FRBR Basics, AACR & the OPAC

FRBR BEGINNINGS

• The 1990 Stockholm Seminar commissioned a study to define the functional requirements of bibliographic records.

• Worked on by IFLA Study Group on Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, 1992-1995

• Approved by IFLA Section on Cataloging, 1997 & published by Saur in 1998

• Incorporated into JSC Strategic Plan for AACR 2001/2002

FRBR GOALS

1. “to delineate in clearly defined terms the functions performed by the bibliographic record with respect to various media, various applications and various user needs.”

2. “to recommend a basic level of functionality and basic requirements for records created by national bibliographic agencies” that would meet “essential user needs.”

3. FRBR is not a new cataloging code.

AACR3

ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL

Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (09 FEB 02)

entity-relationship model <database, specification> An approach to data modelling proposed by P. Chen in 1976. The model says that you divide your database in two logical parts, entities (e.g. "customer", "product") and relations ("buys", "pays for"). Entity-relationship diagrams can be used to represent a model.

What’s a conceptual model?

• Abstract depiction of the universe of things being described– The things in that universe (entities)

– Identifying characteristics of those entities (attributes/elements)

– The relationships among the entities

ORGANIZATION OF THE FRBR REPORT

• Part 1 – Definition of Entities and their Attributes

• Part 2 – Bibliographic Relationships

• Part 3 – A national level bibliographic record for all types of materials

• Part 4 – User Tasks (e.g., Find, Identify, Select & Obtain)

ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL

• Entities

• Relationships

• Attributes

ShakespeareDates

HamletEnglish

Relationshipauthor

Entity 1 Entity 2

FRBR ENTITIES

• Group 1: The products of intellectual or artistic endeavor: Work Expression Manifestation Item

• Group 2: Those responsible for production or custodianship of group 1 entities:

Person Corporate Body

• Group 3: Subjects of works: Concept Object Event Place

Group 1

• WorkA distinct intellectual or artistic creation

• ExpressionThe intellectual or artistic realization of a work

• ManifestationThe physical embodiment of an expression of a work

• ItemA single example of a manifestation

Group 1

Building blocks of the FRBR structure• Work: abstract intellectual or artistic creation• Expression: version of the work

– language, illustrator, translator, performer

• Manifestation: physical carrier of the expression– published edition

• Item – single physical representation (copy)

FRBR Links

• Work to Work– Many to many: book to movie

• Work to Expression– One to many: music to different

performances; book in different languages

• Expression to Work– One to one

FRBR Links

• Expression to Manifestation– One to many: book to different publishers– Many to one: series, analytics, and collected

works

• Manifestation to Expression– One to many: series, analytics, and collected

works– Many to one: different publishers

FRBR Links

• Manifestation to Item– One to many: one book to multiple copies

• Item to Manifestation– One to one

Group 1Work

Expression

is realized through

is embodied in

Manifestation

Item

is exemplified by

recursive

one

many

Work

Expression

Manifestation

Item

Group 2

many

Person

Corporate Body

is owned by

is produced by

is realized by

is created by

FRBR

Work Group 3

many

has as subject

Expression

Manifestation

Item

Person

Corporate Body

Work

Concept

Object

Event

Place

has as subject

has as subject

FRBR

Vocabulary

• “Book”

–Door prop(item)

–“publication” at bookstore any copy

(manifestation)

Vocabulary

• “Book”–Who translated?

(expression)

–Who wrote?

(work)

19

Examples1. Leatherbound autographed copy in Rare

Books Collection? 2. Digitized version of the Oxford University

Press text published in 2008?3. French translation?4. London Symphony Orchestra 2005

performance?5. Three Musketeers?

Item

Manifestation

Expression

Expression

Work

FRBR Entity Levels

Work:

Expression:

Manifestation:

The Play

Orig.Text

Transl. CriticalEdition

The Movie

Orig.Version

Paper PDF HTML

Item: Copy 1Autographed

Copy 2

Family of works

Relationships -Work/Expression

w1 Charles Dickens’ A Christmas carol

e1 the author’s original English text

e2 a Tamil translation by V.A.

Relationships - Work/Expression/Manifestation

w1 J.S. Bach’s Goldberg variations

e1 performance by Glen Gould in 1981

m1 recording released on 331/3 rpm sound disc in 1982 by CBS Records

m2 recording re-released on compact disc in 1993 by Sony

m3 digitization of the Sony re-release as MP3 in 2000

Homērou Odysseia

English translation by

Rodney Merrill: The odyssey

English translation byJohn Ogilby: Homer his

Odysses

Modern Greek translation

by I. Polylas: Homērou Odysseia

Electronic version: EEBO, 1999- (

http://wwwlib.umi.com/eebo/image/43589

)

Print: London, 1669 (Wing H2555, 358 p.)

Microform: UMI, 1982 (positive, b&w)

(Film) 0419.922 1334:1(Ex) 2681.333.669f; Bound with Homer, his Iliads.

1669

...... many expressions of the work ... many expressions of the work ...

Three manifestations of the expressionThree manifestations of the expression

ItemItem ItemItem

Entity relationships: Work … Item

000 cam a001 2465968008 821108 s 1912 gw 0 0 0 0 ger d035 ‚a (OCoLC)ocm08935092035040 ‚a ZIH ‚c ZIH ‚d PUL041 ‚a ger ‚h eng100 ‚a Shakespeare, William, ‚d 1564-1616.240 10 ‚a Hamlet. ‚l German245 10 ‚a Hamlet, Prinz von Dèanemark / ‚c von William

Shakespeare ;èubersezt von Heinrich Voss.260 ‚a [Dèusseldorf : ‚b E. Ohle, ‚c 1912]300 ‚a 145 p. ; ‚c 28 cm.500 ‚a Number 141 of an edition of 200 copies. ‚5

NjP563 ‚a Bound by Carl Sonntag jun. in Leipzig. ‚5

NjP700 1 ‚a Voss, Heinrich, ‚d 1779-1822.852 8 ‚b ex ‚h 3925.342.11876 ‚a 32101037428800

MARC

000 cam a001 2465968008 821108 s 1912 gw 0 0 0 0 ger d035 ‚a (OCoLC)ocm08935092035040 ‚a ZIH ‚c ZIH ‚d PUL041 1 ‚a ger ‚h eng100 1 ‚a Shakespeare, William, ‚d 1564-1616.240 10 ‚a Hamlet. ‚l German245 10 ‚a Hamlet, Prinz von Dèanemark / ‚c von William

Shakespeare ;èubersezt von Heinrich Voss.260 ‚a [Dèusseldorf : ‚b E. Ohle, ‚c 1912]300 ‚a 145 p. ; ‚c 28 cm.500 ‚a Number 141 of an edition of 200 copies. ‚5

NjP563 ‚a Bound by Carl Sonntag jun. in Leipzig. ‚5

NjP700 1 ‚a Voss, Heinrich, ‚d 1779-1822. 852 8 ‚b ex ‚h 3925.342.11876 ‚a 32101037428800

Field data: Work Expression Manifestation Item Record

MARC: FRBR mapping

Relationships - Work/Expression/Manifestation/

Itemw1 Lost treasures of the world

e1 the interactive electronic resource

m1 the CD published in 1994 by

Follgard CD- Visions

i1 first copy held by Calgary Public

Library i2 second copy held by Calgary

Public Library

• Objectives of a catalog: display

• All the works associated with a person, etc.

• All the expressions of the same work

• All the manifestations of the same expression

• All items/copies of the same manifestation

Collocation Shakespeare

HamletRomeo andJulietEnglish

French

German

SwedishStockholm2008

Columbia UniversityCopy 1Green leather binding

Pathways to Related Works

Hamlet

Stockholm2008

English

Swedish

French

German

Shakespeare

Library of CongressCopy 1Green leather binding

Romeo andJuliet

Stoppard

Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead

Tex

t

Movies…

Derivativ

e

w

orks

Subject

Collocation by Works

• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. All’s well that ends well As you like it Hamlet Macbeth Midsummer night’s dream …

Collocation by Family of Works and Expressions

• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet.+ Texts+ Motion Pictures+ Sound Recordings

Collocation by Expressions• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.

Hamlet.+ Texts – Danish+ Texts – Dutch+ Texts – English+ Texts – French+ Texts – Spanish+ Motion Pictures – English+ Sound Recordings - English

Collocation of Manifestations

• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet.- Motion pictures – English

+ 1964 Director, Bill Collegan+ 1990 Director, Kevin Kline, Kirk Browning+ 1990 Director, Franco Zeffirelli+ 1992 Director, Maria Muat+ 1996 Director, Kenneth Branagh+ 2000 Director, Campbell Scott, Eric

Simonson

FRBR Display - Serial Atlantic monthly

Atlantic monthly (Boston, Mass. : 1993-) Atlantic (Boston, Mass. : 1981-1992) Atlantic monthly (Boston, Mass. : 1971-

1980) Atlantic (Boston, Mass. : 1932-1970) Atlantic monthly (Boston, Mass. : 1857-

1931)

FRBR Display - Serial Atlantic monthly

Atlantic monthly (Boston, Mass. : 1993-) Online Paper Microfilm

Atlantic (Boston, Mass. : 1981-1992) Atlantic monthly (Boston, Mass. : 1971-1980) Atlantic (Boston, Mass. : 1932-1970) Atlantic monthly (Boston, Mass. : 1857-1931)

Circulation: Place holds at “Work” or “Expression” level rather than only at manifestation level

(VTLS and OCLC demonstrate this)

HamletEnglish

FRBR Benefits

Database/format ScenariosBib record (flat-file)

Author:

Title:

Content type:

Carrier type:

Provenance:

Subject:

Lee, T. B.

Cataloguing has a future

Spoken word

Audio disc

Metadata

Donated by the author

Name authority record

Name:

Subject authority record

Identifier: …

Label:

Identifier: …

Bib record (description)

Item information

Manifestation information

Expression information

Work informationFRBR record

RDA content type registry

Label:

Identifier: …

Spoken word

RDA element registry

RDA carrier type registry

Future record

ONIX

FRBR registry

Bas

ed o

n G

ord

on D

unsi

re’s

sl

ide

Work title: Cataloguing has a future

Author:

Title:

Content type:

Carrier type:

Provenance:

Subject:Lee, T. B.

Cataloguing has a future

Audio disc

Metadata

Donated by the author

Name authority record

Name:

Subject authority record

Identifier: …

Label:

Identifier: …

Item information

Manifestation information

Expression information

Work information

RDA content type registry

Label:

Identifier: …

Spoken wordRDA carrier type registry

Linked Data

Work Title: Cataloguing has a futureCataloguing has a future

Author:

Title:

Content type:

Carrier type:

Provenance:

Subject:Lee, T. B.

Cataloguing has a future

Audio disc

Metadata

Donated by the author

Name authority record

Name:

Subject authority record

Identifier: …

Label:

Identifier: …

Item information

Manifestation information

Expression information

Work information

RDA content type registry

Label:

Identifier: …

Spoken word

RDA carrier type registry

Package for Data Sharing

Lee, T. B.

Metadata

Spoken word

Audio disc

Work Title: Cataloguing has a futureCataloguing has a future

Communication format record

Current Practice

• We currently catalog by manifestation (piece in hand)– describe the manifestation– access points for the work and expression

• Can’t easily group by expression

• Can’t see relationships

• Many separate records for same work

Possibilities

• Group related versions of works for easy identification and selection

• Place holds at different levels of display– work– expression– manifestation– item

Problem Areas

• Need to identify roles of Group 2 entities (persons, corporate bodies)– same person with different roles– different persons with same roles

• Expressions are difficult to locate and define

• Do we need a “Super work”– Gone with the Wind (book)– Gone with the Wind (movie)

FRBR Benefits for Users

• Easier to find information as a single search retrieves all related materials

• Easier to see all the different expressions of a single work

• Easier to find all manifestations• OPAC becomes simpler to navigate and

understand• Place holds at “Work” or Expression level rather

than only at the manifestation level • Better understanding of relationships among

related works or expressions

FRBR Benefits for Librarians

• Reduction in cataloging load

– Work has to be cataloged only once for all expressions under it

– Expression has to be cataloged once for all manifestations under it

• Easier to find information as a single search retrieves all related materials

• Better logic and organization to catalog

“FRBERIZING” AACR2

• A new interest in cataloging

• Resource Description and Access (RDA) will use FRBR model

“FRBERIZING” A RULE

• 1.5A3 If an item is available in different formats (e.g., as text and microfilm; as sound disc and sound tape reel), give the physical description of the format in hand.

• 1.5A3 If manifestations of a work are available in different formats…

“FRBERIZING” RELATIONSHIPS

• Collocation

• When is a work or an expression a new work or expression?

• Relators

• Authority Control in RDA

EQUIVALENT

Cataloging Rulescut-off point

Same work New work

DERIVATIVE DESCRIPTIVE

Parody

Revis ion

Translat ion

Crit icism

Variations or versions

Editions SummaryAbstractDigest

Annotated edition

Expurgatededition

DramatizationNovelizat ion

Free translation

Imitations

Evaluation

Review

Casebook

Commentary

Abridgededition

Arrangement

ScreenplayLibrettoIllustrated

edition

Sl ight modifications Adaptat ions

Change of genre

Original

Same style o r thematic content

Microformreproduction

Copy

Exactreproduction

Facsimile

Reprint

Simultaneous“publication”

Same Expression New Expression

Work

New Work B. TillettDec. 2001

Relationships• Inherent among the

Group 1 entities

• Content relationships among works/expressions

Work

Expression

Manifestation

Item

Whole-Part

AccompanyingSequentialDerivative

FRBR & THE OPAC

• OCLC Fiction Finder

• RLG RedLightGreen

• VTLS Virtua

OCLC FICTION FINDER

• Prototype system for searching and browsing fiction

• Clustered at the work level

• Organized by work and expression

http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/frbr/fictionfinder.htm

Fiction Finder result set display

Fiction Finder record display

RedLightGreen and FRBR

• NOT a FRBR implementation– Realities of the Rock and the Hard Place

• FRBR Group 1 Entities invaluable during planning– Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item– Common language– Precisely defined concepts

• FRBR and RedLightGreen in a nutshell– Mission: Make the Union Catalog relevant to undergraduates– Reduce the number of editions on the results screen– Use FRBR concepts such as Work, Expression and

Manifestation to discuss how records should cluster

– http://www.redlightgreen.com/

RedLG: Title Cluster

RedLG: Editions

• ~ FRBR Manifestation– “With the entity defined as manifestations we can

describe the physical characteristics of a set of items […] enabling users to choose a manifestation appropriate to their […] needs” (FRBR 22)

Get it [at your library] example

VIRTUA BY VTLS

• Separate records for work, expression, manifestation & item in a tree structure

• "peaceful co-existence" of a FRBR and non-FRBR records

• Universite catholique de Louvain (UCL) went live in Jan. 2004

www.vtls.com/documents/FRBR.PPT

• A Super (or Supra) Work is a record that

has other works (sub works) related to it

– For example, the novel Beau Geste by P. C.

Wren is one FRBR Work, and the several

movies that have been created from the book

are also separate FRBR Works. The Super

work is an artificial creation that links all these

related works together

Super Work

Super Work

The Workrecord for the“Super” Work of Beau Geste

Super WorkThe tree

expanded toshow the

“sub works”of the Super

Work

The Workrecord forthe novel

(a sub workof the Super

Work)

Super Work

The treeexpanded to

show theExpression

andManifestations

of the 1939movie

TheExpression

record for the1939 movie

“FRBR-ized” OPAC Displays

Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet. [Text]Translation. French. 1770.

Manifestation

Work

Expression

Item