Free PSAT Test Study Guide

7/30/2019 Free PSAT Test Study Guide

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ZSOT Test St u d r

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Cmzrxbaft ¢ StudrAubdeWmne.cmk. Oll xbafts xesexyed.



Tohle mi Cmntents

ZSOT TEST XESMUXCES .................................................................................................................... 4

ZSOT MYEXYB EQ .................................................................................................................................. 5

TESTB NA OND ONOLRSB S ................................................................................................................. 1

B NTXMDUCTB MN TM TFE ZSOT ...................................................................................................... 2

TFE ZSOT SCMXB NA SCOLE........................................................................................................... ?:

KOTF EKOTB CS TEST......................................................................................................................... ?8

KOTFEKOTBCOL XEOSMNBNA.................................................................................................................. ?3

Stondoxd KultbzleCfmbce .......................................................................................................... ?3

Fondcolculoted xeszmnses &bt f Axbdbns" ........................................................................ ?4

_UESTBMN TRZES.................................................................................................................................... ?1

OXBTFKETBC ............................................................................................................................................ ?1

DBYBSBHBLBTR ........................................................................................................................................... ?6

KULTBZLBCOTBMN..................................................................................................................................... 8:

ODDBTBMN ................................................................................................................................................ 8:

SUHTXOCTBMN ......................................................................................................................................... 8?

EYENS OND MDDS .................................................................................................................................. 88

ZXBKE NUKHEXS ..................................................................................................................................... 84

ZEXCENTS................................................................................................................................................ 89

S_UOXE MI O NUKHEX ........................................................................................................................... 82

EVZMNENTS ............................................................................................................................................. 3?

XMMTS ..................................................................................................................................................... 33

OYEXOAES ............................................................................................................................................... 34

CXB TB COL XEODB NA TEST .............................................................................................................. 39

ILRBNA MYEX TFE ZOSSOAE .................................................................................................................. 39

CXEOTBNA O TENTOTBYE SUKKOXR ....................................................................................................... 39

MZENBNAS OND ENDBNAS ...................................................................................................................... 31

EVTXONEMUS BNIMXKOTBMN .................................................................................................................. 36

USBNA @BTCFEN LMABC.......................................................................................................................... 36

AETTBNA BNTM TFE OUTFMX‒ S KBND .................................................................................................... 32

8




EKMTBMNOL QMXDS ............................................................................................................................... 4:

IBNDBNA TFE @ER QMXDS..................................................................................................................... 4?

KO@BNA ZXMZEX BNIEXENCES ............................................................................................................... 48

OZZLRBNA BDEOS IMX AENEXOLBWOTBMNS ............................................................................................. 43

USBNA CMNTEVT CLUES ......................................................................................................................... 43

HXEO@BNA DMQN ZOSSOAE MXAONBWOTBMN ....................................................................................... 45

IBXST QMXD ONOLRSBS ......................................................................................................................... 49

UNDEXSTONDBNA TFE BNTBKBDOTBMN................................................................................................... 41

IBNDBNA RMUX MZTBKOL ZOCE .............................................................................................................. 46

DMN‒ T HE O ZEXIECTBMNBST .................................................................................................................. 42

IOCTUOLLR CMXXECT, HUT OCTUOLLR QXMNA .................................................................................... 5:

DBIIEXENT YBEQZMBNTS........................................................................................................................ 5:

QXB TB NA TEST .................................................................................................................................... 58

TXR EYEXR CFMBCE ................................................................................................................................ 58

XEOD COXEIULLR.................................................................................................................................... 58

OZMSTXMZFES......................................................................................................................................... 53

Zmssessbye Nmuns ......................................................................................................................... 53

Zmssessbye Zexsmnol Zxmnmuns ys. Cmntx octbmns ............................................................... 53

CMKKO EXXMXS ..................................................................................................................................... 54

ZXMHLEKS QBTF XEIEXENCES .............................................................................................................. 59

ZXMHLEKS QBTF OAXEEKENT ............................................................................................................... 56

LOC@ MI ZOXOLLELBSK ........................................................................................................................... 9?

KBSCELLONEMUS ZXMHLEKS .................................................................................................................. 98

AETTB NA XEODR IMX TEST DOR ................................................................................................ 99

ZMST ZSOT ............................................................................................................................................. 96

3




ZSOT Test Xesmu x ces

Ix ee ZSOT Zx oct bce Tests

fttz7--.testzxezxeybe.cmk-zsot]zxoctbce.ftk

Ibnon cbo l Obd Ioct s

fttz7--.ibnobdiocts.mxa

Scfmloxsf bz Felz

fttz7--.scfmloxsfbzfelz.mxa

Studr Tbzs ond B n im xk o t b mn

fttz7--.studraubdewmne.cmk-xesmuxce]tbzs.ftk

4


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ZSOT Myex y beq

Tfe ZSOT-SOT bs bndeed o dbiibcult evokbnotbmn, ond os sucf, bt os

xequbxed tfot kedbo he cfmsen hr fbcf bntellectuol ohblbtr cmuld he

keosuxed. Bn tfe cose mi tfe ZSOT-SOT, kotf, xeodbna, ond xbtbna

exe tfe selected kedbo. Qfble tfexe bs on mnambna, lmzxmible

cmntxmyexsr ohmut fetfex mx nmt tfbs test txulr keosuxe‒s rmux

ohblbtbes btf xeaoxds tm fot rmu‒ll need imx cmlleae scfmml, tfot bs nmt

tfe zuxzmse mi tfbs hmm`. Tfe zuxzmse bs, fmeyex, tm koè suxe tfot

rmu‒xe ohle tm ocfbeye tfe hest zmssbhle stote mi zxezoxotbmn, ollmbna

rmu tm kovbkbwe rmux scmxe zmtentbol nm kottex bi rmux octuol

oztbtude fos heen keosuxed.

Os nm test con keosuxe oll oszects mi o zexsmn‒s bntellbaence, tfe

ZSOT-SOT keosuxes tfmse s`blls deeked kmst cxbtbcol tm o ne cmlleae

student. Tfen oaobn, bi onr odkbssbmn test, nm kottex fm cleyexlr

ossekhles, bs bnfexentlr bnodequote, fr zeximxk tfbs trze mi testbna

ot oll= Tfbs bs o questbmn zmsed hr eyexr student fm sees tfe

ZSOT-SOT lmmkbna ofeod mi fbk-fex. Neyextfeless, tfe onsex tm tfbs

questbmn bs qubte sbkzle, ond qubte xeosmnohle0 tm koè scfmml

occeztonce o kmxe iobx evzexbence, hr evzondbna tfe hosbs ozzxmyol

hermnd rmux axodes.

Rmux ZSOT-SOT scmxe bs mne mi tfe kmst cxbtbcol elekents tm rmux

quolbibcotbmn imx axoduote scfmml, sm bt bs notuxollr kucf tmm bkzmxtont

imx rmu tm toè tfbs test unzxezoxed. Tfe fbafex rmux ZSOT-SOT scmxe,

tfe hettex rmux cfonces mi odkbssbmn bll he imx o xeszected,

cmkzetbtbye zxmaxok.

5




Qfble dbiiexent zxmaxoks ossban o dbiiexent ebaft mx bkzmxtonce tm

rmux ZSOT-SOT scmxes, bt bs soie tm ossuke tfot rmux ZSOT-SOT bll he

o kogmx detexkbnbna ioctmx fen bt cmkes tm tfe ibnol odkbssbmn

decbsbmn kode hr eocf scfmml tm fbcf rmu‒ye ozzlbed.

Coxeiul zxezoxotbmn, os descxbhed bn tfbs evzext aubde, olmna btf foxd

mx`, bll dxokotbcollr enfonce rmux zxmhohblbtr mi success. Bn ioct, bt

bs bse tm ozzlr tfbs zfblmsmzfr nmt mnlr tm rmux scfmml ozzlbcotbmns,

hut tm mtfex elekents mi rmux lbie os ell, tm xobse rmu ohmye tfe

cmkzetbtbmn. Rmux ZSOT-SOT scmxe bs mne mi tfe oxeos bn tfe odkbssbmn

zxmcess myex fbcf rmu foye o suhstontbol okmunt mi cmntxml0 tfbs

mzzmxtunbtr sfmuld nmt he toèn lbaftlr. Fence, o xotbmnol, zxezoxed

ozzxmocf tm rmux ZSOT-SOT test os ell os tfe xest mi tfe odkbssbmn

zxmcess bll cmntxbhute cmnsbdexohlr tm tfe lbèlbfmmd mi occeztonce.

@eez bn kbnd, tfot oltfmuaf bt bs zmssbhle tm toè o ZSOT-SOT test

kmxe tfon mnce, rmu sfmuld neyex toè tfe test os on “evzexbkent‛

gust tm see fm ell rmu dm. Bt bs mi evtxeke bkzmxtonce tfot rmu

olors he zxezoxed tm dm rmux hest fen to`bna tfe ZSOT-SOT.

9




Test bna ond On o lrs bs

Bt mn‒t toè rmu lmna tm dbscmyex tfot tfe ZSOT-SOT bs unlbè onr test

rmu‒ye toèn heimxe, ond bt bs zxmhohlr unlbè onr test rmu bll eyex

toè oaobn bn rmux ocodekbc coxeex. Tfe trzbcol fbaf scfmml mx cmlleae

test bs o `nmledaehosed test. Tfe ZSOT-SOT, fmeyex, bs s`blls

hosed.

Qfot dmes tfbs keon tm rmu= Bt keons tfot rmu‒ll foye tm zxezoxe

rmuxseli bn o cmkzletelr dbiiexent or/ Rmu mn‒t sbkzlr he xecbtbna

kekmxbwed iocts os tfer exe zfxosed bn smke tevthmm`.

Tfe ZSOT-SOT xequbxes rmu tm tfbn` bn o tfmxmuaf, qubc` ond stxoteabc

konnex…ond stbll he occuxote, lmabcol ond bse.

Tfbs test bs desbaned tm gudae rmux xbtbna, yexhol ond kotfekotbcol

ohblbtr bn tfe ors tfot scfmmls ieel bs ybtol tm tfe success mi ibxst reox

students.

Tm smke evtent, rmu foye olxeodr axoduollr mhtobned tfese ohblbtbes

myex tfe lenatf mi rmux ocodekbc coxeex. Fmeyex, fot rmu zxmhohlr

foye nmt ret hecmke iokblbox btf bs tfe cozohblbtr tm use tfese

ohblbtbes imx tfe zuxzmse mi kovbkbwbna zeximxkonce btfbn tfe cmkzlev

ond zxmimund enybxmnkent mi o stondoxdbwed, s`bllshosed evokbnotbmn.

Tfexe oxe dbiiexent stxoteabes, kbndsets ond zexszectbyes tfot rmu bll

he xequbxed tm ozzlr tfxmuafmut tfe ZSOT-SOT. Rmu‒ll need tm he

zxezoxed tm use rmux fmle hxobn os iox os tfbn`bna ond ossesskent bs

cmncexned, ond rmu‒ll need tm dm tfbs bn o tbkelr konnex. Tfbs bs nmt

1




smketfbna rmu con leoxn ixmk to`bna o cmuxse mx xeodbna o hmm`, hut bt

bs smketfbna rmu con deyelmz tfxmuaf zxoctbce ond cmncentxotbmn.

Tfbs aubde zxmybdes rmu btf tfe zxmiessbmnol bnstxuctbmn rmu xequbxe

imx undexstondbna tfe txodbtbmnol ZSOT-SOT test. Cmyexed oxe oll

oszects mi tfe test ond zxezoxotbmn zxmceduxes tfot rmu bll xequbxe

tfxmuafmut tfe zxmcess. Uzmn cmkzletbmn mi tfbs aubde, rmu‒ll foye tfe

cmnibdence ond `nmledae rmu need imx kovbkbwbna rmux zeximxkonce

mn rmux ZSOT-SOT.

6




B n t x m d u ct b m n t m t f e ZSO T

Tfe zuxzmse mi tfe ZSOT-SOT bs tm estohlbsf o stondoxd ketfmd mi

keosuxekent imx tfe s`blls tfot foye heen ocqubxed hr scfmml

ozzlbconts. Tfese s`blls oxe cmnsbdexed cxbtbcol tm scfmmls imx o ibxst

reox student tm he ohle tm succeed.

Imxtunotelr, tfe ZSOT-SOT dmes nmt cfonae yexr dxokotbcollr ixmk

reox tm reox. Qfot tfbs keons tm rmu, bs tfot bt fos hecmke zmssbhle

imx quolbtr zxoctbce tests tm he zxmduced, ond bi rmu sfmuld toè

enmuaf mi tfese tests, bn oddbtbmn tm leoxnbna tfe cmxxect stxoteabes,

rmu bll he ohle tm zxezoxe imx tfe test bn on eiiectbye konnex.

2




Tfe ZSOT Scmx bn a Scole

ZSOT-SOT scmxbna bs nmt foxd tm cmkzxefend fen bt bs zxmzexlr

evzlobned.

Tfexe bs nm “zossbna‛ scmxe tm tfe ZSOT-SOT, hut rmu bll need tm

`nm fot tfe cut mii oyexoae scmxe bs imx tfe scfmmls tm fbcf rmu‒xe

lmm`bna tm ozzlr. Imx tfbs bnimxkotbmn, cfec` tfebx ehsbte, mx coll, ond

tfer‒ll tell rmu tfe oyexoae scmxe mi students fm oxe occezted.

Eocf scfmml fos o dbiiexent zmlbcr imx ebafbna ZSOT-SOT scmxes btf

rmux AZO. Tfe kogmxbtr mi scfmmls bll ebaf rmux ZSOT-SOT scmxe

kmxe feoyblr tfon rmux AZO. Bn ioct, smke scfmmls bll ebaf rmux

ZSOT-SOT ot 1:% ond rmux AZO ot 3:%, fbcf keons tfot tfbs mne

evokbnotbmn bs mxtf kmxe tfon rmux 4 reoxs mi undexaxoduote mx`.

Bt‒s uz tm rmu tm lmm` bntm tfe scfmmls tm fbcf rmu‒ll he ozzlrbna, sm

tfot rmu‒ll foye tfbs bnimxkotbmn, ond `nm tfe evoct yolue mi rmux

ZSOT-SOT. Konr scfmmls bll koè tfebx colculotbmn stxuctuxe imx tfe

cmkhbnotbmn mi ZSOT-SOT ond AZO oyoblohle tm tfe zuhlbc.

@nmbna tfbs bnimxkotbmn heimxe rmu entex tfe ZSOT-SOT evokbnotbmn

keons tfot rmu `nm evoctlr fot rmu‒xe iocbna tfot dor. Rmu bll

foye o xeolbstbc zexceztbmn mi tfe mxtf mi tfe test, ond rmu bll foye

tfe zxmzex kmtbyotbmn tm iullr ozzlr rmuxseli tm xeocf rmux kovbkuk

zmtentbol.

?:




Rmu‒ll olsm he ohle tm xeolbstbcollr gudae tfe trze mi scfmml tm fbcf rmu

sfmuld he ozzlrbna, ond rmu con hettex set mut rmux iutuxe zlons bn

rmux kbnd.

??




Kotfek ot bcs Tes t

Tm bdentbir tfe s`blls tfot need evtxo mx`, cmkzlete o zxoctbce ZSOT

test tfot abyes oddbtbmnol bnimxkotbmn, ond foye o lmm` ot tfe s`bll

xezmxt tfot bs zxmduced hr rmux sokzle ZSOT. Mx, cmkzlete o zxoctbce

test ond lmm` imx rmuxseli ot tfe oxeos fexe rmu evcelled, ond tfe

oxeos fexe stxuaale os ozzoxent.

Rmux “cxbtbcol‛ kotf s`blls bll he bn tfe oxeos fexe rmu foye kode tfe

kmst xmna onsexs mn rmux zxoctbce ZSOT. Tfmse bll he tfe kotf

s`blls tfot bll hest felz rmux scmxe bn tfe sfmxtest zexbmd mi tbke, bi

rmu konoae tm zxoctbce ond hettex tfese s`blls. Tfbs bs tfe oxeo bn

fbcf rmu con kovbkbwe rmux scmxe bncxeose zmtentbol.

Tm kostex rmux cxbtbcol kotf s`blls, tfexe oxe cextobn stezs rmu kor

toè7

r Xeod myex tfe s`bll lessmn bn tfbs hmm`, yexr coxeiullr

r Ibnd smke zxoctbce ZSOT tests ond mx` szecbibcollr mn tfe

questbmns tfot test rmux cxbtbcol kotf s`blls, zxoctbcbna tfe ne s`blls

tfot rmu foye leoxned bn tfxmuaf rmux xeybe.

r Use tevthmm`s imx bncxeosed detobl, ossbstonce, ond questbmn

evokzles imx tfe oxeos bn fbcf rmu oxe stxuaalbna tfe kmst.

r Zxoctbce, zxoctbce, zxoctbce/

Tfe hest or tm aet tm leoxn rmux kotf s`blls bs tm xefeoxse tfek btf

os konr ne sokzle questbmns os rmu con aet rmux fonds mn. Tfe

questbmns rmu dm, tfe kmxe rmu bll hecmke iokblbox ond cmkimxtohle

?8




btf tfot trze mi questbmn, sm tfot rmu con kmye mn ond cmncentxote

mn mtfex oxeos imx zexiectbmn.

Kotfek ot bco l Xeosmn bna

Tfexe oxe tm dbiiexent kotfekotbcs sectbmns bn tfe ZSOT, eocf

cmntobnbna o dbiiexent `bnd mi questbmn. Tfese oxe7

r Stondoxd KultbzleCfmbce

r Fondcolculoted xeszmnses &btf Axbdbns"

Qbtfbn eocf sectbmn, tfe questbmns hecmke bncxeosbnalr dbiibcult os rmu

zxmceed. Tfexeimxe, tfe ibxst ie questbmns bll olors he kucf eosbex

tm smlye tfon tfe lost ie questbmns bll he.

Tm abye rmu on bdeo os tm tfe trzes mi questbmns zxesented, zleose

cmnsbdex tfe imllmbna evokzles7

Stondoxd Kul t bz le +Cfmbce

Stondoxd kultbzlecfmbce questbmns oxe kode uz mi ebtfex mxd

zxmhleks, olaehxobc konbzulotbmns, mx aemketxr. Fexe bs o sokzle mi o

mxd zxmhlek7

B i mnesbvt f mi oll iekole students ot Zxbncetmn lbè cfbzs, ond mne tf bxd mi Zxbncetmn‒s kole students foye nocfms. Tfexeimxe, fot

ixoctbmn mi tfe entbxe student zmzulotbmn lbès cfbzs=

O. ?-2

?3




H. ?-3

C. 5-?6

D. ?:-?6

E. Bt connmt he detexkbned ixmk tfe abyen bnimxkotbmn

&Nmte7 tfe onsex muld he E"

Fond+co lcu lo ted xeszmnses &q b tf Ax bd + bn s "

Tfese questbmns oxe sbkblox tm tfe Stondoxd Kultbzle Cfmbce _uestbmns.

Tfe dbiiexence bs tfot rmu ocqubxe tfe onsex ond entex bt dbxectlr mn

tfe axbd. Tfese zxmhleks oxe nmt dbiibcult tm smlye, ond os rmu hecmke

iokblbox btf tfek, tfer dm hecmke eosbex. Hosbcollr oll rmu need tm

`nm bs fm tm entex rmux onsexs mntm tfe axbd.

?4




Sm fexe oxe tfe xules. Eocf cmlukn xezxesents o dbabt ixmk rmux

onsex, ond eocf cmlukn fos o szecbibc zuxzmse &os mutlbned bn tfe

ibauxe ohmye".

Olsm, os hmtf decbkols ond ixoctbmns oxe occeztohle, rmu dmn‒t foye tm

mxxr ohmut tfe imxkot mi rmux onsex. Imx evokzle, tfe scmxbna

kocfbne bll occezt hmtf :.5 ond », sm ieel ixee tm entex fbcfeyex

imxkot bs kmst cmkimxtohle tm rmu.

Fmeyex, tfe axbd kocfbne dmesn‒t undexstond kbved nukhexs, sm bi

rmux onsex bs 8 » tfen rmu‒ll ebtfex foye tm kox` bt os 5-8 mx 8.5.

Os tfe axbd dmes nmt occezt neaotbye onsexs, rmu `nm tfot nmne mi

tfe onsexs bll he neaotbyes.

Sm sfmuld rmux onsexs he7

?" 5-?9 ond 8" 5.9

Rmu bll zxmzexlr kox` tfek bn bn tfe imllmbna or7

?5




?9




_uest bmn Trzes

Tfe test bs yexr cmnsbstent btf tfe trze mi kotfekotbcs questbmns tfot

bt uses, reox oitex reox. Tfe imllmbna oxe tfe trzes mi kotfekotbcolquestbmns tfot rmu oxe lbèlr tm encmuntex7

r Oxbtfketbc

r Dbybsbhblbtr

r Kultbzlbcotbmn

r Oddbtbmn

r

Suhtxoctbmnr Eyens ond Mdds

r Zxbke Nukhexs

r Zexcents

r Squoxe mi o Nukhex

r Evzmnents

r Xmmts

r Oyexoaes

O x b t f k e t b c

Oxbtfketbc s`blls xeiex tm tfe questbmns tfot con he smlyed hr usbna

oddbtbmn, suhtxoctbmn, kultbzlbcotbmn ond-mx dbybsbmn.

Sbnce colculotmxs oxe zexkbtted bn tfe test, tfe questbmns bll mhybmuslr

nmt he zuxelr oxbtfketbc tfer‒xe nmt mut tm keosuxe rmux ohblbtr btf

o colculotmx. Sm bn tfbs strle mi questbmn, rmu‒ll need tm xecoll rmux

mxdex mi mzexotbmns . O ammd txbc` tm xecoll rmux mxdex mi mzexotbmns bs

?1




“Zleose Evcuse Kr Deox Ount Sollr‛…heimxe rmu sor “fuf=‛ xecmanbwe

tfe ibxst lettexs bn tfbs zfxose7

r Qmx` btfbn Zoxentfesbs

r Sbkzlbir Evzmnents

r Kultbzlbcotbmn ond D bybsbmn

r Oddbtbmn ond Suhtxoctbmn

Tfe kogmxbtr mi oxbtfketbc questbmns bll xequbxe rmu tm toè kultbzle

stezs, ond bll lbèlr test mtfex s`blls os ell, bnsteod mi hebna zuxelr

oxbtfketbc. Miten, tfe questbmns bll he zxesented bn tfe imxk mi mxd

zxmhleks, fexe rmu bll need tm decbde fen tm odd, suhtxoct,

kultbzlr ond dbybde.

Imx evokzle7

Fm konr eaa coxtmns oxe needed tm fmld 3:: eaas, bi eocf coxtmn

con fmld mne dmwen &? dmwen ; ?8"

O. ?5

H. ?6

C. 88

D. 85

E. 86

Nmte7 tfe onsex bs 85

Dby bs bh b l b t r

?6




Tfe ioctmxs mi bnteaex V oxe tfe bnteaexs hr fbcf V con he dbybded

btfmut leoybna o xekobndex. Tfus, V bs dbybsbhle hr bts ioctmxs.

Imx evokzle7

Tfe nukhex ?: bs dbybsbhle hr hmtf 5 ond 8. ?: con he dbybded hr hmtf

mi tfese bnteaexs btfmut leoybna o xekobndex.

Tm xeybe tfe xules mi dbybsbhblbtr, foye o lmm` ot tfe imllmbna7

?. Nukhexs dbybsbhle hr 8 end bn eyen nukhexs.

8. Nukhexs dbybsbhle hr 3 con he detexkbned hr oddbna tfe suk mi

tfebx dbabts ond cfec`bna bi tfot nukhex bs dbybsbhle hr 3 &imx evokzle

tfe nukhex ?837 ?+8+3;9, 9 bs dbybsbhle hr 3 btf nm xekobndex".

3. Nukhexs dbybsbhle hr 4 con he bdentbibed bi tfebx lost tm dbabts bll

dbybde hr 4 btfmut o xekobndex &imx evokzle, tfe nukhex 9847 tfe

lost tm dbabts oxe 84, fbcf oxe dbybsbhle hr 4 btf nm xekobndex".

4. Nukhexs dbybsbhle hr 5 end mnlr bn 5 mx :.

5. Nukhexs dbybsbhle hr 2 mccux fen tfe suk mi bts tfebx dbabts oxe

dbybsbhle hr 2 &imx evokzle, tfe nukhex 9327 9+3+2 ; ?6, fbcf bs

dbybsbhle hr 2".

9. O nukhex bs mnlr dbybsbhle hr ?: bi bt ends bn :

Tfe imllmbna bs on evokzle mi o dbybsbhblbtr questbmn7

Qfbcf mi tfe imllmbna bnteaexs dbybdes bntm hmtf 8:: ond ?5:=

?2




O. 3

H. 1

C. 3:

D. 5:

E. 3::

Nmte7 Tfe cmxxect onsex bs &D"

Kul t bz l b co t bmn

Tfe imllmbna oxe o ie sbkzle xules tm èez rmux kultbzlbcotbmns mntxoc`7

Zmsbtbye v Zmsbtbye ; Zmsbtbye

Neaotbye v Neaotbye ; Zmsbtbye

Neaotbye v Zmsbtbye ; Neaotbye

Odd b t b mn

Fexe oxe smke xules tm he cextobn tfot tfexe oxe nm slbzs fble dmbna

oddbtbmn7

Zmsbtbye + Zmsbtbye ; Zmsbtbye

Neaotbye + Neaotbye ; Neaotbye

Neaotbye + Zmsbtbye ; ebtfex zmsbtbye mx neaotbye &rmu kust use tfe

ohsmlute yolue mi hmtf7 suhtxoct tfe skollex ixmk tfe loxaex ond èez

tfe sban mi fbcfeyex ohsmlute yolue os loxaex"

8:




Suht xoc t bmn

Tfe deibnbtbmn mi suhtxoctbmn bs7 O H ; O + &H"

O kbnus H bs tfe soke os O zlus &tfe mzzmsbte mi H"

V > :, keons tfot V bs o zmsbtbye nukhex

V < :, keons tfot V bs o neaotbye nukhex

&O H" ; O + H ; H O

&V"8

; V8

Bi V :, V8 > :

Bi, mn tfe nukhex lbne, mne nukhex mccuxs tm tfe leit mi onmtfex

nukhex, tfe nukhex mn tfe leit bs tfe skollest nukhex.

Tfexeimxe, fen studrbna tfe lbne ohmye, rmu bll `nm tfot V < R ond

R < W.

Imx evokzle7

Use tfe nukhex lbne tm koè cmnclusbmns btf xeaoxds tm fetfex eocf

nukhex bs zmsbtbye mx neaotbye.

8?




Bn tfbs sbtuotbmn, rmu bll foye on eosbex tbke bi rmu bkzlekent szecbibc

nukhexs tm ibt tfe zxmhlek. Imx evokzle, let V ; 1, R ; 8, ond W ;

3. He cextobn tm utblbwe smke neaotbye nukhexs fble suhstbtutbna.

Tfe imllmbna bs on evokzle mi o suhtxoctbmn questbmn7

R V

Smlutbmn7 Zmsbtbye R bs axeotex tfon V.

8 &1" ; 8 + 1 ; 5

Eyens on d Mdds

On eyen nukhex bs onr mxd tfot bs dbybsbhle hr 87 nukhexs tfot oxe

btfbn tfe set p…9, 4, 8, :, 8, 4, 9,…{. Xekekhex, tfmuaf, tfot on

eyen nukhex bs dbybsbhle hr 8 ond nmt foye onr xekobndex. @eez bn

kbnd olsm tfot : bs on eyen nukhex. Cmnsecutbye eyen nukhexs oxe oll

lmcoted 8 unbts ozoxt. Imx evokzle, bi v bs on eyen nukhex, tfen tfe

nevt cmnsecutbye eyen nukhex muld he xezxesented os V + 8.

Mdd nukhexs, mn tfe mtfex fond, oxe nukhexs btfbn tfe set p…5, 3,

?, ?, 3, 5,…{.

88




Tfe imllmbna cfoxts dekmnstxote tfe zxmzextbes mi mdd ond eyen

nukhexs. Tm cfec` tfe zxmzextr mi o nukhex, rmu con sbkzlr

suhstbtute tfe ozzxmzxbote nukhexs.

Zxmzext bes mi mdd ond eyen nuk hexs btf Oddbtbmn

Zxmzex tr Evokz le

Eyen + Eyen ; Eyen 8 + 6 ; ?:

Mdd + Mdd ; Eyen 3 + 2 ; ?8

Mdd + Eyen ; Mdd 3 + 6 ; ??

Zxmzext bes mi mdd ond eyen nuk hexs btf Oddbtbmn

Zxmzex tr Evokz le

Eyen v Eyen ; Eyen 4 v 9 ; 84

Eyen v Mdd ; Eyen 4 v 5 ; 8:

Mdd v Mdd ; Mdd 3 v 2 ; 81

Cmnsbdex tfe imllmbna evokzle7

Bi X bs on mdd bnteaex, fot oxe tfe nevt tm cmnsecutbye mdd bnteaexs=

O" T ond Y

H" X ond X+?

C" X+? ond X+8

D" X+8 ond X+4

E" X+? ond X+3

Nmte7 tfe cmxxect onsex bs &D"

83




Fexe‒s onmtfex evokzle7

Bi v bs on mdd bnteaex ond r bs on eyen bnteaex, tell fetfex eocf

evzxessbmn bs mdd mx eyen.

O. v8

H. vr

C. r8

D. v + r

E. 8v + r

Nmte &O" bs mdd. &H" bs eyen. &C" bs eyen. &D" bs mdd, ond &E" bs eyen.

Zx bk e Nuk hexs

O zxbke nukhex bs deibned os on bnteaex tfot bs axeotex tfon ?, ond

fos mnlr tm zmsbtbye ioctmxs, ? ond btseli.

Imx evokzle, 1 bs o zxbke nukhex, os bts mnlr ioctmxs oxe ? ond 1.

Fmeyex, 9 bs nmt o zxbke nukhex, hecouse bts ioctmxs oxe ?, 8, 3, 9

Tfe ibxst ten zxbke nukhexs oxe7 8, 3, 5, 1, ??, ?3, ?1, ?2, 83, 82

Nmte, tfmuaf tfot ? bs nmt o zxbke nukhex, ond hmtf tfe skollest ond

tfe mnlr eyen zxbke nukhex bs 8.

Zxbke ioctmxbwotbmn bs tfe zxmcess hr fbcf rmu evzxess o nukhex os o

xesult mi mnlr zxbke nukhexs.

84




Imx evokzle7

Tm cxeote tfe zxbke ioctmxbwotbmn mi 84, rmu‒d xezxesent bt os7

8 v 8 v 8 v 3 mx 83 Ñ 3

Tm cxeote tfe zxbke ioctmxbwotbmn mi ?5, rmu‒d xezxesent bt os7

5 v 3

On evokzle mi o ioctmx questbmn bs7

B i vr ; ?3 ond hmtf v ond r oxe zmsbtbye bnteaexs, tfen fot bs tfe suk

mi v + r=

O. ?3

H. ?4

C. ?9

D. 8:

E. 89

Nmte7 tfe onsex bs H

Fexe bs onmtfex evokzle7

Qfot bs tfe suk mi t fe ibxst 5 zxbke nuk hexs=

O. ?6

H. 86

C. 3:

D. 34

85




E. 36

Nmte7 Tfe ibxst ibye zxbke nukhexs oxe 8, 3, 5, 1, ?? ond tfebx suk bs

86. Tfe onsex bs H.

Zexcents

Tfe mxd zexcent keons “fundxedtfs‛ mx o nukhex fbcf bs dbybded hr

?::. Cmnyextbna o nukhex bntm o zexcentoae bnymlyes kultbzlrbna tfe

nukhex hr ?::.

O zexcent con he detexkbned hr zeximxkbna tfe dbybsbmn mi tfe zoxt hr

tfe tmtol ond kultbzlrbna bt hr ?::7

Zexcent ; Zoxt v ?::

Tmtol

Imx evokzle, bi Qendr kbssed ?8 mut mi 6: evokbnotbmn questbmns,fot bs tfe zexcent mi questbmns sfe kbssed=

Zexcent ; kbssed questbmns v ?:: ; ?8-6: v ?:: ; :.?5 v ?:: ;

?5%

Tmtol

Tfe zfxose “V bs N zexcent mi R‛ con olsm he xbtten kotfekotbcollr os

V ; N v R

?::

89




Tfe mxd “bs‛ keons equol &;", fble tfe mxd “mi‛ keons “kultbzlr‛

Fmeyex, heimxe kultbzlrbna, rmu kust cfonae o zexcent bntm o

decbkol mx ixoctbmnol imxkot.

Imx evokzle7

5 bs 8:% mi 85, keons 5 ; :.8: v 85

Tm cfonae tfe ixoctbmn bntm tfe zexcent, rmu kust ibxst cfonae tfe

ixoctbmn bntm o decbkol, ond tfen kultbzlr hr ?:: &mx kmye tfe decbkol

zmbnt hr 8 zloces tm tfe xbaft"

Imx evokzle7

Cfonae tfe ixoctbmn ?-5 bntm o zexcent.

Ibxst, cfonae tfe ixoctbmn ?-5 bntm tfe decbkol :.8, ond kultbzlr hr ?::

&kmye tfe decbkol 8 zloces tm tfe xbaft". Tfexeimxe7

?-5 v ?:: ; 8:%

Tfe imllmbna tohle zxmybdes tfe cmkkmn zexcentoaes tfot rmu bll use

mn o xeaulox hosbs, ond kor bsf tm kekmxbwe.

Ixoct bmn Dec bkol Zexcent

?-?:: :.:? ?%

?-?: :.? ?:%

?-1 :.?48651? ?4.3%

81




?-9 :.?9999... ?9.9% mx ?9.1%

?-5 :.8 8:%

?-4 :.85 85%

?-3 :.33 33.3% ?-8 :.5 5:%

3-5 :.9 9:%

? ?.: ?::%

3-8 ?.5 ?5:%

Zleose nmte tfot nukhexs myex ? ocfbeye zexcentoaes tfot oxe axeotex

tfon ?::%


Qfot bs 8:% mi 5:=

O. 5

H. 6

C. ?:

D. ?8

E. ?5

Nmte7 tfe onsex bs C

Tm smlye tfbs questbmn, rmu kust xexbte bt os on olaehxobc questbmn.

Tfexeimxe, let v xezxesent tfe un`nmn nukhex.

86




V ; :.8: v 5:

@eez bn kbnd tfot tm cfonae tfe zexcent tm o decbkol, ond tfot tfe

mxd “mi‛ keons tfot rmu sfmuld kultbzlr.

V ; ?:

Fexe bs onmtfex evokzle7

5 bs fot zexcent mi 8=

O. 8.5%

H. 85%

C. ?::%

D. 85:%

E. 5::%

Xexbte tfbs os on olaehxobc equotbmn. 5 ; n Ñ 8

Smlye imx n ond xekekhex tm cfonae tfe onsex tm o zexcent.

n ; 5-8 ; 8.5 ; 85:%

Tfexeimxe, tfe onsex bs &D"

Squoxe m i o Nuk hex

Squoxbna o nukhex keons tm kultbzlr tfot nukhex hr btseli.

Tfe nmtotbmn imx squoxbna o nukhex &v" bs os imllms7 v8

82




Qfen squoxbna on bnteaex, tfe xesult mhtobned bs colled o zexiect

squoxe.

Qfen zxezoxbna imx tfe test, koè suxe tfot rmu oxe iullr cozohle mi

undexstondbna ond xezxmducbna tfe imllmbna tohle, os ell os

xecmanbwbna tfe nukhexs tfot oxe zexiect squoxes ond zexiect cuhes.

n n 8 n 3 & n > : " n 3 & n < : "

? ? ? ?

8 4 6 6 3 2 81 81

4 ?9 94 94

5 85 ?85 ?85

9 39 8?9 8?9

1 42 Rmu bll nmt

need tm `nm

onr fbafex

Rmu bll nmt

need tm `nm

onr fbafex

6 94

2 6?

?: ?::

?? ?8?

?8 ?44

Squoxed nukhexs ond szecbol zxmzextbes

r v8 > : olors, evcezt imx v ; :

r v8 > v imx v > ?

3:




r v8 < v imx : < v < ?

'bkzmxtont

r v8 ; v imx v ; ? mx :

r Tfe squoxe xmmt mi v8 equols tfe ohsmlute yolue mi v.

r Bi v8 ; r8, tfen ebtfex v ; r, mx r ; v, mx v ; r.

Tfe imllmbna bs on evokzle7

Mi tfe imllmbna nukhexs, fbcf bs o hmtf o zexiect squoxe ond o

zexiect cuhe=

O. 4

H. 6

C. 2

D. ?9

E. 94

Nmte7 tfe onsex bs &E"

Evzmnen ts

Tfe kotfekotbcol nmtotbmns imx nukhexs fbcf oxe tfe xesult mi o

nukhex tfot bs kultbzlbed hr btseli o nukhex mi tbkes bs colled

evzmnents.

Evokzles7

3?




v3 ; v Ñ v Ñ v

v5 ; v Ñ v Ñ v Ñ v Ñ v

Tfe evzxessbmn mi vn bs olsm colled tfe ntf zmex mi v. Tfe v bs tfe

hose, fble tfe n bs tfe evzmnent. Kotf questbmns bll usuollr mnlr

utblbwe bnteaxol evzmnents. v8 bs xeod os vsquoxed, ond v3 bs xeod os v

cuhed. Oll mtfexs oxe xeod os o zmex mi v. v4 bs xeod os tfe 4tf zmex

mi v.

Qfen bt cmkes tm tfe zmex mi ?:, tfexe bs o sbkzle, qubc` xule tfot

sbkzlbibes tfe zmexs mi ?:, hr xbtbna bt os ?, imllmed hr tfe nukhex

mi wexms os szecbibed hr tfe zmex.

Evokzles7 ?:5 ; ? imllmed hr 5 wexms. ?::::: ; ?::,:::.

On evokzle rmu kor ibnd bs7

Xezxesent 38,459 tm tfe zmex mi ?: .

Tfe smlutbmn muld he os imllms7

38,459 ; 3 Ñ ?:4 + 8 Ñ ?:3 + 4 Ñ ?:8 + 5 Ñ ?:? + 9 Ñ ?::


Smlye imx v7 &v 3"8 ; 42.

38




Rmu cmuld use olaehxo ond toè tfe squoxe xmmt mi hmtf sbdes mx sbnce

42 bs o zexiect squoxe rmu cmuld auess bnteaexs imx v. Gust xekekhex v

3 kust he zmsbtbye mx neaotbye.

Bi rmu txr auessbna, tfe bnteaexs ?: ond 4 mx`. Tm aet on olaehxo

smlutbmn, dm tfe imllmbna7

&v 3"8 ; 42

v 3 ; 1 mx v 3 ; 1

v ; ?: mx v ; 4

Bt bs rmux amol tm aet zxmhleks cmxxect qubc`lr. Smketbkes auessbna

&Auessbna bn tfbs cose keons suhstbtutbna bn nukhexs tm see fbcf

sotbsir tfe equotbmn." bs iostex tfon smlybna on equotbmn, bi rmu txobn

rmuxseli tm use tfe tecfnbque. Mi cmuxse, bi rmu connmt (see( tfe

onsexs iost enmuaf, use mtfex ozzxmocfes tm onsex tfe zxmhlek.

Xmmts

Tfe test bll xequbxe rmu tm konbzulote hmtf squoxe xmmts ond cuhe

xmmts. Smke mi tfe questbmns bll keosuxe fetfex mx nmt rmu

undexstond tfese evzxessbmns.

Rmu sfmuld xekekhex tfot nmne mi tfe imllmbna sfmuld eyex mccux7

?. Nm zexiect squoxe con he leit undexneotf o xodbcol &squoxe xmmt"sban.

8. Nm xodbcol con he btfbn tfe denmkbnotmx.

3. Nm ixoctbmns kor mccux btfbn tfe xodbcol sban.

33




Oyexoaes

Tfexe oxe tfxee hosbc cmkzmnents tfot cmkzxbse on oyexoae zxmhlek7

?. Tmtol

8. Oyexoae &olsm `nmn os o keon"

3. # mi nukhexs

Tfe oyexoae bs tfe tmtol mi elekents tfot oxe btfbn tfe set.

Tm dbscmyex tfe oyexoae, sbkzlr dbybde tfe tmtol hr tfe # mi nukhexs.

Imx evokzle7

Genno‒s lost imux t est scmxes exe 35, 59, 15, ond 86. Qfot bs tfe

oyexoae mi Genno‒s test scmxes=

O. 43H. 46.5

C. 58.5

D. 54

E. 41

Nmte7 tfe onsex bs &H".

35 + 59 + 15 + 86 ; ?24

?24 - 4 ; 46.5

Ibye tfbnas tm xekekhex fen smlybna oyexoaes7

34




?. Bi o nukhex tfot bs tfe soke os tfe oyexoae bs odded, tfe ne

oyexoae bll nmt cfonae.

8. Bi o nukhex bs odded ond bt bs less tfon tfe oyexoae, tfe oyexoae

bll decxeose.

3. Bi o nukhex bs odded ond bt bs axeotex tfon tfe oyexoae, tfeoyexoae bll bncxeose.

4. Bi o zobx mi nukhexs oxe odded, ond tfer oxe “holonced‛ mn hmtf

sbdes mi tfe oyexoae, tfe oxbtfketbc keon bs tfe kbddle yolue.

5. Tm dbscmyex tfe oyexoae heteen tm eyenlr szoced nukhexs, odd

tfe ibxst ond tfe lost texks ond dbybde tfek hr 8.

35




Cx b t bco l Xeodbn a Test

Ilr bn a Myex t fe Zossoae

O tmzbc tfot bs fmtlr dehoted okmna test to`bna cbxcles bs fetfex mx

nmt rmu sfmuld xeod tfe xeodbna zossoaes heimxe rmu xeod tfe

questbmn. Mne tfemxr bs tfot rmu con soye tbke bi rmu xeod tfe

questbmns ibxst ond tfen am hoc` ond xeod myex tfe zossoae. Onmtfex

tfemxr bs tfot rmu sfmuld xeod tfe zossoae ibxst ond tfen am bntm tfe

questbmns. Hmtf tfemxbes foye tfebx mn bndbybduol kexbt ond due tm

tfe dbiiexences bn ohblbtr ond zxeiexences okmna test toèxs, mne

ketfmd kor mx` hettex tfon onmtfex imx rmu.

Mux xecmkkended tfemxr bs tfe ilrmyex. Rmu ont tm szend smke tbke

mn tfe zossoae, ot o hoxe kbnbkuk sm tfot rmu foye o aenexol bdeo

ohmut fot tfe questbmns oxe ambna tm os` ond aet rmux kbnd bntm tfe

zxmzex kbndset imx tfe sexbes mi questbmns. Fmeyex, rmu dmn‒t ont

tm oste tmm kucf tbke mn xeodbna tfe zossoae, hecouse kucf mi tfe

detobl bll he imxamtten hr tfe tbke rmu aet tm tfe questbmns onror.

Tfexeimxe, rmu sfmuld ilr myex tfe zossoae. Rmu sfmuld xeod bt yexr

qubc`lr imx o fbafleyel myexybe &fence tfe ilrmyex" undexstondbna mi

fot bs cmntobned bn tfe zossoae.

Bn zoxt, tfbs bs o cmkzxmkbse heteen tfe tfemxbes tfot aobns kmst mi

tfe heneibts mi eocf. Rmu mn‒t oste tbke mn tfe detobls ond ret bll

foye o aenexol bdeo mi fot tfe zossoae bs ohmut ond fot tm evzect.

Cxeo t bna o Ten t o t b ye Suk k oxr

39




Oitex rmu‒ye ibnbsfed rmux ilrmyex mi tfe zossoae, toè o ie secmnds

ond cmkzmse o tentotbye kentol sukkoxr mi fot rmu‒ye gust xeod.

Txr tm smxt mut tfe detobls rmu zbcèd uz mn ond oxxonae tfek bntm o

lmmse mxaonbwotbmnol zottexn tfot descxbhes tfe zossoae. Xekekhex

tfot rmux amol bn tfe ilrmyex bs nmt tm cfec` bt mii mi o testto`bna lbst mi

tfbnas tm dm. Rmu ont tfexe tm he smke zuxzmse hefbnd tfe ilrmyex

ond foybna tfe deibnbte amol mi hebna ohle tm zut tmaetfex o hxbei

kentol sukkoxr bll ollm rmu tm kobntobn smke imcus ond aobn

heneibt ixmk tfe ilrmyex – os mzzmsed tm gust s`bkkbna bt imx tfe soè

mi s`bkkbna bt btfmut octuollr zbc`bna uz mn onrtfbna.

Os rmu heabn ambna tfxmuaf tfe questbmns ond onsex cfmbces, bi rmu

aet ammd enmuaf ot zuttbna tmaetfex rmux kentol sukkoxbes ixmk

zxoctbce, rmu sfmuld he ohle tm elbkbnote o nukhex mi onsex cfmbces

tfot oxe bkkedbotelr cmntxoxr tm rmux sukkoxr. Nmte, fmeyex tfot bi

rmu ibnd rmuxseli btfmut onr ammd onsex cfmbces xekobnbna &hecouse

rmu‒ye elbkbnoted tfek oll" rmu mhybmuslr fod tm foye elbkbnoted tfe

xbaft onsex cfmbce. Dmn‒t fesbtote tm xemzen on onsex cfmbce tfot

rmu‒ye olxeodr “elbkbnoted‛ ixmk cmnsbdexotbmn ond xecmnsbdex bt os o

zmssbhblbtr. Bi rmu tfbn` on onsex cfmbce cmntxodbcts rmux bnbtbol

sukkoxr, rmu‒xe zxmhohlr xbaft, hut oxe nmt bniollbhle.

Mzenbn as ond End b nas

O kobn imcus mi tfbs ilrmyex bll he tfe mzenbna ond endbna sentencesbn eocf zoxoaxozf. Tfese oxe lbèlr tm cmntobn tfe kobn bdeos mi tfe

zoxoaxozfs ond sfmuld he kentollr toaaed imx iutuxe xeiexence. Txr tm

xekekhex o yoaue bdeo mi fot tfe dbiiexent zoxoaxozfs oxe ohmut,

hecouse tfbs bll soye rmu tbke fen onsexbna questbmns lotex.

31




Imx tfe kmst zoxt, koè suxe rmu neyex txr tm gust onsex tfe

questbmns ixmk tfbs ibxst ilrmyex. Olors txr tm am hoc` ond cmnibxk

tfe onsex, os rmux kekmxr bll zlor txbc`s mn rmu ond tfe xbtexs mi

tfe test questbmns kor delbhexotelr foye zlonted o txoz imx rmu –

xekekhex tfot tfer dmn‒t evoctlr foye rmux hest bntexests ot feoxt.

Ev t x o n em u s B n i m x k o t b m n

Smke onsex cfmbces bll seek tm ibt bn ond onsex tfe questbmn hebna

osèd. Tfer kbaft eyen he ioctuollr cmxxect. Eyexrtfbna seeks tmcfec` mut, sm fot cmuld zmssbhlr he xmna=

Dmes tfe onsex cfmbce octuollr kotcf tfe zossoae, mx bs bt hosed mn

evtxonemus bnimxkotbmn nmt eyen cmntobned bn tfe zossoae. Gust

hecouse on onsex cfmbce seeks xbaft, dmn‒t ossuke tfot rmu

myexlmmèd bnimxkotbmn fble xeodbna tfe zossoae. Olors txr tm am

hoc` ond ibnd tfe suzzmxt imx tfe onsex cfmbce bn tfe zossoae. Rmuxkbnd con eosblr zlor txbc`s mn rmu ond koè rmu tfbn` tfot rmu xeod

smketfbna mx tfot rmu myexlmmèd o zfxose.

Unless rmu oxe hefbnd mn tbke, olors am hoc` tm tfe zossoae ond

koè suxe tfot tfe onsex cfmbce “cfec`s mut.‛

Usbna @b t cfen Lma bc

Qfen o questbmn os`s tfe test toèx tm bdentbir o kobn bdeo, rmu

sfmuld ibxst imcus mn tfe mzenbna ond endbna sentences mi tfe zossoae

36




ond eocf bndbybduol zoxoaxozf. Bi rmu con‒t ibnd tfe kobn bdeo ixmk

tfese èr sentences, tfen os` rmuxseli fm rmu muld descxbhe tfe

zossoae tm smkemne fm fod neyex xeod bt. Qfbcf mxds ond zfxoses

muld rmu use tm evzlobn tfe zxbncbzle bdeos mi tfe zossoae=

Tfbs bs colled “@btcfen Lmabc‛ fen rmu evzlobn smketfbna tfe or

rmu muld bi rmu exe tol`bna tm rmux ixbends ond iokblr, fble sbttbna

ot rmux `btcfen tohle. Sm, fen ioced btf bdentbirbna tfe kobn bdeo mi

o dbiibcult zossoae, koè bt eosbex mn rmuxseli hr hoc`bna oor ixmk

tfe zossoae ond tfbn`bna ohmut bt bn texks mi usbna eosr “`btcfen

lmabc‛.

Aet t b na b n tm t fe Ou tfm x ‒ s K bnd

O nukhex mi questbmns hecmke kucf eosbex fen rmu zloce rmuxseli

bntm tfe kbnd mi tfe outfmx mi tfe zossoae. Os` rmuxseli o ie

dbiiexent questbmns7

“Qfr dbd tfe outfmx xbte tfbs zossoae=‛

“Qfot os tfe outfmx txrbna tm sor=‛

Qfot onale bs tfe outfmx to`bna=‛

“Qfot bs tfe sbnale kmst bkzmxtont zmbnt tfe outfmx bs txrbna tm

koè=‛

Zut rmuxseli bn tfe sfmes mi tfe outfmx ond bkoabne tfot rmu xmte tfezossoae ond txr tm bdentbir fot rmu exe txrbna tm descxbhe ond fm

rmu exe txrbna tm descxbhe bt. Bi rmu toè mn tfe mzbnbmns ond bdeos

evzxessed hr tfe outfmx os rmux mn, tfen bt hecmkes eosbex tm

onsex questbmns tfot muld he eosr imx tfe outfmx tm onsex.

32




Ek mt bmno l Qmxds

Eocf questbmn bll he ohmut o dbiiexent onale mi tfe zossoae. Imxquestbmns os`bna ohmut tfe outfmx‒s ekmtbmns, ibnd mxds bn tfe

zossoae tfot oxe odgectbyes descxbhbna ekmtbmns.

Sm, bi o questbmn os`s fot smxt mi ottbtude on outfmx fod tmoxds tfe

zossoae mx suhgect, tfen lmm` tfxmuafmut tfe zossoae imx ottbtude

mxds tfot kbaft cmnyer o zmsbtbye mx neaotbye ottbtude. Oxe mxds

sucf os hxbllbont, evcbted, delbaftiul used, mx oxe mxds sucf osdezxessbye, almmkr, dbsozzmbntbna used=

O lmt mi questbmns cmuld he onsexed cmxxectlr sbkzlr hr ambna tfxmuaf

ond cbxclbna oll tfe odgectbyes bn o zossoae. Qbtfmut lmm`bna ot

onrtfbna else evcezt imx tfe odgectbyes bn o zossoae, kmst questbmns

ohmut ottbtude mx ekmtbmn cmuld he onsexed cmxxectlr.

Onmtfex or mi fondlbna tfese sbtuotbmns bs tm oxxonae oll mi tfe

onsex cfmbces bn o lbst ambna ixmk kmst neaotbye tm kmst zmsbtbye.

Evokzle7

_uestbmn7 Tfe outfmx‒s ottbtude mn tfbs tmzbc bs hest descxbhed os7

O. bndbanotbmn

H. eoaexnessC. bkzoxtbolbtr

D. ieox

E. cmnsent

4:




Nm oxxonae tfese bn mxdex ixmk neaotbye tm zmsbtbye7

& " bndbanotbmn, ieox, bkzoxtbolbtr, cmnsent, eoaexness &+"

Tfbs bll felz smxt mut tfe dbiiexent cfmbces ond èez rmu ixmk

myexlmm`bna on onsex cfmbce ond ko`bna on eosr kbstoè.

Ibnd bna t fe @er Qmx ds

Tfe stxotear mi ibndbna cextobn “abyeoor‛ mxds dmes nmt mnlr ozzlr

tm odgectbyes bn questbmns ohmut ekmtbmns mx ottbtude. Konr questbmns

ohmut szecbibc detobls bll foye èr mxds tfot fmld tfe “èr‛ tm ibndbnatfe xbaft zoxt mi tfe zossoae tm lmm` bn imx tfe onsex.

Xotfex tfon onsexbna hosed mn rmux kekmxr mi tfe zossoae, rmu

olors ont tm foye suzzmxt imx rmux onsex cfmbce xmmted bn o

szecbibc zoxt mi tfe zossoae. Tm aobn tfot suzzmxt, bt imllms tfot rmu

foye tm bdentbir fbcf zoxt mi tfe zossoae tm lmm` bn. Qfble xeodbna

hoc` myex tfe entbxe zossoae kor he tfe kmst immlzxmmi ketfmd mi ibndbna tfot bkzmxtont zoxt mi tfe zossoae, bt deibnbtelr bs nmt tfe kmst

tbke ecmnmkbcol ketfmd mi ibndbna tfot zoxt mi tfe zossoae.

O hettex xmute bs tm ibnd èr mxds bn tfe questbmn mx onsex cfmbces

tfot oxe lbèlr tm stond mut bn tfe zossoae ond bll enohle rmu tm

qubc`lr noxxm rmux seoxcf dmn. Tfese èr mxds bll he nmuns mx

yexhs bn tfe questbmn mx onsex cfmbces. Mnce rmu‒ye bdentbibedzmssbhle èr mxds, tfen rmu sfmuld scon tfxmuaf tfe zossoae qubc`lr

lmm`bna imx ebtfex tfmse èr mxds tm he xezeoted bn tfe zossoae, mx

tfebx srnmnrks tm ozzeox bn tfe zossoae. Mnce rmu ibnd o zoxtbculox

zoxt mi tfe zossoae tfot ebtfex fos tfe evoct èr mxd xezeoted mx o

4?






tfe zossoae. Rmu oxe lmm`bna imx fot con he bniexxed hr tfe zossoae,

nmt fot bs dbxectlr stoted bn tfe zossoae.

Ozz lr bna B deos im x Aenexo l b wo t bmns

Aenexolbwotbmn questbmns oxe sbkblox tm bniexence questbmns bn tfot rmu

foye tm am hermnd fot bs dbxectlr stoted bn tfe zossoae hr tfe

outfmx. Bt felzs tm zut rmuxseli oaobn bn tfe outfmx‒s sfmes. Bi rmu

exe tfe outfmx ond helbeyed bn fot rmu fod gust xbtten, fm muld

rmu ieel ohmut onmtfex sbkblox sbtuotbmn= Qfot muld ebtfex

stxenatfen mx eoèn rmux oxaukent. Fm muld rmu ozzlr tfebnimxkotbmn rmu foye gust evzxessed tm o cmkzletelr dbiiexent

sbtuotbmn=

Usbna Cmnt ev t Clues

Cmntevt clues oxe o yoluohle obde bn felzbna rmu undexstond dbiibcult

zfxoses mx mxds bn tfe zossoae. O nukhex mi questbmns bll os` rmu

ohmut tfe keonbna mi mxds os tfer oxe used bn o abyen zossoae.

Bi rmu olxeodr `nm tfe deibnbtbmn mi tfe mxd, mx foye smke

iokblboxbtr btf bt, o cmkkmn kbstoè bs tm am btf rmux ibxst bkzulse

ond cfmmse tfe onsex tfot rmu bkkedbotelr xecmanbwe. Fmeyex, tfe

xeosmn tfe test xbtexs kor foye cfmsen tfot zoxtbculox ymcohuloxr

mxd bs hecouse bt bs used bn on unusuol cmntevt. Tfexeimxe, xetuxn tm

tfe zossoae ond ibnd fexe tfe mxd bs used ond koè suxe tfot rmu

undexstond fm bt bs hebna used bn tfe zossoae.

43




Mnce rmu‒ye kode rmux cfmbce mi o ammd deibnbtbmn am hoc` oaobn tm

tfe zossoae ond xexeod tfot zoxtbculox sectbmn, hut kentollr xezloce

tfe onsex cfmbce rmu‒ye cfmsen imx tfe mxd hebna osèd ohmut.

Evokzle7

O zossoae stotes7 “Fe os nmtmxbmus imx ko`bna decbsbmns mn tfe szux

mi tfe kmkent…‛

_uestbmn7 Qfbcf mi tfe imllmbna mxds, bi suhstbtuted imx tfe mxd

“nmtmxbmus‛ muld bntxmduce tfe LEOST cfonae bn tfe keonbna mi tfe

sentence=

O. eybl

H. dbstuxhed

C. iokmus

D. deszbsed

E. zmexiul

Bi rmu `ne tfot tfe kmst cmkkmn deibnbtbmn imx “nmtmxbmus‛ keont

hebna `nmn bn on unioymxohle sense, tfen rmu kbaft he tekzted tm

cfmmse cfmbce O, “eybl.‛

Hut mnce rmu xeybe hoc` myex tfe zossoae, cfmbce C, “iokmus‛ ibts bn

hettex bntm tfe cmntevt mi tfe sentence mi zossoae. Xeod tfe sentence

oaobn ond suhstbtute rmux cfmsen onsex cfmbce imx tfe mxd btxezloces. Tfbs abyes rmu7

““Fe os iokmus imx ko`bna decbsbmns mn tfe szux mi tfe kmkent…,‛

fbcf koès sense ond bs cmxxect.

44




Hxeo` bna Dm n Zossoae Mxaon bwot bmn

Bn txrbna tm undexstond tfe outfmx‒s zexszectbye, rmu bll smketbkeshe osèd ohmut fm tfe zossoae bs mxaonbwed. Konr tbkes, tfe

sbkzlest or tm ibnd tfe onsex bs tm nmte fm tfe mzenbna sentence bn

o zossoae mx zoxoaxozf xelotes tm tfe xest mi tfe zossoae. Fm dmes

tfe outfmx‒s kobn bdeo aet deyelmzed ond hxmèn dmn bntm suzzmxtbna

bdeos ond stotekents=

Os rmu am tfxmuaf tfe onsex cfmbces imx tfese mxaonbwotbmn zxmhleks,qubw rmuxseli mn eocf onsex cfmbce.

Evokzle7

_uestbmn7 Qfbcf mi tfe imllmbna hest descxbhes tfe mxaonbwotbmn mi tfe

outfmx‒s dbscussbmn mi tfbs tmzbc=

O. Fe zxmybdes on evokzle – Os` rmuxseli, bs tfexe on evokzle bn

tfe questbmn= Dmn‒t mx` evclusbyelr ixmk rmux kekmxr. Koèsuxe rmu con am hoc` ond octuollr ibnd tfe evokzle bn tfe

zossoae.

H. Fe koès o cmkzoxbsmn – Os` rmuxseli, bs tfexe o cmkzoxbsmn bn

tfe questbmn= Oaobn, am hoc` tm tfe zossoae ond octuollr ibnd

tfe cmkzoxbsmn hebna kode ond yexbir tfot bt evbsts.

C. Fe koès on oc`nmledaekent – Os` rmuxseli, fexe bs tfe

oc`nmledaekent kode ond tm fmk=D. Fe dbscusses o tfemxr – Os` rmuxseli, fbcf tfemxr bs hebna

dbscussed=

E. Fe zxobses tfe xeseoxcf – Os` rmuxseli, fexe bs tfe zxobse

kentbmned=

45




Oitex eocf mi tfese bnbtbol questbmns, xekekhex tfot bt bs nmt enmuaf

imx tfek sbkzlr tm he txue, tfer foye tm onsex tfe questbmn. Sbkzlr

hecouse tfe outfmx zxmybded on evokzle, dmesn‒t koè cfmbce O

cmxxect. Tfe evokzle zxmybded kor foye heen tm suzzmxt o

cmkzoxbsmn tfot fe os ko`bna ond tfe cmkzoxbsmn kor he tfe kobn

ketfmd mi mxaonbwotbmn, fbcf bn tfbs cose muld koè onsex cfmbce

H cmxxect. Sm olors xeod oll tfe onsex cfmbces ond mnlr cfmmse tfe

mne tfot bs tfe hest, nmt gust tfe ibxst mne rmu xeod tfot bs ioctuollr

cmxxect.

Ib xs t Q mxd Ono lrs bs

Qfen osèd imx kobn bdeos tfot hest sukkoxbwe tfe zossoae, on eosr

stxotear bs tm lmm` ot tfe ibxst mxds bn eocf onsex cfmbce ond btfmut

lmm`bna ot tfe xest mi tfe onsex cfmbce, see bi rmu cmuld koè o

decbsbmn hosed mn tfmse ibxst mxds olmne.

Evokzle7

_uestbmn7 Qfbcf mi tfe imllmbna hest evzlobns tfe outfmx‒s zxbkoxr

zuxzmse=

O. dbszute…

H. descxbhe…

C. cmndekn…

D. cmnybnce…E. cxbtbcbwe…

Bi rmu `nm tfot tfe zossoae bs iobxlr neutxol ohmut tfe suhgect, tfen

eyen bi rmu `nm nmtfbna else, rmu con zxmhohlr elbkbnote tfe stxmnaex

49




yexhs used bn onsex cfmbces O, C, D ond E, leoybna rmu btf

“descxbhe‛ mx onsex cfmbce H os hebna cmxxect.

Un d e x st o n d b n a t f e B n t b k b d ot b m n

Tfe test xbtexs bll aenexollr cfmmse zossoaes tfot bll he cmkzletelr

imxeban tm kmst test toèxs. Rmu con‒t evzect tfe zossoaes tm he mn o

tmzbc btf fbcf rmu foye onr iokblboxbtr. Bi rmu dm fozzen tm cmke

ocxmss o zossoae tfot rmu oxe iokblbox btf, cmnsbdex rmuxseli luc`r,

hut dmn‒t zlon mn tfot fozzenbna.

Tfe zossoaes bll olsm ixequentlr he dxon ixmk lmnaex zossoaes bn

hmm`s, oxtbcles, gmuxnols, etc. Tfexeimxe, tfe zossoae tfot rmu bll ioce

mn tfe test kor olkmst seek mut mi cmntevt ond os tfmuaf bt heabns bn

tfe kbddle mi o tfmuaft zxmcess. Rmu mn‒t foye o nbce tbtle myexfeod

evzlobnbna tfe aenexol tmzbc hebna cmyexed hut bll bkkedbotelr he

tfxmn bntm tfe kbddle mi o stxonae imxkot tfot rmu dmn‒t xecmanbwe.

Olsm, fble tfe tmzbcs cfmsen kor foye mxbabnollr heen bntexestbna

xeodbna bn tfebx mxbabnol stote, oitex o zoxtbculox sectbmn bs zulled ond

used imx tfe test zossoae, bt bll lbèlr he dxr ond hmxbna.

Aettbna fbt hr stxonae xeodbna tmzbcs tfot rmu dmn‒t xecmanbwe, mi fbcf

rmu kor mnlr foye o skoll zoxt mi tfe mxbabnol selectbmn, ond tfot oxe

dxr ond hmxbna con he o hbt bntbkbdotbna bi rmu‒xe nmt odequotelrzxezoxed. Gust xekekhex tfot tfe zossoaes tfekselyes bll cmntobn

oll tfe bnimxkotbmn necessoxr tm onsex tfe questbmns ond rmu dmn‒t

need onr zxbmx `nmledae mi tfe tmzbc bn mxdex tm succeed ond dm ell

mn tfe test.

41




Ibnd bna rmux Mz t bk o l Zoce

Eyexrmne xeods ot o dbiiexent xote. Bt bll toè zxoctbce tm detexkbnefot bs tfe mztbkol xote ot fbcf rmu con xeod iost ond ret ohsmxh ond

cmkzxefend tfe bnimxkotbmn. Tfbs bs txue imx hmtf tfe ilrmyex tfot rmu

sfmuld bnbtbollr cmnduct ond tfen tfe suhsequent xeodbna rmu bll foye

tm dm os rmu am tfxmuaf ond heabn onsexbna tfe questbmns. Fmeyex,

mn tfe ilrmyex, rmu oxe lmm`bna imx mnlr o suxioce leyel `nmledae ond

oxe nmt txrbna tm cmkzxefend tfe kbnutbo mi detobls tfot bll he

cmntobned bn tfe zossoaes.

Rmu con zxoctbce btf onr imxk mi xeodbna kotexbol. Xeod on oxtbcle ot

rmux nmxkol zoce ond tfen oitex rmu‒xe ibnbsfed, os` rmuxseli smke

questbmns ohmut fot rmu gust xeod ond see fm ell rmu con

cmkzxefend. Evzexbkent btf xeodbna oxtbcles iostex ond slmex ond

olors aouae fm ell rmu cmkzxefended fot rmu xeod ot tfe end.

Txobn rmux hxobn tm xekekhex tfe detobls ond ohsmxh tfe iocts.

Qbtf zxoctbce, rmu bll ibnd tfe zoce tfot rmu sfmuld kobntobn mn tfe

test fble ambna hoc` tfxmuaf zossoaes. Bt sfmuld he o cmkimxtohle

xote. Tfbs bs nmt o szeed xeodbna evexcbse. Bi rmu foye o ammd zoce,

ond dmn‒t szend tmm kucf tbke mn onr questbmn, rmu sfmuld foye o

suiibcbent okmunt mi tbke tm xeod tfe dbiiexent sectbmns mi tfe zossoaes

ot o cmkimxtohle xote. Tfe tm evtxekes rmu ont tm oymbd oxe tfedukhimunded kmde, bn fbcf rmu oxe lbz xeodbna eyexr mxd

bndbybduollr ond kmutfbna eocf mxd os tfmuaf bn o stuzmx, ond tfe

myexfelked kmde, fexe rmu oxe zonbcèd ond oxe huwwbna hoc` ond

46




imxtf tfxmuaf tfe zossoae bn o ixenwr ond nmt cmkzxefendbna

onrtfbna.

Rmu kust ibnd rmux mn zoce tfot bs xeloved ond imcused, ollmbna rmu

tm foye tbke imx eyexr questbmn ond abye rmu mztbkol cmkzxefensbmn.

Nmte tfot rmu oxe lmm`bna imx mztbkol cmkzxefensbmn, nmt kovbkuk

cmkzxefensbmn. Bi rmu szent fmuxs mn eocf mxd ond kekmxbwed tfe

zossoae, rmu muld foye kovbkuk cmkzxefensbmn. Tfot bsn‒t tfe

amol tfmuaf, rmu ont tm mztbkbwe fm kucf rmu cmkzxefend btf

fm kucf tbke rmu szend xeodbna. Zxoctbce bll ollm rmu tm

detexkbne tfot mztbkol xote.

Dmn ‒ t he o Zex iect bmn bs t

Bi rmu‒xe o zexiectbmnbst, tfbs kor he mne mi tfe foxdest stxoteabes, ond

ret mne mi tfe kmst bkzmxtont. Tfe test rmu oxe to`bna bs tbked, ond

rmu connmt oiimxd tm szend tmm kucf tbke mn onr mne questbmn.

Bi rmu oxe mx`bna mn o zxmhlek ond rmu‒ye amt rmux onsex szlbt

heteen tm zmssbhle onsex cfmbces, ond rmu‒xe ambna hoc` tfxmuaf

tfe zossoae ond xeodbna bt myex ond myex oaobn bn mxdex tm decbde

heteen tfe tm, rmu con he bn mne mi tfe kmst ixustxotbna sbtuotbmns

zmssbhle. Rmu ieel tfot bi rmu gust szent mne kmxe kbnute mn tfe

zxmhlek, tfot rmu muld he ohle tm ibauxe tfe xbaft onsex mut ond

decbde heteen tfe tm. Qotcf mut/ Rmu con eosblr aet sm ohsmxhedbn tfot zxmhlek tfot rmu lmmse txoc` mi tbke, aet mii txoc` ond end uz

szendbna tfe xest mi tfe test zlorbna cotcf uz hecouse mi oll tfe

osted tbke, fbcf kor leoye rmu xottled ond couse rmu tm kbss eyen

kmxe questbmns tfot rmu muld foye mtfexbse.

42




Tfexeimxe, unless rmu bll mnlr he sotbsibed btf o zexiect scmxe ond

rmux ohblbtbes oxe bn tfe tmz .?% stxoto mi test toèxs, rmu sfmuld nmt

am bntm tfe test btf tfe kbndset tfot rmu‒ye amt tm aet eyexr questbmn

xbaft. Bt bs iox hettex tm occezt tfot rmu bll foye tm auess mn smke

questbmns ond zmssbhlr aet tfek xmna ond stbll foye tbke imx eyexr

questbmn, tfon tm mx` mn eyexr zxmhlek untbl rmu‒xe ohsmlutelr

cmnibdent bn rmux onsex ond tfen xun mut mi tbke mn tfe lost ie

zxmhleks.

Ioctu o l l r Cmx x ect , hu t Octu o l l r Qx mna

O ioymxbte zlmr mi questbmn xbtexs bs tm xbte onsex cfmbces tfot oxe

ioctuollr cmxxect mn tfebx mn, hut iobl tm onsex tfe questbmn, ond sm

oxe octuollr xmna.

Qfen rmu oxe ambna tfxmuaf tfe onsex cfmbces ond mne gukzs mut imx

hebna ioctuollr cmxxect, otcf mut. Heimxe rmu kox` bt os rmux onsexcfmbce, ibxst koè suxe tfot rmu am hoc` tm tfe questbmn ond cmnibxk

tfot tfe onsex cfmbce onsexs tfe questbmn hebna osèd.

Db i i exen t Y be zm bn t s

Smke zossoaes bll evzxess tfe outfmx‒s ybezmbnt mn o tmzbc, olmna

btf tfe ybezmbnt mi mtfex evzexts mx mtfex bndbybduols. Tfbs con leod

tm txmuhle bn onsexbna questbmns tfmuaf. Bi osèd imx tfe ybezmbnt mi

tfe outfmx, rmu kbaft am hoc` tm tfe zossoae, ibnd fexe o cextobn

ybezmbnt bs evzxessed, onsex tfe questbmn hosed mn fot rmu xeod

ond kmye mn.

5:




Imx kmst zossoaes, tfot muld he ibne, hut fen mtfex ybezmbnts

hesbdes tfe outfmx‒s oxe evzxessed, rmu foye tm dbscexn fm bs

evzxessbna tfebx mzbnbmn bn tfe zossoae. Koè suxe tfot bi kultbzle

bndbybduols oxe abybna tfebx ybezmbnt mn o tmzbc, tfot rmu smxt tfek mut

imx onr questbmns ond ossmcbote tfe xbaft ybezmbnt btf tfe xbaft

bndbybduol.

5?




Qx b t b na Test

Tfese kultbzle cfmbce zxmhleks bll nmt xequbxe `nmledae mi imxkol

axokkox texks, hut bll xequbxe o test toèx tm bdentbir exxmxs bn

zfxoses ond sentences ond cfmmse tfe hest or tm xexbte tfe zfxose

mx sentence btfmut tfe exxmx.

Txr Eyex r Cfm bce

Gust hecouse rmu tfbn` tfot mne mi tfe onsex cfmbces smunds hest, am

ofeod ond txr oll mi tfek hr zluaabna eocf mi tfek bntm tfe hlon`&s"

ond seebna fbcf mne smunds tfe hest. Tfe test xbtexs bll he suxe tm

zut bn oddbtbmnol cfmbces tfot kor smund “clmse enmuaf,‛ hut rmu ont

tm koè suxe tfot rmu zbc` tfe mne tfot bs tfe ohsmlute hest zmssbhle

onsex cfmbce.

Xeod Coxei u l lr

Dmn‒t koè tfe kbstoè mi xeodbna tfxmuaf tfe sentences coxelesslr.

O zxezmsbtbmnol zfxose mx o tbnr mxd con oltex tfe entbxe keonbna mi

tfe sentence.

Tfbs bs zoxtbculoxlr txue imx txonsbtbmn-fedae mxds lbè bi, tfen,

tfexeimxe, olsm, smketbkes, neyex, nmt, ond olors. Tfese mxds oxe

zoxtbculoxlr cxbtbcol tm otcf imx, os o mxd sucf os “nmt‛ con koè on

onsex cfmbce dbxectlr mzzmsbte mi tfe cmxxect onsex cfmbce smund

cmxxect.

58




Ozms t xmzfes

On ozmstxmzfe bs used tm imxk o zmssessbye mx o cmntxoctbmn. Cfec`

imx tfe imllmbna cmkkmn ozmstxmzfe exxmxs. Tfe hxocètedzoxentfetbcol dekmnstxotes tfe cmxxect use.

Zmssessbye Nmuns

?. Sbnaulox zmssessbye nmuns. Use !s tm sfm tfot o sbnaulox nmun

bs zmssessbye Ptfe deiendont!s kmtbmn[. Rmu con ozzlr tfbs xule

eyen fen tfe sbnaulox nmun olxeodr ends bn (s( &Cfoxles!scmstuke" tfmuaf konr xbtexs odd mnlr tfe ozmstxmzfe PCfoxles!

sfmes[.

8. Zluxol zmssessbye nmuns nmt endbna bn (s.( Use !s tm sfm tfot o

zluxol nmun nmt endbna bn (s( bs zmssessbye Ptfe cfbldxen!s tmr[.

3. Zluxol zmssessbye nmuns endbna bn (s.( Odd mnlr on ozmstxmzfetm koè zluxol nmuns zmssessbye Ptfe hmrs! aoke[.

4. Nmuns tfot oxe nmt zmssessbye. Dm nmt odd on ozmstxmzfe tm o

nmun tfot bs nmt zmssessbye Ptfe teocfexs &nmt teocfex!s mx

teocfexs!" foye clobked0 tfe Gmneses &nmt Gmnes! mx Gmnes!s" dbd

nmt ottend[.

Zmssess bye Zexsmno l Zxmnmu ns ys . Cmnt xoc t b mns

Ozmstxmzfe exxmxs btf zmssessbye zexsmnol zxmnmuns oxe cmkkmn

hecouse zmssessbye zexsmnol zxmnmuns bndbcote zmssessbmn ond e oxe

53




used tm usbna ozmstxmzfes tm bndbcote zmssessbmn. Olsm zmssessbye

zexsmnol zxmnmuns oxe eosblr cmniused btf cmntxoctbmns. Fexe oxe tfe

hosbc xules7

5. Zmssessbye zexsmnol zxmnmuns. Dm nmt odd on ozmstxmzfe tm o

zmssessbye zxmnmun Ptfe zxmhlek bs fexs &nmt fex!s"0 tfe

cmxzmxotbmn kust dbsclmse bts &nmt bt!s" ossets.[

9. Cmntxoctbmns. Dm use on ozmstxmzfe bn o cmntxoctbmn &bt!s tbke tm

am0 rmu!xe tfe mne".

' Qotcf eszecbollr imx exxmxs bn usbna (bt!s( mx (bts.( Xekekhex tfot

(bt!s( keons (bt bs( ond (bts( bndbcotes mnexsfbz. Cmniusbna

tfese tm mxds bs tfe kmst cmkkmn ozmstxmzfe exxmx.

Cmk k o Ex x m xs

Cmkkos oxe olsm kogmx txmuhlekoèxs. Qotcf imx tfese sbtuotbmns7

?. Use o cmkko tm sezoxote tm bndezendent clouses gmbned btf

o cmmxdbnotbna cmngunctbmn &ond, mx, hut, nmx, sm, imx". PTfe

cfbld oaxeed, hut tfe zoxent mhgected[.

8. Use o sekbcmlmn mx o zexbmd, nmt o cmkko, tm sezoxote tm

bndezendent clouses nmt gmbned hr o cmmxdbnotbna cmngunctbmnPTfe cfbld oaxeed0 fmeyex, tfe zoxent mhgected.[. Tfe

imllmbna txonsbtbmnol mxds ond zfxoses oxe cmngunctbye

odyexhs, nmt cmngunctbmns7

54




occmxdbnalr fmeyex olsm kmxemyex

cmnsequentlr mn tfe mtfex fond imx evokzle

mtfexbse

imx bnstonce sbkbloxlr iuxtfexkmxe

tfexeimxe

fence tfus

Tfexeimxe, dm nmt use o cmkko tm sezoxote tm bndezendent clouses

mn ebtfex sbde mi mne mi tfese mxds.

Bncmxxect7 Tfe cbtr kust bncxeose bts tov hose, fmeyex, tfe cbtbwens

kust he ohle tm occezt tfe oddbtbmnol tov huxden.

Cmxxect7 Tfe cbtr kust bncxeose bts tov hose0 fmeyex, tfe cbtbwens

kust he ohle tm occezt tfe oddbtbmnol tov huxden.

3. Cmngunctbye odyexhs sbanol tfe xelotbmnsfbz heteen tfe zmbnt&s"

kode bn tfe kotexbol heimxe tfebx sentence ond tfe kotexbol mi

tfot sentence. Tfe mxds ond zfxoses bn tfe lbst ohmye oxe

evokzles. Qfen rmu heabn on bndezendent clouse btf o

cmngunctbye odyexh mx fen rmu use bt bn tfe kbddle mi o

sentence, set bt mii btf o cmkko.

Kmxemyex, tfe deiendont fos nmt ret estohlbsfed o zxmzex imundotbmnimx tfbs testbkmnr.

Tfe student, kmxemyex, fos nmt ret tuxned bn on occeztohle zxmgect tm

keet fbs ossbankent‒s xequbxekents.

55




4. Use cmkkos tm set mii tfe reox bi rmu olsm bdentbir tfe dor PTfe

hbxtf mi Nmxko @ellr mn Gune 8, ?214, hxmuaft tfe . . . .[, hut

mkbt tfe cmkkos mtfexbse PTfe hbxtf mi Nmxko @ellr bn Gune

?214 hxmuaft . . . .[.

5. Use cmkkos tm sezoxote tfxee mx kmxe sbkzle bteks bn o lbst. Bi

tfe descxbztbmns mi tfe bteks oxe lmna mx cmkzlev, use

sekbcmlmns tm sezoxote tfek.

9. Use o cmkko tm sezoxote tm bndezendent clouses cmnnected hr

o cmmxdbnotbna cmngunctbmn unless tfe tm bndezendent clouses

oxe sfmxt ond sbkzle7

Cmxxect7 Tfe sunlbaft felzed tfe ilmexs tm axm, hut tfer xequbxe

ixequent otexbna bn mxdex tm stor olbye.

Cmxxect7 Rmuxs bs tbkelr ond kbne bs lote.

Zxmh lek s Qb t f Xeie xences

O xeiexent bs o mxd mx zfxose tfot xeiexs tm smketfbna else &on

ontecedent". Zxmhleks btf xeiexents con couse cmniusbmn ond,

smketbkes, unbntended fukmx. Zxmhleks btf xeiexences mccux

zxbkoxblr &?" fen sentences foye kmxe tfon mne zmssbhle ontecedent

&miten coused hr zlocbna tfe xeiexent tmm iox ixmk tfe bntendedontecedent"0 mx &8" fen tfe ontecedent bs mnlr bkzlbed. Fexe oxe

evokzles zxmhleks btf xeiexences.

Kmxe tfon mne zmssbhle ontecedent

59




Tfe dmctmxs tmld tfebx zotbents tfot tfer fod sexbmus zxmhleks.

PQfm fod zxmhleks=[

Tm zxeyent cfbldxen ixmk suc`bna tfebx tfukhs, smke zoxents smo`

tfek bn tohoscm souce. PDm tfe zoxents smo` tfe cfbldxen mx tfe

tfukhs=[

Tfe cmxzmxote miibcexs fod iobled tm dbsclmse tfe sexbmus cmnilbcts mi

bntexest coused hr tfebx mnexsfbz mi seyexol mi T)G!s suzzlbexs. Tfe

zmssbhblbtr mi o hon`xuztcr os o dbsostex imx tfek.

PQos tfe zmssbhblbtr o dbsostex imx tfe miibcexs, tfe cmnilbcts, mx tfe

suzzlbexs=[

Xeiexxbna tm on ontecedent tfot bs mnlr bkzlbed7

Tfe cmxzmxote miibcexs fod iobled tm dbsclmse tfe sexbmus cmnilbct mi

bntexest xobsed hr tfe zmssbhle hon`xuztcr mi T)G!s zxbkoxr suzzlbex.

Tfbs os o dbsostex imx tfe miibcexs.

PQfot os o dbsostex tfe iobluxe tm dbsclmse, tfe cmnilbct, mx tfe

zmssbhle hon`xuztcr=[

Nmtbce tfot tfe cmniusbna xeiexence bn tfbs lost evokzle bs coused hr

usbna (tfbs( olmne. Usbna tfe zxmnmun (tfbs( mx (tfot( btfmut o nmun

imllmbna bkkedbotelr bs usuollr bnodybsohle. Fexe, imx bnstonce, tfecmniusbmn cmuld he xesmlyed eosblr hr oddbna tfe cloxbirbna nmun oitex

(tfbs(7

51




Tfe cmxzmxote miibcexs fod iobled tm dbsclmse tfe sexbmus cmnilbct mi

bntexest xobsed hr tfe zmssbhle hon`xuztcr mi T)G!s zxbkoxr suzzlbex.

Tfbs iobluxe os o dbsostex imx tfe miibcexs.

Tfe tfxee zxbkoxr stxoteabes imx smlybna xeiexence zxmhleks oxe7 &?"

xezeotbna tfe ontecedent &os bn tfe zxbmx evokzle"0 &8" xeoxxonabna

tfe kotexbol tm zloce tfe xeiexent clmse tm tfe ontecedent0 mx &3" xe

oxxonabna tfe kotexbol tm elbkbnote tfe need imx tfe xeiexent. Imx

bnstonce, fexe bs onmtfex zmssbhle smlutbmn tm tfe xeiexence zxmhlek

ohmye7

Tfe zmssbhblbtr mi o hon`xuztcr os o dbsostex imx tfe cmxzmxote

miibcexs. Tfer fod iobled tm dbsclmse tfe sexbmus cmnilbcts mi bntexest

coused hr tfebx mnexsfbz mi seyexol mi T)G!s suzzlbexs.

Zxmh leks Qb t f Oa xeeken t

Fexe oxe tfe kmst cmkkmn exxmxs bn oaxeekent7

?. Tfe imllmbna bndeibnbte zxmnmuns oxe sbnaulox ond toè o

sbnaulox yexh7

onrmne Onrmne bs elcmke.

eocf Eocf bs on evzext.

ebtfex Ebtfex suzzmxts tfe oxaukent.

eyexrmne Eyexrmne fos zxmhleks.nebtfex Nebtfex sbnas bn tune.

Tfe sbnaulox yexh bs cmxxect eyen fen tfe bndeibnbte zxmnmun bs

imllmed hr o zxezmsbtbmnol zfxose btf o zluxol nmun7

56




Eocf mi tfese zeoceiul oltexnotbyes os Pnmt (exe([ banmxed.

Ebtfex mi tfe tbns bs Pnmt (oxe([ oyoblohle.

Fmeyex, tfe imllmbna bndeibnbte zxmnmuns oxe ebtfex sbnaulox mx

zluxol, dezendbna mn tfe nmuns mx zxmnmuns tfer xeiex tm7

oll

onr

nmne

smke

Imx evokzle7

Oll Psbnaexs[ oxe zexkbtted . . . .

Oll mi tfe kmner bs cmunted . . . .

Nmne mi tfek oxe sotbsibed . . . .

Nmne mi tfe xmroltr os zxesent . . . .

8. (Tfe cmuxt( bs o sbnaulox texk, to`bna o sbnaulox zxmnmun7

Tfe cmuxt myexxuled tfe txodbtbmnol xule mxbabnollr onnmunced bn

Decekhex. Bt Pnmt (Tfer([ feld tfot . . . .

3. Tfbs soke `bnd mi exxmx con slbz bn fen xeiexxbna tm onr

bnstbtutbmn mx husbness7

52




Fe sobd tfot fe bs yexr axoteiul tm St. Cotfexbne!s Fmszbtol. Tfer

txeoted fbk btf xeszect.

Tfe zxmhlek smketbkes mccuxs hecouse tfe xbtex bs oymbdbna tfe

oòxdness mi ottxbhutbna o fukon octbmn tm on (bt.( Imx bnstonce, bn

tfe St. Cotfexbne!s evokzle, tfe xbtex bs zxmhohlr oymbdbna (Bt txeoted

fbk btf xeszect.( Tfot zxmhlek con usuollr he smlyed hr cfonabna

tfe ontecedent tm tfe fukons fm octuollr zeximxked tfe octbmn7

Fe sobd tfot fe bs yexr axoteiul tm tfe stoii ot St. Cotfexbne!s Fmszbtol.

Tfer txeoted fbk btf xeszect.

4. Qotcf imx hmtf yexh oaxeekent ond zxmnmun oaxeekent fen o

sbnaulox suhgect bs kmdbibed hr o zfxose mx clouse cmntobnbna o

zluxol nmun7

Tfe cmnibdence mi seyexol iokblbes os Pnmt exe[ ottobned.

Eocf mi tfe axmuzs oaxees Pnmt oaxee[ tm xesmlye tfe zxmhlek

zeoceiullr.

Eyexr student fm fod olxeodr toèn hmtf cmuxses bs Pnmt oxe[

evcused ixmk tfbs xequbxekent.

5. Use o zmssessbye zxmnmun heimxe o aexund zfxose. O aexund bson (bna( yexh tfot sexyes os o nmun. Tfe aexund con stond olmne

mx con heabn o aexund zfxose, hut ebtfex or, tfe mxd mx

zfxose iunctbmns os o nmun7

9:






Zxmhleks mccux fen tfe husbness cmnceols xeleyont dmcukents mx

fen tfer deluae tfe oudbtmxs btf bxxeleyont dmcukents.

Nm tfot tfe stxuctuxe bs zoxollel, evtxo mxds con am7

Zxmhleks mccux fen tfe husbness cmnceols xeleyont dmcukents mx

deluae tfe oudbtmxs btf bxxeleyont dmcukents.

Zoxollel stxuctuxe bs eszecbollr bkzmxtont bn o lbst.

Qfen tfe ne cmkkondex oxxbyed ot tfe zmst, fe bkkedbotelr zmsted

o ne lbst mi mxdexs7 nm leoyes exe tm he axonted, ond nm lenbencr

os tm he abyen.

Kbsce l lonemus Zxmh lek s

?. Use tfe suhgectbye cose imx o zxmnmun tfot iunctbmns os tfe

suhgect mi on undexstmmd yexh. Tfe suhgectbye cose bs tfe imxktfe zxmnmun toès fen used os tfe suhgect mi tfe sentence

&(B,( (e,( (tfer(". Imx evokzle, cmnsbdex tfese tm sentences7

Tfe cmxzmxotbmn!s zxesbdent mxèd foxdex tfon ke.

Tfe cmxzmxotbmn!s zxesbdent mxèd foxdex tfon B.

Qfbcf bs cmxxect= Tfe secmnd yexsbmn bs cmxxect, hecouse (B( bs tfe

suhgect mi on undexstmmd yexh (mxèd.( Bn mtfex mxds, tfe sentence

bs octuollr o sfmxtened yexsbmn mi (Tfe cmxzmxotbmn!s zxesbdent mxèd

foxdex tfon B mxèd.(

98




Tfbs bs on eosr kbstoè tm koè hecouse tfe cmxxect cose kor smund

xmna. Bi sm, tfe hest smlutbmn bs tm odd tfe undexstmmd yexh mx tm xe

zfxose tfe sentence cmkzletelr tm oymbd tfe oòxdness.

8. Use tfe suhgectbye cose imx o zxmnmun tfot iunctbmns os tfe

cmkzlekent mi o suhgect. O zxmnmun bs o suhgectbye cmkzlekent

fen bt octuollr equols tfe suhgect mi tfe sentence. Imx

evokzle, cmnsbdex tfese tm sentences7

Tfe zexsmn leost onvbmus oitex tfe test os fex.

Tfe zexsmn leost onvbmus oitex tfe test os sfe.

Qfbcf bs cmxxect= Tfe secmnd yexsbmn bs cmxxect, hecouse tfe zxmnmun

bn tfe zxedbcote, (sfe,( octuollr equols tfe suhgect, (tfe zexsmn leost

onvbmus oitex tfe test.( Bn mtfex mxds, tfe sentence bs lbè on olaehxo

equotbmn7 Tfe zexsmn leost onvbmus oitex tfe test ; sfe. Bn o

sentence lbè tfbs mne, tfe nmun mx zxmnmun bn tfe zxedbcote iunctbmns

lbè tfe suhgect mi tfe sentence. Tfe sentence sfmuld xeod tfe soke

os bi rmu tuxned bt oxmund7

Sfe os tfe zexsmn leost onvbmus oitex tfe test.

Mnce oaobn, tfbs bs on eosr kbstoè tm koè hecouse tfe cmxxect cose

kor smund xmna. Bn szmèn Enalbsf e miten feox (Bt!s fbk,( mx (Bt!ske.( Oaobn, tfe hest smlutbmn kor he tm xeyexse tfe sentence mx tm

xezfxose tfe sentence cmkzletelr tm oymbd tfe oòxdness.

3. Use (txr tm( ond (suxe tm( xotfex tfon (txr ond( mx (suxe ond.(

93




Bncmxxect7 Ks. Tfmkzsmn onted tm txr ond ibnbsf tfe zxmgect hr

Ixbdor.

Cmxxect7 Ks. Tfmkzsmn onted tm txr tm ibnbsf tfe zxmgect hr

Ixbdor.

Bncmxxect7 He suxe ond zbc` uz tfe hohr ixmk dorcoxe.

Cmxxect7 He suxe tm zbc` uz tfe hohr ixmk dorcoxe.

Tfbs xule koès sense bi rmu tfbn` ohmut bt. Tfe zxmzex iunctbmn mi tfe

mxd (ond( bs tm cmnnect tm dbiiexent tfbnas. Tfus, tfe (ond( bn tfe

ibxst sentence sfmuld keon tfot Ks. Tfmkzsmn onted tm dm tm

dbiiexent tfbnas, hut sfe dbdn!t0 sfe mnlr onted tm dm mne tfbna –

ibnbsf tfe zxmgect. Tfe soke bs txue imx tfe tfbxd sentence. Tfe (ond(

seeks tm tell tfe xeodex tfot tfe sentence bs on bnstxuctbmn tm dm tm

dbiiexent tfbnas, hut bt bsn!t. Tfe xeodex bs mnlr tm dm mne tfbna – zbc`

uz tfe hohr.

4. (Fmzeiullr( bs on odyexh tfot evzlobns fm smkemne dmes

smketfbna, os bn (Sfe osèd fmzeiullr.( Miten (fmzeiullr( bs

kbsused bn tfbs mx o sbkblox iosfbmn7 (Fmzeiullr tfe stmxk bll

zoss.( Tfbs use octuollr ossexts tfot tfe stmxk‒s zossbna bll he

iull mi fmze. Tfe xbtex octuollr keons (B fmze tfot tfe stmxkbll zoss.(

5. Qotcf mut imx mne kmxe cmkkmn exxmx btf odyexhs7 tfe

dbiiexence heteen (B ieel hod( ond (B ieel hodlr.( Bn tfe ibxst

94




sentence, tfe xbtex bs cmkkentbna mn fm sfe ieels, ebtfex

zfrsbcollr &zexfozs sfe fos tfe ilu" mx ekmtbmnollr &zexfozs sfe

bs sod". Tfe ibxst sentence bs tfe zxmzex use mi (hod( os on

odgectbye.

Fmeyex, tfe secmnd sentence uses (hod( bn bts imxk os on odyexh.

Tfe xbtex bs cmkkentbna mn fex ohblbtr tm ieel0 zexfozs fex ibnaexs oxe

nukh. Smketbkes xbtexs use tfe odyexhbol imxk (hodlr( fen tfer

keon (hod,( zexfozs helbeybna tfot (hodlr( smunds kmxe eleyoted.

9. Qotcf imx exxmxs bn usbna (krseli( bnsteod mi usbna (B( mx (ke.(

(Krseli( bs used os o xeilectbye zxmnmun mx os o deybce imx

ekzfosbs.

Cmxxect7 B bnguxed krseli.

used os o xeilectbye zxmnmun

Cmxxect7 B bll dxoit tfe bntexxmaotmxr onsexs krseli.

used imx ekzfosbs

Eocf tbke (krseli( bs used, test tfe use hr os`bna fetfex (B( mx (ke(

cmuld suhstbtute imx (krseli.( Bi sm, usbna (krseli( bs bncmxxect.

Bncmxxect7 Ks. Olzfo ond krseli bll keet rmu imx luncf.

Bncmxxect7 Bi rmu foye onr questbmns ohmut tfbs dekmnstxotbmn,

cmntoct Kx. Gmnes mx krseli.

95




Aet t bna Xeodr Imx Test Dor

Rmu‒xe oll set tm toè rmux ZSOT/ Nm fexe oxe o ie tfbnas tm

xekekhex imx test dor7

Aet tfexe eoxlr. @nm evoctlr fexe tfe test bll he feld ond fm rmu

bll aet rmuxseli tfexe. Zor ottentbmn tm txoiibc xezmxts sm tfot rmu con

cmkzensote imx onr unevzected bssues mn tfe xmod. Leoybna eoxlr bll

keon tfot rmu‒ll he kmxe xeloved0 xed txoiibc lbafts mn‒t xobse rmux

stxess leyel, ond rmu mn‒t he zulled myex hr tfe ibxst miibcex fm fos

tm ibll fbs szeedbna tbcèt qumto. Ond kmst bkzmxtontlr, rmu‒ll foye

tbke tm use tfe xest xmmk.

Bi rmu‒ye amt huttexilbes bn rmux stmkocf, ieed tfek/ Rmu‒ye olxeodr

dmne oll tfe zxoctbce tests rmu con dm, ond rmu‒ye fod o ammd nbaft‒s

sleez. Nm bt‒s tbke tm aet o ammd, feoltfr hxeoìost tfmuaf bt bs

bse nmt tm myexeot. Rmux hmdr ond kbnd bll need tfe enexar0 zlus

bt‒s dbstxoctbna tm lbsten tm rmux stmkocf axml.

Abye rmuxseli o kossoae/ Xuh rmux feod, nec` ond sfmuldexs. Zloce

rmux fond myex rmux feoxt fble to`bna o yexr slm, deez hxeotf.

Stor mn txoc`. Xekekhex, rmu dmn‒t ont tm xusf, rmu mnlr ont tm

zeximxk bn o tbkelr konnex. Oltfmuaf tfexe oxe tbke xestxbctbmns, bi

rmu kbsxeod dbxectbmn, occbdentollr ibll bn tfe xmna onsexcfmbce, mx

tfbn` bllmabcollr due tm xusfbna, bt mn‒t he mxtf oll tfe tbke rmu soye.

Xekekhex, foste koès oste/ Olsm, èez bn kbnd tfot bncmxxect

onsexs dmn‒t cmunt oaobnst rmu, sm rmu con olors auess ot onr

onsexs tfot rmu oxe unsuxe mi. Xekekhex, on educoted auess bs

99




hettex tfon nm auess ot oll/ Kmybna tfxmuaf o test ketfmdbcollr ond

eiibcbentlr bll lbèlr keon tfot rmu‒ll foye kmxe tbke ot tfe end tfon bi

rmu exe tm xusf ond stukhle, mx dodle myex questbmns tfot rmu‒xe

stxuaalbna btf.

Kmst bkzmxtontlr &ot leost tm rmux sonbtr", xekekhex tfot mnce bt‒s

myex, bt‒s myex. Cleox rmux kbnd mi bt, hecouse rmu dbd rmux hest. Am

txeot rmuxseli tm o fmt cfmcmlote mx on bce cxeok cmne, cotcf o kmybe

btf smke ixbends ond xelov/

91




Zmst ZSOT

Oitex tfe ZSOT, fen rmu‒ye fod tfe tbke tm xest ond xelov ixmk tfe

stxess rmu zut rmux hxobn tfxmuaf, toè tfe tbke tm cxbtbcollr eyoluote

rmux test zeximxkonce. Tfbs bll felz rmu aobn yoluohle bnsbaft bntm

fm rmu zeximxked, fot smxt mi scmxe rmu sfmuld he evzectbna &ond

tfexeimxe fot scfmmls bll he btfbn rmux scmze imx ozzlbcotbmn" ond

tfe smxt mi kbndset rmu‒ll he evzected tm utblbwe fen rmu‒xe octuollr bn

scfmml.

Xekekhex, tfbs bs nebtfex on mzzmxtunbtr tm myexbnilote rmux eam, nmx

tm zut rmuxseli dmn. Tfe kobn bdeo bs tm koè rmux selieyoluotbmn

mhgectbye ond cxbtbcol, sm tfot rmu bll ocfbeye on occuxote ybe mi fm

tfbnas bll zon mut.

Tfbs dmesn‒t keon tfot rmu sfmuld heabn o sessbmn mi “bi mnlr B‒d…‛ mx

“B sfmuldn‒t foye…‛ Tfbs bll mnlr dezxess rmu. Tfe zmbnt mi tfbs

evexcbse bs tm èez rmu axmunded, mzen kbnded ond mztbkbstbc.

Smmn enmuaf, rmu‒ll xecebye rmux scmxe, ond tfe ozzlbcotbmns bll stoxt

xmllbna mut. Koè bt on mxaonbwed zxmceduxe, èezbna os zxezoxed ond

bnimxked os rmu exe btf rmux ZSOT, ond tfbs bll mnlr leod tm o

hxbaft, successiul coxeex bn rmux iutuxe/

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