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Freeing the power of administrative data:can Scotland become a global leader?
Dr Stephen Pavis
Programme Director
Farr Institute (Scotland)
NSS, NHS
Structure of the talk
1. Characteristics of Administrative data
2. Why it’s a valuable resource
3. Some of challenges in ‘freeing its power’
4. Progress which has been made and future direction
As we go through I’ll tell you about some empirical findings to keep your interest
What do we mean by Administrative data?
• Routinely collected data normally during the provision of a service (health, education, criminal justice, benefits and taxation, social care etc)
• Commonly have National coverage and over a relatively long time period
• Relatively consistent data definitions and collection processes
• Important to planning and providing services– Limited control over creation processes– Must undermine primary purpose/use
Public sector collects & analyse lots of person level data
About service users
Workforce
Outcomes
Health
What HealthService does
Funding
About serviceusers
Workforce
Outcomes
Schools
What Schools do
Funding
About service users
Workforce
Outcomes
Justice
What happens in justics system
Funding
Further Education
Higher Education
Social care
Children’sservices
But it is in silos
Maternity
BIRTH
DEATH
Neonatal Record
Child health surveillance
Immunisation
GP consultations
Dental
Out patients
A&E
Hospital Admissions
Mental Health
Prescribing Screening
Community care
Cancer registrations
NHS data from cradle to grave
Suicide
Social mobility – by linking data on education, training, employment, unemployment, incomes and benefits
Causal pathways over the life course – linking data on education, health, employment, incomes and wealth
Informing policies designed to tackle poverty – linking data on incomes and benefits, housing conditions, (re)offending behaviour, exploring the role of poor physical and/or mental health.
Report from the Administrative Data Taskforce (ESRC, MRC, Wellcome Trust)
Ways we can use Administrative data
The human perspective
‘Cycles of deprivation and neglect overlap. The pressure of circumstances, of chronic housing poverty, unemployment, low income, poor wellbeing and poor education all undermine resilience. It’s when these structural conditions combine with other impoverishing experiences – such as violence, crime, isolation, an unhappy childhood, separation and poor mental health – that problems become insurmountable’
Action for Children: Deprivation and risk: the case for early intervention
Dame ClareTickell
Chief Executive
There’s an economic case too
‘The public service bill for the 46,000 most deprived families is over £4billion a year, almost £100k per family.’
‘Services tend to focus on a single problem of a single person. Treating problems in isolation increases the risk of relapse and creates a costly cycle of managed deprivation. Breaking this cycle will mean…better value for taxpayers’.
https://www.gov.uk/government/news
26th August 2011
Administrative data: ‘win’, ‘win’, ‘win’ ‘win’
• For Researchers/statisticians – It’s time efficient and cost effective– compared with
empirical data collection• Policy makers and practitioners need to move beyond
the traditional silos• Citizens deserve better opportunities and services• Economic growth – developing and attracting industry to
Scotland
Anziolytic benzodiazepines (AB’s) and RTAs
• Barbone et al used linked prescriptions and Tayside police data to look at AB’s and road traffic accidents
• The researchers found a dose related relationship and estimate that non driving while on AB’s would prevent 1577 accidents and 110 deaths annually across the UK
• The research led to a re-labeling of the medication
(Barbone et al Lancet 1998)
Where are Scotland’s competitive advantages?
• A small country with relatively stable population
• Strong administrative data – eg NHS single supplier
• Strong universities with significant expertise• Cross sector and cross discipline
networks
What are the challenges?
1. We must ensure the public support the use of their data and contribute to debates about what is in the ‘public interest’
2. Individual privacy must be protected and the law complied with
3. Permission processes must be efficient and not overly bureaucratic
4. We link data efficiently and have high end computing
5. We need multi-disciplinary working
What are the Scottish public’s views?
• Methodologically a difficult area, there are:– multiple ‘publics’ and various opinions– people have different levels of knowledge – we’re discussing multiple datasets– different people want to access data– for different reasons
• Methods and framing of questions is crucial
But some information does exist…
Scotland has been leading on this area : •Scottish Health Informatics Programme (Wellcome Trust)• Data Linkage Framework
(Scottish Government)
Scottish Health Informatics Programme
Most trusted Least trusted
NHS Scottish Government Private sector
Purpose of use
Academics
Wellcome Trust; University of Edinburgh
Data sharing for research purposes
Most trusted Least trusted
Public Sector 3rd Sector Private sector
Benefit sharing a key factor
Sara Davidson, et al Ipsos Mori and University of Edinburgh
Future areas for Public Engagement
• Moving forward we need to have iterative cycles of:– listening to the public– educating on benefits and processes– modifying our procedures and processes
Recognised by the ESRC, MRC and Scottish Government
Suicide in Scotland
• Linkage of death records with psychiatric and general hospital admissions
>15 years, 1981 to 2010
16,411 people had died; 10,907 had a hospital record
• 24% of deaths within 3 months of a hospital discharge• People who had died were 3.1 times more likely to
have last visited a general rather than a psychiatric hospital
• Dougall, et al University of Stirling , British Journal of Psychiatry (in press)
What are the challenges?
1. We must ensure the public support the use of their data and contribute to debates about what is in the ‘public interest’
2. Individual privacy must be protected and the law complied with
3. Permission processes must be efficient and not overly bureaucratic
4. We link data efficiently and have high end computing
5. We need multi-disciplinary working
Permissions to access data
• Inconsistency across sectors and data controllers
• Multiple processes and forms often requiring similar information
• In health research it is common to need ethics committee, PAC, data controllers, and R&D from each Health Board,
Privacy Impact Assessment
The Information Governance Review(Caldicott 2)
‘(we) heard from researchers that complexity, confusion and lack of consistency… hamper research. … data controllers tend to be risk-averse, erring on the side of caution rather than public benefit’
(p62)
The Information Governance ReviewCaldicott 2
‘We recommend that the linkage of de-identified but still potentially identifiable information from more than one organisation should be done in specialist, well governed independently scrutinised environments known as ‘accredited safe havens’
Future work around permissions
• The Scottish Government’s Health Information Research Advisory Group is likely to recommend a review of permissions processes to ensure efficiency
• The Farr Institute and the Administrative Data Research Centre will support a network of accredited safe havens
Proportionate Information Governance
• Safe People– Accredited researchers
• Safe Data– Linking minimum data to answer question
• Safe Locations– Controlling access, limiting data travel (unless
consented)
University of Edinburgh School of Law and NSS have led the way
Admissions fell by 17% - 67% of reduction was in non-smokers
Fall in England 4% (no legislation); long term trend 3%
Non-experimental evaluation (policy)Effect of smoking legislation in Scotland
Pell et al, N Eng J Med (2008) 359; 482-491
Acute Coronary syndrome Childhood asthma
Pell et al New Engl J M 201o, 363 . pp. 1139-1145
Before ban 5.2% increase per annumAfter ban 18.2% decrease per annum
What are the challenges?
1. We must ensure the public support the use of their data and contribute to debates about what is in the ‘public interest’
2. Individual privacy must be protected and the law complied with
3. Permission processes must be efficient and not overly bureaucratic
4. We link data efficiently and have high end computing
5. We need multi-disciplinary working
Linking data and high performance computing
• Community Health Index as a population spine gives Scotland a competitive advantage
• Linkage process: separation of functions– personal information split from ‘payload’ data
as early as possible– separate organisations ‘Index’ and ‘link’ data
• Can be used beyond health to link data
SHIP IT infrastructure
Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research
Harnessing Data for Health Science and e-Health Innovation
UCL Partners
UCL, LSHTM, Queen Mary, Public Health England
Scotland
Dundee, Glasgow, Edinburgh, St Andrews, Aberdeen, Strathclyde, MRC HGU, NHS NSS
CIPHER
Swansea, Bristol, Cardiff, Exeter, Leicester, Sussex, NWIS, Public Health Wales
HeRC N8
Manchester, York, Lancaster, Liverpool, Sheffield, AHSNs
Health Informatics Research Centres
Map Source: www.m62.net
The Farr Institute in the UK
MRC & 9 other funders£39M investmentBrings together the Health Informatics Research Centres with additional capital/infrastructure resource
Who is William Farr?
“Diseases are more easily prevented than cured and the first step to their prevention is the discovery of their
exciting causes.”
William Farr
Farr UK Objectives• E-Infrastructure: To establish an outstanding UK e-
infrastructure across the Centres. • Research: To enhance research productivity across the
UK by widening access to well-described datasets through a prominent UK-wide portal, bringing new datasets to the research community and enhancing communication.
• Capacity: To develop a UK-wide co-ordinated offering for training and capacity development to address the acute skills shortage in health informatics research.
• Public engagement: To engage the public and patients across the UK and locally, in a novel range of activities to enhance public trust in the use of health records for research.
How the £20m capital investment supports the objectives
There are five core components of the institute for capital investments
1. Physical centres
2. Safe havens
3. e-infrastructure
4. New data access
5. Communication
Intended impact of the Farr Institute
• New Science
• Larger Scale
• Better connections between centres of excellence and datasets
• New Partnerships – academic, NHS and industry
• Increase UK skill base
• Public and patient advocacy
The Farr Health Informatics Research Institute Scotland
£9M MRC and nine other funders £2M SGHD £0.5M NHS, NSSScottish Enterprise
Farr Institute, Scotland
• New, innovative Science• High performance computing
– within a University – a private cloud
• New datasets – General Practice– Laboratory data – clinical tests– Clinical Images
ServerServer
User
Site
Farr National Safe HavenFarr accredited Regional
Safe Havens (x4)
SHIP/Farr analytic environment / ATOS
hosted
Server
Farr datastore/ university hosted
Farr analytic private cloud /university
environment
Server
National datasets NSS
Server
Local/regional datasets
Server
Regional analytic environments
SiteSite
Accredited user can access any of analytic environment securely for a specific project
depending on compute needs (assuming permissions in place )
Data can move from any storage location to any analytic platform (with appropriate data controller
permission)
Farr Safe Havens manage dataset access and support researchers
Farr Scotland Safe Havens and IT resources
Making it happen in reality
• Partnerships, networks and federated arrangements are the only way to maximise Scotland’s administrative data
• Single organisations or individuals cannot achieve this in isolation
• But this raises new challenges around coordination: researchers need, – a single point of entry– help to navigate the system– to know what’s possible
NSS’s eData, Research and Innovation Service (eDRIS)
eDRIS aims to:
• facilitate partnership working between the NHS, academics and industry
• provide coordination and expert advice to support researchers
• make research more efficient, easier, save time and encourage better research
The eDRIS Service
Help with study design
Provide expert advice on coding, terminology,
meta data and study feasibility
Agree deliverables and timelines
Facilitate completion of
required permissions
Liaison with technical
infrastructure (safe havens)
Liaison with data suppliers to secure data
Provide analyses, interpretation and
intelligence about data (where required)
Support projects from start to
finish
Build relationship between data suppliers and
customers
Single point of entry for health
research
A named Person from start to finish
1
2
3
45
6
7
8
The Latest News
• The Economic and Social Research Council have provided additional funding for the analysis of public sector data (£40m UK; £8m Scotland)
• Expertise and research across wider administrative datasets– Housing– Education– Criminal Justice– Work and pensions– Vital events back to 19th Century
• This resource will also be at 9 BioQuarter
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Data Linkage Framework
Farr instituteHealth
Admin data research centre
Cross sectorial data
No9Scottish Informatics & Linkage Centre
FOUNDATION STONE: GUIDING PRINCIPLES
Public communication & engagement
Hig
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eData Research and Innovation Service
What are the challenges?
1. We must ensure the public support the use of their data and contribute to debates about what is in the ‘public interest’
2. Individual privacy must be protected and the law complied with
3. Permission processes must be efficient and not overly bureaucratic
4. We link data efficiently and have high end computing
5. We need multi-disciplinary working
A new creative environment/culture
Multiple skills - same location– Informatics and computing experts– Academics from multiple universities– Data experts – Policy experts
– Over time we hope industry will join us
Can Scotland become a global leader?
• We have an opportunity– expertise– data – infrastructure– computing resource
• We have challenges around– culture change (working across institutions &
disciplines)– developing efficient access and linkage
processes