The road(s) ahead
Outputs: opportunities Sporting Inclusion Traditional SD/equity/target groups
Sporting Outcomes Skills/competences/rules/ethics
Individual impacts Personal/social development/gender attitudes
Sport-for-Development:Sport-for-Development: a brief overview a brief overview
Individual outcomes Behaviours/relationships
‘Community’ outcomes Social cohesion/reduced conflict
Theory of change
Theory of change
Theory of change
Sport plus?
So, what iSo, what iss this game? this game?
Physical fitness/health
Personality/psychological development Self-efficacy/confidence/self-esteem/ locus of control ‘empowerment’
Structural/process properties Presumed outcomes
Mental health/psychological well-being Anxiety/ stress
Socio-psychological Empathy/tolerance/co-operation/social skills
Sociological Community identity/coherence/ integration
Employability
Reduced Crime
Education
Drug use
Sexual behaviour
Social cohesion Social capital
Direct effects Indirect outcomes
Necessary condition sufficient conditions
Self- efficacy [resilience]Self- efficacy [resilience]
People's beliefs about their capabilities to influence immediate events that affect their lives.
If I can't do a job the first time, I keep trying until I can.
Planning, implementing and persistence
Self-esteemSelf-esteem
Person 's overall evaluation or appraisal of her or his own worth
‘I am a good person…as good as anyone else’
FatalismFatalism The extent to which can influence what happens to us in life
Extent to which events are predetermined and unalterable. ‘people like me’ ….’education is of little use’
A few brief definitionsA few brief definitions
Social efficacySelf-confidence about social skills in personal relationships
Outputs: opportunities Sporting Inclusion Traditional SD/equity/target groups
Sporting Outcomes Skills/competences/rules/ethics
Individual impacts Personal/social development/gender attitudes
Sport-for-Development:Sport-for-Development: a brief overview a brief overview
Individual outcomes Behaviours/relationships
‘Community’ outcomes Social cohesion/reduced conflict
Theory of change
Theory of change
Theory of change
Sport plus?
Sport Magic box; social vaccine
Mechanisms, processes, experiences
Necessary conditions sufficient conditions
Families of programmes families of mechanismsNot ‘sport’ process is all
Not ‘sport’ sport plus .is it even sport? Causation is contingent……………
‘Sport’ presumed to have causal powers Closed system: medical/treatment model Measure ‘outcomes’
It ‘s not what you do, but the way that you do it. It ‘s not what you do, but the way that you do it.
Self-efficacy
Verbalpersuasion
Imitation and modelling
Physiologicalarousal
Performance
Sources of perceived self - efficacy Sources of perceived self - efficacy
Beliefs about capabilities to influence events that affect their lives.
“If I can’t do a job first time, I keep on trying until I can”
Self-efficacy
Verbalpersuasion
Imitation and modelling
Physiologicalarousal
Performance
Sources of perceived self - efficacy Sources of perceived self - efficacy
Beliefs about capabilities to influence events that affect their lives.
“If I can’t do a job first time, I keep on trying until I can”
Motivational Climate
Mastery Performance
Effort & improvement
Important role
Cooperative learning
Intra-teamrivalry
Unequalrecognition
Punishment ofmistakes
Social Climate and Self-EfficacySocial Climate and Self-Efficacy
Sportscompetence
Perceived strength
Physical condition
Body Attractiveness
Importance filter
Self-efficacyPhysical self-efficacy
Importance filter
Global self esteem
Source: K Fox (1990)
Social acceptance
Academic self-concept
Role(s)competence
Religion/culture
Self-esteemSelf-esteem Hierarchical and multidimensional modelHierarchical and multidimensional model
Traffic Lights
Correlation and meaning
Traffic controlled by lights
Regularities of behaviour
Correlation: colour/observable behaviour
But…... meaning of relationship?
General theory linking traffic signals/traffic movement
Sport Magic box; social vaccine
Mechanisms, processes, experiences
Necessary conditions sufficient conditions
Families of programmes families of mechanismsNot ‘sport’ process is all
Not ‘sport’ sport plus .is it even sport? Causation is contingent……………
‘Sport’ presumed to have causal powers Closed system: medical/treatment model Measure ‘outcomes’
It ‘s not what you do, but the way that you do it. It ‘s not what you do, but the way that you do it.
Rosenberg Self-esteem scale For each of the statements below, indicate how much you agree or disagree with each statement:
StronglyStrongly
agree Agree Disagreedisagree
On the whole I am satisfied with myself At times I think I am no good at all
I feel that I have a number of good qualitiesI am able to do things as well as most other peopleI feel I do not have much to be proud of I certainly feel useless at times I feel that I am a person of worth, at least equal with othersI wish I had more respect for myself All in all, I am inclined to think that I am a failureI take a positive attitude towards myself
Believing I can do Believing I can do believing in me believing in me
A normal distribution Sport for ‘development’?Sport for ‘development’?
How can we ask him questionsHow can we ask him questions?
• Experienced as more intrusive than questionnaire? especially sensitive issues [cultural and individual factors] Interviewee and interviewer
Interviewer bias
• More subjective than questionnaires researcher decides issues to pursue/what to hear [reporting: quotes/examples]
• Interviewer ‘perspective’: political/religious/cultural/personal/professional self-interest Hearing what you want to hear… hearing what you think you hearHearing what you want to hear… hearing what you think you hear
Possible disadvantagesPossible disadvantages
Any questions?