835836839

862

$7.247.737.99

9.9414.71

9.527.31

10.5513.85

8.3115.9618.8716.5513.5613.818.506.74

10.48

9.299.358.217.00

10.1310.8110.147.176.21

10.93

13.4419.92

8.776.498.138.048.21

11.6411.7311.2410.197.997.43

13.3310.23

15.14

7.748.257.616.587.948.70

14.64

$7.257.547.66

10.0614.73

9.557.29

10.5413.66

8.4415.9318.5716.4814.2913.738.506.71

10.57

9.319.298.196.92

10.1310.7710.197.266.20

10.95

13.1519.37

8.756.468.078.108.21

11.6711.7011.2810.208.037.46

13.3710.31

15.19

7.808.337.676.647.978.76

14.58

$7.297.917.87

10.1215.21

9.737.48

10.7514.10

8.2816.5619.5317.5014.2113.588.696.82

11.01

9.409.218.276.87

10.4411.0210.436.976.15

11.21

13.8119.83

8.996.508.257.818.22

11.9012.0511.6410.488.277.70

13.6110.51

15.36

7.968.477.866.728.139.05

15.27

$7.328.097.72

10.1915.25

9.687.45

10.8614.23

8.3416.7219.4617.4914.2913.728.746.83

11.14

9.469.258.386.90

10.4811.0610.477.166.35

11.20

13.0718.89

9.126.588.347.828.42

11.9612.0711.7310.478.317.74

13.7010.63

15.45

8.008.527.916.778.159.08

15.33

$245.44223.40179.78

329.01538.39

359.86209.07413.56547.08

262.60601.69711.40633.87517.99537.21284.75227.81390.90

333.51345.02294.74228.90384.94404.29384.31215.10166.43

416.43

388.42776.88

230.65159.65209.75143.11240.55

381.79378.88318.09301.62257.28233.30459.89282.35

525.36

241.49266.48231.34194.11250.90279.27

508.01

$242.15214.89130.99

329.97537.65

356.22205.58397.36516.35

264.17603.75709.37622.94558.74535.47282.20224.11394.26

331.44340.01291.56229.05383.93399.57386.20209.09151.90

413.91

378.72741.87

228.38160.21202.56143.37221.67

381.61376.74315.84301.92259.37234.99461.27283.53

525.57

242.58269.89232.40193.89252.65280.32

503.01

$248.59225.44199.90

334.97556.69

363.90213.93418.18558.36

262.48630.94749.95675.50549.93529.62289.38227.79398.56

341.22338.93295.24228.08398.81413.25394.25217.46177.12

427.10

400.49777.34

240.03158.60215.33140.58228.52

389.13389.22328.25311.26264.64241.01470.91293.23

531.46

247.56269.35242.09196.90257.72285.98

537.50

$250.34233.80189.14

338.31558.15

363.97215.31423.54560.66

266.05633.69749.21668.12551.59540.57293.66229.49398.81

342.45341.33301.68235.98400.34412.54397.86220.53179.71

426.72

373.80725.38

244.42161.87219.34141.54247.55

392.29389.86335.48313.05265.92243.81474.02296.58

536.12

248.80272.64243.63197.01259.17291.47

535.02

145




Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Services—ContinuedEngineering and management services

Engineering and architectural services ...Engineering servicesArchitectural servicesSurveying services

Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping ..Research and testing services

Commercial physical researchCommercial nonphysical researchNoncommercial research organizations


Services, nee


878718711871287138728738731873287338748743

89

36.938.939.237.837.636.336.439.229.635.935.533.4

37.1

36.938.538.738.036.637.036.339.129.135.935.233.0

36.5

36.938.939.038.138.536.036.438.729.736.435.632.4

36.3

36.938.738.938.037.836.636.338.829.835.835.332.7

35.7

146





Industry1987SIC

Code


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Services—ContinuedEngineering and management services

Engineering and architectural services ...Engineering servicesArchitectural servicesSurveying services

Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping ..Research and testing services

Commercial physical researchCommercial nonphysical researchNoncommercial research organizations


Services, nee

878718711871287138728738731873287338748743

89

$14.8016.1216.6814.9711.4113.0115.6617.8011.7117.4813.6013.56

16.02

$14.9216.2016.7515.0011.4812.8316.0918.1112.6917.6813.7913.95

15.87

$15.2116.3016.9114.9811.6513.1416.2818.3712.2318.2914.2713.49

15.71

$15.2616.3917.0115.0011.7013.2116.3118.3312.3718.2114.3413.97

15.67

$546.12627.07653.86565.87429.02472.26570.02697.76346.62627.53482.80452.90

594.34

$550.55623.70648.23570.00420.17474.71584.07708.10369.28634.71485.41460.35

579.26

$561.25634.07659.49570.74448.53473.04592.59710.92363.23665.76508.01437.08

570.27

$563.09634.29661.69570.00442.26483.49592.05711.20368.63651.92506.20456.82

559.42


2 See table B-15a for average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 3721) andguided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 3761) manufacturing.

3 Data relate to line-haul railroads with operating revenues of$50,000,000 or more.

4 Money payments only; tips, not included.5 Excludes nonoffice commissioned real estate sales agents.- Data not available.p = preliminary.NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from

March 1992 benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data areintroduced, all unadjusted data from April 1992 forward are subject torevision.

147


A Note on Average Hourly Earningsin Aircraft (SIC 3721) and Guided Missilesand Space Vehicles (SIC 3761) Manufacturing

For many years, the Bureau of Labor Statistics averagehourly earning series for production workers in aircraftmanufacturing (SIC 3721) and guided missiles and spacevehicles manufacturing (SIC 3761) have been used toescalate labor costs in contracts between aerospacecompanies and their customers. Although the Bureau'sseries by definition take account of traditional wage ratechanges, they do not capture "lump-sum payments toworkers in lieu of general wage increases" which werenegotiated in aerospace manufacturers' collective bargain-ing agreements beginning in late 1983.

Because of special circumstances in the aerospace

industry, BLS has calculated average hourly earningsseries for SIC 3721 and SIC 3761 which include lump-sumpayments. These series, beginning in October 1983, theeffective date of the first aerospace bargaining agreementusing lump-sum payments, were published in the June1988 issue of Employment and Earnings. Current and yearearlier data are presented in table C-2a along with theaverage hourly earnings series produced as part of theCurrent Employment Statistics program. An explanationof the methodology used to derive these series appears inthe Explanatory Notes of this publication.

B-15a. Average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 3761)manufacturing

Series

Average hourly earnings,excluding lump-sum payments

Average hourly earnings,including lump-sum payments

Aircraft (SIC 3721)

Nov.1992

$18.14

18.98

Dec.1992

$18.23

19.00

Nov.1993

$18.94

18.97

Dec.1993P

$19.17

19.21

Guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 3761)

Nov.1992

$17.03

17.12

Dec.1992

$17.07

17.09

Nov.1993

$17.64

17.67

Dec.1993P

$18.01

18.14

= preliminary.

148


ESTABLISHMENT DATAEARNINGS


B-16. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime,1 of production workers on manufacturing payrolls

Industry Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Manufacturing



$11.09

11.639.098.81

11.0413.0311.0411.9610.6014.7811.689.00

10.389.81

15.798.306.86

12.5111.4114.0116.9710.017.28

$11.11

11.669.068.86

11.0812.9711.0411.9710.6714.8011.719.07

10.409.79

15.558.376.89

12.4511.4414.0017.1910.057.28

$11.27

11.829.179.05

11.2613.2011.1812.1610.7915.2011.949.07

10.549.94

16.098.496.99

12.7411.5114.1717.5110.087.53

$11.37

11.929.229.03

11.2813.3411.2312.2210.9015.3612.029.18

10.6410.0616.398.527.06

12.8011.6114.2317.6510.147.59

$11.40

11.94000

(*)O0(2)00

$10.6700(2)00000(2)0

1 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rateof time and one-half.

2 Not available.p = preliminary.

NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projectedfrom March 1992 benchmark levels. When more recent benchmarkdata are introduced, all unadjusted data from April 1992 forward aresubject to revision.

149


ESTABLISHMENT DATAEARNINGSNOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-17. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervlsory workers1 on privatenonfarm payrolls by major industry, in current and constant (1982) dollars

Industry


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P


Dec.1992

Jan.1993

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

Jan.1994P

Total private:Current dollarsConstant (1982) dollars

Mining:Current dollarsConstant (1982) dollars

Construction:Current dollarsConstant (1982) dollars

Manufacturing:Current dollarsConstant (1982) dollars

Transportation and public utilities:Current dollarsConstant (1982) dollars

Wholesale trade:Current dollarsConstant (1982) dollars

Retail trade:Current dollarsConstant (1982) dollars

Finance, insurance, and real estate:Current dollarsConstant (1982) dollars

Services:Current dollarsConstant (1982) dollars

$10.707.42

14.5810.10

14.27

11.648.07

13.589.41

11.527.98

7.204.99

11.037.64

10.767.46

$10.777.44

14.7210.17

14.209.81

11.628.02

13.589.38

11.598.00

7.275.02

11.137.69

10.837.48

$10.967.41

14.439.75

14.449.76

11.888.03

13.719.26

11.797.97

7.364.97

11.527.78

10.957.40

$10.977.42

14.67

14.449.76

12.018.12

13.789.32

11.838.00

7.364.98

11.607.84

11.007.44

$11.07ft

$14.990

$14.39ft

$11.970

$13.84ft

$11.920

$7.470

$11.79ft

$11.10

0

$369.15255.82

647.35448.61

530.84367.87

487.72337.99

532.34368.91

440.06304.96

210.24145.70

392.67272.12

347.55240.85

$366.18252.89

649.15448.31

512.62354.02

477.58329.82

529.62365.76

438.10302.56

203.56140.58

397.34274.41

348.73240.84

$378.12255.49

645.02435.82

557.38376.61

498.96337.14

545.66368.69

450.38304.31

210.50142.23

410.11277.10

355.88240.46

$380.66257.38

658.68445.35

553.05373.94

509.22344.30

549.82371.75

453.09306.35

214.91145.31

414.12280.00

356.40240.97

$379.70ft

$658.060

$532.43ft

$496.76ft

$554.98ft

$455.34ft

$210.65ft

$426.80ft

$360.75ft


2 Not available.p = preliminary.

NOTE: The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners andClerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate the earnings series.Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March1992 benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data areintroduced, all unadjusted data from April 1992 forward are subject torevision.

150


ESTABLISHMENT DATASTATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS


B-18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selectedareas

State and area


Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P


Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P


Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

AlabamaBirminghamMobile

Alaska

Arizona



ColoradoDenver


DelawareWilmington

District of Columbia:

Washington MSA

Florida

GeorgiaAtlantaSavannah

Hawaii

Honolulu

Idaho

IllinoisAurora-ElginBloomington-NormalChampaign-Urbana-RantoulChicagoDavenport-Rock Island-MolineDecaturJolietKankakeeLake CountyPeoriaRockfordSpringfield


42.142.942.8

38.5

41.5

41.842.741.241.943.5

41.441.639.241.442.141.941.041.340.740.439.740.539.942.041.240.342.240.5

42.042.6

42.242.742.143.740.841.041.8

41.543.1

38.8

42.4

42.241.947.8

41.041.3

39.9

41.942.040.740.841.440.542.441.941.040.742.642.139.8

41.942.844.6

39.8

41.2

41.743.341.241.643.3

41.441.440.141.041.939.341.241.641.740.740.740.239.142.040.138.641.939.7

41.142.1

42.243.241.944.340.940.344.0

44.045.8

40.4

42.0

42.341.946.9

40.238.3

40.4

41.741.445.441.041.542.740.441.342.541.240.442.139.8

42.043.843.9

38.5

41.5

42.941.941.642.744.2

41.642.240.041.641.940.241.341.342.240.438.741.038.642.939.838.543.140.8

41.442.7

43.043.642.945.641.541.843.9

46.448.1

40.6

42.9

42.542.346.5

40.438.9

39.9

41.741.345.240.741.642.340.841.242.541.241.242.139.7

$10.1510.7012.50

12.10

10.98

9.238.719.439.69

10.27

12.3212.4012.5210.0011.4811.9114.3711.6311.4612.9112.5112.5713.4014.9212.7612.8812.0614.16

11.6312.99

12.7213.4713.7113.0812.5611.0911.50

12.5014.88

14.22

9.79

10.0511.2913.38

11.9212.59

11.69

11.9811.7615.1810.6111.7714.0414.8413.7512.2911.7215.1113.0811.61

$10.5711.4212.87

12.67

11.15

9.408.599.649.76

10.96

12.4212.6912.5310.4311.5512.0114.9711.7611.4813.0812.9912.6913.5815.0113.3813.6312.5614.12

12.1812.87

13.2213.5614.1613.6113.0711.7411.75

13.6916.02

14.04

9.87

10.2111.5513.36

11.9612.61

11.92

12.1912.1116.5910.5711.9414.0215.0413.9513.2212.3914.7813.2111.90

$10.7611.7013.00

11.95

11.24

9.498.939.589.89

10.67

12.5612.7812.5610.4011.7512.0714.8411.9011.5313.1012.9712.8213.8214.9813.3913.8112.6214.35

12.4413.06

13.4213.7514.3013.7513.3611.7711.99

14.1116.74

14.19

9.92

10.2411.6213.48

12.1912.69

12.07

12.2212.1816.6510.5811.9414.1315.0613.9813.2212.4714.8313.2911.96

$427.32459.03535.00

465.85

455.67

385.81371.92388.52406.01446.75

510.05515.84490.78414.00483.31499.03589.17480.32466.42521.56496.65509.09534.66626.64525.71519.06508.93573.48

488.46553.37

536.78575.17577.19571.60512.45454.69480.70

518.75641.33

551.74

415.10

424.11473.05639.56

488.72519.97

466.43

501.96493.92617.83432.89487.28568.62629.22576.13503.89477.00643.69550.67462.08

$442.88488.78574.00

504.27

459.38

391.98371.95397.17406.02474.57

514.19525.37502.45427.63483.95471.99616.76489.22478.72532.36528.69510.14530.98630.42536.54526.12526.26560.56

500.60541.83

557.88585.79593.30602.92534.56473.12517.00

602.36733.72

567.22

414.54

431.88483.95626.58

480.79482.96

481.57

508.32501.35753.19433.37495.51598.65607.62576.14561.85510.47597.11556.14473.62

$451.92512.46570.70

460.08

466.46

407.12374.17398.53422.30471.61

522.50539.32502.40432.64492.33485.21612.89491.47486.57529.24501.94525.62533.45642.64532.92531.69543.92585.48

515.02557.66

577.06599.50613.47627.00554.44491.99526.36

654.70805.19

576.11

425.57

435.20491.53626.82

492.48493.64

481.59

509.57503.03752.58430.61496.70597.70614.45575.98561.85513.76611.00559.51474.81

151


ESTABLISHMENT DATASTATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGSNOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selectedareas—Continued

State and area


Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P


Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P


Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

AndersonBloomington +—Elkhart-GoshenEvansville ,Fort WayneGary-HammondIndianapolisKokomoLafayette-West Lafayette ..MuncieSouth Bend-MishawakaTerre Haute

IowaCedar RapidsDes MoinesDubuqueSioux City

KansasTopekaWichita

KentuckyLexington-FayetteLouisville

LouisianaBaton RougeNew OrleansShreveport


MarylandBaltimore MSA

MassachusettsBostonSpringfieldWorcester

MichiganAnn ArborBattle CreekDetroitFlint ~Grand RapidsJacksonKalamazooLansing-East LansingMuskegonSaginaw-Bay City-Midland

MinnesotaDuluthMinneapolis-St. PaulSt. Cloud

Jackson


42.839.742.339.444.340.644.143.239.344.844.342.545.9

41.843.340.941.540.9

41.542.042.3

40.942.441.1

43.844.542.741.4

40.540.038.4

41.341.6

41.441.339.641.6

42.942.541.844.140.442.844.244.243.640.743.3

41.941.541.840.0

41.740.8

42.442.843.942.5

40.0

43.546.540.039.943.242.443.744.945.142.046.341.443.4

42.444.241.541.441.5

42.444.340.6

41.242.542.7

43.043.742.444.1

41.143.639.0

42.042.5

41.540.941.742.0

44.344.543.646.045.443.043.644.541.342.243.0

41.540.541.538.3

42.141.5

41.743.542.441.1

38.8

44.146.240.140.743.343.044.546.546.942.446.243.644.5

43.142.943.441.641.0

42.042.641.1

41.543.443.4

43.245.043.143.3

41.543.439.6

42.142.6

42.141.342.641.8

45.145.644.147.246.543.343.945.241.444.943.6

41.842.441.840.4

42.641.5

42.443.744.241.4

39.9

$12.9918.0712.2810.7212.4013.3217.0713.7817.3113.7714.0111.8212.11

12.1714.6912.5712.459.83

11.9913.8713.96

11.4112.3113.02

12.6314.4912.3114.59

11.539.38

10.50

12.7913.41

12.3213.2311.9911.68

15.0516.2516.3616.2718.7912.3410.9714.7516.1912.6816.74

12.2011.7212.9310.62

9.079.51

11.3813.3113.7010.07

12.32

$13.5018.9210.8511.0113.1613.7619.0613.8518.7313.1514.1712.1412.89

12.4015.1213.4612.439.90

12.0814.1813.92

11.6112.2513.65

12.7614.7712.6514.40

11.6810.0010.78

12.9213.59

12.4213.2812.2511.61

15.7216.9616.8417.0020.7212.9411.3215.1918.0512.3818.16

12.3811.3313.1611.09

9.26

11.5613.7013.709.94

12.38

$13.2318.8611.1111.1913.2013.8416.2913.6618.7613.0814.4212.1313.78

12.4115.1513.6212.639.90

12.0914.1414.07

11.7212.2613.86

12.8514.8812.6914.11

11.7010.0810.85

12.9413.44

12.5013.2612.2911.66

16.1117.5017.9717.3521.5213.1111.2915.0819.0812.8818.36

12.5011.6013.2211.03

9.3510.12

11.7714.0714.0310.08

12.52

$555.97717.38519.44422.37549.32540.79752.79595.30680.28616.90620.64502.35555.85

508.71636.08514.11516.68402.05

497.59582.54590.51

466.67521.94535.12

553.19644.81525.64604.03

466.97375.20403.20

528.23557.86

510.05546.40474.80485.89

645.64690.63683.85717.51759.12528.15484.87651.95705.88516.08724.84

511.18486.38540.47424.80

378.22388.01

482.51569.67601.43427.98

492.80

$587.25879.78434.00439.30568.51583.42832.92621.87844.72552.30656.07502.60559.43

525.76668.30558.59514.60410.85

512.19628.17565.15

478.33520.63582.86

548.68645.45536.36635.04

480.05436.00420.42

542.64577.58

515.43543.15510.83487.62

696.40754.72734.22782.00940.69556.42493.55675.95745.46522.44780.88

513.77458.87546.14424.75

389.85414.17

482.05595.95580.88408.53

480.34

$583.44871.33445.51455.43571.56595.12724.91635.19879.84554.59666.20528.87613.21

534.87649.94591.11525.41405.90

507.78602.36578.28

486.38532.08601.52

555.12669.60546.94610.96

485.55437.47429.66

544.77572.54

526.25547.64523.55487.39

726.56798.00792.48818.921000.68567.66495.63681.62789.91578.31800.50

522.50491.84552.60445.61

398.31419.98

499.05614.86620.13417.31

499.55


152


ESTABLISHMENT DATASTATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS


B-18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selectedareas—Continued

State and area


Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P


Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P


Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993*


NevadaLas Vegas

New nampsnireManchesterNashuaPortsmouth-Dover-Rochester

New Jersey

New MexicoAlbuquerque

New YorkAlbany-Schenectady-TroyBinghamtonBuffaloElmiraNassau-SuffolkNew York PMSANew York CityNiagara FallsOrange CountyPoughkeepsieRochesterRockland CountySyracuseUtica-RomeWestchester County


North DakotaFargo-Moorhead


OklahomaOklahoma CityTulsa


PennsylvaniaAllentown-BethlehemAltoonaBeaver CountyErieHarrisburg-Lebanon-CarlisleJohnstown


42.141.241.9

41.743.0

43.644.446.043.4

41.9

40.241.1

40.841.941.544.041.340.838.638.241.539.640.642.143.342.541.840.5

41.540.441.841.043.3

40.640.3

43.342.942.242.943.243.143.543.342.5

43.146.243.9

39.538.139.740.537.3

41.040.737.545.744.740.335.7

42.643.142.7

41.741.9

42.042.843.241.7

42.0

41.441.4

41.141.941.644.242.940.538.337.842.341.440.141.842.443.244.241.4

41.341.541.140.440.8

40.935.9

43.844.041.943.443.642.444.645.544.0

43.145.142.4

39.741.040.941.238.4

42.142.441.546.344.940.640.4

42.644.043.1

43.342.8

42.642.743.242.8

42.4

40.440.6

41.242.241.344.543.840.238.538.042.041.140.342.742.243.043.641.9

41.542.441.040.841.1

41.039.6

44.044.141.343.743.742.945.646.044.3

44.243.843.1

40.041.742.341.037.7

41.841.941.245.345.040.340.1

$10.3411.6210.68

11.6813.13

11.5411.2014.8011.35

12.86

10.0710.10

11.9013.329.74

14.2911.0911.5810.5610.2015.3310.2910.7713.7813.7513.4310.9712.37

9.729.88

10.3410.5810.73

9.759.02

13.8412.7512.2713.0613.1513.6115.0714.9916.10

11.2511.7512.14

12.1912.0611.5112.5910.61

12.1212.0210.1111.9112.7711.609.02

$10.6112.1310.99

11.6813.59

11.6911.1814.8111.53

13.20

10.0910.45

12.0914.039.78

14.9611.2311.3010.9210.6315.4610.6210.6513.9313.9613.4311.0312.19

9.879.97

10.3810.7011.05

10.339.57

14.3112.9912.5413.2213.5513.7915.7615.8216.87

11.8213.2311.96

12.2312.1511.6912.4610.48

12.3212.1510.0911.9613.0711.669.38

$10.7312.4211.22

11.9813.56

11.7410.9614.7711.47

13.35

10.1410.35

12.1314.129.79

15.1011.5211.3811.0710.7815.5610.6810.6713.9113.7413.5010.8012.45

9.9910.0710.3910.8211.18

10.399.66

14.4212.9712.4613.3613.6813.9416.1415.8117.38

11.6613.2311.98

12.2612.3711.1012.5810.84

12.3912.1810.3511.8712.9711.709.25

$435.31478.74447.49

487.06564.59

503.14497.28680.80492.59

538.83

404.81415.11

485.52558.11404.21628.76458.02472.46407.62389.64636.20407.48437.26580.14595.38570.78458.55500.99

403.38399.15432.21433.78464.61

395.85363.51

599.27546.98517.79560.27568.08586.59655.55649.07684.25

484.88542.85532.95

481.51459.49456.95509.90395.75

496.92489.21379.13544.29570.82467.48322.01

$451.99522.80469.27

487.06569.42

490.98478.50639.79480.80

554.40

417.73432.63

496.90587.86406.85661.23481.77457.65418.24401.81653.96439.67427.07582.27591.90580.18487.53504.67

407.63413.76426.62432.28450.84

422.50343.56

626.78571.56525.43573.75590.78584.70702.90719.81742.28

509.44596.67507.10

485.53498.15478.12513.35402.43

518.67515.16418.74553.75586.84473.40378.95

$457.10546.48483.58

518.73580.37

500.12467.99638.06490.92

566.04

409.66420.21

499.76595.86404.33671.95504.58457.48426.20409.64653.52438.95430.00593.96579.83580.50470.88521.66

414.59426.97425.99441.46459.50

425.99382.54

634.48571.98514.60583.83597.82598.03735.98727.26769.93

515.37579.47516.34

490.40515.83469.53515.78408.67

518.74510.34426.42537.71583.65471.51370.93

153


ESTABLISHMENT DATASTATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGSNOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

B-18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls In States and selectedareas—Continued

State and area


Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P


Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P


Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993?

Pennsylvania-ContinuedLancasterPhiladelphia PMSAPittsburghReadingScranton-WHkes-BarreSharonState CollegeWilliamsportYork


South Carolina



TexasDallasFt. Worth-ArlingtonHoustonSan Antonio

UtahSalt Lake City-Ogden

VermontBurlington

VirginiaBristolCharlottesvilleDanvilleLynchburgNorthern VirginiaRichmond-PetersburgRoanoke

Washington


WisconsinAppleton-OshkoshEau ClaireGreen BayJanesville-BeloitKenoshaLa CrosseMadisonMilwaukeeRacineSheboyganWausau

Wyoming

Puerto Rico

Virgin Islands

41.341.640.842.439.343.639.742.341.0

40.140.440.3

42.2

41.742.440.9

41.342.039.440.042.241.1

43.543.543.346.242.1

39.841.6

41.741.4

41.339.942.043.242.739.942.841.5

40.6

40.343.340.542.441.8

42.744.641.144.246.640.741.841.842.442.342.040.8

39.1

40.5

42.2

42.142.042.942.539.944.639.343.042.5

40.740.140.8

41.9

40.941.740.0

40.840.840.340.041.341.6

43.143.643.244.141.6

40.040.8

40.842.1

41.641.443.043.343.941.743.043.6

40.4

41.748.641.141.539.6

42.945.142.542.246.540.641.241.342.341.944.343.2

38.7

40.4

45.2

42.242.842.642.840.144.940.043.742.9

40.942.339.7

42.0

41.842.740.6

40.941.239.940.341.541.6

43.443.843.445.041.7

40.041.2

41.844.3

42.040.741.444.043.341.743.343.7

40.8

41.249.542.242.440.9

42.945.442.643.345.640.841.841.842.541.643.542.9

39.5

44.1

$11.6713.2712.7012.6110.7612.2510.1810.5111.67

10.059.57

10.32

9.64

8.849.129.12

10.279.66

11.0810.4410.6311.28

11.0310.8311.9513.488.51

10.9611.54

11.6011.94

10.859.389.62

10.5210.7513.4413.7712.30

13.78

12.1514.6913.7414.4614.48

12.0613.1112.5112.9115.7612.3310.4911.0113.0211.9211.9211.36

11.27

6.85

14.19

$12.1413.5813.2912.9410.7312.7010.7210.9411.78

10.169.88

10.28

9.89

9.009.279.61

10.359.97

10.109.95

10.7211.50

11.0810.8911.9813.268.67

11.2711.55

11.7612.15

11.099.529.74

10.8511.2113.6513.8812.70

14.04

12.4514.8914.4815.0914.16

12.3213.2212.2913.2216.4813.5810.6811.5713.2912.9712.3911.52

11.25

7.17

15.46

$12.1713.7613.3413.0710.9012.6710.6110.9911.88

10.349.71

10.70

9.91

9.019.399.53

10.4010.2410.2510.0610.7811.52

11.1311.0912.1513.258.66

11.3711.59

11.5911.83

11.159.759.65

10.9811.2313.7614.1712.86

14.20

12.5414.6114.3815.7114.67

12.3813.4012.2613.3516.7013.3510.5811.5913.2912.5312.2911.59

11.55

15.27

$481.97552.03518.16534.66422.87534.10404.15444.57478.47

403.01386.63415.90

406.81

368.63386.69373.01

424.15405.72436.55417.60448.59463.61

479.81471.11517.44622.78358.27

436.21480.06

483.72494.32

448.11374.26404.04454.46459.03536.26589.36510.45

559.47

489.65636.08556.47613.10605.26

514.96584.71514.16570.62734.42501.83438.48460.22552.05504.22500.64463.49

440.66

277.43

598.82

$511.09570.36570.14549.95428.13566.42421.30470.42500.65

413.51396.19419.42

414.39

368.10386.56384.40

422.28406.78407.03398.00442.74478.40

477.55474.80517.54584.77360.67

450.80471.24

479.81511.52

461.34394.13418.82469.81492.12569.21596.84553.72

567.22

519.17723.65595.13626.24560.74

528.53596.22522.33557.88766.32551.35440.02477.84562.17543.44548.88497.66

435.38

289.67

$513.57588.93568.28559.40437.09568.88424.40480.26509.65

422.91410.73424.79

416.22

376.62400.95386.92

425.36421.89408.98405.42447.37479.23

483.04485.74527.31596.25361.12

454.80477.51

484.46524.07

468.30396.83399.51483.12486.26573.79613.56561.98

579.36

516.65723.20606.84666.10600.00

531.10608.36522.28578.06761.52544.68442.24484.46564.83521.25534.62497.21

456.23

673.41

1 Not available.p = preliminary.NOTE: Area definitions are published annually in the May issue of this

publication. All State and area data have been adjusted to March 1992benchmarks.

154


HOUSEHOLD DATAREGIONS AND DIVISIONSSEASONALLY ADJUSTED

C-1. Employment status of the civilian population for census regions and divisions, seasonally adjusted1


Census region anddivision

1993

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

1994

Jan.

NORTHEAST


Civilian labor forceEmployedUnemployedUnemployment rate

New England



Middle Atlantic



SOUTH



South Atlantic



East South Central



West South Central

Civilian noninstitutional population2 ,Civilian labor force

Employed ,UnemployedUnemployment rate


39,55125,69323,681

2,0127.8

10,2177,0926,540

5537.8

29,31218,60117,1411,460

7.8

66,24143,76440,790

2,9756.8

34,75122,85421,348

1,5066.6

11,8797,4146,917

4976.7

20,54313,49612,525

9727.2

39,55525,64323,690

1,9537.6

10,2167,0516,524

5277.5

29,31418,59217,1661,426

7.7

66,30244,00241,152

2,8506.5

34,78923,00221,522

1,4816.4

11,8917,4877,050

4375.8

20,56813,51312,581

9326.9

39,56725,61223,722

1,8907.4

10,2157,0396,539

5007.1

29,32018,57317,1831,390

7.5

66,37244,00141,022

2,9796.8

34,82622,95221,441

1,5116.6

11,9027,5066,973

5337.1

20,59113,54212,608

9346.9

39,57025,53923,638

1,9017.4

10,2146,9976,507

4907.0

29,32618,54217,132

1,4107.6

66,44743,89140,926

2,9656.8

34,86522,92321,430

1,4936.5

11,9137,4286,897

5317.1

20,61513,54012,599

9417.0

39,57225,60423,750

1,8547.2

10,2157,0056,525

4806.8

29,32918,60017,2251,375

7.4

66,52044,17241,308

2,8646.5

34,90522,97921,549

1,4306.2

11,9237,5417,021

5206.9

20,64013,65212,738

9156.7

39,57725,56623,756

1,8107.1

10,2147,0556,597

4586.5

29,33518,51117,1591,352

7.3

66,59844,11941,2152,904

34,94722,96421,495

1,4706.4

11,9377,5237,032

4906.5

20,66613,63212,689

9446.9

39,58225,56723,766

1,8017.0

10,2147,0526,606

4466.3

29,34118,51517,1601,355

7.3

66,67744,12041,229

2,8916.6

34,98722,90421,445

1,4596.4

11,9497,5187,038

480

20,69413,69812,747

9526.9

39,58425,62223,786

1,8367.2

10,2177,0656,610

4556.4

29,34518,55717,176

1,3817.4

66,75044,28841,417

2,8716.5

35,03322,96021,505

1,4556.3

11,9627,5167,047

4706.2

20,72013,81312,866

9476.9

39,58925,52523,726

1,8007.1

10,2187,0656,608

4576.5

29,35118,46017,1181,342

7.3

66,83244,22441,540

2,6846.1

35,08222,93621,619

1,3175.7

11,9767,5097,041

4686.2

20,75013,77912,880

8996.5

39,59625,56223,754

1,8077.1

10,2187,0556,599

4576.5

29,35818,50617,1551,351

7.3

66,91144,40041,547

2,8536.4

35,12823,03221,608

1,4256.2

11,9907,4757,024

4516.0

20,77913,89212,915

9777.0

39,59925,52723,772

1,7556.9

10,2196,9796,547

4326.2

29,36318,54817,2251,323

7.1

66,98944,57741,790

2,7876.3

35,17123,08121,740

1,3415.8

12,0027,4957,055

4405.9

20,80614,00112,9951,006

7.2

39,60125,46923,734

1,7356.8

10,2216,9636,541

4236.1

29,36618,50617,1931,313

7.1

67,05744,56741,907

2,6606.0

35,21223,13221,783

1,3505.8

12,0157,5227,111

4115.5

20,83213,91213,013

8996.5

39,69625,46423,765

1,7006.7

10,2216,9776,518

459

29,47518,48817,2471,241

6.7

68,13644,90742,067

2,8406.3

35,25123,22521,750

1,4756.3

12,0277,6567,179

4786.2

20,85814,02713,139

8886.3

155


HOUSEHOLD DATAREGIONS AND DIVISIONSSEASONALLY ADJUSTED

C-1. Employment status of the civilian population for census regions and divisions, seasonally adjusted1—Continued


Census region anddivision

1993

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

1994

Jan.

MIDWEST



East North Central



West North Central



WEST



Mountain



Pacific



46,02831,06329,129

1,9356.2

32,35621,62220,169

1,4546.7

13,3689,4418,960

4815.1

40,82427,62425,342

2,2828.3

10,7817,2766,797

4796.6

30,67520,34918,546

1,8038.9

46,04231,06629,109

1,9576.3

32,37221,63120,169

1,4626.8

13,3759,4358,941

4945.2

40,88627,66325,388

2,2758.2

10,8077,2096,788

4225.9

30,69720,45418,600

1,8539.1

46,06431,04829,160

1,8886.1

32,38521,65320,248

1,4056.5

13,3829,3948,912

4825.1

40,95527,70725,4522,255

8.1

10,8317,2846,829

4556.2

30,72020,42318,623

1,8008.8

46,09531,08029,154

1,9256.2

32,39921,70720,253

1,4546.7

13,3889,3738,902

4715.0

41,01427,66125,469

2,1917.9

10,8577,2616,810

4516.2

30,74320,40018,659

1,7408.5

46,12331,27329,313

1,9606.3

32,41521,80420,315

1,4896.8

13,3959,469

4705.0

41,06727,71625,537

2,1807.9

10,8827,3536,914

4396.0

30,76820,36318,622

1,7418.5

46,15531,40529,449

1,9566.2

32,43421,87620,422

1,4556.7

13,4039,5299,027

5025.3

41,12627,67925,484

2,1957.9

10,9087,3846,947

4375.9

30,79320,29518,538

1,7588.7

46,19131,49129,631

1,8605.9

32,45121,94520,552

1,3936.3

13,4129,5469,079

4674.9

41,18427,86125,540

2,3218.3

10,9367,3856,979

4055.5

30,82020,47618,560

1,9169.4

46,21931,51829,749

1,7695.6

32,47221,95720,621

1,3366.1

13,4229,5619,128

4334.5

41,24027,71925,527

2,1937.9

10,9627,4166,988

4285.8

30,84920,30418,539

1,7658.7

46,25331,38429,524

1,8605.9

32,49521,77020,355

1,4166.5

13,4339,6149,170

4444.6

41,29727,80125,582

2,2198.0

10,9917,3866,956

4295.8

30,88020,41518,626

1,7908.8

46,28731,50029,632

1,8685.9

32,51621,85720,464

1,3936.4

13,4429,6439,168

4754.9

41,35727,91425,723

2,1917.8

11,0197,4327,009

4245.7

30,90920,48218,714

1,7678.6

46,31731,61429,792

1,8225.8

32,53521,98820,621

1,3676.2

13,4529,6269,171

4554.7

41,41527,93625,848

2,0887.5

11,0457,4727,055

4175.6

30,93720,46418,793

1,6718.2

46,34631,69629,880

1,8155.7

32,55322,11820,770

1,3496.1

13,4599,5779,111

4664.9

41,46928,03725,997

2,0417.3

11,0717,4877,107

3805.1

30,96320,55018,889

1,6618.1

46,03831,71029,819

1,8916.0

32,57022,12920,711

1,4186.4

13,4689,5819,108

4734.9

42,08328,58926,302

2,2878.0

11,0967,6227,232

3905.1

30,98720,96719,070

1,8979.0

1 These estimates may differ from the results obtained from summing theofficial State estimates produced and published through the Local AreaUnemployment Statistics(LAUS) program.

2 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that compose the

various census divisions are: New England: Connecticut, Maine,Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic:New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District ofColumbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia,and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, andTennessee; West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas;

East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; WestNorth Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota,and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada,New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii,Oregon, and Washington. Data have been revised to incorporate 1990-basedpopulation controls (covering the 1990-93 period) and updated seasonaladjustment factors. In addition, the data beginning with January 1994 are notdirectly comparable with those for 1993 and prior years as a result of theredesign of the Current Population Survey questionnaire and collectionmethodology.

156


STATE LABOR FORCE DATASEASONALLY ADJUSTED

C-2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted


State1992

Dec.

1993

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec."

Alabama


Alaska


Arizona


Arkansas


California1


Colorado


Connecticut


Delaware


District of Columbia


Florida1



1,932.21,796.9

135.37.0

263.1241.122.0

8.4

1,742.21,615.7

126.57.3

1,121.71,038.8

82.97.4

15,354.813,864.1

1,490.79.7

1,770.01,670.8

99.25.6

1,785.91,653.1

132.77.4

376.3358.6

17.74.7

268.0244.3

23.78.8

6,527.06,063.1

463.97.1

1,968.11,812.1

156.07.9

264.0241.622.48.5

1,776.91,639.9

136.97.7

1,108.11,027.3

80.87.3

15,269.013,828.41,440.6

9.4

1,802.91,698.3

104.65.8

1,759.71,635.4

124.37.1

378.5361.8

16.74.4

264.8239.5

25.39.6

6,579.66,076.9

502.77.6

1,970.11,822.7

147.47.5

263.7242.0

21.68.2

1,730.41,603.6

126.97.3

1,119.81,045.5

74.36.6

15,333.113,868.11,465.0

9.6

1,784.61,683.6

101.05.7

1,746.31,627.7

118.76.8

378.6359.1

19.45.1

271.3247.6

23.78.7

6,633.46,173.6

459.86.9

1,980.91,825.3

155.67.9

267.1247.2

19.97.5

1,739.31,613.8

125.67.2

1,132.41,061.0

71.56.3

15,301.513,862.41,439.1

9.4

1,794.71,691.0

103.75.8

1,749.11,626.3

122.87.0

376.7357.4

19.35.1

270.0247.2

22.88.5

6,592.66,127.5

465.17.1

1,943.31,797.4

145.97.5

265.1243.821.3

8.1

1,718.21,594.5

123.87.2

1,134.91,068.1

66.85.9

15,311.713,949.51,362.2

8.9

1,765.31,671.9

93.55.3

1,751.81,620.9

130.97.5

377.8358.4

19.55.1

273.2250.5

22.78.3

6,611.66,159.4

452.26.8

1,966.01,824.1

141.97.2

269.7246.9

22.88.5

1,721.11,612.6

108.56.3

1,147.51,073.8

73.76.4

15,299.113,936.21,362.9

8.9

1,775.11,675.0

100.15.6

1,758.31,628.1

130.27.4

374.5358.1

16.44.4

272.3249.6

22.68.3

6,665.66,194.6

471.07.1

1,966.81,817.8

149.07.6

270.1248.921.27.9

1,712.41,610.0

102.46.0

1,170.51,102.5

68.05.8

15,184.413,793.81,390.6

9.2

1,774.41,678.4

96.05.4

1,788.21,668.7

119.56.7

379.3364.0

15.34.0

267.4244.8

22.68.5

6,697.46,227.7

469.77.0

1,959.21,808.6

150.57.7

268.7247.5

21.37.9

1,736.41,640.0

96.45.6

1,173.11,107.4

65.75.6

15,296.913,829.41,467.5

1,797.41,702.6

94.85.3

1,813.11,694.6

118.56.5

380.1361.8

18.24.8

271.1249.0

22.18.2

6,616.36,155.3

461.07.0

1,958.41,815.8

142.57.3

267.5246.920.67.7

1,750.61,653.0

97.65.6

1,177.61,107.2

70.46.0

15,153.913,771.4

1,382.5

1,797.91,702.7

95.25.3

1,807.51,689.7

117.76.5

380.7361.7

19.05.0

270.0246.5

23.58.7

6,533.66,073.1

460.57.0

1,958.31,815.1

143.27.3

270.7252.3

18.46.8

1,763.31,660.3

103.05.8

1,161.01,089.6

71.46.1

15,218.713,808.6

1,410.19.3

1,825.11,721.0

104.25.7

1,784.91,673.1

111.86.3

384.0363.220.8

5.4

273.1253.1

20.07.3

6,599.36,163.5

435.86.6

1,941.11,808.2

132.96.8

270.2250.0

20.27.5

1,773.71,665.8

107.96.1

1,164.91,092.4

72.46.2

15,314.813,836.51,478.3

9.7

1,839.61,745.2

94.45.1

1,770.31,666.2

104.15.9

383.3362.221.1

5.5

272.9251.821.17.7

6,574.76,120.0

454.76.9

1,963.21,811.9

151.47.7

276.0256.8

19.26.9

1,739.01,635.5

103.66.0

1,164.81,087.8

76.96.6

15,209.013,860.61,348.4

8.9

1,827.91,739.3

88.54.8

1,728.51,619.8

108.76.3

382.0358.7

23.36.1

270.9249.2

21.78.0

6,244.6444.5

1,968.81,826.3

142.57.2

270.5250.5

20.07.4

1,762.01,662.1

100.05.7

1,155.61,088.8

66.85.8

15,215.813,884.01,331.8

8.8

1,849.01,772.5

76.54.1

1,740.11,637.4

102.75.9

383.6361.1

22.65.9

272.6252.0

20.67.5

6,741.56,277.3

464.26.9

157Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis


C-2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted—Continued


State

Georgia


Hawaii

Civilian labor forceEmployed . . . . . .UnemployedUnemployment rate

Idaho


Illinois1

Civilian labor forceEmployedUnemployedUnemployment rate ....

Indiana


Iowa


Kansas

Civilian labor forceEmployedUnemDlovedUnemployment rate

Kentucky


Louisiana


Maine

Civilian labor forceEmployed.UnemployedUnemployment rate

1992

Dec.

3,253.73,037.0

216.76.7

577.5550.027.648

520.4488.2

32.26.2

6,044.75,603.7

441.07.3

2,826.52,644.6

181.96.4

1,555.31,488.3

67.043

1,331.01,274.8

56.24.2

1,757.91,644.1

113.86.5

1,886.31,732.4

153.88 2

659.9612.347.6

7.2

1993

Jan.

3,279.23,062.2

217.06.6

576.5549.527.047

520.9486.4

34.56.6

5,945.65,538.0

407.66.9

2,799.52,623.6

176.06.3

1,567.31,497.9

69.544

1,339.91,281.9

58.14.3

1,769.71,659.2

110.56.2

1,893.71,742.2

151.580

662.0611.650.57.6

Feb.

3,283.43,068.7

214.665

569.7542.427.348

516.0482.9

33.16.4

5,935.65,469.1

466.579

2,820.42,648.7

171.76.1

1,573.31,505.8

67.543

1,344.61,283.5

61.04.5

1,769.31,672.3

97.055

1,900.91,766.2

134.771

654.0600.7

53.38.2

Mar.

3,273.93,055.8

218.16.7

570.8543.627.248

513.9477.9

36.07.0

5,957.15,470.7

486.482

2,853.22,718.7

134.54.7

1,576.41,507.4

69.044

1,338.91,272.2

66.65.0

1,766.11,652.3

113.864

1,878.41,742.6

135.87 2

657.4602.9

54.58.3

Apr.

3,275.53,075.6

199.96.1

578.2549.828.449

509.1473.635.5

7.0

5,936.85,463.7

473.180

2,886.82,721.2

165.75.7

1,564.71,496.7

68.043

1,334.31,267.1

67.25.0

1,766.31,650.7

115.665

1,866.71,736.6

130.170

652.1598.953.38.2

May

3,284.23,108.6

175.65.3

576.7549.327.448

520.3483.936.4

7.0

6,022.15,537.3

484.881

2,888.32,708.4

179.96.2

1,577.51,508.6

68.944

1,338.51,268.5

70.05.2

1,779.81,646.7

133.17.5

1,895.41,755.8

139.674

652.6600.8

51.97.9

June

3,278.63,118.5

160.04.9

575.5549.426.045

520.3486.8

33.66.5

6,012.45,542.3

470.178

2,917.32,741.5

175.76.0

1,599.81,536.8

63.039

1,339.41,267.6

71.85.4

1,771.91,655.5

116.46.6

1,874.01,743.8

130.269

652.3596.456.08.6

July

3,290.23,119.2

171.052

580.2552.927.347

525.3493.4

32.06.1

6,006.25,564.1

442.174

2,991.92,857.0

134.945

1,596.81,532.4

64.440

1,334.81,270.5

64.24.8

1,779.41,664.6

114.865

1,842.41,720.5

121.96 6

647.1599.048.1

7.4

Aug.

3,292.03,131.1

160.849

579.5553.526.145

531.4500.431.0

58

6,012.55,554.2

458.376

3,000.92,871.1

129.843

1,595.21,543.7

51.532

1,328.31,264.3

64.04.8

1,773.61,655.3

118.367

1,871.71,733.3

138.474

654.8605.049.8

7.6

Sept.

3,313.23,162.4

150.84.6

578.7554.124.642

533.7501.432.3

6.0

5,964.05,480.3

483.78 1

2,987.12,845.4

141.74.7

1,603.01,548.2

54.834

1,340.31,277.4

62.94.7

1,770.91,655.3

115.66.5

1,841.01,714.1

126.96.9

654.7603.950.87.8

Oct.

3,338.63,156.8

181.95.4

579.8557.022.739

538.7507.631.2

5.8

5,963.55,518.1

445.475

2,997.72,869.5

128.14.3

1,603.61,549.7

53.934

1,353.91,288.6

65.34.8

1,764.01,647.8

116.36.6

1,867.11,726.8

140.37.5

660.5609.2

51.37.8

Nov.

3,345.63,156.8

188.75.6

578.6555.223.541

537.0507.729.3

5.5

5,998.85,640.0

358.860

3,005.92,857.9

148.04.9

1,590.71,535.0

55.735

1,346.31,284.0

62.34.6

1,737.31,633.6

103.76.0

1,893.01,732.4

160.68.5

649.8596.953.08.2

Dec.P

3,372.53,148.1

224.367

574.3550.523.741

539.1507.531.6

5.9

6,032.95,675.2

357.759

2,993.12,854.5

138.54.6

1,588.81,531.3

57.436

1,345.21,281.1

64.14.8

1,742.61,643.8

98.85.7

1,881.41,747.2

134.37.1

640.0590.050.07.8


158





State1992

Dec.

1993


Maryland


Massachusetts1


Michigan1


Minnesota


Mississippi


Missouri


Montana


Nebraska


Nevada


New Hampshire



2,641.42,476.7

164.66.2

3,159.42,895.2

264.28.4

4,648.94,288.3

360.67.8

2,467.42,346.1

121.34.9

1,179.91,098.8

81.16.9

2,660.72,515.0

145.75.5

409.5383.2

26.26.4

847.5823.7

23.82.8

680.3637.842.66.3

641.3595.046.3

7.2

2,610.82,459.1

151.65.8

3,206.82,949.8

257.08.0

4,640.74,307.3

333.47.2

2,505.52,373.4

132.25.3

1,170.11,098.0

72.16.2

2,653.12,498.6

154.55.8

406.1377.129.07.1

848.2824.323.92.8

683.0635.1

48.07.0

644.1592.351.88.0

2,635.42,475.1

160.46.1

3,157.72,919.0

238.77.6

4,642.84,321.4

321.46.9

2,484.12,340.9

143.25.8

1,174.41,099.8

74.66.4

2,621.02,460.5

160.56.1

402.9374.428.5

7.1

857.3833.923.42.7

679.5633.5

46.06.8

656.7601.555.28.4

2,625.92,463.7

162.26.2

3,188.02,970.0

218.06.8

4,618.84,313.8

305.06.6

2,490.02,363.6

126.45.1

1,191.01,108.9

82.16.9

2,613.52,437.5

175.96.7

406.5379.926.66.5

863.5837.3

26.23.0

674.5627.547.0

7.0

649.1594.055.18.5

2,600.22,432.2

168.16.5

3,147.32,934.6

212.76.8

4,672.54,353.9

318.66.8

2,491.92,353.7

138.25.5

1,190.31,102.3

88.07.4

2,608.62,430.5

178.16.8

401.9376.1

25.86.4

868.4843.7

24.72.8

686.3639.0

47.26.9

640.9591.449.5

7.7

2,549.52,390.8

158.76.2

3,152.32,935.1

217.26.9

4,714.84,384.2

330.67.0

2,472.32,332.0

140.35.7

1,198.11,110.1

88.07.3

2,649.42,484.4

165.06.2

408.1383.5

24.66.0

871.1844.5

26.63.1

692.7643.9

48.87.0

636.9595.541.46.5

2,562.72,389.0

173.86.8

3,158.82,957.9

200.96.4

4,749.44,406.6

342.87.2

2,505.42,364.2

141.35.6

1,199.71,125.2

74.56.2

2,652.22,471.7

180.56.8

413.3388.3

25.06.1

868.8842.3

26.53.1

712.2661.7

50.47.1

635.0594.140.9

6.4

2,559.42,387.7

171.76.7

3,148.22,944.2

204.06.5

4,743.64,402.7

340.97.2

2,476.02,351.7

124.25.0

1,186.31,121.6

64.75.5

2,685.62,522.4

163.26.1

417.8392.225.56.1

869.1846.0

23.12.7

720.1671.948.2

6.7

631.4592.139.26.2

2,586.12,409.1

176.96.8

3,170.42,952.5

217.96.9

4,728.94,412.9

316.06.7

2,478.32,364.6

113.74.6

1,197.31,132.3

65.15.4

2,689.92,533.4

156.55.8

415.3387.3

28.06.7

868.0847.2

20.82.4

714.2667.446.8

6.6

642.3601.740.66.3

2,633.72,469.4

164.36.2

3,185.02,962.7

222.37.0

4,717.04,396.4

320.66.8

2,491.42,369.4

122.04.9

1,199.81,134.6

65.25.4

2,729.92,576.1

153.85.6

414.5391.3

23.15.6

866.5844.322.12.6

705.6654.0

51.67.3

648.5609.339.36.1

2,657.32,489.6

167.76.3

3,191.22,976.3

214.96.7

4,736.64,409.5

327.1

2,462.02,336.9

125.25.1

1,209.31,138.3

71.15.9

2,750.42,595.7

154.75.6

417.0392.624.45.9

872.9851.921.12.4

711.3658.7

52.67.4

649.8608.341.56.4

2,651.52,504.4

147.15.5

3,175.42,971.7

203.76.4

4,713.94,383.2

330.77.0

2,489.32,379.0

110.34.4

1,209.61,136.1

73.56.1

2,715.32,556.9

158.45.8

415.5392.822.6

5.4

885.1865.9

19.22.2

713.7662.0

51.87.3

651.1615.635.55.4

2,670.72,522.3

148.45.6

3,161.72,965.8

195.96.2

4,748.24,399.3

348.97.3

2,496.72,386.0

110.74.4

1,213.21,137.5

75.76.2

2,685.32,525.1

160.16.0

408.1386.8

21.35.2

888.0867.7

20.32.3

714.2

47.86.7

638.1603.334.8

5.4

159





State1992

Dec.

1993


New Jersey1


New Mexico


New York1


North Carolina1


North Dakota


Ohio1


Oklahoma


Oregon

Civilian labor forceEmployedunempioyeoUnemployment rate

Pennsylvania1

Civilian labor forceEmployed !UnemployedUnemployment rate

Rhode Island



4,036.13,708.5

327.68.1

721.5678.0

43.56.0

8,714.07,992.1

721.98.3

3,574.13,374.3

199.85.6

313.6299.2

14.44.6

5,451.25,060.6

390.67.2

1,540.61,458.2

82.45.4

1,536.51,424.3

112.17.3

5,894.15,460.7

433.47.4

523.4481.741.7

8.0

3,972.03,675.0

297.07.5

727.5680.0

47.56.5

8,730.58,007.8

722.78.3

3,579.23,381.5

197.75.5

313.4299.6

13.84.4

5,500.85,117.2

383.67.0

1,536.11,450.8

85.35.6

1,546.91,434.8

112.17.2

5,898.25,458.4

439.87.5

532.4489.742.7

8.0

3,977.43,664.0

313.47.9

734.0685.049.06.7

8,727.98,034.5

693.47.9

3,566.73,377.0

189.75.3

314.3300.1

14.24.5

5,494.95,124.2

370.76.7

1,531.01,451.4

79.75.2

1,566.11,451.6

114.57.3

5,887.05,467.9

419.17.1

526.3485.840.5

7.7

3,987.13,664.7

322.48.1

732.3681.0

51.37.0

8,714.98,060.2

654.77.5

3,566.13,375.9

190.25.3

313.8298.7

15.14.8

5,484.45,125.1

359.36.6

1,522.41,430.8

91.66.0

1,581.31,469.6

111.77.1

5,871.45,458.3

413.17.0

522.9480.5

42.58.1

3,984.33,630.4

353.98.9

731.6680.8

50.76.9

8,698.58,043.6

654.97.5

3,559.53,369.9

189.65.3

319.2303.5

15.74.9

5,476.55,115.8

360.76.6

1,500.31,400.8

99.56.6

1,555.71,438.0

117.77.6

5,859.15,457.5

401.66.9

521.8477.943.98.4

4,029.83,731.2

298.67.4

737.5682.8

54.67.4

8,676.98,018.7

658.27.6

3,573.23,390.8

182.45.1

322.2305.9

16.45.1

5,455.45,111.3

344.16.3

1,497.21,407.2

90.06.0

1,531.01,418.0

113.17.4

5,893.05,475.3

417.77.1

523.6481.3

42.38.1

4,019.73,737.5

282.27.0

736.1681.8

54.37.4

8,620.17,960.6

659.57.7

3,565.43,374.7

190.75.3

314.6299.5

15.14.8

5,469.55,137.2

332.36.1

1,521.11,426.7

94.46.2

1,569.61,457.0

112.67.2

5,870.85,460.8

410.07.0

523.1480.7

42.48.1

3,984.43,704.7

279.77.0

738.2684.6

53.67.3

8,627.67,975.0

652.67.6

3,540.93,375.9

165.04.7

313.5300.2

13.44.3

5,494.45,125.8

368.66.7

1,520.21,423.7

96.56.3

1,560.91,439.4

121.57.8

5,903.25,480.3

422.97.2

520.2485.6

34.66.7

4,007.83,725.9

281.97.0

736.7682.3

54.37.4

8,620.27,949.7

670.57.8

3,520.63,359.8

160.84.6

311.6298.7

13.04.2

5,494.65,184.0

310.65.7

1,540.61,448.4

92.26.0

1,564.11,449.9

114.37.3

5,928.75,500.4

428.37.2

518.9483.435.66.9

3,988.33,683.3

305.07.6

739.0685.5

53.57.2

8,556.87,928.0

628.87.3

3,523.83,371.8

152.04.3

315.3302.5

12.84.1

5,459.55,071.5

388.07.1

1,534.51,443.2

91.35.9

1,587.61,468.1

119.67.5

5,915.25,506.6

408.66.9

517.0481.3

35.66.9

3,992.33,723.3

269.06.7

743.8

55.17.4

8,624.77,954.1

670.67.8

3,547.63,384.1

163.54.6

317.5304.7

12.84.0

5,474.75,117.6

357.16.5

1,528.91,438.0

91.05.9

1,593.21,481.6

111.77.0

5,889.15,477.9

411.27.0

517.2479.4

37.87.3

4,042.73,786.1

256.66.3

742.0686.5

55.57.5

8,605.87,954.7

651.17.6

3,553.63,409.5

144.14.1

322.4310.9

11.5

5,511.95,153.2

358.76.5

1,552.81,457.9

94.96.1

1,624.21,517.1

107.06.6

5,899.45,484.1

415.37.0

518.9479.4

39.47.6

4,018.93,736.6

282.37.0

744.0

52.27.0

8,597.07,943.3

653.77.6

3,565.23,417.4

147.84.1

325.7313.9

11.93.6

5,550.65,202.6

348.06.3

1,548.41,470.8

77.65.0

1,611.31,504.6

106.76.6

5,889.85,513.3

376.56.4

525.1478.346.8

8.9

160





State1992

Dec.

1993

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec*

South Carolina


South Dakota


Tennessee


Texas1


Utah


Vermont


Virginia


Washington


West Virginia


Wisconsin


Wyoming


1,790.71,688.0

102.85.7

364.5353.2

11.33.1

2,472.82,323.5

149.36.0

9,060.78,364.4

696.37.7

814.9771.443.55.3

325.0305.4

19.56.0

3,330.83,133.0

197.85.9

2,577.72,376.3

201.47.8

762.3682.1

80.210.5

2,690.62,566.4

124.24.6

238.1226.6

11.54.8

1,784.61,672.6

112.06.3

366.0352.0

14.03.8

2,455.32,292.5

162.86.6

9,012.98,334.1

678.87.5

822.5783.139.4

4.8

322.3302.220.26.3

3,348.43,153.4

195.05.8

2,620.42,411.0

209.48.0

771.8689.582.310.7

2,718.62,595.5

123.14.5

237.8226.0

11.74.9

1,777.01,672.9

104.15.9

365.4351.3

14.13.9

2,469.82,323.1

146.75.9

9,000.18,332.1

7.4

827.5795.432.13.9

327.2306.021.26.5

3,369.33,206.1

163.24.8

2,647.12,440.8

206.37.8

777.3694.383.110.7

2,717.22,589.1

128.14.7

236.9224.9

12.05.1

1,761.01,652.2

108.86.2

365.9353.3

12.63.4

2,454.32,302.8

151.56.2

9,006.38,382.4

623.96.9

831.1801.329.8

3.6

322.9300.522.36.9

3,399.23,234.4

164.74.8

2,627.62,429.8

197.87.5

773.2686.5

86.711.2

2,723.32,607.9

115.44.2

238.4226.1

12.35.2

1,763.01,639.4

123.67.0

364.1352.0

12.13.3

2,431.12,266.4

164.76.8

9,019.88,400.2

619.6

829.1798.031.13.7

328.5305.822.76.9

3,423.63,251.6

172.05.0

2,629.62,430.8

198.87.6

778.9685.8

93.112.0

2,716.92,588.2

128.74.7

236.0223.1

12.95.5

1,799.61,671.1

128.57.1

362.9351.4

11.53.2

2,460.82,311.2

149.66.1

9,058.08,448.7

609.36.7

840.3805.934.44.1

332.7311.621.06.3

3,414.23,239.1

175.15.1

2,612.62,414.0

198.67.6

771.8680.491.511.8

2,699.52,554.9

144.65.4

236.1223.2

12.85.4

1,792.41,666.5

125.97.0

366.9356.2

10.72.9

2,452.72,306.1

146.66.0

9,079.48,436.8

642.67.1

849.5810.538.94.6

334.1315.3

18.85.6

3,358.63,184.8

173.85.2

2,618.32,415.8

202.67.7

776.0676.899.112.8

2,689.32,553.3

136.05.1

238.2223.6

14.66.1

1,797.01,667.3

129.77.2

369.6359.7

9.92.7

2,477.42,338.5

138.95.6

9,147.78,494.9

652.87.1

852.7819.733.03.9

323.0305.7

17.45.4

3,347.83,156.8

191.05.7

2,608.32,384.9

223.48.6

765.9689.376.610.0

2,695.52,566.6

128.94.8

240.2224.9

15.36.4

1,817.11,686.8

130.37.2

371.2361.2

10.02.7

2,483.92,347.2

136.85.5

9,213.68,555.8

657.87.1

849.9821.628.3

3.3

325.3309.2

16.15.0

3,331.03,147.5

183.45.5

2,611.82,394.6

217.28.3

770.2695.974.39.6

2,685.82,559.5

126.34.7

238.1223.3

14.86.2

1,787.51,663.7

123.96.9

364.9351.7

13.33.6

2,479.02,340.3

138.85.6

9,254.28,629.8

624.46.7

849.7821.328.43.3

324.2308.8

15.54.8

3,274.53,098.7

175.75.4

2,648.82,432.3

216.58.2

767.6696.2

71.49.3

2,697.12,581.2

116.04.3

238.8227.1

11.74.9

1,812.91,684.5

128.47.1

366.2354.5

11.83.2

2,502.82,372.6

130.25.2

9,339.48,665.2

674.27.2

856.9828.828.13.3

328.3312.9

15.44.7

3,302.43,118.5

183.95.6

2,714.42,510.5

203.97.5

779.3699.9

79.510.2

2,681.22,568.3

112.94.2

240.9228.9

12.05.0

1,794.61,674.7

119.96.7

365.6351.5

14.23.9

2,522.12,392.7

129.55.1

9,359.18,718.1

641.06.8

868.2838.1

30.13.5

327.0312.4

14.64.5

3,304.73,141.4

163.44.9

2,677.22,492.0

185.36.9

773.1696.4

76.89.9

2,694.92,569.3

125.64.7

240.4228.7

11.74.9

1,791.91,667.0

124.97.0

361.9347.5

14.44.0

2,511.42,395.1

116.34.6

9,301.48,690.7

610.76.6

868.3836.332.13.7

325.1310.9

14.24.4

3,328.93,189.9

139.04.2

2,754.42,577.0

177.46.4

773.8693.8

80.010.3

2,742.92,617.8

125.04.6

243.1230.7

12.45.1

1 Data are obtained directly from the Current Population Survey and incorporate1990 census-based population controls, adjusted for the estimated undercount, andannual revisions to seasonal adjustment factors. See the Explanatory Notes.

p = preliminary.

NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. All estimates, except those referenced byfootnote 1, are provisional and will be revised and reseasonally adjusted when newbenchmark and population information becomes available.

161


STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATANOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED

C-3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas


State and area


Dec.1992

1,925.4447.2136.7225.5139.573.4

257.5119.5

1,745.01,057.9

326.5

1,108.866.090.5

268.135.4

15,334.41,406.7

275.1346.0

4,448.0181.6

1,137.1389.2

1,150.6797.4185.2

1,209.5897.6837.8183.3224.0211.1215.8

1,778.6147.9900.5

1,767.1227.8421.5

75.8275.5115.4106.7

375.3320.2

264.12,242.9

6,480.3161.4694.3156.3114.3465.5181.1196.5973.4664.1153.8130.5143.7

1,044.0442.0

Nov.1993

1,958.0453.6138.0232.0142.776.3

270.4125.6

1,746.11,063.6

325.8

1,160.469.991.7

276.836.1

15,197.71,391.5

276.0347.0

4,344.0180.5

1,143.9391.7

1,162.8812.7177.2

1,222.5908.8830.4187.6229.4214.5218.6

1,822.5152.1919.8

1,727.0218.9406.4

74.4273.7110.2104.0

380.9320.6

266.82,264.6

6,673.1169.6720.6163.0117.5476.9183.8203.5

1,000.1693.9158.3133.0149.3

1,065.0449.4

Dec.1993P

1,960.0454.0137.8232.3143.376.3

264.4123.4

1,766.71,074.6

327.5

1,139.169.090.9

274.135.4

15,202.11,398.5

279.7351.2

4,354.0180.4

1,145.0389.9

1,160.0814.2174.6

1,217.5907.4836.6185.4228.6212.3216.7

1,855.4154.7933.2

1,728.0218.7406.1

74.3272.3111.5104.5

383.0323.1

267.92,278.0

6,697.1169.7724.0165.2116.9475.4185.4201.7

1,000.7698.2157.7133.2148.2

1,069.8453.3

Unemployed

Number

Dec.1992

128.324.2

5.916.27.54.0

22.57.8

125.064.316.5

82.52.37.0

15.83.7

1,427.386.242.854.0

437.029.870.834.0

123.763.829.488.851.854.915.515.733.118.6

94.65.4

46.9

124.418.629.56.8

18.35.7

10.5

15.314.7

22.5103.5

407.710.742.6

9.34.5

25.315.312.972.636.6

7.26.05.2

58.331.8

Nov.1993

136.624.2

7.518.68.43.9

18.96.3

99.249.413.4

72.21.96.1

14.13.4

1,308.278.038.249.1

410.027.968.932.4

121.156.819.989.048.651.414.513.529.317.4

78.44.6

38.3

100.714.524.4

5.416.04.47.9

19.315.4

21.693.5

404.210.341.9

8.04.0

23.715.914.868.634.3

7.66.05.6

57.333.6

Dec.1993P

134.022.7

7.418.17.94.0

20.46.6

99.649.012.6

68.01.75.6

12.63.1

1,265.474.236.947.7

387.028.065.229.7

112.455.627.082.245.850.414.613.329.517.1

71.34.1

35.4

97.113.923.5

5.315.24.27.8

20.116.6

19.786.3

404.710.742.0

8.04.1

24.314.914.469.236.2

7.95.65.9

57.831.6


Dec.1992

6.75.44.37.25.45.4

8.76.5

7.26.15.1

7.43.57.75.9

10.5

9.36.1

15.615.69.8

16.46.28.7

10.88.0

15.97.35.86.58.57.0

15.78.6

5.33.75.2

7.08.17.09.06.74.99.8

4.14.6

8.54.6

6.36.66.15.93.95.48.46.67.55.54.74.63.65.67.2

Nov.1993

7.05.35.58.05.95.2

7.05.0

5.74.64.1

6.22.86.65.19.4

8.65.6

13.914.19.4

15.56.08.3

10.47.0

11.27.35.46.27.85.9

13.78.0

4.33.04.2

5.86.66.07.35.94.07.6

5.14.8

8.14.1

6.16.15.84.93.45.08.67.36.94.94.84.53.85.47.5

Dec.1993?

6.85.05.47.85.55.2

7.75.3

5.64.63.9

6.02.56.24.68.8

8.35.3

13.213.68.9

15.55.77.69.76.8

15.46.85.06.07.95.8

13.97.9

3.82.73.8

5.66.35.87.15.63.77.5

5.35.1

7.33.8

6.06.35.84.83.55.18.07.16.95.25.04.24.05.47.0

AlabamaBirminghamHuntsvilleMobileMontgomeryTuscaloosa

AlaskaAnchorage


Arkansas ^Fayetteville-SpringdaleFort SmithLittle Rock-North Little RockPine Bluff

California1

Anaheim-Santa AnaBakersfieldFresnoLos Angeles-Long Beach1

ModestoOaklandOxnard-VenturaRiverside-San BernardinoSacramentoSalinas-Seaside-MontereySan DiegoSan FranciscoSan JoseSanta Barbara-Santa Maria-LompocSanta Rosa-PetalumaStocktonVallejo-Fairfield-Napa



DelawareWilmington

District of ColumbiaWashington

Florida1

Daytona BeachFort Lauderdale-Hollywood-Pompano BeachFort Myers-Cape CoralGainesvilleJacksonvilleLakeland-Winter HavenMelboume-Titusville-Palm BayMiami-HialeahOrlandoPensacolaSarasotaTallahasseeTampa-St. Petersburg-ClearwaterWest Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Delray Beach


162



C-3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas—Continued


State and area


Dec.1992

3,262.455.176.7

1,568.1202.1100.2134.0121.7

579.0413.8

515.9128.5

6,045.9201.8

84.298.4

3,288.4189.364.6

236.552.1

333.6174.7163.9123.1

2,796.257.063.188.9

143.6194.5257.3679.4

46.969.461.0

125.763.0

1,550.099.3

252.847.265.763.778.0

1,320.947.894.4

263.2

1,753.7198.9516.945.4

1,857.356.2

272.467.4

103.779.367.9

555.9152.5

655.545.1

139.9

Nov.1993

3,361.354.980.1

1,637.7201.2103.2134.3124.8

580.0415.1

535.5135.4

5,993.1200.082.496.9

3,270.6187.062.3

233.051.0

333.5171.3160.3121.1

2,979.558.466.997.8

151.5208.1263.3724.550.575.266.4

132.465.6

1,595.0101.2256.8

48.068.265.579.8

1,336.749.295.6

263.4

1,740.6199.4520.344.1

1,890.157.7

277.968.6

105.982.668.7

561.2157.3

643.144.4

135.0

Dec.1993P

3,377.655.677.6

1,649.0201.5103.7134.8124.5

576.8413.6

535.1135.8

6,042.6201.9

84.497.5

3,300.0188.063.0

235.251.5

336.3172.8161.6122.4

2,959.757.767.396.0

149.1205.9263.2719.6

50.174.566.0

131.265.0

1,581.6101.0256.648.168.465.579.1

1,334.149.296.6

263.1

1,736.5197.4526.843.8

1,854.256.7

271.768.0

103.781.766.9

550.8154.1

636.644.5

134.8

Unemployed

Dec.1992

190.13.93.8

84.510.56.37.46.6

25.713.1

31.85.2

437.815.23.94.6

233.912.75.6

17.84.3

16.912.113.16.5

183.24.53.35.99.4

11.920.936.53.32.74.27.64.1

63.03.48.42.31.11.83.8

53.01.73.9

11.0

109.27.5

28.92.9

141.13.9

17.45.66.46.94.4

37.210.0

47.84.06.4

Number

Nov.1993

176.03.83.0

78.911.96.56.96.7

23.212.9

26.54.2

334.310.82.94.0

182.28.74.6

13.53.2

12.78.9

10.44.9

142.73.42.35.97.39.3

16.028.4

2.42.53.25.73.7

50.13.16.91.5.9

1.63.1

57.91.63.8

14.2

94.66.9

21.42.2

147.74.2

20.54.96.56.94.8

41.311.3

51.63.87.0

Dec.1993*

197.94.23.4

89.413.07.07.77.6

21.912.3

30.84.7

353.312.43.94.3

186.59.44.7

14.93.6

15.39.6

10.15.4

143.43.83.44.76.68.9

15.626.72.22.23.15.73.6

54.03.16.71.8.8

1.73.1

59.41.84.4

13.7

94.16.3

27.31.8

123.33.6

16.74.65.15.33.9

33.69.8

49.63.76.7

Dec.1992

5.87.14.95.45.26.35.55.4

4.43.2

6.24.0

7.27.54.74.77.16.78.67.58.35.16.98.05.3

6.67.95.36.76.56.18.15.47.03.96.96.06.5

4.13.43.34.91.62.84.9

4.03.54.14.2

6.23.85.66.4

7.67.06.48.36.28.76.56.76.5

7.38.94.6


Nov.1993

5.26.83.84.85.96.35.15.4

4.03.1

4.93.1

5.65.43.54.15.64.77.45.86.43.85.26.54.1

4.85.83.46.14.84.46.13.94.83.34.94.35.7

3.13.12.73.21.32.53.9

4.33.24.05.4

5.43.44.15.0

7.87.37.47.16.18.37.07.47.2

8.08.65.2

Dec.1993P

5.97.64.45.46.46.75.76.1

3.83.0

5.83.5

5.86.24.74.45.75.07.56.47.04.55.56.24.4

4.86.55.04.84.44.35.93.74.53.04.84.35.6

3.43.12.63.71.22.53.9

4.53.64.65.2

5.43.25.24.2

6.76.36.16.84.96.55.86.16.3

7.88.45.0

GeorgiaAlbanyAthensAtlantaAugustaColumbusMacon-Wamer RobinsSavannah

Hawaii <Honolulu

IdahoBoise City

Illinois1

Aurora-ElginBloomington-NormalChampaign-Urbana-Rantoul ....ChicagoDavenport-Rock Island-MolineDecaturJolietKankakeeLake CountyPeoriaRockfordSpringfield




KentuckyLexington-FayetteLouisvilleOwensboro




163





State and area


Dec.1992

2,618.71,232.8

3,154.31,535.4

96.677.446.8

194.6147.087.141.1

254.0221.9

4,652.0166.765.378.3

2,153.6182.0393.2

65.8123.6241.2

65.6189.4

2,455.3116.4

1,444.867.0

109.8

1,174.3203.0

2,650.7863.6

1,267.1137.4

408.3

839.2130.8343.7

681.0429.7143.1

644.387.6

103.3140.5

4,050.1182.4678.9270.1595.4480.9926.4175.261.3

718.4272.9

59.574.7

Nov.1993

2,641.81,238.7

3,165.61,544.3

95.276.946.6

192.3144.184.341.6

250.9223.3

4,715.2164.866.779.4

2,169.9181.4403.0

66.8125.1243.7

65.8191.2

2,486.5116.7

1,459.367.4

112.6

1,200.1207.8

2,707.6878.5

1,266.9142.1

413.7

880.6138.1353.5

716.9456.6147.6

652.288.3

103.9143.4

4,030.1182.9675.8265.4588.6480.7920.9171.860.1

741.1282.1

62.677.2

Dec.1993?

2,654.81,243.8

3,158.61,539.9

94.376.946.4

192.1143.984.441.4

250.8223.1

4,749.3165.566.979.6

2,190.2183.5405.5

67.8126.0245.3

66.0192.1

2,482.2116.3

1,457.867.1

113.3

1,206.5207.5

2,681.9877.0

1,265.9142.4

407.8

876.4137.8352.4

715.0457.2146.6

642.486.3

102.6140.4

4,036.0182.2673.6267.9588.7478.9923.4172.260.9

740.3282.3

61.877.1

Unemployed

Dec.1992

163.486.3

249.5103.8

8.98.64.0

18.113.810.23.7

22.317.3

333.56.64.45.8

155.216.721.6

5.25.7

11.86.6

12.4

121.27.7

59.52.25.8

72.48.8

139.539.268.5

5.8

27.7

22.02.7

10.2

40.825.2

8.2

45.65.88.76.9

316.020.652.630.536.734.673.810.67.8

39.610.23.42.4

Number

Nov.1993

144.877.3

193.681.0

6.76.63.4

15.410.17.03.0

18.012.8

307.55.94.25.7

140.116.819.84.84.8

11.16.1

12.1

99.07.1

49.52.24.8

59.57.6

148.140.967.0

6.1

23.9

16.81.87.8

48.831.5

8.9

34.44.56.45.9

239.615.243.421.826.326.757.1

7.95.5

50.013.74.92.8

Dec.1993?

147.877.9

182.874.4

6.16.73.2

14.99.47.32.8

17.411.9

323.16.24.65.9

143.117.220.2

5.35.3

11.86.4

13.1

108.07.5

50.42.36.2

66.78.2

148.540.965.8

6.1

22.5

18.22.28.0

45.529.0

8.4

34.24.16.55.9

270.617.747.426.029.330.363.4

9.06.8

47.612.35.12.9

Dec.1992

6.27.0

7.96.89.2

11.28.79.39.4

11.79.08.87.8

7.23.96.77.47.29.25.58.04.64.9

10.16.6

4.96.64.13.25.3

6.24.3

5.34.55.44.2

6.8

2.62.13.0

6.05.95.8

7.16.68.44.9

7.811.37.7

11.36.27.28.06.0

12.8

5.53.75.83.2


Nov.1993

5.56.2

6.15.27.08.57.28.07.08.37.17.25.8

6.53.66.37.26.59.34.97.23.94.69.36.3

4.06.13.43.34.3

5.03.7

5.54.75.34.3

5.8

1.91.32.2

6.86.96.1

5.35.16.14.1

5.98.36.48.24.55.56.24.69.2

6.84.97.83.7

Dec.1993?

5.66.3

5.84.86.58.76.97.76.58.76.87.05.3

6.83.86.97.46.59.45.07.94.24.89.76.8

4.46.43.53.45.4

5.54.0

5.54,75.24.3

5.5

2.11.62.3

6.46.35.8

5.34.76.34.2

6.79.77.09.75.06.36.95.2

11.1

6.44.48.23.8

Baltimore

Massachusetts1

BostonBrocktonFall RiverFitchburg-LeominsterLawrence-HaverhillLowellNew BedfordPittsfieldSpringfieldWorcester

Michigan1

Ann ArborBattle CreekBenton HarborDetroitFlintGrand RapidsJacksonKalamazooLansing-East LansingMuskegonSaginaw-Bay City-Midland

MinnesotaDuluthMinneapolis-St.PaulRochesterSt. Cloud

Jackson

MissouriKansas CitySt. Louis LMASpringfield

Montana


NevadaUs VegasReno


New Jersey1

Atlantic CityBergen-PassaicJersey CityMiddlesex-Somerset-HunterdonMonmouth-OceanNewarkTrentonVineland-Millville-Bridgeton



164





State and are


Dec.1992

Nov. I Dec.1993 I 1993p

Unemployed

I

Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993^


Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993p

New York1

Albany-Schenectady-Troy ..BinghamtonBuffaloElmiraGlens FallsNassau-SuffolkNew York

New York City1

Orange CountyPoughkeepsieRochesterSyracuseUtica-Rome

North Carolina1

AshevilleCharlotte-Gastonia-Rock HillGreensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point .Raleigh-Durham


Ohio1

AkronCantonCincinnatiClevelandColumbusDayton-SpringfieldToledoYoungstown- Warren

OklahomaEnidLawtonOklahoma City .Tulsa

OregonEugene-Springfield .MedfordPortlandSalem

Pennsylvania1

Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton ...AltoonaBeaver CountyErieHarrisburg-Lebanon-CarlisleJohnstownLancasterPhiladelphia '.PittsburghReadingScranton- Wilkes-BarreSharonState CollegeWilliamsportYork

Rhode IslandPawtucket-Woonsocket-Attleboro..Providence

South CarolinaCharlestonColumbiaGreenville-Spartanburg .

South Dakota.Rapid CitySioux Falls ...

8.662.4436.0120.5458.9

41.852.7

1,335.14,004.23,367.0

139.5118.5510.0319.2135.0

3,552.597.1

661.6537.4459.1

307.046.390.235.1

5,417.2338.7194.8787.4939.3757.1470.9308.3225.2

1.532.028.051.2

495.4347.7

1,520.2148.778.3

712.3144.4

5,875.1343.664.462.7

142.3343.4102.4235.1

2,434.81,035.1

182.4377.0

53.870.560.4

234.0

521.7171.2345.4

1,773.6242.6249.1352.1

362.240.880.3

8,576.4443.9 j119.8460.043.853.8

1,335.03,862.03,229.0

139.8114.1518.7323.6139.5

3,575.298.2

663.4537.8465.7

317.947.792.736.3

5,490.6346.2197.4802.9941.7766.1474.3312.6224.2

1,546.628.449.9

499.2348.9

1,618.2156.482.4

751.8156.7

5,935.4348.965.563.6

146.7345.6106.2238.3

2,431.51,050.0

183.3383.1

53.173.761.3

240.3

518.0170.8342.1

1,782.9244.2251.4355.3

365.242.179.1

8,544.0442.1119.4459.7

43.153.3

1,331.73,850.83,221.0

139.4113.2516.4321.4138.8

3,544.197.5

659.3534.3463.0

318.848.292.936.5

5,513.7349.5199.1805.4946.7766.7475.9314.4225.5

1,542.428.450.5

500.5350.4

1,596.1154.582.2

745.3151.5

5,869.8345.765.163.2

144.5343.1104.8237.2

2,415.31,037.9

182.8380.0

51.870.460.2

239.5

521.9171.4345.3

1,772.5241.5249.1352.4

359.841.178.4

704.823.5

8.028.82.45.2

82.7403.7369 0

i J7.2

24.620.1

9.4

186.84.2

31.923.115.7

13.81.83.21.1

382.123.714.642.663.240.329.121.321.8

81.1.9

2.521.020.3

107.510.65.9

41.110.2

398.523.2

5.16.29.1

17.411.211.0

155.966.211.132.86.14.04.7

14.0

38.113.025.2

96.611.510.014.5

10.61.22.2

620.619.27.5

25.32.04.1

69.0358.7330.0

7.98.4

21.916.68.3

139.43.0

24.317.010.9

10.51.42.41.1

325.218.312.539.453.736.722.618.616.9

87.31.03.0

24.321.1

99.09.55.5

37.39.7

397.622.14.55.8

10.216.510.811.0

152.266.3

9.730.84.94.64.6

12.9

37.111.424.6

113.614.111.216.0

12.81.71.9

638.520.8

7.925.8

2.04.6

69.3365.8337.0

8.18.1

23.317.48.3

133.92.9

22.915.910.4

11.21.72.61.0

338.619.713.038.953.636.523.919.217.3

74.6.9

2.520.518.1

102.09.95.6

37.210.2

338.820.23.95.38.8

14.39.49.9

130.857.18.7

27.33.93.54.2

11.1

42.713.028.1

116.613.910.815.2

13.41.52.2

8.15.46.76.35.7

10.06.2

10.111.06.46.14.86.37.0

5.34.44.84.33.4

4.53.93.53.2

7.17.07.55.46.75.36.26.99.7

5.33.35.04.25.8

7.17.17.65.87.1

6.86.88.09.96.45.1

10.94.76.46.46.18.7

11.45.77.86.0

7.37.67.3

5.44.84.04.1

2.92.82.7

7.24.36.25.54.77.75.29.3

10.25.67.44.25.16.0

3.93.03.73.22.3

3.33.02.52.9

5.95.36.34.95.74.84.86.07.5

5.63.45.94.96.0

6.16.16.65.06.2

6.76.36.89.26.94.8

10.24.66.36.35.38.09.26.37.55.4

7.26.77.2

6.45.84.54.5

3.54.02.4

7.54.76.65.64.68.75.29.5

10.55.87.24.55.46.0

3.83.03.53.02.3

3.53.62.82.8

6.15.66.64.85.74.85.06.17.7

4.83.24.94.15.2

6.46.46.95.06.7

5.85.86.08.36.14.29.04.25.45.54.87.27.65.07.04.6

8.27.68.1

6.65.84.34.3

3.73.72.9


165





State and area


Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993?

Unemployed

Number

Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993?


Dec.1992

Nov.1993

Dec.1993P

TonnonttooChattanoogaJohnson City-Kingsport-BristolKnoxvilleMemphisNashville

Texas1

AbileneAmarilloAustinBeaumont-Port ArthurBrazoriaBrownsville-HarlingenBryan-College StationCorpus ChristiDallasEl PasoFort Worth-ArlingtonGalveston-Texas CityHoustonKilleen-TempleLaredoLongview-MarshallLubbockMcAllen-Edinburg-MissionMidlandOdessaSan AngeloSan AntonioSherman-DenisonTexarkanaTylerVictoriaWacoWichita Falls

UtahProvo-OremSalt Lake City-Odgen

VermontBurlington ,

VirginiaCharlottesvilleDanvilleLynchburgNorfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport NewsRichmond-PetersburgRoanoke

WashingtonSeattle


Appleton-Oshkosh-NeenahEau ClaireGreen BayJanesville-BeloitKenoshaLa CrosseMadisonMilwaukeeRacineSheboyganWausau

WyomingCasper

2,464.9217.4228.1309.6476.2547.4

9,026.552.498.0

478.0179.091.0

113.666.8

171.41,468.5

266.1743.1120.5

1,768.5104.159.280.4

116.2169.349.254.045.8

634.346.457.376.339.994.954.3

819.6123.2529.2

326.282.2

3,314.272.853.277.7

659.7471.9130.2

2,564.41,147.5

763.6117.3130.673.971.1

2,683.7187.273.2

119.774.859.259.4

246.9783.2

89.560.166.8

235.330.5

2,530.8220.9225.9315.6489.4567.4

9,371.853.8

101.6501.2183.693.9

120.772.0

172.41,522.4

272.6768.3124.1

1,812.9110.162.683.3

120.7179.649.554.647.6

661.547.959.078.743.097.755.8

872.3133.5560.0

327.780.4

3,279.873.253.177.9

643.4468.9128.9

2,653.21,171.0

769.4120.2128.274.471.7

2,698.4187.874.0

121.773.959.457.8

250.2783.1

89.658.566.0

237.030.3

2,506.2219.4224.9311.6486.1563.9

9,270.853.2

100.8496.7180.892.4

120.870.8

1,502.5274.2755.8123.1

1,790.4109.162.082.5

121.5177.249.054.047.2

655.047.358.481.842.697.755.3

872.7133.3561.6

326.379.5

3,303.373.352.778.9

648.2473.8130.0

2,743.21,220.8

772.2120.7128.074.071.6

2,733.8189.774.5

123.275.060.758.7

252.8795.3

90.859.967.2

239.830.6

140.710.912.216.724.823.4

670.03.35.3

24.018.47.4

14.02.6

15.998.228.649.110.3

129.57.65.77.77.1

27.83.75.42.6

39.53.44.45.62.56.34.0

40.45.3

25.0

19.33.5

2.93.73.9

42.926.3

6.1

208.073.1

79.39.1

12.06.56.6

116.38.82.93.93.12.63.65.9

26.55.02.93.9

12.12.0

112.19.1

10.312.721.917.8

650.23.54.9

22.318.87.7

14.72.7

15.591.627.645.710.3

133.27.86.07.66.3

28.83.14.72.9

37.63.25.15.62.55.53.4

29.13.8

17.8

13.52.5

160.42.53.53.3

37.621.0

5.5

183.668.5

71.28.6

10.15.36.0

113.66.83.74.44.12.92.14.8

30.74.81.73.2

10.91.7

106.68.89.8

12.219.816.6

584.93.14.4

19.016.26.6

14.02.2

14.477.929.739.8

9.1111.9

6.85.26.78.2

25.52.64.12.7

34.72.74.69.12.25.73.3

30.64.3

18.5

13.72.6

135.82.22.73.0

31.316.85.1

184.667.0

77.89.09.76.06.6

116.06.93.94.43.72.82.14.9

27.84.21.73.5

12.62.0

5.75.05.35.45.24.3

7.46.45.45.0

10.38.1

12.33.99.36.7

10.86.68.67.37.39.69.66.1

16.47.6

10.05.86.27.27.77.46.26.67.4

4.94.34.7

5.94.2

5.74.07.05.06.55.64.7

8.16.4

10.47.89.28.99.3

4.34.74.03.24.24.56.02.43.45.54.95.8

5.16.5

4.44.14.64.04.53.1

6.96.54.84.4

10.28.2

12.13.79.06.0

10.15.98.37.37.19.69.15.2

16.16.48.66.25.76.68.67.15.95.66.0

3.32.83.2

4.13.2

4.93.46.54.35.94.54.2

6.95.8

9.37.17.97.18.4

4.23.65.03.75.54.83.61.93.95.43.04.8

4.65.6

4.34.04.43.94.12.9

6.35.74.33.88.97.2

11.63.18.55.2

10.85.37.46.36.38.48.16.7

14.45.37.65.85.35.67.8

11.15.15.85.9

3.53.23.3

4.23.2

4.13.05.23.84.83.63.9

6.75.5

10.17.47.68.19.2

4.23.75.23.55.04.53.71.93.54.62.85.3

5.26.4

1 Data are obtained directly from the Current Population Survey and reflect1990 census population controls adjusted for estimated undercount. See theExplanatory Notes for Region, State, and Area Labor Force Data.

*> = preliminary.

166

NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. All estimates, except those referencedby footnote 1, are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark andpopulation information becomes available. Area definitions are published annuallyin the May issue of this publication.


Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error

Introduction

The statistics in this periodical are compiled from twomajor sources: (1) household interviews, and (2) reportsfrom employers.

Data based on household interviews are obtained fromthe Current Population Survey (CPS), a sample survey ofthe population 16 years of age and over. The survey isconducted each month by the Bureau of the Census for theBureau of Labor Statistics and provides comprehensivedata on the labor force, the employed, and the unem-ployed, classified by such characteristics as age, sex, race,family relationship, marital status, occupation, andindustry attachment. The survey also provides data on thecharacteristics and past work experience of those not inthe labor force. The information is collected by trainedinterviewers from a sample of about 60,000 householdslocated in 729 sample areas. These areas are chosen torepresent all counties and independent cities in the U.S.,with coverage in 50 States and the District of Columbia.The data collected are based on the activity or statusreported for the calendar week including the 12th of themonth.

Data based on establishment records are compiled eachmonth from mail questionnaires and telephone interviewsby the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in cooperation withState agencies. The Current Employment Statistics (CES)survey is designed to provide industry information onnonfarm wage and salary employment, average weeklyhours, average hourly earnings, and average weeklyearnings for the Nation, States, and metropolitan areas.The employment, hours, and earnings series are based onpayroll reports from a sample of over 370,000 establish-ments employing over 45 million nonfarm wage and salaryworkers. The data relate to all workers, full or part time,who receive pay during the payroll period which includesthe 12th of the month.

RELATION BETWEEN THE HOUSEHOLD ANDESTABLISHMENT SERIES

The household and establishment data complement oneanother, each providing significant types of informationthat the other cannot suitably supply. Population charac-teristics, for example, are obtained only from the

household survey, whereas detailed industrial classifica-tions are much more reliably derived from establishmentreports.

Data from these two sources differ from each otherbecause of variations in definitions and coverage, source ofinformation, methods of collection, and estimatingprocedures. Sampling variability and response errors areadditional reasons for discrepancies. The major factorswhich have a differential effect on the levels and trends ofthe two data series are as follows.

EmploymentCoverage. The household survey definition of employmentcomprises wage and salary workers (including domesticsand other private household workers), self-employedpersons, and unpaid workers who worked 15 hours ormore during the reference week in family-operatedenterprises. Employment in both agricultural and non-agricultural industries is included. The payroll surveycovers only wage and salary employees on the payrolls ofnonfarm establishments.

Multiple jobholding. The household survey providesinformation on the work status of the population withoutduplication, since each person is classified as employed,unemployed, or not in the labor force. Employed personsholding more than one job are counted only once. In thefigures based on establishment reports, persons whoworked in more than one establishment during thereporting period are counted each time their names appearon payrolls.

Unpaid absences from jobs. The household survey includesamong the employed all civilians who had jobs but werenot at work during the reference week — that is, were notworking but had jobs from which they were temporarilyabsent because of illness, vacation, bad weather, childcareproblems, labor-management disputes, or because theywere taking time off for various other reasons, even if theywere not paid by their employers for the time off. In thefigures based on payroll reports, persons on leave paid forby the company are included, but those on leave withoutpay for the entire payroll period are not.

168


Hours of workThe household survey measures hours worked for all

workers whereas the payroll survey measures hours forprivate production and nonsupervisory workers paid forby employers. In the household survey, all persons with ajob but not at work are excluded from the hours distribu-tions and the computations of average hours at work. Inthe payroll survey, production or nonsupervisory em-ployees on paid vacation, paid holiday, or paid sick leaveare included and assigned the number of hours for whichthey were paid during the reporting period.

EarningsThe household survey measures the earnings of wage

and salary workers in all occupations and industries inboth the private and public sectors. Data refer to the usualearnings received from the worker's sole or primary job.Data from the establishment survey generally refer toaverage earnings of production and related workers inmining and manufacturing, construction workers inconstruction, and nonsupervisory employees in privateservice-producing industries. For a comprehensive discus-sion of the various earnings series available from thehousehold and establishment surveys, see BLS Measuresof Compensation, BLS Bulletin 2239 (1986).

COMPARABILITY OF HOUSEHOLD DATA WITHOTHER SERIES

Unemployment insurance data. The unemployed totalfrom the household survey includes all persons who didnot have a job during the reference week, were currentlyavailable for a job, and were looking for work or werewaiting to be called back to a job from which they had beenlaid off, whether or not they were eligible for unemploy-ment insurance. Figures on unemployment insuranceclaims, prepared by the Employment and TrainingAdministration of the U.S. Department of Labor, exclude,in addition to otherwise ineligible persons who do not fileclaims for benefits, persons who have exhausted theirbenefit rights, new workers who have not earned rights tounemployment insurance, and persons losing jobs notcovered by unemployment insurance systems (someworkers in agriculture, domestic services, and religiousorganizations, and self-employed and unpaid familyworkers).

In addition, the qualifications for drawing unemploy-ment compensation differ from the definition of unem-ployment used in the household survey. For example,persons with a job but not at work and persons workingonly a few hours during the week are sometimes eligible forunemployment compensation but are classified as

employed rather than unemployed in the householdsurvey.

For an examination of the similarities and differencesbetween State insured unemployment and total unemploy-ment, see "Measuring Total and State Insured Unemploy-ment" by Gloria P. Green in the June 1971 issue of theMonthly Labor Review.

Agricultural employment estimates of the U.S. Departmentof Agriculture. The principal differences in coverage arethe inclusion of persons under 16 in the NationalAgricultural Statistics Service series and the treatment ofdual jobholders, who are counted more than once if theywork on more than one farm during the reporting period.There are also wide differences in sampling techniques anddata collecting and estimating methods, which cannot bereadily measured in terms of their impact on differences inthe levels and trends of the two series.

COMPARABILITY OF PAYROLL EMPLOYMENTDATA WITH OTHER SERIES

Statistics on manufacturers and business, Bureau of theCensus. BLS establishment statistics on employment differfrom employment counts derived by the Bureau of theCensus from its censuses or sample surveys of manufactur-ing and business establishments. The major reasons fornoncomparability are different treatment of business unitsconsidered parts of an establishment, such as centraladministrative offices and auxiliary units; the industrialclassification of establishments; and different reportingpatterns by multiunit companies. There are also differ-ences in the scope of the industries covered, e.g., theCensus of Business excludes professional services, publicutilities, and financial establishments, whereas these areincluded in the BLS statistics.

County Business Patterns, Bureau of the Census. Data inCounty Business Patterns (CBP) differ from BLS establish-ment statistics in the treatment of central administrativeoffices and auxiliary units. Differences may also arise be-cause of industrial classification and reporting practices.In addition, CBP excludes interstate railroads and most ofgovernment, and coverage is incomplete for some of thenonprofit agencies.

Employment covered by State unemployment insuranceprograms. Most nonfarm wage and salary workers arecovered by the unemployment insurance programs.However, some employees, such as those working inparochial schools and churches, are not covered byunemployment insurance, whereas they are included inthe BLS establishment statistics.

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Household Data("A" tables, monthly; "D" tables, quarterly)

COLLECTION AND COVERAGE

Statistics on the employment status of the populationand related data are compiled by BLS using data from theCurrent Population Survey (CPS). This monthly survey ofhouseholds is conducted for BLS by the Bureau of theCensus through a scientifically selected sample designedto represent the civilian noninstitutional population.Respondents are interviewed to obtain information aboutthe employment status of each member of the household16 years of age and over. The inquiry relates to activity orstatus during the calendar week, Sunday through Satur-day, which includes the 12th day of the month. This isknown as the "reference week." Actual field interviewingis conducted in the following week, referred to as the"survey week."

Each month about 60,000 occupied units are eligible forinterview. Some 2,600 of these households are contactedbut interviews are not obtained because the occupants arenot at home after repeated calls or are unavailable forother reasons. This represents a noninterview rate for thesurvey that ranges between 4 and 5 percent. In addition tothe 60,000 occupied units, there are 11,500 sample units inan average month which are visited but found to be vacantor otherwise not eligible for enumeration. Part of thesample is changed each month. The rotation plan, asexplained later, provides for three-fourths of the sample tobe common from one month to the next, and one-half to becommon with the same month a year earlier.

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

The concepts and definitions underlying labor forcedata have been modified, but not substantially altered,since the inception of the survey in 1940; those in use as ofJanuary 1994 are as follows:

Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are persons16 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and theDistrict of Columbia who are not inmates of institutions(e.g., penal and mental facilities, homes for the aged), andwho are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.

Employed persons. All persons who, during the referenceweek, (a) did any work at all (at least 1 hour) as paidemployees in their own business, profession, or on theirown farm, or who worked 15 hours or more as unpaidworkers in an enterprise operated by a member of thefamily, and (b) all those who were not working but whohad jobs or businesses from which they were temporarilyabsent because of vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare

problems, maternity or paternity leave, labor-manage-ment dispute, job training, or other family or personalreasons, whether or not they were paid for the time off orwere seeking other jobs.

Each employed person is counted only once, even if he orshe holds more than one job. For purposes of occupationand industry classification, multiple jobholders arecounted in the job at which they worked the greatestnumber of hours during the reference week.

Included in the total are employed citizens of foreigncountries who are temporarily in the United States but notliving on the premises of an embassy. Excluded arepersons whose only activity consisted of work around theirown house (painting, repairing, or own home housework)or volunteer work for religious, charitable, and otherorganizations.

Unemployed persons. All persons who had no employmentduring the reference week, were available for work, exceptfor temporary illness, and had made specific efforts to findemployment some time during the 4-week period endingwith the reference week. Persons who were waiting to berecalled to a job from which they had been laid off need nothave been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Duration of unemployment. This represents the length oftime (through the current reference week) that personsclassified as unemployed had been looking for work. Forpersons on layoff, duration of unemployment representsthe number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Meanduration is the arithmetic average computed from singleweeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpointof a distribution of weeks of unemployment.

Reason for unemployment. Unemployment is also catego-rized according to the status of individuals at the time theybegan to look for work. The reasons for unemployment aredivided into five major groups: (1) Job losers, comprised of(a) persons on temporary layoff, who have been given adate to return to work or who expect to return within 6months (persons on layoff need not be looking for work toqualify as unemployed), and (b) permanent job losers,whose employment ended involuntarily and who beganlooking for work; (2) Job leavers are persons who quit orotherwise terminated their employment voluntarily andimmediately began looking for work; (3) Persons whocompleted temporary jobs, who began looking for workafter the jobs ended; (4) Reentrants are persons whopreviously worked but were out of the labor force prior tobeginning their job search; (5) New entrants are persons

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who never worked. Each of these five categories of theunemployed can be expressed as a proportion of the entirecivilian labor force; the sum of the four rates thus equalsthe unemployment rate for all civilian workers. (Forstatistical presentation purposes, "job losers" and "per-sons who completed temporary jobs" are combined into asingle category until seasonal adjustments can be deve-loped for the separate categories.)

Jobseekers. All unemployed persons who made specificefforts to find a job sometime during the 4-week periodpreceding the survey week are classified as jobseekers.Jobseekers do not include persons classified as ontemporary layoff, who although often looking for work,are not required to do so to be classified as unemployed.Jobseekers are grouped by the methods used to seek work.Only active methods — which have the potential to resultin a job offer without further action on the part of thejobseeker — qualify as job search. Examples include goingto an employer directly or to a public or privateemployment agency, seeking assistance from friends orrelatives, placing or answering ads, or using some otheractive method. Examples of the "other" category includebeing on a union or professional register, obtainingassistance from a community organization, or waiting at adesignated labor pickup point. Passive methods, which donot qualify as job search, include reading (as opposed toanswering or placing) "help wanted" ads and taking a jobtraining course.

Labor force. This group comprises all persons classified asemployed or unemployed in accordance with the criteriadescribed above.

Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate representsthe number unemployed as a percent of the labor force.

Participation rate. This represents the proportion of thepopulation that is in the labor force.

Employment-population ratio. This represents the propor-tion of the population that is employed.

Not in the labor force. Included in this group are allpersons in the civilian noninstitutional population who areneither employed nor unemployed. Information is col-lected on their desire for and availability to take a job at thetime of the CPS interview, job search activity in the prioryear, and reason for not looking in the 4-week period priorto the survey week. This group includes discouragedworkers, defined as persons not in the labor force who wantand are available for a job and who have looked for worksometime in the past 12 months (or since the end of theirlast job if they held one within the past 12 months), but arenot currently looking, because they believe there are no

jobs available or there are none for which they wouldqualify.

Persons classified as not in the labor force who are in thesample for either their fourth or eighth month are askedadditional questions relating to job history and workseek-ing intentions. These latter data are available on aquarterly basis.

Occupation, industry, and class of worker. This informa-tion for the employed applies to the job held in thereference week. Persons with two or more jobs areclassified in the job at which they worked the greatestnumber of hours. The unemployed are classified accordingto their last job. The occupational and industrialclassification of CPS data is based on the coding systemsused in the 1990 census.

The class-of-worker breakdown assigns workers to thefollowing categories: Private and government wage andsalary workers, self-employed workers, and unpaid familyworkers. Wage and salary workers receive wages, salary,commissions, tips, or pay in kind from a private employeror from a government unit. Self-employed persons arethose who work for profit or fees in their own business,profession, trade, or farm. Only the unincorporatedself-employed are included in the self-employed categoryin the class of worker typology. Self-employed personswho respond that their businesses are incorporated areincluded among wage and salary workers, becausetechnically, they are paid employees of a corporation.Unpaid family workers are persons working without payfor 15 hours a week or more on a farm or in a businessoperated by a member of the household to whom they arerelated by birth or marriage.

Multiple jobholders. These are employed persons who,during the reference week, had either two or more jobs as awage and salary worker, were self-employed and also helda wage and salary job, or worked as an unpaid familyworker and also held a wage and salary job. A personemployed only in private households (cleaner, gardener,babysitter, etc.) who worked for two or more employersduring the reference week is not counted as a multiplejobholder, since working for several employers isconsidered an inherent characteristic of private householdwork. Also excluded are self-employed persons withmultiple businesses and persons with multiple jobs asunpaid family workers.

Hours of work. These statistics relate to the actual numberof hours worked during the reference week. For example,persons who normally work 40 hours a week but were offon the Columbus Day holiday would be reported asworking 32 hours, even though they were paid for theholiday. For persons working in more than one job, thepublished figures relate to the number of hours worked inall jobs during the week; all the hours are credited to the

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major job. Unpublished data are available for the hoursworked in each job and for usual hours.

At work part time for economic reasons. Sometimesreferred to as involuntary part time, this category refers toindividuals who gave an economic reason for working 1 to34 hours during the reference week. Economic reasonsinclude slack work or unfavorable business conditions,inability to find full-time work, and seasonal declines indemand. Those who usually work part time must alsoindicate that they want and are available to work full timeto be classified as on part time for economic reasons.

At work part time for noneconomic reasons. This groupincludes those persons who usually work part time andwere at work 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for anoneconomic reason. Noneconomic reasons include, forexample: illness or other medical limitations, childcareproblems or other family or personal obligations, school ortraining, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings,and being in a job where full-time work is less than 35hours. The group also includes those who gave aneconomic reason for usually working 1 to 34 hours but saidthey do not want to work full time or were unavailable forsuch work.

Usual full- or part-time status. Data on persons "at work"exclude persons who were temporarily absent from a joband therefore classified in the zero-hours-worked cate-gory, "with a job but not at work." These are persons whowere absent from their jobs for the entire week for suchreasons as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvementin a labor dispute. In order to differentiate a person'snormal schedule from their activity during the referenceweek, persons are also classified according to their usualfull- or part-time status. In this context, full-time workersare those who usually worked 35 hours or more (at all jobscombined). This group will include some individuals whoworked less than 35 hours in the reference week for eithereconomic or noneconomic reasons and those who aretemporarily absent from work. Similarly, part-timeworkers are those who usually work less than 35 hours perweek (at all jobs), regardless of the number of hoursworked in the reference week. This may include someindividuals who actually worked more than 34 hours inthe reference week, as well as those who are temporarilyabsent from work. The full-time labor force includes allemployed persons who usually work full time andunemployed persons who are either looking for full-timework or are on layoff from full-time jobs. The part-timelabor force consists of employed persons who usually workpart time and unemployed persons who are seeking or areon layoff from part-time jobs. Unemployment rates forfull- and part-time workers are calculated using theconcepts of the full- and part-time labor force.

White, black, and other. These are terms used to describethe race of persons. Included in the "other" group areAmerican Indians, Alaskan Natives, and Asians andPacific Islanders. Because of the relatively small samplesize, data for "other" races are not published. In theenumeration process, race is determined by the householdrespondent.

Hispanic origin. This refers to persons who identifiedthemselves in the enumeration process as Mexican, PuertoRican, Cuban, Central or South American, or of otherHispanic origin or descent. Persons of Hispanic originmay be of any race; thus they are included in both thewhite and black population groups.

Vietnam-era veterans. These are persons who served in theArmed Forces of the United States between August 5,1964, and May 7, 1975. Published data are limited to menin the civilian noninstitutional population; i.e., veterans ininstitutions and women are excluded. Nonveterans arepersons who never served in the Armed Forces.

Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings beforetaxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay,commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job inthe case of multiple jobholders.) Earnings reported on abasis other than weekly (e.g., annual, monthly, hourly) areconverted to weekly. The term "usual" is as perceived bythe respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition ofusual, interviewers are instructed to define the term asmore than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5months. Data refer to wage and salary workers (excludingself-employed persons who respond that their businesseswere incorporated) who usually work full time on theirsole or primary job.

Median earnings. These figures indicate the value whichdivides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, onepart having values above the median and the other havingvalues below the median. The medians as shown in thispublication are calculated by linear interpolation of the$50 centered interval within which each median falls. Dataexpressed in constant dollars are deflated by the Con-sumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).

Single, never married; married, spouse present; and othermarital status. These are the terms used to define themarital status of individuals at the time of interview.Married, spouse present, applies to husband and wife ifboth were living in the same household, even though onemay be temporarily absent on business, vacation, on avisit, in a hospital, etc. Other marital status applies topersons who are married, spouse absent; widowed; ordivorced. Married, spouse absent relates to persons whoare separated due to marital problems, as well as husbandsand wives who are living apart because one or the other

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was employed elsewhere, on duty with the Armed Forces,or any other reasons.

Household. A household consists of all persons — relatedfamily members and all unrelated persons — who occupy ahousing unit and have no other usual address. A house, anapartment, a group of rooms, or a single room is regardedas a housing unit when occupied or intended foroccupancy as separate living quarters. A householder is theperson (or one of the persons) in whose name the housingunit is owned or rented. The term is never applied to eitherhusbands or wives in married-couple families but relatesonly to persons in families maintained by either men orwomen without a spouse.

Family. A family is defined as a group of two or morepersons residing together who are related by birth,marriage, or adoption; all such persons are considered asmembers of one family. Families are classified either asmarried-couple families or as families maintained bywomen or men without spouses. A family maintained by awoman or a man is one in which the householder is eithersingle, widowed, divorced, or married, spouse absent.Data on the earnings of families exclude all those in whichthere is no wage or salary earner or in which the husband,wife, or other person maintaining the family is eitherself-employed or in the Armed Forces.

HISTORICAL COMPARABILITY

Changes in concepts and methodsWhile current survey concepts and methods are very

similar to those introduced at the inception of the survey in1940, a number of changes have been made over the yearsto improve the accuracy and usefulness of the data. Someof the most important changes include:

• In 1945, the questionnaire was radically changed withthe introduction of four basic employment questions.Prior to that time, the survey did not contain specificquestion wording, but rather relied on a complicatedscheme of activity prioritization.

• In 1953, the current 4-8-4 rotation system wasadopted, whereby households are interviewed for 4consecutive months, leave the sample for 8 months, andthen return to the sample for the same four months of thefollowing year. Before this system was introduced,households were interviewed for 6 consecutive monthsand then replaced. The new system provided someyear-to-year overlap in the sample, thereby improvingmeasurement over time.

• In 1955, the survey reference week was changed to thecalendar week including the 12th day of the month, forgreater consistency with the reference period used forother labor-related statistics. Previously, the calendarweek containing the 8th day of the month had been used asthe reference week.

• In 1957, the employment definition was modifiedslightly as a result of a comprehensive interagency reviewof labor force concepts and methods. Two relatively smallgroups of persons classified as employed, under "with a jobbut not at work," were assigned to different classifications.Persons on layoff with definite instructions to return towork within 30 days of the layoff date, and personsvolunteering that they were waiting to start a new wageand salary job within 30 days of interview, were, for themost part, reassigned to the unemployed classification.The only exception was the small subgroup in schoolduring the reference week but waiting to start new jobs,which was transferred to not in the labor force.

• In 1967, more substantive changes were made as aresult of the recommendations of the President's Commit-tee to Appraise Employment and Unemployment Statis-tics (the Gordon Committee). The principal improve-ments were as follows:

a) A 4-week job-search period and specific questions onjobseeking activity were introduced. Previously, thequestionnaire was ambiguous as to the time period forjobseeking and there were no specific questions concern-ing job-search methods.

b) An availability test was introduced whereby a personmust be currently available for work in order to beclassified as unemployed. Previously, there was no suchrequirement. This revision to the concept mainly affectedstudents, who, for example, may begin to look for summerjobs in the spring although they will not be available untilJune or July. Such persons, until 1967, had been classifiedas unemployed but since have been assigned to the "not inthe labor force" category.

c) Persons "with a job but not at work" because ofstrikes, bad weather, etc., who volunteered that they werelooking for work, were shifted from unemployed status toemployed.

d) The lower age limit for official statistics onemployment, unemployment, and other labor forceconcepts was raised from 14 to 16 years. Historical datafor most major series have been revised to provideconsistent information based on the new minimum agelimit.

e) New questions were added to obtain additional infor-mation on persons not in the labor force, including those

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referred to as "discouraged workers," defined as personswho indicate that they want a job but are not currentlylooking because they believe there are no jobs available ornone for which they would qualify.

f)) New "probing" questions were added to thequestionnaire in order to increase the reliability ofinformation on hours of work, duration of unemployment,and self-employment.

• In 1994, major changes to the Current PopulationSurvey (CPS) were introduced, which included a completeredesign of the questionnaire and the use of computer-assisted interviewing for the entire survey. In addition,there were revisions to some of the labor force conceptsand definitions, including the implementation of somechanges recommended in 1979 by the National Commis-sion on Employment and Unemployment Statistics(NCEUS, also known as the Levitan Commission.) Someof the major changes to the survey were:

a) The introduction of a redesigned and automatedquestionnaire. The CPS questionnaire was totally rede-signed in order to obtain more accurate, comprehensive,and relevant information, and to take advantage ofstate-of-the-art computer interviewing techniques.

b) The addition of two, more objective, criteria to thedefinition of discouraged workers. Prior to 1994, to beclassified as a discouraged worker, a person must havewanted a job and be reported as not currently lookingbecause of a belief that no jobs were available or that therewere none for which he or she would qualify. Beginning in1994, persons classified as discouraged must also havelooked for a job within the past year (or since their last job,if they worked during the year), and must have beenavailable for work during the reference week (a directquestion on availability was added in 1994; prior to 1994,availability had been inferred from responses to otherquestions.) These changes were made because the NCEUSand others felt that the previous definition of discouragedworkers was too subjective, relying mainly on anindividual's stated desire for a job and not on prior testingof the labor market.

c) Similarly, the identification of persons employedpart time for economic reasons (working less than 35hours in the reference week because of poor businessconditions or because of an inability to find full-time work)was tightened by adding two new criteria for persons whousually work part time: They must want and be availablefor full-time work. Previously, such information wasinferred. (Persons who usually work full time but workedpart time for an economic reason during the referenceweek are assumed to meet these criteria.)

d) Specific questions were added about the expectationof recall for persons who indicate that they are on layoff.To be classified as "on temporary layoff," persons mustexpect to be recalled to their jobs. Previously, thequestionnaire did not include explicit questions about theexpectation of recall.

e) Persons volunteering that they were waiting to start anew job within 30 days must have looked for work in the 4weeks prior to the survey in order to be classified asunemployed. Previously, such persons did not have tomeet the job-search requirement in order to be includedamong the unemployed.

For additional information on changes in CPS conceptsand methods, see Concepts and Methods used in LaborForce Statistics Derived from the Current PopulationSurvey, BLS Report 463, October 1976 and "Overhaulingthe Current Population Survey —Why is it Necessary toChange?," "Redesigning the Questionnaire," and "Eval-uating Changes in the Estimates," Monthly Labor Review,September 1993, and "Revisions in the Current Popula-tion Survey Effective January 1994," in the February 1994issue of this publication.

Noncomparability of labor force levelsIn addition to the refinements in concepts, definitions,

and methods made over the years, other changes have alsoaffected the comparability of the labor force data.

• Beginning in 1953, as a result of introducing datafrom the 1950 census into the estimating procedures,population levels were raised by about 600,000; laborforce, total employment, and agricultural employmentwere increased by about 350,000, primarily affecting thefigures for totals and men; other categories were relativelyunaffected.

• Beginning in 1960, the inclusion of Alaska andHawaii resulted in an increase of about 500,000 in thepopulation and about 300,000 in the labor force.Four-fifths of this increase was in nonagriculturalemployment; other labor force categories were notappreciably affected.

• Beginning in 1962, the introduction of data from the1960 census reduced the population by about 50,000 andlabor force and employment by about 200,000; unemploy-ment totals were virtually unchanged.

• Beginning in 1972, information from the 1970 censuswas introduced into the estimation procedures, increasingthe population by about 800,000; labor force and

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employment totals were raised by a little more than300,000; unemployment levels and rates were essentiallyunchanged.

• In March 1973, a subsequent population adjustmentbased on the 1970 census was introduced. This ad-justment, which affected the white and black-and-othergroups but had little effect on totals, resulted in thereduction of nearly 300,000 in the white population and anincrease of the same magnitude in the black-and-otherpopulation. Civilian labor force and total employmentfigures were affected to a lesser degree; the white laborforce was reduced by 150,000, and the black-and-otherlabor force rose by about 210,000. Unemployment levelsand rates were not significantly affected.

• Beginning in January 1974, the method used toprepare independent estimates of the civilian noninstitu-tional population was modified to an "inflation-deflation''approach. This change in the derivation of the estimateshad its greatest impact on estimates of 20- to 24-year oldmen — particularly those of the black-and-other popula-tion—but had little effect on estimates of the totalpopulation 16 years and over. Additional information onthe adjustment procedure appears in "CPS PopulationControls Derived from Inflation-Deflation Method ofEstimation," in the February 1974 issue of this publica-tion.

• Effective in July 1975, as a result of the large inflow ofVietnamese refugees into the United States, the total andblack-and-other independent population controls forpersons 16 years and over were adjusted upward by76,000 - (30,000 men and 46,000 women.) The addition ofthe refugees increased the black-and-other population byless than 1 percent in any age-sex group, with all of thechanges being confined to the "other" component of thepopulation.

• Beginning in January 1978, the introduction of anexpansion in the sample and revisions in the estimationprocedures resulted in an increase of about 250,000 in thecivilian labor force and employment totals; unemploy-ment levels and rates were essentially unchanged. Anexplanation of the procedural changes and an indication ofthe differences appear in "Revisions in the CurrentPopulation Survey in January 1978" in the February 1978issue of this publication.

• Beginning in October 1978, the race of the individualwas determined by the household respondent for theincoming rotation group households, rather than by the

interviewer as before. The purpose of this change was toprovide more accurate estimates of characteristics by race.Thus, in October 1978, one-eighth of the samplehouseholds had race determined by the householdrespondent and seven-eighths of the sample householdshad race determined by interviewer observation. It was notuntil January 1980 that the entire sample had racedetermined by the household respondent. The newprocedure had no significant effect on the estimates.

• Beginning in January 1979, the first-stage ratioadjustment method was changed in the CPS estimationprocedure. Differences between the old and new proce-dures existed only for metropolitan and non-metropolitanarea estimates, not for the total United States. Thereasoning behind the change and an indication of thedifferences appear in "Revisions in the Current Popula-tion Survey in January 1979" in the February 1979 issue ofthis publication.

• Beginning in January 1982, the second-stage ratioadjustment method was changed. The purpose of thechange and an indication of its effect on national estimatesof labor force characteristics appear in "Revisions in theCurrent Population Survey Beginning in January 1982" inthe February 1982 issue of this publication. In addition,current population estimates used in the second-stageestimation procedure were derived from informationobtained from the 1980 census, rather than the 1970census. This change caused substantial increases in thetotal population and in the estimates of persons in all laborforce categories. Rates for labor force characteristics,however, remained virtually unchanged. Some 30,000labor force series were adjusted back to 1970 to avoidmajor breaks in series. The adjustment procedure used isalso described in the February 1982 article cited above.The revisions did not, however, smooth out the breaks inseries occurring between 1972 and 1979 (described above),and data users should consider them when comparingestimates from different periods.

• Beginning in January 1983, the first-stage ratioadjustment method was updated to incorporate data fromthe 1980 census. The purpose of the change and anindication of its effect on national estimates of labor forcecharacteristics appear in "Revisions in the CurrentPopulation Survey Beginning in January 1983" in theFebruary 1983 issue of this publication. There were onlyslight differences between the old and new procedures inestimates of levels for the various labor force characteris-tics and virtually no differences in estimates of participa-tion rates.

• Beginning in January 1985, most of the steps of theCPS estimation procedure — the noninterview adjustment,

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the first and second-stage ratio adjustments, and thecomposite estimator — were revised. These procedures aredescribed in the Estimating Methods section. A descrip-tion of the changes and an indication of their effect onnational estimates of labor force characteristics appear in"Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the CurrentPopulation Survey Beginning in January 1985" in theFebruary 1985 issue of this publication. Overall, therevisions had only a slight effect on most estimates. Thegreatest impact was on estimates of persons of Hispanicorigin. Major estimates were revised back to January 1980.

• Beginning in January 1986, the population controlsused in the second-stage ratio adjustment method wererevised to reflect an explicit estimate of the number ofundocumented immigrants (largely Hispanic) since 1980and an improved estimate of the number of emigrantsamong legal foreign-born residents for the same timeperiod. As a result, the total civilian population and laborforce estimates were raised by nearly 400,000; civilianemployment was increased by about 350,000. TheHispanic-origin population and labor force estimates wereraised by about 425,000 and 305,000, respectively, andHispanic employment by 270,000. Overall and subgroupunemployment levels and rates were not significantlyaffected. Because of the magnitude of the adjustments forHispanics, data were revised back to January 1980 to theextent possible. An explanation of the changes and theireffect on estimates of labor force characteristics appear in"Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the CurrentPopulation Survey Beginning in January 1986" in theFebruary 1986 issue of this publication.

• Beginning in August 1989, the second-stage ratioestimate cells were changed slightly to decrease the chanceof very small cells occurring and to be more consistentwith published age, sex, race cells. This change hadvirtually no effect on national estimates.

• Beginning in January 1994, population estimatesused in the second-stage estimation procedure were basedon information obtained from the 1990 census (adjustedfor the undercount as measured by the Census Bureau'sPost Enumeration Survey). This change resulted insubstantial increases in total population and in all majorlabor force categories. Under the new population controls,the civilian noninstitutional population increased by about1.3 million, with much of the increase occurring amongHispanics. Estimates of employment were raised by about950,000, and unemployment by approximately 200,000.In addition, the overall unemployment rate rose by about0.1 percentage point, largely reflecting the increase in theHispanic share of the population, which has a higher-than-

average incidence of unemployment. For further informa-tion, see "Revisions in the Current Population SurveyEffective January 1994," in the February 1994 issue of thispublication.

Changes in the occupational and industrialclassification systems

Beginning in 1971, the comparability of occupationalemployment data was affected as a result of changes in theoccupational classification system for the 1970 census thatwere introduced into the CPS. Comparability was furtheraffected in December 1971, when a question relating tomajor activity or duties was added to the monthly CPSquestionnaire in order to determine more precisely theoccupational classification of individuals. As a result ofthese changes, meaningful comparisons of occupationalemployment levels could not be made between 1971-72and prior years nor between those 2 years. Unemploymentrates were not significantly affected. For a furtherexplanation of the changes in the occupational classifica-tion system, see "Revisions in Occupational Classifica-tions for 1971" and "Revisions in the Current PopulationSurvey" in the February 1971 and February 1972 issues,respectively, of this publication.

Beginning in January 1983, the occupational and indus-trial classification systems used in the 1980 census were in-troduced into the CPS. The 1980 census occupational clas-sification system evolved from the Standard OccupationalClassification (SOC) and was so radically different in con-cepts and nomenclature from the 1970 system that com-parisons of historical data are not possible without majoradjustments. For example, the 1980 major group "sales oc-cupations" is substantially larger than the 1970 category"sales workers." Major additions include "cashiers" from"clerical workers" and some self-employed proprietors inretail trade establishments from "managers and adminis-trators, except farm."

The industrial classification system used in the 1980census was based on the 1972 Standard IndustrialClassification (SIC) system, as modified in 1977. Theadoption of the new system had much less of an adverseeffect on historical comparability than did the newoccupational system. The most notable changes from the1970 system were the transfer of farm equipment storesfrom "retail" to "wholesale" trade, postal service from"public administration" to "transportation," and someinterchange between "professional and related services"and "public administration." Additional information onthe 1980 census occupational and industrial classificationsystems appear in "Revisions in the Current PopulationSurvey Beginning in January 1983" in the February 1983issue of this publication.

Beginning in January 1992, the occupational andindustrial classification systems used in the 1990 census

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were introduced into the C?S. (These systems were largelybased on the 1980 Standard Occupational Classification(SOC) and 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)systems, respectively.) There were a few breaks incomparability between the 1980 and 1990 census-basedsystems, particularly within the "technical, sales, andadministrative support" categories. The most notablechanges in industry classification were the shift of severalindustries from "business services" to "professionalservices" and the splitting of some industries into smaller,more detailed categories. A number of industry titles werechanged as well, with no change in content.

SamplingSince the inception of the survey, there have been

various changes in the design of the CPS sample. Thesample is traditionally redesigned and a new sampleselected after each decennial census. Also, the number ofsample areas and the number of sample persons arechanged occasionally. Most of these changes are made inorder to improve the efficiency of the sample designand/or to increase the reliability of the sample estimates.When Alaska and Hawaii received statehood, threesample areas were added to the existing sample to accountfor the population of these States. In January 1978, asupplemental sample of 9,000 housing units, selected in 24States and the District of Columbia, was designed toprovide more reliable annual average estimates for States.In October 1978, a coverage improvement sample ofapproximately 450 sample household units representing237,000 occupied mobile homes and 600,000 newconstruction housing units was added. In January 1980,another supplemental sample of 9,000 households selectedin 32 States and the District of Columbia was added. Asample reduction of about 6,000 units was implemented inMay 1981. In January 1982, the sample was expanded by100 households to provide additional coverage in countiesadded to Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas(SMSA's), which were redefined in 1973. In January 1985,a new State-based CPS sample was selected based on 1980census information. A sample reduction of about 4,000households was implemented in April 1988; they werereinstated during the 8-month period, April-November1989. A redesigned CPS sample based on the 1990decennial census has been selected for use during the1990's. Households from this new sample will be phased induring the April 1994 through July 1995 period.

The current 1980 census-based sample design includesabout 72,000 housing units per month located in 729selected geographic areas called primary sampling units(PSU's). The sample was initially selected so that specificreliability criteria were met nationally, for each of the 50States, for the District of Columbia, and for the sub-Stateareas of New York City and the Los Angeles-Long Beachmetropolitan area. Since 1985, these reliability criteriahave been maintained through periodic additions and

deletions in the State samples. The criteria, given below,are based on the coefficient of variation (CV) of theunemployment rate, where the CV is defined as thestandard error of the estimate divided by the estimate,expressed as a percentage. These CV controls assume a6-percent unemployment rate to establish a consistentspecification of sampling error.

Nationally, a 1.8-percent CV is maintained on themonthly unemployment rate estimate. This means that achange of 0.2 percentage point in the unemployment rateis significant at a 90-percent confidence level.

In 11 States — California, Florida, Illinois, Massachu-setts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina,Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas —the most populous Statesat the time of the 1980 decennial census, an 8-percent CVis maintained on the monthly unemployment rateestimates. In the other 39 States and the District ofColumbia, an 8-percent CV is maintained on the annualunemployment rate estimate. In New York City and theLos Angeles-Long Beach metropolitan area, a 9-percentCV is maintained on the monthly unemployment rateestimates.

In the first stage of sampling, the 729 sample areas arechosen. In the second stage, ultimate sampling unitclusters composed of about four housing units each areselected. Each month, about 72,000 housing units areassigned for data collection, of which about 60,000 areoccupied and thus eligible for interview. The remainderare units found to be destroyed, vacant, converted tononresidential use, containing persons whose usual placeof residence is elsewhere, or ineligible for other reasons. Ofthe 60,000 housing units, 4 to 5 percent are not interviewedin a given month due to temporary absence (vacation,etc.), other failures to make contact after repeatedattempts, inability of persons contacted to respond,unavailability for other reasons, and refusals to cooperate(about half of the noninterviews). Information is obtainedeach month for about 113,000 persons 16 years of age andolder.

Selection of sample areas. The entire area of the UnitedStates, consisting of 3,137 counties and independent cities,is divided into 1,973 sample units (PSU's). In most States,a PSU consists of a county or a number of contiguouscounties. In New England and Hawaii, minor civildivisions are used instead of counties.

Metropolitan areas within a State are used as a basis forforming PSU's. Outside of metropolitan areas, countiesnormally are combined, except where the geographic areaof the sample county is very large. Combining counties toform PSU's provides greater heterogeneity; a typical PSUincludes urban and rural residents of both high and loweconomic levels and encompasses, to the extent feasible,diverse occupations and industries. Another importantconsideration is to have the PSU sufficiently compact so

177


that, with a small sample spread throughout, it can beefficiently canvassed without undue travel cost.

The 1,973 PSU's are grouped into strata within eachState. Then one PSU is selected from each stratum withthe probability of selection proportional to the populationof the PSU. There are 314 PSU's in strata by themselvesthat are self-representing, and generally these are the mostpopulated PSU's in each State. The remaining strata areformed by combining PSU's that are similar in suchcharacteristics as population growth; proportions ofblacks and of Hispanics (in certain States); and populationdistribution by occupation, industry, age, and sex. ThePSU's, randomly selected from these strata, are non-self-representing, because each one chosen represents theentire stratum. The probability of selecting a particularPSU in a non-self-representing stratum is proportional toits 1980 population. For example, within a stratum, thechance that a PSU with a population of 50,000 would beselected for the sample is twice that for a PSU having apopulation of 25,000.

Selection of sample households. Because the sample designis State based, the sampling ratio differs by State anddepends on the reliability requirements for estimates foreach State. The State sampling ratios range roughly from 1in every 200 households to 1 in every 2,500 households ineach stratum of the State. The sampling ratio occasionallyis modified slightly to hold the size of the sample relativelyconstant given the overall growth of the population. Thesampling ratio used within a sample PSU depends on theprobability of selection of the PSU and the sampling ratiofor the State. In a sample PSU with a probability ofselection of 1 in 10 with a State sampling ratio of 1 in 2,500,the within-PSU sampling ratio that results is 1 in 250,thereby achieving the desired ratio of 1 in 2,500 for thestratum.

Within each designated PSU, several steps are involvedin selecting the housing units to be enumerated. First, the1980 census enumeration districts (ED's), which areadministrative units and contain on the average about 300housing units, are ordered so that the sample would reflectthe demographic and residential characteristics of thePSU. Within each ED, the housing units are sortedgeographically and are grouped into clusters of approxi-mately four housing units. Next, a systematic sample ofthese clusters of housing units is selected.

The identification of the sample housing units within anED is made wherever possible from the list of EDaddresses compiled during the 1980 census. The addresslists are used in about three-fourths of the ED's, primarilyin urban areas. Area sampling is applied in the remainingED's, mostly in rural areas. In ED's where address lists areused, automated methods are used to form clusters ofgeographically contiguous housing units. An effort is

made to have all small, multi-unit addresses (two to fourhousing units) included in the same cluster. The methodsuse the within-PSU sampling ratio to identify appropriateclusters for the sample. Supplemental samples are alsoprepared to account for addresses in isolated geographicareas and to account for housing units not found on theaddress lists, including housing units newly constructed inthe PSU since the census date. The addresses of these unitsare obtained mainly from records of building permits.

In those ED's where area sampling methods are used,mainly rural areas, the ED's are subdivided into small land"chunks" with well-defined boundaries and having, ingeneral, an expected "size" of about 8 to 12 housing unitsor other living quarters. For each subdivided ED, onechunk (or more) is designated for the sample. When aselected chunk contains about four households, forexample, all units are included in the sample. When thesize of the chunk is several times four units, an interviewerdoes not conduct interviews at all housing units in thechunk but uses a systematic sampling pattern to obtainapproximately four households. The remaining housingunits in the chunk are then available for further samples.Area ED's also make use of building permit lists to identifynewly constructed housing units.

Rotation of sample. Part of the sample is changed eachmonth. For each sample, eight representative subsamplesor rotation groups are identified. A given rotation group isinterviewed for a total of 8 months, divided into two equalperiods. It is in the sample for 4 consecutive months, leavesthe sample during the following 8 months, and thenreturns for another 4 consecutive months. In any 1 month,one-eighth of the rotation groups are in their first month ofenumeration, another eighth is in their second month, andso on. Under this system, 75 percent of the samplesegments are common from month to month and 50percent from year to year for the same month. Thisprocedure provides a substantial amount of month-to-month and year-to-year overlap in the sample, thusproviding better estimates of change and reducingdiscontinuities in the series of data without burdening anyspecific group of households with an unduly long period ofinquiry.

Table 1-A provides a description of some aspects of theCPS sample design in use since 1947. A more detailedaccount of the history of the CPS sample design appears inthe Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology,Technical Paper No. 40, Bureau of the Census, orConcepts and Methods Used in Labor Force StatisticsDerived from the Current Population Survey, Report 463,Bureau of Labor Statistics. A description of the 1980census-based sample appears in "Redesign of the Samplefor the Current Population Survey," in the May 1984 issueof this publication.

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Table 1-A. Characteristics of the CPS sample, 1947 to present

Time period

Aug. 1947 to Jan. 1954Feb. 1954 to Apr. 1956May 1956 to Dec. 1959Jan. 1960 to Feb. 1963Mar. 1963 to Dec. 1966Jan. 1967 to July 1971Aug. 1971 to July 1972Aug. 1972 to Dec. 1977Jan. 1978 to Dec. 1979Jan. 1980 to Apr. 1981May 1981 to Dec. 1984Jan. 1985 to Mar. 1988Apr. 1988 to Mar. 1989Nov. 1989 to present3

Number of sampleareas

68230

13302333357449449461614629629729729729

Households eligible

Interviewed

21,00021,00033,50033,50033,50048,00045,00045,00053,50062,20057,80057,00053,20057,400

Not interviewed

500-1,000500-1,000

1,5001,5001,5002,0002,0002,0002,5002,8002,5002,5002,6002,600

Households visitedbut not eligible

3,000-3,5003,000-3,500

6,0006,0006,0008,5008,0008,000

10,00012,00011,00011,00011,50011,800

1 Beginning in May 1956, these areas were chosen to provide coveragein each State and the District of Columbia.

2 Three sample areas were added in 1960 to represent Alaska andHawaii after statehood.

3 The sample was increased incrementally during the 8-monthperiod, April-November 1989.

ESTIMATING METHODS

Under the estimating methods used in the CPS, all of theresults for a given month become available simultaneouslyand are based on returns from the entire panel of respon-dents. The estimation procedure involves weighting thedata from each sample person by the inverse of the proba-bility of the person being in the sample. This gives a roughmeasure of the number of actual persons that the sampleperson represents. Since 1985, almost all sample personswithin the same State have the same probability of selec-tion. Exceptions include sample persons in New York andCalifornia, where households in New York City and LosAngeles are selected with higher probability. Selectionprobabilities may also differ for some sample areas due tofield subsampling, which is carried out when areas selectedfor the sample are found to contain many more householdsthan expected. Though a series of estimation steps (out-lined below), the selection probabilities are adjusted fornoninterviews and survey undercoverage; data from pre-vious months are incorporated into the estimates throughthe composite estimation procedure.

1. Noninterview adjustment. The weights for all inter-viewed households are adjusted to the extent needed toaccount for occupied sample households for which noinformation was obtained because of absence, impassableroads, refusals, or unavailability of the respondents forother reasons. This noninterview adjustment is madeseparately for clusters of similar sample areas that areusually, but not necessarily, contained within a State.Similarity of sample areas is based on MetropolitanStatistical Area (MSA) status and size. Within eachcluster, there is a further breakdown by residence. EachMSA cluster is split by "central city" and "balance of the

MSA." Each non-MSA cluster is split by "urban" and"rural" residence categories. The proportion of samplehouseholds not interviewed varies from 4 to 5 percent,depending on weather, vacation, etc.

2. Ratio estimates. The distribution of the populationselected for the sample may differ somewhat, by chance,from that of the population as a whole in suchcharacteristics as age, race, sex, and State of residence.Because these characteristics are closely correlated withlabor force participation and other principal measure-ments made from the sample, the survey estimates can besubstantially improved when weighted appropriately bythe known distribution of these population characteristics.This is accomplished through two stages of ratioadjustment, as follows:

a. First-stage ratio estimation. The purpose of thefirst-stage ratio adjustment is to reduce the contribution tovariance that results from selecting a sample of PSUsrather than drawing sample households from every PSU inthe Nation. This adjustment is made to the CPS weights intwo race cells: Black and nonblack; it is applied only toPSU's that are not self-representing and for those Statesthat have a substantial number of black households. Theprocedure corrects for differences that existed in eachState cell at the time of the 1980 census between 1) the racedistribution of the population in sample PSU's and 2) therace distribution of all PSU's (both 1 and 2 excludeself-representing PSU's.)

b. Second-stage ratio estimation. This procedure sub-stantially reduces the variability of estimates and corrects,to some extent, for CPS undercoverage. The CPS sampleweights are adjusted to ensure that sample-based estimates

179


of population match independent population controls.Three sets of controls are used:

1) 51 State controls of the civilian noninstitutionalpopulation 16 years of age and older

2) National civilian noninstitutional populationcontrols for 14 Hispanic and 5 non-Hispanic age-sexcategories

3) National civilian noninstitutional populationcontrols for 66 white, 42 Black, and 10 "other"age-sex categories

The independent population controls are prepared byprojecting forward the resident population as enumeratedon April 1, 1990. The projections are derived by updatingdemographic census data with information from a varietyof other data sources that account for births, deaths, andnet migration. Estimated numbers of resident ArmedForces personnel and institutionalized persons reduce theresident population to the civilian noninstitutional popu-lation. Estimates of net census undercount, determinedfrom the Post Enumeration Survey, are added to thepopulation projections. Prior to January 1994, theprojections were based on earlier censuses, and there wasno correction for census undercount. A summary of thecurrent procedures used to make population projections isgiven in "Revisions in the Current Population SurveyEffective January 1994," appearing in the February 1994issue of this publication.

3. Composite estimation procedure. The last step in thepreparation of most CPS estimates makes use of a com-posite estimation procedure. The composite estimate con-sists of a weighted average of two factors: The two-stageratio estimate based on the entire sample from the currentmonth and the composite estimate for the previous month,plus an estimate of the month-to-month change based onthe six rotation groups common to both months. In addi-tion, a bias adjustment term is added to the weighted aver-age to account for relative bias associated with month-in-sample estimates. This month-in-sample bias is exhibitedby unemployment estimates for persons in their first andfifth months in the CPS being generally higher than esti-mates obtained for the other months.

The composite estimate results in a reduction in thesampling error beyond that which is achieved after the twostages of ratio adjustment. For some items, the reduction issubstantial. The resultant gains in reliability are greatest inestimates of month-to-month change, although gains arealso usually obtained for estimates of level in a givenmonth, change from year to year, and change over otherintervals of time.

Rounding of estimatesThe sums of individual items may not always equal the

totals shown in the same tables because of independent

rounding of totals and components to the nearestthousand. Similarly, sums of percent distributions maynot always equal 100 percent because of rounding.Differences, however, are insignificant.

Reliability of the estimatesThere are two types of errors possible in an estimate

based on a sample survey —sampling and nonsampling.The standard errors provided indicate primarf emagnitude of the sampling error. They also incorp^ ^ethe effect of some nonsampling errors in response andenumeration but do not account for any systematicbiases in the data.

Nonsampling error. The full extent of nonsampling error isunknown, but special studies have been conducted toquantify some sources of nonsampling error in the CPS, asdiscussed below. The effect of nonsampling error shouldbe small on estimates of relative change, such asmonth-to-month change. Estimates of monthly levelswould be more severely affected by the nonsampling error.

Nonsampling errors in surveys can be attributed tomany sources, e.g., the inability to obtain informationabout all persons in the sample; differences in theinterpretation of questions; inability or unwillingness ofrespondents to provide correct information; inability torecall information; errors made in collecting and process-ing the data, errors made in estimating values for miss-ing data; and failure to represent all sample householdsand all persons within sample households (undercover-age).

Nonsampling errors occurring in the interview phase ofthe survey are studied by means of a reinterview program.This program is used to estimate various sources of erroras well as to evaluate and control the work of theinterviewers. A random sample of each interviewer's workis inspected through reinterview at regular intervals. Theresults indicate, among other things, that the datapublished from the CPS are subject to moderate systema-tic biases. A description of the CPS reinterview programand some of the other results may be found in the CurrentPopulation Survey Reinterview Program, January 1961through December 1966, Technical Paper No. 19, Bureauof the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce.

The effects of some components of nonsampling error inthe CPS data can be examined as a result of the rotationplan used for the sample, since the level of the estimatesvaries by rotation group. A description of these effectsappears in "The Effects of Rotation Group Bias onEstimates From Panel Surveys," by Barbara A. Bailar,Journal of the American Statistical Association, Volume70, No. 349, March 1975.

Undercoverage in the CPS results from missed housingunits and missed persons within sample households. TheCPS covers about 94 percent of the decennial censuspopulation. It is known that the CPS undercoverage varieswith age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Generally,

180


undercoverage is larger for men than for women andlarger for blacks, Hispanics, and other races than forwhites. Ratio adjustment to independent age-sex-race-origin population controls, as described previously,partially corrects for the biases due to survey undercover-age. However, biases exist in the estimates to the extentthatmissed persons in missed households or missed persons ininterviewed households have different characteristics thaninterviewed persons in the same age-sex-race-origin group.

Additional information on nonsampling error in theCPS appears in "An Error Profile: Employment asMeasured by the Current Population Survey," by CamillaBrooks and Barbara Bailar, Statistical Policy WorkingPaper 3, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of FederalStatistical Policy and Standards; in "The Current Popula-tion Survey: An Overview," by Marvin Thompson andGary Shapiro, Annals of Economic and Social Measure-ment, Vol. 2, April 1973; and in The Current PopulationSurvey, Design and Methodology, Technical Paper No. 40,Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce.This last document includes a comprehensive discussionof various sources of errors and describes attempts tomeasure them in the CPS.

Sampling err When a sample rather than the entirepopulation is surveyed, estimates differ from the truepopulation values that they represent. This difference, orsampling error, occurs by chance, and its variability ismeasured by the standard error of the estimate. Sampleestimates from a given survey design are ur viased when anaverage of the estimates from all possible samples wouldyield, hypothetically, the true population value. In thiscase, the sample estimate and its standard error can beused to construct approximate confidence intervals, orranges of values, that include the true population valuewith known probabilities. If the process of selecting asample from the population were repeated many times andan estimate and its standard error calculated for eachsample, then:

1. Approximately 68 percent of the intervals from onestandard error below the estimate to one standard errorabove the estimate would include the true populationvalue.

2. Approximately 90 percent of the intervals from 1.6standard errors below the estimate to 1.6 standard errorsabove the estimate would include the true populationvalue.

3. Approximately 95 percent of the intervals from twostandard errors below the estimate to 2 standarderrorsabove the estimate would include the true popula-tion value.

Although the estimating methods used in the CPS donot produce unbiased estimates, biases for most estimatesare believed to be small enough so that these confidenceinterval statements are approximately true.

Since it would be too costly to develop standard errorsfor all CPS estimates, generalized variance functiontechniques are used to calculate sets of standard errors forvarious types of labor force characteristics. It is importantto keep in mind that standard errors computed from thesemethods reflect contributions from sampling errors andsome kinds of nonsampling errors and indicate the generalmagnitude of an estimate's standard error rather than itsprecise value.

The generalized variance functions and standard errorsprovided here are based on the sample design andestimation procedures as of 1987 and have been adjustedto reflect the population levels and sample size as of 1991.The figures have not been adjusted to account for the use ofnew population controls based on the 1990 census. Foryears prior to 1967, the standard errors obtained must befurther adjusted to reflect the CPS sample size in effect atthat time. For years prior to 1956, standard errors shouldbe multiplied by 1.5; for the years 1956 through 1966,standard errors should be multiplied by 1.22.

Tables 1-B through 1-H are provided so that approxi-mate standard errors of estimates can be easily obtained.These tables are briefly summarized here; details illustrat-ing the proper use of each table follow.

Tables 1-B and 1-C show standard errors for estimatedmonthly levels and rates for selected employment statuscharacteristics; these tables also provide standard errorsfor consecutive month-to-month changes in the estimates.These standard errors are based on levels of recentestimates and can be determined directly by finding thecharacteristic of interest.

Tables 1-D and 1-E show standard errors for monthlylevels and consecutive monthly changes in levels forgeneral employment status characteristics. The standarderrors are calculated using linear interpolation based onthe size of the monthly estimates.

Tables 1-F and 1-G give parameters that can be usedwith formulas to calculate a standard error on nearly anyspecified level, unemployment rate, percentage, or con-secutive month-to-month change. For monthly levels andconsecutive month-to-month changes in levels, tables 1-Fand 1-G are preferred to tables 1-D and 1-E, since theformulas provide more accurate results than linearinterpolation.

Table 1-H presents factors used to convert standarderrors of monthly levels and rates determined from tables1-B, 1-C, 1-D, and 1-F to standard errors pertaining toquarterly and yearly averages, consecutive year-to-yearchanges of monthly estimates, and changes in quarterlyand yearly averages.

181


Table 1-B. Standard errors for major employment statuscategories(In thousands)

Industry

Total, 16 years and over:Civilian labor forceEmployedUnemployed

Men, 20 years and over:Civilian labor forceEmployedUnemployed

Women, 20 years and over:Civilian labor forceEmployedUnemployed

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years:Civilian labor forceEmployedUnemployed

Black, 16 years and over:Civilian labor forceEmployedUnemployed

Men, 20 years and over:Civilian labor forceEmployedUnemployed

Women, 20 years and over:Civilian labor forceEmployedUnemployed

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years:Civilian labor forceEmployedUnemployed

Hispanic origin, 16 years andover:

Civilian labor forceEmployedUnemployed

Monthlylevel

260281144

165183106

196201

88

838052

12112365

677246

858443

332825

9710252

Consecutive-month change

191213157

140154120

148154101

828068

889374

596454

646550

342929

688161

The standard errors for estimated changes from 1month to the next, 1 year to the next, etc., depend more onthe monthly levels for characteristics than on the size ofthe changes. Accordingly, tables 1-E, 1-G, and 1-H usemonthly levels (not the magnitude of the changes) forapproximating standard errors of change. Standard errorsfor estimated change between nonconsecutive months arenot provided (except for year-to-year change); however,these may be assumed to be higher than the standarderrors for consecutive monthly change.

Use of tables 1-B and 1-C. These tables provide a quickreference for standard errors of major characteristics.Table 1-B gives approximate standard errors for estimatesof monthly levels and consecutive month-to-monthchanges in levels for major employment status categories.Table 1-C gives approximate standard errors for estimates

of monthly unemployment rates and consecutive month-to-month changes in unemployment rates for some demo-graphic, industrial, and occupational categories. For char-acteristics not given in tables 1-B and 1-C, refer to eithertables 1-D and 1-E or tables 1-F and 1-G.

Illustration. Suppose that for a given month the number ofwomen 20 years and over in the civilian labor force is esti-mated to be 54,000,000. For this characteristic, the ap-proximate standard error of 196,000 is given in table 1-B inthe row, "total, women 20 years and over: Civilian laborforce." A 90-percent confidence interval as shown by thesedata, would then be the interval from 53,686,000 to54,314,000. Concluding that the true labor force level lieswithin this interval would be correct for roughly 90 per-cent of all possible samples.

Use of tables 1-D and 1-E. From these tables, approximatestandard errors can be calculated for estimates of monthlylevels and month-to-month changes in levels for majorlabor force characteristics by race and Hispanic origin.For major categories not shown, such as male or female,tables 1-F and 1-G can be used. Standard errors for inter-mediate values not shown in the tables may beapproximated by linear interpolation. For table 1-E,which applies to estimates of consecutive month-to-monthchange, the average of the two monthly levels (not thechange) is used to select the appropriate row in the table.

Illustration. Assume that between 2 consecutive monthsthe estimated number of employed persons changed from115,600,000 to 116,700,000, an apparent increase of1,100,000. The approximate standard error on this month-to-month change estimate is based on the average level ofthe estimate for the 2 months, 116,150,000. Using the table1-E column titled "labor force data other than unemploy-ment and agricultural employment, total," it is necessaryto find the standard errors corresponding to the twomonthly level entries between which the value 116,150,000lies. The standard error corresponding to 100,000,000 isgiven as 240,000, and the standard error corresponding to120,000,000 is given as 206,000. Use linear interpolation tofind the approximate standard error on month-to-monthchange corresponding to the level 116,150,000; onemethod of calculation is given below.

206,000

I 120,000,000-116,150,000 ̂

120,000,000-100,000,000>1(240,000-206,000) = 213,000

Thus, a 90-percent confidence interval for the true month-to-month change would be approximately the intervalfrom 759,000 to 1,441,000.

Use of tables 1-F and 1-G. These tables can be used to findapproximate standard errors for a wide range of estimatedmonthly levels, proportions, rates, and estimates of con-secutive monthly change. Instead of displaying standard

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Table 1-C. Standard errors for unemployment rates bymajor characteristics

Characteristic

Total, 16 years and over . . . .Men, 16 years and overMen, 20 years and overWomen, 16 years and overWomen, 20 years and overBoth sexes, 16 to 19 yearsWhite workersBlack workersHispanic-origin workersMarried men, spouse present. . .Married women, spouse presentWomen who maintain families . .

Occupation

Executive, administrative, andmanagerial

Professional specialtyTechnicians and related

S U D D O r t . . . .

SalesAdministrative support,

including clericalPrivate household .Protective serviceService, except private

household and protectiveservice

Precision production, craft, andrepair

Machine operators, assemblers,and inspectors

Transportation and materialmoving

Handlers, equipment cleaners,helpers, and laborers

Farming, forestry, and fishing . . .

Industry

Nonagricultural private wageand salary workers

Goods-producing industries . .MiningConstructionManufacturing


Service-producingindustries

Transportation, communi-cations, and publicutilities

Wholesale and retail trade . .Finance and services

Government workersAgricultural wage and salary

workers

Monthlylevel

0.11.16.16.16.16.78.12.48.50.17.18.55

.23

.18

.40

.30

.261.44

.86

.36

.38

.53

.58

.80

.66

.14

.281.59

.76

.29

.37

.45

.15

.42

.27

.19

.20

1.08

Consecutive-month change

0.14.19.19.19.19

1.03.14.56.60.20.22.65

.27

.22

.47

.36

.311.711.02

.43

.45

.64

.69

.96

.78

.16

.331.89

.91

.34

.45

.54

.18

.50

.33

.23

.24

1.29

errors, these tables provide parameters to be used with theformulas given below that allow the user to calculate stan-dard errors.

Table 1-G, which applies to estimates of consecutivemonthly change, lists parameters for some characteristicsclassified by a measure of correlation between monthly es-timates. Estimates of the number of persons employed full

time, for example, change relatively little from 1 month tothe next, and the two monthly estimates are said to behighly correlated. Consecutive monthly estimates of part-time employment, by contrast, have low correlation, be-cause these estimates are relatively volatile.

Major characteristics for which consecutive monthlyestimates are known to have high or low correlation areindicated in table 1-G. Not all categories in table 1-G,however, are broken down into low or high correlationcharacteristics. When high or low correlation is not speci-fied in table 1-G, the parameters in this table should be se-lected from the rows labeled "most characteristics" orfrom rows not specifying correlation.

Standard errors of estimated levels. The approximatestandard error, sx , of an estimated monthly level, x, canbe obtained using the formula below, where a and b are theparameters from table 1-F associated with the particularcharacteristic. The same formula can be used to approxi-mate the standard error of an estimated month-to-monthchange in level; simply average the levels for the 2 consecu-tive months and use the parameters from table 1-G.

bx

Illustration. Assume that in a given month there are anestimated 6 million unemployed men in the civilian laborforce (x = 6,000,000). Obtain the appropriate a and bparameters from table 1-F ("unemployment, total orwhite"). Use the formula to compute an approximatestandard error on the estimate of 6,000,000.

a = -0.000015749 b = 2464.91

sx= /V{-0.000015749)(6,000,000)2+ (2464.91)(6,000,000) -119,000

Suppose that in the next month the estimated number ofunemployed men increases by 200,000 to 6,200,000. Theaverage of the monthly levels is x = 6,100,000. Obtain theappropriate a and b parameters from table 1-G ("unem-ployment, total or white, total, men, women"). Use the for-mula to compute an approximate standard error on the es-timated change of 200,000.

s x = /\/(-0.000082123) (6,100,000) 2 + (3494.11) (6,100,000) = 135,000

An approximate 90-percent confidence interval for thetrue month-to-month change would be the interval from-16,000 to 416,000. Because this interval covers zero, onecannot assert at this level of confidence that any realchange has occurred in the unemployment level. This re-sult can also be expressed by saying that the apparent

183


Table 1-D. Standard errors for estimates of monthly levels

(In thousands)

Estimatedmonthly

level

501005001,0002,0004,0006,0008,00010,00015,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,00080,000100,000120,000140,000160,000180,000

Characteristic

Agriculturalemployment

Total orwhite

1116385788

145200253307

Black

1116365069

Unemployment

Total orwhite

111635497098

119137152183207

Black

111636496786949384

Hispanicorigin

121636517196

Labor force data other than agriculturalemployment and unemployment

Total

111635507099

120138153184209246273293306313316306275211

White

111635507098

120137152183207243267284294297295272216

Black

111636506993

10811712211784

Hispanic origin

Employed

121738527193

10210497

Civilian laborforce or not

in labor force

121738527193

10210497

Table 1-E. Standard errors for estimates of month-to-month change in levels(In thousands)

Estimatedmonthly

level

501005001,0002,0004,0006,0008,00010,00015,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,00080,000100,000120,000140,000160,000180,000

Characteristic

Agriculturalemployment

Total orwhite

1318395371858258

Black

1115344866

Unemployment

Total orwhite

1319425882

113134151163184192

Black

1319415776929172

Hispanicorigin

1419436082

107

Labor force data other than agriculturalemployment and unemployment

Total

9132941578198

112125150170200222237246251252240206138

White

9132941578198

112125150170200222237246251252240206138

Black

9133041577687939582

Hispanic origin

Employed

101432446077848476

Civilian laborforce or not

in labor force

91227375065727368

184


change of 200,000 is not significant at a 90-percentconfidence level.

Standard errors of estimated percentages and rates.Generally, percentages and rates are not published unlessthe monthly base (denominator) is greater than 75,000persons, the quarterly average base is greater than 60,000persons, or the annual average base is greater than 35,000persons.

The reliability of an estimated percentage or rate de-pends upon the magnitude of the percentage or rate and itsbase. When the numerator and base are in different

Table 1-F. Parameters for computation of standard errorsfor estimates of monthly levels

Characteristic

_abor force and not-labor-force data other than agri-cultural employment andunemployment:

Total 1

Men 1

Women . .Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ..

White 1

MenWomenBoth sexes, 16 to 19 years ..

BlackMenWomenBoth sexes, 16 to 19 years ..

Hispanic origin

Not in labor force, total or white,excluding women and 16-to19-year-olds

Agricultural employment:

Total or white . .MenWomen or both sexes, 16

to 19 years

Black

Hispanic origin:Total or womenMen or both sexes, 16 to

19 years

Unemployment:

Total or whiteBlackHispanic origin

a

-0.000015503-.000028833-.000025830-.000149802

-.000017494-.000032295-.000029346-.000177579

-.000113103-.000273973-.000164107-.001144754

-.000199918

.000005200

.000685688

.000755044

-.000021749

-.000121753

.011486158

.015153395

-.000015749-.000191460-.000098631

b

2488.362300.612111.702039.69

2488.362300.612111.702039.69

2613.142458.392181.672390.62

2945.94

690.84

2541.142351.42

2155.45

2626.04

2189.09

1268.58

2464.912621.892704.53

categories, use the parameters from table 1-F or 1-Grelevant to the numerator. The approximate standarderror, SyPj of an estimated percentage or rate, p, can be ob-tained using the following formula, where y is theestimated number of persons in the base.

P(IOO-P)

Illustration. For a given month, suppose that 5,600,000women, 20 to 24 years of age, are estimated to beemployed. Of this total, 1,800,000 or 32 percent are classi-fied as part-time workers. To estimate the standard erroron this percentage, proceed as follows. Obtain theparameter b = 2111.70 from table 1-F ("labor force andnot-in-labor-force data other than agricultural employ-ment and unemployment, total women"). Apply the for-mula to obtain:

2111.705,600,000

(32) (100 - 32) = 0.9 percent

Suppose that in the next month 5,700,000 women in thissame age group are reported employed and that 1,950,000or 34 percent are part-time workers. To estimate the stan-dard error on the observed month-to-month change of 2percentage points, first average the values for p and y overthe 2 months to get p = 33 percent and y = 5,650,000.Next, obtain the parameter b = 2245.76 from table 1-G("labor force and not-in-labor-force data other than agri-cultural employment and unemployment, total or white,women, low correlation characteristics") and apply theformula as follows.

Excludes not-in-labor-force data.

svp = A / 2 2 4 5 ' 7 6 (33) (100 - 33) = 0.9 percentV 5,650,000

It should be noted that the numerator of the percentage(part-time employed) determined the choice of correla-tion. If the example had illustrated percentages of womenemployed full time, the numerator would have been a highcorrelation characteristic. Table 1-G, however, does notexplicitly list high correlation parameters for employedwomen; thus, the row labeled "women, most characteris-tics" would have been used.

Had the example dealt with teenage women employedpart time, either of two rows in table 1-G could have beenapplied ("women, low correlation" or "both sexes, 16 to 19years"). In situations like this, where it is not clear whichrow applies, a general rule to follow is to choose the rowwith the largest b parameter. This gives a more conserva-tive estimate of standard error.

Use of table 1-H. Use this table with table 1-B, 1-C, 1-D,or 1-F to calculate approximate standard errors for quar-terly or yearly averages, changes in consecutive quarterlyor yearly averages, and consecutive year-to-year changes

185


Table 1-G. Parameters for computation of standard errors for estimates of month-to-month change in levels

Characteristic

Labor force and not-in-labor-force data other than agriculturalemployment and unemployment:

Total or white:Most characteristicsHigh correlation characteristics1

Low correlation characteristics1

Men:Most characteristicsHigh correlation characteristics .Low correlation characteristics .

Women:Most characteristicsLow correlation characteristics .


Black:Most characteristicsLow correlation characteristics .

Men:Most characteristicsLow correlation characteristics .

Women:Most characteristicsLow correlation characteristics.

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years . . . . . .

Hispanic origin:TotalCivilian labor force and not in labor forceLow correlation characteristicsMen, civilian labor force and not in labor forceMen, 16 years and over; 20 years and over;and both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Women, 16 years and over and 20 years and over


Total or white:TotalMenWomen or both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Black:Total or womenMen or both sexes, 16 to 19 years .

Hispanic origin:Total or womenMen or both sexes, 16 to 19 years .

Self-employed

Unemployment.

Total or white:Total, men, womenBoth sexes, 16 to 19 years and low correlation characteristics

Black:Total, men, women, and both sexes, 16 to 19 yearsHigh correlation characteristics

Hispanic origin:Total, men, womenBoth sexes, 16 to 19 years and low correlation characteristics

-0.000010944-.000008144-.000014170

-.000019884-.000014794-.000051372

-.000018554-.000052252

-.000162663

-.000089327-.001740338

-.000212603-.002613218

-.000140597

-.002078353

-.001139392

-.000152279-.000099676-.002541911-.000238849

-.000384132-.000330113

-.000346999-.000592136.000113873

-.000110444-.017331654

.002782195

.002777539

-.000215510

-.000082123-.000062800

-.000373894.000043481

-.000244978-.000965230

1668.041304.382126.02

1599.031249.332221.13

1410.582245.76

2097.34

1787.475422.14

1912.524889.94

1539.24

4483.53

2538.37

2098.101459.856518.781749.13

2694.101972.12

3199.193295.421975.66

2382.124929.50

3509.383001.45

1743.43

3494.114269.23

3630.262571.23

3822.035321.96

1 High correlation characteristics include employed full-time, man-ufacturing, service workers, and not in the labor force. Low correlationcharacteristics include all part-time workers; employed, with a job, butnot at work; unpaid family workers; and precision production, craft,and repair occupations.

2 High correlation characteristics include full-time jobseekers; joblosers; manufacturing workers; and operators, fabricators, and labor-ers. Low correlation characteristics include part-time jobseekers, re-entrants, persons unemployed for less than 5 weeks and from 5 to 14weeks.

186


in monthly estimates. Table 1-H gives factors to be appliedonly to standard errors for monthly levels. Follow thesethree basic steps:

Step 1. Average estimates appropriately. For quarterlyestimates, average the 3 monthly estimates. For yearly es-timates, average the 12 monthly estimates. For changes inconsecutive averages, average over the 2 quarters or 2years. For consecutive year-to-year changes in monthlyestimates, average the 2 months involved.

Step 2. Obtain a standard error on a monthly estimateusing table 1-B or 1-C, or apply the procedures for table1-D or 1-F to the average calculated in step 1, as if theaverage were an estimate for a single month.

Step 3. Determine the standard error on the average oron the estimate of change. Multiply the result from step 2by the appropriate factor from table 1-H.

Illustration. Suppose that standard errors are desired for aquarterly average of black employment levels and for thechange in averages from 1 quarter to the next. For eachsuccessive month of the first quarter, suppose the levels areobserved to be 11,500,000, 11,600,000, and 11,700,000.

Step 1. The quarterly average is 11,600,000.

Step 2. Obtain the a and b parameters from table 1-F("labor force and not-in-labor-force data other than agri-cultural employment and unemployment, black, total").Use the formula for Sx to compute an approximate stan-dard error for a monthly estimate of 11,600,000.

a = -0.000113103 b = 2613.14

sx=/\/(-0.000113103)(ll,600)000)2 + (2613.14)(ll,600J000) =

Step 3. Multiply this result by the factor .87 from table1-H (column labeled "quarterly averages" and row labeled"labor force and not-in-labor-force data other than agri-cultural employment and unemployment, black"). Thisgives an approximate standard error of 107,000 on thequarterly average of 11,600,000.

Proceed to obtain the approximate standard error onthe change in consecutive quarterly average estimates ofblack employment. Assume that black employment esti-mates for the months in the second quarter are observed tobe 11,100,000, 11,200,000, and 11,300,000.

Step 1. The average for the second quarter is 11,200,000.The average of the 2 quarters is 11,400,000.

Step 2. Obtain the a and b parameters as above and usethe formula for sx to compute an approximate standarderror for the estimate of 11,400,000, treating it as an esti-mate for a single month.

sx=V(-0.000113103)(ll,400,000)2 + (2613.14)(ll,400,000) =

Step 3. Multiply this result by the factor .84 from table1-H (column labeled "change in quarterly averages" androw labeled "labor force and not-in-labor-force data otherthan agricultural employment and unemployment,black"). This gives an approximate standard error of103,000 on the estimated change of 400,000 from 1 quarterto the next.

The estimated change clearly exceeds 2 standard errors;therefore, one could conclude from these data that thechange in quarterly averages is significant.

Table 1-H. Factors to be used with tables 1-B, 1-C, 1-D, and 1-F to compute the approximate standard errors for levels, rates,and percentages for year-to-year change of monthly estimates, quarterly averages, change in quarterly averages, yearlyaverages, and change in yearly averages

Characteristic


Total or menWomenBoth sexes, 16 to 19 yearsPart time

Unemployment:

TotalPart time

Labor force and not-in-labor-force data other thanagricultural employment and unemployment:

Total or whiteBlackHispanic originBoth sexes, 16 to 19 yearsPart time

Factor

Year-to-yearchange of

monthlyestimate

1.301.301.301.40

1.401.40

1.301.301.301.301.40

Quarterlyaverages

0.92.82.78.80

.74

.67

.87

.87

.87

.79

.82

Changein

quarterlyaverages

0.70.84.88.80

.88

.88

.85

.84

.80

.88

.90

Yearlyaverages

0.79.57.49.59

.46

.42

.65

.65

.65

.54

.51

Changein

yearlyaverages

0.70.70.70.70

.65

.54

.70

.70

.70

.70

.60

187


Establishment Data("B" tables)

COLLECTION

BLS cooperates with State employment security agen-cies in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) or estab-lishment survey to collect data each month on employ-ment, hours, and earnings from a sample of nonfarm es-tablishments (including government.) In 1992, this sampleincluded over 370,000 reporting units. From these data, alarge number of employment, hours, and earnings series inconsiderable industry and geographic detail are preparedand published each month. Historical statistics can befound in Employment, Hours, and Earnings, UnitedStates, and Employment, Hours, and Earnings, States andAreas. These data are also available in machine-readableformat.

Each month, the State agencies collect data on employ-ment, payrolls, and paid hours from a sample of establish-ments. Data are collected by mail from most respondents;phone collection is used to obtain higher response ratesfrom selected respondents through computer-assisted in-terviews, touch-tone self-response, and voice recognitiontechnology.

The respondents extract the requested data from theirpayroll records, which must be maintained for a variety oftax and accounting purposes. All firms with 250 em-ployees or more are asked to participate in the survey, aswell as a sample of smaller firms.

A "shuttle" schedule (BLS form 790 series) is used formail respondents. It is submitted each month by the re-spondents, edited by the State agency, and returned to therespondent for use again the following month.

The technical characteristics of the shuttle schedule areparticularly important in maintaining continuity and con-sistency in reporting from month to month. The shuttledesign automatically exhibits the trends of the reporteddata covered by the schedule during the year; therefore,the relationship of the current data to the data for the pre-vious months is shown. The schedule also has operationaladvantages. For example, accuracy and economy areachieved by entering the identification codes and the ad-dress of the reporter only once a year.

All schedules are edited by the State agencies eachmonth to make sure that the data are correctly reportedand that they are consistent with the data reported by theestablishment in earlier months and with the data reportedby other establishments in the industry. The State agenciesforward the data, either on the schedules themselves or inmachine-readable form, to BLS-Washington. They alsouse the information provided on the forms to develop Stateand area estimates of employment, hours, and earnings. AtBLS, the data are edited again by computer to detect pro-cessing and reporting errors which may have been missed

in the initial State editing; the edited data are used to pre-pare national estimates.

It should be noted that for employment, the sum of theState figures will differ from the official U.S. national to-tals because of the effects of differing industrial and geo-graphic stratification and differences in the timing ofbenchmark adjustments.

CONCEPTS

Industrial classificationEstablishments reporting on Form BLS 790 are classi-

fied into industries on the basis of their principal productor activity determined from information on annual salesvolume. Since January 1980, this information is collectedon a supplement to the quarterly unemployment insurancetax reports filed by employers. For an establishment mak-ing more than one product or engaging in more than oneactivity, the entire employment of the establishment is in-cluded under the industry indicated by the principal prod-uct or activity.

All data on employment, hours, and earnings for theNation (beginning with August 1990 data) and for Statesand areas (beginning with January 1990 data) are classi-fied in accordance with the 1987 Standard Industrial Clas-sification Manual (SIC), Office of Management and Bud-get.

Industry employmentEmployment data, except those for the Federal Govern-

ment, refer to persons on establishment payrolls who re-ceived pay for any part of the pay period which includesthe 12th day of the month. For Federal Government estab-lishments, employment figures represent the number ofpersons who occupied positions on the last day of the cal-endar month. Intermittent workers are counted if theyperformed any service during the month.

The data exclude proprietors, the self-employed, unpaidvolunteer or family workers, farm workers, and domesticworkers. Salaried officers of corporations are included.Government employment covers only civilian employees;military personnel are excluded. Employees of the CentralIntelligence Agency and the National Security Agency arealso excluded.

Persons on establishment payrolls who are on paid sickleave (when pay is received directly from the firm), on paidholiday, on paid vacation, or who work during a part of thepay period even though they are unemployed or on strikeduring the rest of the period are counted as employed. Notcounted as employed are persons who are on layoff, onleave without pay, on strike for the entire period, or whowere hired but have not yet reported during the period.

188


Indexes of diffusion of employment change (table B-6).These indexes measure the dispersion among industries ofthe change in employment over the specified time span.Beginning with August 1990 data, the overall indexes arecalculated from 356 seasonally adjusted employment se-ries (3-digit industries) covering all nonfarm payroll em-ployment in the private sector. The manufacturing diffu-sion indexes are based on 139 3-digit industries.

To derive the indexes, each component industry is as-signed a value of 0, 50, or 100 percent, depending onwhether its employment showed a decrease, no change, oran increase, respectively, over the time span. The averagevalue (mean) is then calculated, and this percent is the dif-fusion index number.

The reference point for diffusion analysis is 50 percent,the value which indicates that the same number of compo-nent industries had increased as had decreased. Indexnumbers above 50 show that more industries had increas-ing employment, and values below 50 indicate that morehad decreasing employment. The margin between the per-cent that increased and the percent that decreased is equalto the difference between the index and its complement,i.e., 100 minus the index. For example, an index of 65 per-cent means that 30 percent more industries had increasingemployment than had decreasing employment[65-( 100-65) = 30]. However, for dispersion analysis, thedistance of the index number from the 50-percent refer-ence point is the most significant observation.

Although diffusion indexes are commonly interpretedas showing the percent of components that increased overthe time span, it should be remembered that the index re-flects half of the unchanged components as well. (This isthe effect of assigning a value of 50 percent to the un-changed components when computing the index.)

Industry hours and earningsAverage hours and earnings data are derived from re-

ports of payrolls and hours for production and relatedworkers in manufacturing and mining, construction work-ers in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in pri-vate service-producing industries.

Production and related workers. This category includesworking supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers (in-cluding group leaders and trainees) engaged in fabricating,processing, assembling, inspecting, receiving, storing,handling, packing, warehousing,-shipping, trucking, haul-ing, maintenance, repair, janitorial, guard services, prod-uct development, auxiliary production for plant's own use(e.g., power plant), recordkeeping, and other servicesclosely associated with the above production operations.

Construction workers. This group includes the followingemployees in the construction division: Working supervi-sors, qualified craft workers, mechanics, apprentices,helpers, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations,

demolition, repair, maintenance, etc., whether working atthe site of construction or working in shops or yards at jobs(such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily per-formed by members of the construction trades.

Nonsupervisory employees. These are employees (not abovethe working supervisory level) such as office and clericalworkers, repairers, salespersons, operators, drivers, physi-cians, lawyers, accountants, nurses, social workers, re-search aides, teachers, drafters, photographers, beauti-cians, musicians, restaurant workers, custodial workers,attendants, line installers and repairers, laborers, janitors,guards, and other employees at similar occupational levelswhose services are closely associated with those of the em-ployees listed.

Payroll. This refers to the payroll for full- and part-timeproduction, construction, or nonsupervisory workers whoreceived pay for any part of the pay period which includesthe 12th day of the month. The payroll is reported beforedeductions of any kind, e.g., for old-age and unemploy-ment insurance, group insurance, withholding tax, bonds,or union dues; also included is pay for overtime, holidays,vacation, and sick leave paid directly by the firm. Bonuses(unless earned and paid regularly each pay period); otherpay not earned in the pay period reported (e.g., retroactivepay); tips; and the value of free rent, fuel, meals, or otherpayment in kind are excluded. Employee benefits (such ashealth and other types of insurance, contributions to re-tirement, etc., paid by the employer) are also excluded.

Hours. These are the hours paid for during the pay periodwhich includes the 12th of the month for production, con-struction, or nonsupervisory workers. Included are hourspaid for holidays, vacations, and for sick leave when pay isreceived directly from the firm.

Overtime hours. These are hours worked by production orrelated workers for which overtime premiums were paidbecause the hours were in excess of the number of hours ofeither the straight-time workday or the workweek duringthe pay period which included the 12th of the month.Weekend and holiday hours are included only if overtimepremiums were paid. Hours for which only shift differen-tial, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiumswere paid are excluded.

Average weekly hours. The workweek information relatesto the average hours for which pay was received and is dif-ferent from standard or scheduled hours. Such factors asunpaid absenteeism, labor turnover, part-time work, andstoppages cause average weekly hours to be lower thanscheduled hours of work for an establishment. Group av-erages further reflect changes in the workweek of compo-nent industries.

Indexes of aggregate weekly hours. The indexes of aggre-gate weekly hours are prepared by dividing the current

189


month's aggregate by the average of the 12 monthly figuresfor 1982. For basic industries, the hours aggregates are theproduct of average weekly hours and production workeror nonsupervisory worker employment. At all higher lev-els of industry aggregation, hours aggregates are the sumof the component aggregates.

Average overtime hours. The overtime hours represent thatportion of the average weekly hours which exceeded regu-lar hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. Ifan employee were to work on a paid holiday at regularrates, receiving as total compensation his or her holidaypay plus straight-time pay for hours worked that day, noovertime hours would be reported.

Because overtime hours are premium hours by defini-tion, weekly hours and overtime hours do not necessarilymove in the same direction from month to month. Suchfactors as work stoppages, absenteeism, and labor turn-over may not have the same influence on overtime hours ason average hours. Diverse trends at the industry group lev-el also may be caused by a marked change in hours for acomponent industry where little or no overtime wasworked in both the previous and current months.

Average hourly earnings. Average hourly earnings are on a"gross" basis. They reflect not only changes in basic hour-ly and incentive wage rates but also such variable factors aspremium pay for overtime and late-shift work and changesin output of workers paid on an incentive plan. They alsoreflect shifts in the number of employees between relative-ly high-paid and low-paid work and changes in workers'earnings in individual establishments. Averages for groupsand divisions further reflect changes in average hourlyearnings for individual industries.

Averages of hourly earnings differ from wage rates.Earnings are the actual return to the worker for a statedperiod of time; rates are the amount stipulated for a givenunit of work or time. The earnings series do not measurethe level of total labor costs on the part of the employersince the following are excluded: Irregular bonuses, retro-active items, payments of various welfare benefits, payrolltaxes paid by employers, and earnings for those employeesnot covered under production worker, construction work-er, or nonsupervisory employee definitions.

Average hourly earnings, including lump-sum wage pay-ments. These series are compiled only for aircraft (SIC3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 3761)manufacturing. The same concepts and estimation meth-ods apply to these series as apply to the average hourlyearnings series described above; the one difference be-tween the series is definitional. The payroll data used tocalculate this series include lump-sum payments made toproduction workers in lieu of general wage rate increases;such payments are excluded from the definition of gross

payrolls used to calculate the other average hourly earn-ings series.

For each sample establishment in SIC 3721 and SIC3761 covered by a lump-sum agreement, the reported pay-roll data are adjusted to include a prorated portion of thelump-sum payment. Such payments are generally madeonce a year and cover the following 12-month period. Inorder to spread the payment across this time period, a pro-rated portion of the payment is added to the payroll eachmonth. This prorated portion is adjusted by an exit rate toreduce the lump-sum amount to account for persons whoreceived the payment but left before the payment alloca-tion period expired.

Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime. Averagehourly earnings, excluding overtime premium pay arecomputed by dividing the total production worker payrollfor the industry group by the sum of total productionworker hours and one-half of total overtime hours. No ad-justments are made for other premium payment provi-sions, such as holiday work, late-shift work, and overtimerates other than time and one-half.

Railroad hours and earnings. The figures for Class I rail-roads (excluding switching and terminal companies) arebased on monthly data summarized in the M-300 report ofthe Interstate Commerce Commission and relate to all em-ployees except executives, officials, and staff assistants(ICC group I) who received pay during the month. Aver-age hourly earnings are computed by dividing total com-pensation by total hours paid for. Average weekly hoursare obtained by dividing the total number of hours paidfor, reduced to a weekly basis, by the number of em-ployees, as defined above. Average weekly earnings arederived by multiplying average weekly hours by averagehourly earnings.

Average weekly earnings. These estimates are derived bymultiplying average weekly hours estimates by averagehourly earnings estimates. Therefore, weekly earnings areaffected not only by changes in average hourly earningsbut also by changes in the length of the workweek. Month-ly variations in such factors as the proportion of part-timeworkers, stoppages for varying reasons, labor turnoverduring the survey period, and absenteeism for which em-ployees are not paid may cause the average workweek tofluctuate.

Long-term trends of average weekly earnings can be af-fected by structural changes in the makeup of the workforce. For example, persistent long-term increases in theproportion of part-time workers in retail trade and manyof the services industries have reduced average workweeksin these industries and have affected the average weeklyearnings series.

Real earnings. These earnings are in constant dollars andare calculated from the earnings averages for the current

190


month using a deflator derived from the Consumer PriceIndex for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers(CPI-W). The reference year for these series is 1982.

ESTIMATING METHODS

The Current Employment Statistics (CES) or establish-ment survey estimates of employment are generatedthrough an annual benchmark and monthly sample linkprocedure. Annual universe counts or benchmark levelsare generated primarily from administrative records onemployees covered by unemployment insurance (UI) taxlaws. These annual benchmarks, established for March ofeach year, are projected forward for each subsequentmonth based on the trend of the sample employment, us-ing an estimation procedure called the link relative.Benchmarks and sample link relatives are computed foreach of 1,690 basic estimation cells defined by industry,size, and geography for the CES national estimates, andsummed to create aggregate level employment estimates.

BenchmarksThe establishment survey constructs annual bench-

marks in order to realign the sample-based employmenttotals for March of each year with the Ul-based popula-tion counts for March. These population counts are muchless timely than sample-based estimates; however, theyprovide an annual point-in-time census for employment.

Population counts are derived from the administrativefile of employees covered by UI. All employers covered byUI laws are required to report employment and wage in-formation to the appropriate State employment securityagency four times a year. Approximately 99 percent of in-scope private employment is covered by UI. A benchmarkfor the remaining 1 percent is constructed from alternatesources, primarily records from the Interstate CommerceCommission and the Social Security Administration. Thefull benchmark developed for March replaces the Marchsample-based estimate, for each basic cell. The monthlysample-based estimates for the year preceding and the yearfollowing the benchmark are also then subject to revision.

Monthly estimates for the year preceding the Marchbenchmark are readjusted using a "wedge back" proce-dure. The difference between the final benchmark leveland the previously published March sample estimate iscalculated and spread back across the previous 11 months.The wedge is linear; eleven-twelfths of the March differ-ence is added to the February estimates, ten-twelfths to theJanuary estimates, and so on, back to the previous Aprilestimates which receive one-twelfth of the March differ-ence. This assumes that the total estimation error since thelast benchmark accumulated at a steady rate throughoutthe current benchmark year.

Estimates for the 11 months following the Marchbenchmark are also recalculated each year. These post-benchmark estimates reflect the application of sample-

based monthly changes to new benchmark levels forMarch, and the recomputation of bias adjustment factorsfor each month. Bias factors are updated to take into ac-count the most recent experience of the estimates gener-ated by the monthly sample versus the full universe countsderived from the UI.

Following the revision of basic employment estimates,all other derivative series (e.g., production workers, aver-age hourly earnings) are also recalculated. New seasonaladjustment factors are calculated and all data series for theprevious 5 years are reseasonally adjusted, prior to fullpublication of all revised data in June of each year.

Monthly estimationEstimates are derived from a sample of approximately

370,000 business establishments nationwide. A currentmonth's estimate is derived as the product of the previousmonth's estimate and a sample link relative for the currentmonth. A bias adjustment factor is then applied to this re-sult primarily to help account for new business births dur-ing the month.

Stratification. The sample is stratified into 1,690 basic esti-mation cells for purposes of computing national employ-ment, hours, and earnings estimates. Cells are defined pri-marily by detailed industry, and secondarily by size for amajority of cells. In a few industries, mostly within theconstruction division, geographic stratification is alsoused. Industry classification is in accordance with the1987 Standard Industrial Classification Manual (SIC);most estimation cells are defined at the 4-digit SIC level.

This detailed stratification pattern allows for the pro-duction and publication of estimates in considerable in-dustry detail. Sub-industry stratification by size is impor-tant because major statistics which the survey measures,particularly employment change and average earnings, of-ten vary significantly between establishments of differentsize. Stratification reduces the variance of the publishedindustry level estimates.

Link relative technique. A ratio of the previous to the cur-rent month's employment is computed from a sample ofestablishments reporting for both months —this ratio iscalled a "link relative." For each basic cell, a link relative iscomputed and applied to the previous month's employ-ment estimate to derive the current month's estimate.Thus a March benchmark is moved forward to the nextMarch benchmark through application of monthly linkrelatives. Basic cell estimates created through the link rela-tive technique are aggregated to form published industrylevel estimates, for employment, as described in table 2-A.Basic estimation and aggregation methods for the hoursand earnings data are also shown in table 2-A.

Bias adjustment. Bias adjustment factors are computed atthe 3-digit SIC level, and applied each month at the

191


Table 2-A. Summary of methods for computing industry statistics on employment, hours, and earnings

Employment, hours,and earnings

All employees

Production or nonsupervisory work-ers, women employees


Average weekly overtime hours . . . .



All employees, women employees,and production or nonsupervisoryworkers


Average weekly overtime hours . . . .



Basic estimating cell (industry, region,size or region/size cell)

Aggregate industry level (divisionand, where stratified, industry)

Monthly data

All-employee estimate for previous month multi-plied by ratio of all employees in current month toall employees in previous month, for sampleestablishments which reported for both months.1

All-employee estimate for current month multipliedby (1) ratio of production or nonsupervisory work-ers to all employees in sample establishments forcurrent month, (2) estimated ratio of women to allemployees.2

Production or nonsupervisory worker hours di-vided by number of production or nonsupervisoryworkers.2

Production worker overtime hours divided by num-ber of production workers.2

Total production or nonsupervisory worker payrolldivided by total production or nonsupervisoryworker hours.2

Product of average weekly hours and averagehourly earnings.

Sum of all-employee estimates for componentcells.

Sum of production or nonsupervisory worker esti-mates, or estimates of women employees, forcomponent cells.

Average, weighted by production or nonsupervi-sory worker employment, of the average weeklyhours for component cells.

Average, weighted by production worker employ-ment, of the average weekly overtime hours forcomponent cells.

Average, weighted by aggregate hours, of the av-erage hourly earnings for component cells.


Annual average data

Sum of monthly estimates divided by 12.

Annual total of aggregate hours (production ornonsupervisory worker employment multiplied byaverage weekly hours) divided by annual sum ofemployment.

Annual total of aggregate overtime hours (produc-tion worker employment multiplied by averageweekly overtime hours) divided by annual sum ofemployment.

Annual total of aggregate payrolls (product of pro-duction or nonsupervisory worker employment byweekly hours and hourly earnings) divided by an-nual aggregate hours.


Sum of monthly estimates divided by 12.

Annual total of aggregate hours for production ornonsupervisory workers divided by annual sum ofemployment for these workers.

Annual total of aggregate overtime hours for pro-duction workers divided by annual sum of employ-ment for these workers.

Annual total of aggregate payrolls divided by an-nual aggregate hours.


1 The estimates are computed by multiplying the above product bybias adjustment factors, which compensate for the underrepresen-tation of newly formed enterprises and other sources of bias in thesample.

2 The sample production-worker ratio, women-worker ratio, averageweekly hours, average overtime hours, and average hourly

earnings are modified by a wedging technique designed to compen-sate for changes in the sample arising mainly from the voluntarycharacter of the reporting. The wedging procedure accepts theadvantage of continuity from the use of the matched sample and, atthe same time, tapers or wedges the estimate toward the level of thelatest sample average.

192


basic cell level, as part of the standard estimation proce-dures. The main purpose of bias adjustment is to reduce aprimary source of nonsampling error in the survey, the in-ability to capture, on a timely basis, employment gener-ated by new firm births. There is a several month lag be-tween an establishment opening for business and its ap-pearing on the UI universe frame and being available forsampling. Because new firms generate a portion of em-ployment growth each month of the year, nonsamplingmethods must be used to capture this growth, otherwisesubstantial under estimation of total employment levelswould occur. Formal bias adjustment procedures havebeen used by the establishment survey since the late1960's. Prior to the 1983 benchmark, bias adjustmentswere derived from a simple mean error model, which aver-aged undercount errors for the previous 3 years to arrive atbias projections for the coming year. The undercounterrors were measured as the difference between sample-based estimate results and benchmark levels.

This procedure eventually proved inadequate duringperiods of rapidly changing employment trends, and thebias adjustment methodology was revised. Research donein the early 1980's indicated that bias requirements werestrongly correlated with current employment growth ordecline. Based on this research, a revised method was de-veloped which incorporated the sample data on employ-ment growth over the most recent two quarters, and a re-gression-derived coefficient for the significance of thatchange, to adjust the mean error model results. Thischange in methodology provided a more cyclically sensi-tive bias model. The regression-adjusted mean error modelhas been in use since 1983, for the production of nationalestimates.

The current model still has limitations in its ability toreact to changing economic conditions or changing errorstructure relationships between the sample-based esti-mates and the UI universe counts. A principal limitation isthe inability to incorporate UI universe counts as they be-come available on an ongoing basis, with a 6- to 9-monthlag from the reference period. Thus, the current quarterlyoutputs from the model are subject to intervention analy-sis, and adjustments can be made to its results, prior to theestablishment of final bias levels for a quarter. Review isdone primarily in terms of detection of outlier (i.e., abnor-mally high or low) values, and by comparison of CES sam-ple and bias trends with the most recent quarterly observa-tions of UI universe counts. The BLS currently has understudy improved bias models using a Kalman filter tech-nique, which would allow a more formal, structured incor-poration of each quarter's UI universe counts in the biasmodeling process.

Although the primary function of bias adjustment is toaccount for employment resulting from new business for-mations, it also adjusts for other elements of nonsamplingerror in the survey, because the primary input to the mod-

eling procedure is total estimation error. Significantamong these nonsampling error sources is a business deathbias. When a sampled firm closes down, most often it sim-ply does not respond to the survey that month, rather thanreporting zero employment. Followup with nonrespond-ents may reveal an out-of-business firm, but this informa-tion is often received too late to incorporate into monthlyestimates, and the firm is simply treated as a nonrespond-ent for that month.

Because the bias adjustments incorporated into the esti-mates represent a composite of a birth bias, death bias, anda number of other differences between the sample-basedestimates and the population counts, the monthly bias ad-justment levels have no specific economic meaning in andof themselves.

Table 2-B summarizes bias adjustments made over thepast 10 years. The table displays the average monthly "biasadded" and the average monthly "bias required" with thebenchmark revisions for each year. Bias added shows theaverage amount of bias which was added each month overthe course of an interbenchmark period. For example, thebias added for 1984 is listed as 140,000; this represents theaverage of bias adjustments made each month over theperiod April 1983 through May 1984. Bias required iscomputed retrospectively, after the March benchmark fora given year is known. Bias required figures are calculatedby taking the difference between a March estimate derivedpurely from the sample (i.e., a series calculated withoutbias adjustment) and the March benchmark. Dividing thisfigure by 12 gives the average monthly bias required fig-ure. The bias required is thus defined as the amount of biasadjustment which would have achieved a zero benchmarkerror. The difference between the total bias required andthe total bias added is then, by definition, approximatelythe benchmark revision amount, for any given year. Alsoprovided in the table for illustration, are the March-to-March changes. As discussed above, the over-the-yearchanges indicate correlation with the bias added and biasrequired figures.

THE SAMPLE

DesignThe emphasis in the establishment survey is on produc-

ing timely data at minimum cost. Therefore, the primarygoal of its design is to sample a sufficiently large segmentof the universe to provide reliable estimates that can bepublished both promptly and regularly. The present sam-ple allows BLS to produce preliminary total nonfarm em-ployment estimates for each month, including some lim-ited industry detail, within 3 weeks after the reference peri-od, and data in considerably more detail with an addition-al one-month lag.

The sampling plan used in the establishment survey is a

193


form of sampling with probability proportionate to size,known as "sampling proportionate to average size of es-tablishment." This is an optimum allocation design amongstrata because sampling variance is proportional to the av-erage size of establishments. The universe of establishmentemployment is highly skewed, with a large percentage oftotal employment concentrated in relatively few establish-ments. Because variance on a population total estimate is afunction of percentage universe coverage achieved by thesample, it is efficient to sample larger establishments at ahigher rate than smaller establishments, assuming the costper sample unit is fairly constant across size classes.

Under the establishment survey design, large establish-ments fall into a certainty strata for sample selection. Thesize of the sample for the various industries is determinedempirically on the basis of experience and cost consider-ations. For example, in a manufacturing industry with ahigh proportion of total employment concentrated in asmall number of establishments, a larger percent of totalemployment is included in the sample. Consequently, thesample design for such industries provides for a completecensus of the large establishments, with a relatively fewchosen from among the smaller establishments. For an in-dustry in which a large proportion of total employment isconcentrated in small establishments, the sample designagain calls for inclusion of all large establishments but alsofor a more substantial number of smaller ones. Many in-dustries in the trade and services divisions fall into thiscategory. To keep the sample to a size which can be han-dled by available resources, it is necessary to have a sampledesign for these industries with a smaller proportion of to-tal universe coverage than is the case for most manufactur-ing industries.

CoverageThe establishment survey is the largest monthly sam-

pling operation in the field of social statistics. Table 2-Cshows the latest benchmark employment levels and the ap-proximate proportion of total universe employment cover-age, at the total nonfarm and major industry division lev-els. The coverage for individual industries within the divi-sions may vary from the proportions shown.

ReliabilityThe establishment survey, like other sample surveys, is

subject to two types of error, sampling and nonsamplingerror. The magnitude of sampling error, or variance, is di-rectly related to the size of the sample and the percentageof universe coverage achieved by the sample. The estab-lishment survey sample covers over one-third of total uni-verse employment; this yields a very small variance on thetotal nonfarm estimates. Measurements of error asso-ciated with sample estimates are provided in tables 2-Dthrough 2-G.

Benchmark revision as a measure of survey error. The sumof sampling and nonsampling error can be considered totalsurvey error. Unlike most sample surveys which publishsampling error as their only measure of error, the CES canderive an annual approximation of total error, on a laggedbasis, because of the availability of the independentlyderived universe data. While the benchmark error is usedas a measure of total error for the CES survey estimate,technically, it actually represents the difference betweentwo independent estimates derived from separate surveyprocesses (i.e., the CES sample process and the UI uni-verse process) and thus reflects the errors present in

Table 2-B. March employment benchmarks and bias adjustments for total private industries, March 1983-92

Year

198319841985 . .1986198719881989 . . . . .199019911992

Benchmark

Employment1

72,04376,37179,44681,20483,17386,18089,01590,54688,79088,347

Revision2

-78341

-131-400

21-310

-93-261-583-130

Average monthly bias

Added3

10214015214998

114131856133

Required4

961691411169988

123631222

Over-the-yearemployment

change5

-1,3274,3283,0751,7581,9693,0072,8351,531

-1,756-443

1 Universe counts for March of each year used to make annualbenchmark adjustments to the employment estimates. About 99 per-cent of the benchmark employment is from unemployment insuranceadministrative records, and the remaining 1 percent is from alternatesources. Data represent benchmark levels as originally computed;levels for 1983-90 were subsequently corrected.

2 Difference between the final March sample-based estimate andthe benchmark level for total private employment.

3 The average amount of bias adjustment each month over the

course of an inter-benchmark period, i.e., from April of the prior yearthrough March of the given year.

4 The difference between the March benchmark and the March es-timate derived solely from the sample without bias adjustment, con-verted to a monthly amount by dividing by 12.

5 March-to-March changes in the benchmark employment level.NOTE: Data in this table exclude government employment be-

cause there is no bias adjustment for this sector.

194


each program. Historically, the benchmark revision hasbeen very small for total nonfarm employment. Over thepast decade, percentage benchmark error has averaged 0.2percent, with a range from zero to 0.6 percent. Table 2-Dshows the most current benchmark revisions, along with10-year mean revisions and mean absolute revisions formajor industries. Mean revisions give an indication of biasin the estimates; unbiased estimates have a mean revisionclose to zero, as over and under estimations cancel outover time. Mean absolute revisions give an overall indica-tor as to the accuracy of the estimates; the larger the value,the further the estimate was from the final benchmarklevel.

An alternate measure for determining the reliability ofthe employment estimates for individual industries is theroot-mean-square error. This measure is the standard de-viation adjusted for the bias in the estimates:

RMSE = A, (standard deviation)2 + (bias)2

slightly by changes in employment weights. The hours andearnings estimates, however, are subject to sampling er-rors, which may be expressed as relative errors of the esti-mates. (A relative error is a standard error expressed as apercent of the estimate.) Relative errors for major indus-tries are presented in table 2-F and for individual industrieswith the specified number of employees in table 2-E. Thechances are about 2 out of 3 that the hours and earningsestimates from the sample would differ by a smaller per-centage than the relative error from the averages thatwould have been obtained from a complete census.

Revisions between preliminary and final data. First prelim-inary estimates of employment, hours, and earnings, basedon less than the total sample, are published immediatelyfollowing the reference month. Final revised sample-basedestimates are published 2 months later when nearly all thereports in the sample have been received. Table 2-G pres-ents the root-mean-square error, the mean percent, andthe mean absolute percent revision that may be expectedbetween the preliminary and final employment estimates.

If the bias is small, the chances are about 19 out of 20that the difference would be less than twice the root-mean-square error.

Approximations of the root-mean-square errors ofdifferences between final estimates and benchmarks arepresented in table 2-E.

Noneconomic code changes. A major source of benchmarkrevision at the major industry division level and below arenoneconomic code changes, which are introduced into theuniverse data in the first quarter of each calendar year.

Approximately one-third of all establishments in theuniverse are included in the universe program's annualStandard Industrial Classification (SIC) refiling survey.Corrections to individual establishments SIC and owner-ship codes are made through this process. The refilingcycle is such that every third year entire division(s) aresubject to refiling. The volume of these adjustments is gen-erally quite large and has a substantial impact on universeemployment counts at the industry levels, although the to-tal nonfarm employment level remains unaffected. For ex-ample, in a year when the services division is refiled, a sub-stantial amount of employment is usually reclassified outof services to other major divisions, thus, lowering thebenchmark level for services, and potentially causing a sig-nificant downward revision in the services employment to-tals previously published.

Hours and earnings. The hours and earnings estimates forthe basic estimating cells do not have universe data sourcesavailable and therefore are not subject to benchmark revi-sions, although the broader groupings may be affected

Table 2-C. Employment benchmarks and approximate cover-age of BLS employment and payrolls sample, March 1992

Industry

Total

MiningConstructionManufacturingTransportation andpublic utilities . . . .

Wholesale trade . ..Retail tradeFinance, insurance,and real estate . . .

ServicesGovernment:

FederalStateLocal

Bench-marks

(thousands)

107,300

6344,117

17,973

5,6555,993

18,855

6,53428,586

2,9744,494

11,485

Sample coverage1

Number ofestablish-

ments

308,646

3,72325,78656,010

215,74326,00262,769

22,70972,661

(3)5,586

17,657

Employees

Number(thousands)

41,726

276831

8,967

2,3081,1494,534

2,1227,253

2,9743,6567,656

Percentof

bench-marks

39

442050

411924

3225

1008167

1 Counts reflect reports used in final estimates. Because not allestablishments report payroll and hours information, hours and earn-ings estimates are based on a smaller sample than employment esti-mates.

2 The Interstate Commerce Commission provides a complete countof employment for Class I railroads. A small sample is used to estimatehours and earnings data.

3 Total Federal employment counts by agency for use in nationalestimates are provided to BLS by the Office of Personnel Management.Detailed industry estimates for the Executive Branch, as well as Stateand area estimates of Federal employment, are based on a sample of5,623 reports covering about 60 percent of employment in Federalestablishments.

195


Table 2-D. Current (March 1992) and historical benchmark revisions(Numbers in thousands)

Industry

March 1992benchmark revision

Level Percent

10-year averagemean percent revision1

Actual Absolute

Total

Total private

Goods-producing

MiningOil and gas extraction

ConstructionGeneral building contractors

Manufacturing


Blastfurnaces and basic steel productsFabricated metal productsIndustrial machinery and equipmentElectronic and other electrical equipment .Transportation equipment


Nondurable goodsFood and kindred productsTobacco productsTextile mill productsApparel and other textile productsPaper and allied productsPrinting and publishingChemicals and allied productsPetroleum and coal productsRubber and miscellaneous plastics productsLeather and leather products

Service-producing

Transportation and public utilities . . . .TransportationCommunications and public utilities


Retail tradeGeneral merchandise storesFood storesAuto dealers and service stations . .Eating and drinking places

Finance, insurance, and real estateFinanceInsuranceReal estate

ServicesBusiness services ,Health services .. ,

GovernmentFederal. . .StateLocal

-59

-130

-263

-5-4

-109-36

-149

-101-12

9-6

-11-3

-12-23-22-4-1

-19-2

-48-16

0-7

-13-1

-17114

-5-4

204

-33-33

0

442222

164850

-39115

-100-75-7

-18

582

20

710

2744

-0.1

-.1

-1.2

-.8-1.1

-2.6-3.6

-.8

-1.0-1.81.9

-1.2-1.6-1.2

-.9-1.2-1.4-.2-.1

-2.0-.6

-.6-1.0

0-1.0-1.3-.1

-1.11.02.5-.6

-3.4

.2

-.6-1.0

0

.7

.6

.9

.93.6

0-2.01.8

-1.5-2.4

-.3-1.4

.2(2).2

.40.6.4

-0.1

-.2

-.7

-2.5-2.7

-.5-.5

-.6

-.6-1.2

-.3-.4-.7-.1-.7

-1.0-1.1

.3

.7-.5

-1.2

-.6-.8-.3-.4

-1.0-.2-.3-.4-.1-.7

-2.3

-.5-.8-.1

-.4-.7.1

.3

.7-.7-.5.8

-.5-.7

0-.5

.1

.3-.5

.10.40

0.2

.3

.7

2.52.9

1.42.0

.7

.71.4.9

1.01.01.5.9

1.21.21.11.31.71.3

.71.03.8

.61.3.5.9.8

1.51.63.6

.3

.61.2.7

1.01.1.8

.61.91.21.31.3

.6

.8

.81.4

.51.6.9

.30.7.4

1 Data relate to the 1983-92 benchmarks, as originally published.Benchmark levels for 1982-90 were subsequently corrected.

2 Less than 0.05 percent.

196


Table 2-E. Root-mean-square errors of differences betweenbenchmarks and estimates of employment and averagerelative errors for average weekly hours and averagehourly earnings

Size of employmentestimate

50,000100,000200,000500,0001,000,0002,000,000

Root-mean-squareerror of

employmentestimates1

2,1003,9005,600

14,00015,00026,000

Relative error2

(in percent)

Averageweeklyhours

2.21.31.1.9.8.5

Averagehourly

earnings

4.02.32.01.61.2.9

1 Assuming 12-month intervals between benchmark revisions.2 Relative errors relate to 1982 data.

Table 2-F. Relative errors for average weekly hours andaverage hourly earnings by industry

(In percent)

Industry

Total privateMiningConstructionManufacturing



Wholesale tradeRetail tradeFinance, insurance, andreal estate

Services

Relative error1

Averageweekly hours

0.11.0.2.1.1.1

.7

.2

.2

.2

.4

Averagehourly

earnings

0.21.3.5.2.3.2

.6

.4

.4

.4

.6

1 Relative errors relate to 1982 data.

The interpretation of these measures is parallel to the de-scription above for revisions between final sample-basedestimates and benchmarks (i.e., tables 2-C and 2-E).

Revisions of preliminary hours and earnings estimatesare normally not greater than 0.1 of an hour for weeklyhours and 1 cent for hourly earnings, at the total privatenonfarm level, and may be slightly larger for the more de-tailed industry groupings.

STATISTICS FOR STATES AND AREAS

(Tables B-7, B-14, and B-18)As explained earlier, State agencies in cooperation with

BLS collect and prepare State and area employment,hours, and earnings data. These statistics are based on thesame establishment reports used by BLS, however, BLSuses the full CES sample to produce monthly national em-ployment estimates, while each State agency uses its por-tion of the sample to independently develop a State em-ployment estimate.

The CES area statistics relate to metropolitan areas.Definitions for all areas are published each year in the is-sue of Employment and Earnings that contains State andarea annual averages (usually the May issue). Changes indefinitions are noted as they occur. Additional industrydetail may be obtained from the State agencies listed on theinside back cover of each issue.

Caution in aggregating State data. The national estimationprocedures used by BLS are designed to produce accuratenational data by detailed industry; correspondingly theState estimation procedures are designed to produce accu-rate data for each individual State. State estimates are notforced to sum to national totals nor vice versa. Becauseeach State series is subject to larger sampling and nonsam-pling errors than the national series, summing them cumu-lates individual State level errors and can cause distortionsat an aggregate level. This has been a particular problem atturning points in the U.S. economy, when the majority ofthe individual State errors tend to be in the same direction.Due to these statistical limitations, the Bureau does notcompile or publish a "sum-of-States" employment series.Additionally, BLS cautions users that such a series is sub-ject to a relatively large and volatile error structure, partic-ularly at turning points.

197


Table 2-G. Errors of preliminary employment estimates

IndustryRoot-mean-square error

of monthly level

Mean percent revision

Actual Absolute

Total

Total private

Goods-producing industries

MiningOil and gas extraction

ConstructionGeneral building contractors

Manufacturing


Blastfurnaces and basic steel productsFabricated metal productsIndustrial machinery and equipment . . . .Electronic and other electrical equipmentTransportation equipment

Motor vehicles and equipmentAircraft and parts1

Instruments and related productsMiscellaneous manufacturing


Service-producing industries

Transportation and public utilitiesTransportation

Trucking and warehousing1

Transportation by air1



Retail tradeGeneral merchandise storesFood storesAutomotive dealers and service stations . . .Apparel and accessory stores1

Eating and drinking places

Finance, insurance, and real estateFinance

Depository institutions1

InsuranceReal estate

ServicesAgricultural services1

Hotels and other lodging places1

Personal Services1

Business servicesPersonnel supply services1

78,200

55,500

17,900

2,6002,300

10,8004,600

12,500

9,3001,5001,4001,3001,8001,4002,2003,0003,3004,5003,8001,6001,9001,500

7,0004,300600

1,8002,8001,5001,8001,800800

1,700900

71,700

9,1007,4005,3002,4004,400

6,3004,0004,000

27,50013,8006,2004,4006,8008,000

7,4004,8003,7003,2004,000

32,9002,9006,3009,80014,50010,400

0.0

0

0

0.1

.1

.1

0.00-.1-.1

000

000000

00

-.10.1

000

-.1.1.3

0.1

.3

.4

.2

.2

.1

.2

.2

.2

.2

.4

.1

.1

.1

.2

.4

.2

.2

.3

.1

.21.0.2.2.2.1.1.4.2.6

.1

.1

.2

.2

.3

.1

.1

.1

.1

.1

.4

.2

.1

.4

.1

.1

.1

.1

.1

.2

.1

.5

.3

.6

.2

.5

198


Table 2-G. Errors of preliminary employment estimates-Continued

Industry

Service-producing industries —Continued

Auto repair, services, and parking1

Miscellaneous repair services1

Motion pictures1

Amusement and recreation services1

Health servicesHospitals1

Legal services1

Educational services1

Social services1

Museums and botanical and zoological gardens1 . . .Membership organizations1

Engineering and management services1

Government . . . . .FederalStateLocal

Root-mean-square errorof monthly level

2,9001,5004,700

14,5008,1003,7001,700

11,5007,300

7004,3003,400

47,00015,10019,10030,000

Mean percent revision

Actual

-.1-.1

0.700

-.100

-.400

0.100

Absolute

.2

.31.01.1.1.1.1.5.3.8.2.1

.2

.4

.3

.2

1 Data based on differences from January 1990 through December1992.

NOTE: Errors are based on differences from January 1988 through

December 1992. Data used in the computations for several industriesare not strictly comparable due to changes in the industrial classifica-tion system, unless otherwise noted.

199


Regional, State, and Area Labor Force Data("C" tables)

FEDERAL-STATE COOPERATIVE PROGRAM

Labor force and unemployment estimates for States, la-bor market areas (LMA's), and other areas covered underFederal assistance programs are developed by State em-ployment security agencies under a Federal-State coopera-tive program. The local unemployment estimates whichderive from standardized procedures developed by BLSare the basis for determining eligibility of an area for bene-fits under Federal programs such as the Job Training andPartnership Act, the Economic Dislocation and WorkerAdjustment Assistance Act, and the Urban DevelopmentAction Grant program.

Annual average data for the States and areas shown intable C-3 are published in Employment and Earnings (usu-ally the May issue). For regions, States, selected metropol-itan areas, and central cities, annual average data classifiedby selected demographic, social, and economic character-istics are published in the BLS bulletin, Geographic Profileof Employment and Unemployment.

Labor force estimates for counties, cities, and othersmall areas have been prepared for administration ofvarious Federal economic assistance programs and may beordered from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.The report "Unemployment in States and Local Areas" ispublished monthly through GPO and is available inmicrofiche form only, on a subscription basis.

ESTIMATING METHODS

Monthly labor force, employment, and unemploymentestimates are prepared for the 50 States, the District ofColumbia, and over 2,600 labor market areas. Theestimation methods are described below for States (and theDistrict of Columbia) and for sub-State areas. A more de-tailed description of the estimation procedure is containedin the BLS document, Manual for Developing Local AreaUnemployment Statistics.

Estimates for States

Current monthly estimates. The civilian labor force andunemployment estimates for the 11 largest States—Cali-fornia, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, NewJersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania,and Texas—are sufficiently reliable to be taken directlyfrom the Current Population Survey (CPS) on a monthlybasis. These are termed "direct-use States." For a de-scription of the CPS concepts, see "Household Data,"above.

For the 39 smaller States and the District of Columbia,which do not use the CPS directly each month, regressionmodels (sets of equations) are used to develop employmentand unemployment estimates. These are the "non-direct-use" States. The regression techniques are based on histor-ical and current relationships found within each State'seconomy as reflected in the different sources of data thatare available for each State—the CPS, the Current Em-ployment Statistics (CES) survey, and the unemploymentinsurance (UI) system. When the estimation procedureswere introduced in 1989, over 10 years of data were used todevelop the equations for each State. While all the Statemodels have important variables in common, they differsomewhat from one another so as to better reflectindividual State characteristics.

Two models—one for employment and one for the un-employment rate—are used for each State. The unemploy-ment rate, rather than the unemployment level, is modeledprimarily because the rate is usually more meaningful foreconomic analysis.

The employment models use the CES estimates of non-farm wage and salary jobs and also include data foremployed persons not covered or only partially covered bythe CES survey. Typically, these are agricultural workers,the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and privatehousehold workers.

The unemployment rate models also include differenttypes of data. Data for UI claimants (without earnings dueto employment) are used to represent most of the experi-enced unemployed. The models also include an employ-ment-to-population ratio which reflects both the businesscycle and the experienced unemployed not covered by theUI claims data. New entrants and reentrants into the laborforce are also addressed in the models. For some States,the models include variables which adjust for seasonal fac-tors not reflected in the other data used, such as the largeincrease in the labor force at the end of the school year.

In both the employment and unemployment ratemodels, an important feature is the use of a technique thatallows the equations to adjust automatically to structuralchanges that occur. The models are termed "variable coef-ficient models" because they include a built-in tuningmechanism, known as the Kalman Filter, which revises amodel's coefficients when the new data that become avail-able each month indicate that changes in the data relation-ships have taken place. Once the estimates are developedfrom the models, the unemployment level and labor forceestimates are calculated.

Benchmark correction procedures. Once each year,monthly estimates for the 39 non-direct-use States and theDistrict of Columbia are adjusted, or bench marked, by

200


BLS to the annual average CPS estimates. The bench-marking technique employs a procedure (called theDenton method) which adjusts the annual average of themodels to equal the CPS annual average, while preserving,as much as possible, the original monthly seasonal patternof the model estimates.

In the 11 direct-use States, no benchmark correction isrequired; the average of the 12 monthly State CPSestimates will equal the CPS annual averages.

Estimates for sub-State areasMonthly labor force and employment estimates for two

large sub-State areas—New York City and the LosAngeles-Long Beach metropolitan area—are obtained di-rectly from the CPS. Estimates for all other sub-Stateareas, more than 2,600 labor market areas (LMA's), areprepared through indirect estimation techniques,described below.

Preliminary estimate—employment. The total civilian em-ployment estimates are based on CES data. These "place-of-work" estimates must be adjusted to refer to place ofresidence as used in the CPS. Factors for adjusting fromplace of work to place of residence have been developed forseveral categories of employment on the basis of employ-ment relationships at the time of the 1980 decennialcensus. These factors are applied to the CES estimates forthe current period to obtain adjusted employment esti-

mates, to which are added estimates for employment notrepresented in the CES—agricultural employees, nonagri-cultural self-employed and unpaid family workers, andprivate household workers.

Preliminary estimate—unemployment. In the currentmonth, the estimate of unemployment is an aggregate ofthe estimates for each of three categories: (1) Persons whowere previously employed in industries covered by StateUI laws; (2) those previously employed in industries notcovered by these laws; and (3) those who were entering thecivilian labor force for the first time or reentering after aperiod of separation.

Sub-State adjustment for additivity. Estimates of employ-ment and unemployment are prepared for the State andLMA's within the State. The LMA estimates geographi-cally exhaust the entire State. Thus, a proportional adjust-ment must be applied to all sub-State LMA estimates toensure that they add to the independently estimated Statetotals for employment and unemployment.

Benchmark correction. At the end of each year, sub-Stateestimates are revised. The revisions incorporate anychanges in the inputs, such as revisions in the CES-basedemployment figures, corrections in claims counts, and up-dated historical relationships. The corrected estimates arethen readjusted to add to the revised (benchmarked) Stateestimates of employment and unemployment.

201


Seasonal Adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the Nation's laborforce, the levels of employment and unemployment, andother measures of labor market activity undergo sharpfluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes inweather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, majorholidays, and the opening and closing of schools. Becausethese seasonal events follow a more or less regular patterneach year, their influence on statistical trends can beeliminated by adjusting the statistics from month tomonth. These adjustments make it easier to observe thecyclical and other nonseasonal movements in the series. Inevaluating changes in a seasonally adjusted series, it isimportant to note that seasonal adjustment is merely anapproximation based on past experience. Seasonallyadjusted estimates have a broader margin of possible errorthan the original data on which they are based, becausethey are subject not only to sampling and other errors butare also affected by the uncertainties of the seasonaladjustment process itself. Seasonally adjusted series forselected labor force and establishment-based data arepublished monthly in Employment and Earnings.

Since January 1980, national labor force data have beenseasonally adjusted with a procedure called X-ll ARIMA(Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average), which wasdeveloped at Statistics Canada as an extension of the stan-dard X-ll method. A detailed description of the proce-dure appears in The X-ll ARIMA Seasonal AdjustmentMethod by Estela Bee Dagum, Statistics Canada Cata-logue No. 12-564E, January 1983.

At the beginning of each calendar year, projectedseasonal adjustment factors are calculated for use duringthe January-June period. In July of each year, BLScalculates and publishes in Employment and Earningsprojected seasonal adjustment factors for use in the secondhalf, based on the experience through June. Revisions ofhistorical data for the most recent 5 years are made only atthe beginning of each calendar year. However, as a resultof the revisions to the estimates for 1970-81 based on 1980census population counts, revisions to seasonally adjustedseries in early 1982 were carried back to 1970.

All labor force and unemployment rate statistics, as wellas the major employment and unemployment estimates,are computed by aggregating independently adjustedseries. For example, for each of the three major labor forcecomponents —agricultural employment, nonagriculturalemployment, and unemployment —data for four sex-agegroups (men and women under and over 20 years of age)are separately adjusted for seasonal variation and are thenadded to derive seasonally adjusted total figures. Theseasonally adjusted figure for the labor force is a sum ofeight seasonally adjusted civilian employment compo-nents and four seasonally adjusted unemployment

components. The total for unemployment is the sum of thefour unemployment components, and the unemploymentrate is derived by dividing the resulting estimate of totalunemployment by the estimate of the labor force. Becauseof the independent seasonal adjustment of various series,components will not necessarily add to totals.

In each January issue, Employment and Earningspublishes revised seasonally adjusted data for selectedlabor force series based on the experience throughDecember, new seasonal adjustment factors to be used tocalculate the civilian unemployment estimate for the first 6months of the following year, and a description of thecurrent seasonal adjustment procedure.

Since the early 1980's, BLS has also used the X-llARIMA procedure to seasonally adjust national establish-ment-based employment, hours, and earnings data. TheX-ll ARIMA program had been run once each year afterbenchmarking and seasonal adjustment factors had beenprojected and published for 12 months ahead (April-March). Beginning in June 1989, with the introduction ofthe March 1988 benchmarks, the Bureau modified thisprocedure to parallel that used in seasonally adjustinghousehold survey data. Projected seasonal adjustmentfactors are calculated and published twice a year.Revisions of historical data are made once a year,coincident with benchmark revisions.

All series are seasonally adjusted using the multiplica-tive models under X-ll ARIMA. Seasonal adjustmentfactors are computed and applied at component levels. Foremployment series, these are generally the 2-digit SIClevels in manufacturing, services, and wholesale trade; inother industry divisions where only some of thecomponents are seasonally adjusted, the division estimatesand their component industries are adjusted independent-ly. Seasonally adjusted totals are arithmetic aggregationsfor employment series and weighted averages of theseasonally adjusted data for hours and earnings series.

Seasonally adjusted average weekly earnings are theproduct of seasonally adjusted average hourly earningsand seasonally adjusted average weekly hours. Averageweekly earnings in constant dollars, seasonally adjusted,are obtained by dividing average weekly earnings,seasonally adjusted, by the seasonally adjusted ConsumerPrice Index for Urban Wage Earners and ClericalWorkers (CPI-W), and multiplying by 100. Indexes ofaggregate weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, are obtainedby multiplying average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted,by production or nonsupervisory workers, seasonallyadjusted, and dividing by the 1982 annual average base.For total private, total goods-producing, total privateservice-producing, and major industry divisions, theindexes of aggregate weekly hours, seasonally adjusted.

202


are obtained by summing the aggregate weekly hours,seasonally adjusted, for the appropriate componentindustries and dividing by the 1982 annual average base.

Seasonally adjusted data are not published for a numberof series characterized by small seasonal componentsrelative to their trend-cycle and/or irregular components.These failed or unsatisfactory seasonally adjusted series,however, are used in the aggregation to broader levelseasonally adjusted series.

Seasonal adjustment factors for Federal Governmentemployment are derived from unadjusted data which in-clude Christmas temporary workers employed by thePostal Service. The number of temporary census workersfor the decennial census, however, are removed prior tothe calculation of seasonal adjustment factors.

BLS has developed an extension of X-l l ARIMA toallow it to adjust more adequately for the effects of thepresence or absence of religious holidays in the Aprilsurvey reference period and of Labor Day in theSeptember reference period. This extension was appliedfor the first time at the end of 1989 to three persons-at-work labor force series which tested as having significantand well-defined effects in their April data associated withthe timing of Easter. This extension was also used for theseasonal adjustment of many of the establishment-basedseries on average weekly hours and manufacturingovertime hours, starting with the computation of theprojected factors for the period beginning in April 1990.Effective with the computation of factors for theNovember 1993-April 1994 period, an extension of themoving-holiday adjustment was introduced to adjust forthe effects of elections on local government employment.

Revised seasonally adjusted national establishment-based series based on the experience through March 1993,new seasonal adjustment factors for May-October 1993,and a description of the current seasonal adjustmentprocedure appear in the June 1993 issue of Employment

and Earnings. Factors for the November 1993-April 1994period appear in the December issue.

Beginning in 1992, BLS introduced publication ofseasonally adjusted labor force data for the census regionsand divisions, the 50 States, and the District of Columbia(tables C-l and C-2). Using the X-ll ARIMA procedure,seasonal adjustment factors are computed and appliedindependently to the component employment and unem-ployment levels and then aggregated to regional or Statetotals. Current seasonal adjustment factors are producedfor 6-month periods twice a year. Historical revisions aremade at the beginning of each calendar year. Because ofthe separate processing procedures, totals for the Nationas a whole differ from the results obtained by aggregatingregional or State data.

Beginning in 1993, BLS introduced publication ofseasonally adjusted nonfarm payroll employment data bymajor industry for all States and the District of Columbia(table B-7). Seasonal adjustment factors are applieddirectly to the employment estimates at the division level(component series for manufacturing and trade) and thenaggregated to the State totals. The recomputation ofseasonal factors and historical revisions are made coinci-dent with the annual benchmark adjustments. Stateestimation procedures are designed to produce accurate(unadjusted and seasonally adjusted) data for eachindividual State. BLS independently develops a nationalemployment series; State estimates are not forced to sumto national totals. Because each Sate series is subject tolarger sampling and nonsampling errors than the nationalseries, summing them cumulates individual State levelerrors and can cause significant distortions at an aggregatelevel. Due to these statistical limitations, BLS does notcompile a "sum-of-States" employment series, and cau-tions users that such a series is subject to a relatively largeand volatile error structure.

203


INDEX TO STATISTICAL TABLES

TABLE KEY: A: Monthly household data; B: Monthly national and State and area establishment data; C: Monthly regional, State,and area labor force data; D: Quarterly, household data only, in the January, April, July, and October issues. Annual averages:Household data in the January issue; national establishment data in the January, March, and June issues; State and area estab-lishment and labor force data in the May issue. For additional information see the listing on the inside front cover of thispublication.

Topic

Monthly

Seasonallyadjusted

Notseasonallyadjusted

Quarterly averages

Seasonallyadjusted

Notseasonallyadjusted

Annualaverages

Absences from workAggregate weekly hours (Index)Agricultural industries

At workClass of workerDiffusion indexDiscouraged workersEarnings, hourly

Earnings, weekly

Educational attainment and school enrollmentEmployment by:

AgeHispanic originIndustry

Occupation

Race

Sex

Family typeFull-time workers

Historical data

Hours of work

Jobsearch methodsMarital statusMultiple jobholdersNonagricultural industriesNot in the labor forcePart-time workersProduction or nonsupervisory workers

State, region, and area dataUnemployment by:

Age

DurationHispanic origin

Industry of last jobOccupation of last jobRace

ReasonSex

Union affiliationVeterans, Vietnam-era

204

B-9A-1-3,6,10

A-6A-6B-6A-34B-11

B-11

A-3-5,7A-4B-3-5,7

A-6A-4

A-2-7; B-4

A-5

B-8-10

A-6,10

A-1-3,6

A-5B-5,8-9,11

B-7;C-1-2

A-3-5,8-9

A-12A-4

A-10A-10A-4

A-11A-2-5,8-9

A-14,19-20,28,33

A-21-25A-20

B-2,15-18

B-2,15,15a,17-18

A-15

A-13-17,20A-15A-19; B-12-

14A-17-19A-13-16,18

A-13-18,20;B-13

A-16,31

A-21-25; B-2,15,18

A-26,32A-35A-14,20

A-34A-16B-12,15-18

B-14,18; C-3

A-13-16,26,29-30,32

A-30-33A-15

A-28,33A-27,33A-13-16,26,29,32

A-29-30A-13-16,26-30,32

A-36

D-1,4,8

D-4D-4

D-1-3,5D-2

D-4D-2

D-1-5

D-3

D-4,8

D-1,4

D-3

D-1-2,6-7

D-10D-2

D-8D-8D-2

D-9D-1-2,6-7

D-11-14

D-13-14

D-21-24

D-11-12,15D-11-15

D-13-14D-11,13,15

D-11-15

D-17-18D-13-14

D-13-14

D-11-12,16

D-20D-11-12,

16-20

D-11,16-20

D-19D-11-12,16

D-25-26

47-48

A-1-2; 1-2,5-6,12-13,15,17-18,28,34

19-2312-13,15-16

37B-2,15-17;53; 2

B-2,15,15a,17; 39-42,53; 2

7

3-9,14-154-7,11-13,18B-1,12-13;

16-18; 19-13,173,5,7-8,10-

12,14,17-18B-13; 2-18

25-268,12-13,32A-1-2; B-1-2;

1-2B-15; 19-23,53; 2

35-3624,3338A-1-2; 1-2,5-6,12-13,15

378,12-13B-12,15-17;52-53

1-3

3-8,24,29,31,35

31-344-7,25-26,30

28,3427,343,5,7-8,24-26,30,33,35

29-312-8,24,27-29,31,33,35-36

43-4649-50

•U.S. Government Printing Office: 1994— 301-186/00004


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABORBureau of Labor Statistics

Regional Office

REGION 1—BOSTON1 Congress Street10th FloorBoston, MA 02114Phone: (617) 565-2327

REGION II—NEW YORKRoom 808201 Varick StreetNew York, NY 10014Phone: (212) 337-2400

REGION III—PHILADELPHIA3535 Market StreetP.O. Box 13309Philadelphia, PA 19101Phone: (215) 596-1154

REGION IV—ATLANTASuite 5401371 Peachtree Street, NEAtlanta, GA 30367Phone. (404) 347-4416

REGION V—CHICAGO9th Floor230 South Dearborn StreetChicago, IL 60604Phone: (312) 353-1880

REGION VI—DALLASRoom 221Federal Building525 Griffin StreetDallas, TX 75202Phone: (214) 767-6970

REGIONS VII and VIII—y A M O A O /^ 1 ~T~Y/\ANoAo Ul 1 Y15th Floor911 Walnut StreetKansas City, MO 64106Phone: (816) 426-2481

REGIONS IX and X—SAN FRANCISCO71 Stevenson StreetP.O. Box 193766San Francisco, CA 94119Phone: (415) 744-6600

Cooperating StateCurrent Employment Statistics (CES) and State and Local

BLSRegion

IV

X

IX

VI

IX

VIII

I

III

III

IV

IV

IX

X

V

V

VII

VII

IV

VI

I

III

I

V

V

IV

VII

ALABAMA

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ARKANSAS

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CONNECTICUT

DELAWARE

DIST OF COL

FLORIDA

GEORGIA

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KENTUCKY

LOUISIANA

MAINE

MARYLAND

Department of Industrial Relations, Room 427,Industrial Relations Bldg., Montgomery 36130

Department of Labor, Research and AnalysisSection, 1111 West 8th St., Juneau 99802-5501

Department of Economic Security, 1300 WestWashington St., Phoenix 85005

Employment Security Department.P.O. Box 2981, Little Rock 72203-2981

Employment Development Department, Employ-ment Data and Research Division, 7000Franklin Blvd., Bldg. 1100, Sacramento 95823

Department of Labor and Employment, Suite801, 1120 Lincoln Street, Denver 80203

Labor Department, Employment SecurityDivision, 200 Folly Brook Blvd,Wethersfield 06109

Department of Labor, Office of Occupationaland Labor Market Information, P.O. Box 9029,Newark 19714-9029

Department of Employment Services, Divisionof Labor Market Information and Analysis,Room 201, 500 C St., NW., Washington,DC 20001

Florida Department of Labor and EmploymentSecurity, Bureau of Labor Market Information,Suite 203, 2574 Seagate Dr., Tallahassee32399-0674

Department of Labor, Labor InformationSystems, 148 International Blvd., NE.,Atlanta 30303

Department of Labor and Industrial Relations,Research and Statistics Office, Room 304,830 Punchbowl St., Honolulu 96813

Department of Employment, 317 Main St.,Boise 83735

Department of Employment Security, (2 South),401 South State St., Chicago 60605

Department of Employment and TrainingServices, Statistical Services Division,10 North Senate Avenue,Indianapolis 46204

Department of Employment Services, 1000 EastGrand Avenue, Des Moines 50319

Department of Human Resources, 401 TopekaAvenue, Topeka 66603

Department for Employment Services, LaborMarket Research and Analysis Branch,275 East Main St., Frankfort 40621

Department of Labor, Research and StatisticsSection, 1001 North 23rd St., Baton Rouge70804-9094

Department of Labor, Division of EconomicAnalysis and Research, 20 Union St.,Augusta 04330

Department of Employment and Training,Research and Analysis Division, 1100 NorthEutaw St., Baltimore 21201

MASSACHUSETTS Department of Employment and Training,

MICHIGAN

MINNESOTA

MISSISSIPPI

MISSOURI

Government Center, Charles F. Hurley Bldg.,Boston 02114

Employment Security Commission, Researchand Statistics Division, Room 516, 7310Woodward Avenue, Detroit 48202

Department of Jobs and Training, Researchand Statistics Division, 5th Fl., 390 NorthRobert St., St. Paul 55101

Employment Security Commission, LaborMarket Information Division, P.O. Box 1699,Jackson 39215-1699

Division of Employment Security, P.O. Box 59,Jefferson City 65104

AgenciesArea Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) Programs

BLSRegion

VIII

VII

IX

I

II

VI

II

IV

i

VIIIV

VI

X

III

II

I

IV

VIII

IV

VI

VIII

I

III

II

X

III

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VIII

MONTANA

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WASHINGTON

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WISCONSIN

WYOMING

Department of Labor and Industry, P.O. Box1728, Helena 59624

Department of Labor, P.O. Box 94600, Lincoln68509-4600

Employment Security Department, 500 East3rd St., Carson City 89713

Department of Employment Security, 32 SouthMain St., Concord 03301

Department of Labor, Division of Planning andResearch, P.O. Box 2765, Trenton 08625

Employment Security Commission, 401 Broad-way, TIWA Bldg., Albuquerque 87103

Department of Labor, Division of Research andStatistics, State Campus, Room 400, Bldg. 12,Albany 12240-0020

Employment Security Commission, Labor MarketInformation Division, P.O. Box 25903,Raleigh 27611

Job Service, P.O. Box 1537, Bismarck 58502Bureau of Employment Services, Labor Market

Information Division, 1160 Dublin Rd.,Columbus 43215

Employment Security Commission, Researchand Planning Division, 2401 North Lincoln,Oklahoma City 73105

Employment Division, 875 Union St., NE.,Salem 97311

Bureau of Research and Statistics300 Capitol Associates BuildingHarrisburg, PA 17120-0034

Department of Labor and Human Resources,Bureau of Labor Statistics, 17th Fl., 505 MunozRivera Avenue, Hato Rey 00918 (CES), Bureauof Employment Security, Research and AnalysisSection, 15th Fl., 505 Munoz Rivera Avenue,Hato Rey 00918 (LAUS)

Department of Employment Security, 24 MasonSt., Providence 02903

Employment Security Commission, Labor MarketInformation Division, P.O. Box 995,Columbia 29202

Department of Labor, Labor Market InformationCenter, P.O. Box 4730, Aberdeen 57401

Department of Employment Security, Researchand Statistics Division, 519 Cordell Hull OfficeBldg., Nashville 37219

Employment Commission, Room 208-T, 1117Trinity St., Austin 78778

Department of Employment Security, LaborMarket Information Services, P.O. Box 11249,Salt Lake City 84147

Department of Employment and Training, Officeof Policy and Public Information, P.O. Box 488,Montpelier 05602

Employment Commission, Economic InformationServices, P.O. Box 1358, Richmond 23211

Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,53-A, 54-A&B Kronprindsens Gade CharlotteAmalie, St. Thomas 00801-3359 (CES)

Employment Security Department, Labor Marketand Economic Analysis Branch, 605 WoodviewDr., Olympia 98503

Department of Employment Security, Divisionof Labor and Economic Security, 112 CaliforniaAvenue, Charleston 25305

Department of Industry, Labor, and HumanRelations, Labor Market Information Bureau,201 East Washington Avenue, Madison 53707

Employment Security Commission, Researchand Analysis Section, P.O. Box 2760,Casper 82602


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