Freight Distribution Freight Distribution Safety and Security:Safety and Security:

Research That MattersResearch That Matters

Rebecca M. BrewsterRebecca M. Brewster

President and COOPresident and COO

ATRI ATRI

Industry’s NFP research organizationIndustry’s NFP research organization Safety and Human FactorsSafety and Human Factors TechnologyTechnology Environmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors Economic AnalysisEconomic Analysis Transportation SecurityTransportation Security

www.atri-online.orgwww.atri-online.org

Board of DirectorsBoard of Directors

Trucking Moves OhioTrucking Moves Ohio

One out of every 14 jobs in the One out of every 14 jobs in the statestate

$13.6B in wages paid in 2005$13.6B in wages paid in 2005 Move nearly 90% of Move nearly 90% of

manufactured freight in the statemanufactured freight in the state In 2005 paid $1.5B in federal and In 2005 paid $1.5B in federal and

state taxes and feesstate taxes and fees

Top Industry IssuesTop Industry Issues

Based on 2006 survey:Based on 2006 survey:

1.1. Driver ShortageDriver Shortage

2.2. Fuel IssuesFuel Issues

3.3. Driver RetentionDriver Retention

4.4. Hours-of-ServiceHours-of-Service

5.5. CongestionCongestion

Driver ShortageDriver Shortage

Based on 2005, industry will need Based on 2005, industry will need over 219,000 long-haul drivers to over 219,000 long-haul drivers to replace those that retire or leave replace those that retire or leave the industry over next 10 years the industry over next 10 years

Economic growth projections Economic growth projections create need for an additional create need for an additional 320,000320,000

Combined, over 539,000 or 54,000 Combined, over 539,000 or 54,000 drivers per yeardrivers per year

The Cost of CongestionThe Cost of Congestion

Idled trucks cost industry $7.8 Idled trucks cost industry $7.8 billion/243 million hours in 2004 billion/243 million hours in 2004

In 2005 industry spent $87.7B on In 2005 industry spent $87.7B on diesel fueldiesel fuel 22ndnd highest operating expense highest operating expense As much as 25% of total operating As much as 25% of total operating

costscosts No “congestion credit” in HOSNo “congestion credit” in HOS

Hours-of-ServiceHours-of-ServiceSafety Impacts of New Safety Impacts of New

Hours-of-Service Hours-of-Service released March 2006released March 2006

23 fleets contributed 23 fleets contributed datadata

Found safety Found safety improvements across improvements across metrics from 2003 to metrics from 2003 to 2004 (old rules to 2004 (old rules to January 2004 rules)January 2004 rules)

Predicting Truck Crash Predicting Truck Crash InvolvementInvolvement

Predicting CrashesPredicting CrashesDriver-related factors critical Driver-related factors critical

reason for crashesreason for crashes

Focusing on driver behaviors Focusing on driver behaviors will reduce crashes will reduce crashes

Develop predictive modelDevelop predictive model

Enforcement that mattersEnforcement that matters

Convictions/Violations and Convictions/Violations and Increased Likelihood of Increased Likelihood of

CrashCrash

If a Driver has:If a Driver has:The Crash The Crash Likelihood Likelihood Increases:Increases:

A Reckless Driving violationA Reckless Driving violation 325%325%

An Improper Turn violationAn Improper Turn violation 105%105%

An Improper or Erratic Lane Change An Improper or Erratic Lane Change conviction conviction

100%100%

A Failure to Yield Right of Way convictionA Failure to Yield Right of Way conviction 97%97%

An Improper Turn convictionAn Improper Turn conviction 94%94%

A Failure to Maintain Proper Lane A Failure to Maintain Proper Lane convictionconviction

91%91%

A Past CrashA Past Crash 87%87%

An Improper Lane Change violationAn Improper Lane Change violation 78%78%

A Failure to Yield Right of Way violationA Failure to Yield Right of Way violation 70%70%

A Driving Too Fast for Conditions violationA Driving Too Fast for Conditions violation 62%62%

EOBR AnalysisEOBR Analysis

Identify primary Identify primary barriers to industry barriers to industry utilization utilization CostCost FunctionalitiesFunctionalities Motor carrier Motor carrier

willingness and ability willingness and ability to payto pay

Role of non-technical Role of non-technical factorsfactors

Document Document countermeasurescountermeasures

EOBR Findings EOBR Findings

Typically seen as compliance tool – NOT safety Typically seen as compliance tool – NOT safety management systemmanagement system

Lack of scientific relationship between EOBRs Lack of scientific relationship between EOBRs and safetyand safety

Users report little impact on driver retentionUsers report little impact on driver retention

Cost is primary driverCost is primary driver

Other ConcernsOther Concerns Lack of technical standards, uniform practicesLack of technical standards, uniform practices Data access for other purposes (non-HOS)Data access for other purposes (non-HOS)

Specific Impacts Identified by EOBR Users

19%

62%

19%

76%

16%

4% 4%

78%

9%13%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Improved No impact Worsened Did not know

Per

cen

tag

e o

f R

esp

on

den

ts

Driver retention

Driver morale

Company productivity

FMCSA Canadian Issues FMCSA Canadian Issues StudyStudy

Ensure access to operating requirements in Ensure access to operating requirements in both countries including safety regulatory both countries including safety regulatory variancesvariances

Identify significant issues that impact FMCSA’s Identify significant issues that impact FMCSA’s ability to work toward harmonization and ability to work toward harmonization and reciprocal recognition of programs, policies, reciprocal recognition of programs, policies, regulations and standardsregulations and standards

Evaluate the effect of FMCSA regulatory Evaluate the effect of FMCSA regulatory proposals and policy initiatives on Canadian proposals and policy initiatives on Canadian motor carriers and drivers operating in the U.S.motor carriers and drivers operating in the U.S.

FMCSA Canadian Issues FMCSA Canadian Issues StudyStudy

Safety Rating ReciprocitySafety Rating Reciprocity Hours-of-Service Hours-of-Service Trip Inspection RequirementsTrip Inspection Requirements MedicalsMedicals Cargo Securement Cargo Securement Electronic On-Board Recording Electronic On-Board Recording

DevicesDevices Speed Governors/LimitersSpeed Governors/Limiters Variations between U.S. federal and Variations between U.S. federal and

state requirementsstate requirements

Speed Impacts on Safety Speed Impacts on Safety and Operationsand Operations

Research to investigate the impact of Research to investigate the impact of speed and speed differentials on speed and speed differentials on carrier safety and operationscarrier safety and operations

Speed governor use surveySpeed governor use survey Impact of posted speed differentials Impact of posted speed differentials

and those occurring from governor and those occurring from governor useuse

Modeling of “ideal” speeds for Modeling of “ideal” speeds for maximizing safety and operationsmaximizing safety and operations

Speed Governor SurveySpeed Governor Survey

Initiated February 2007Initiated February 2007 240 carrier responses240 carrier responses

30.9% operate 10 or fewer trucks30.9% operate 10 or fewer trucks 13% single truck operators13% single truck operators

33.5% 11-100 trucks33.5% 11-100 trucks 35.7% >100 trucks35.7% >100 trucks

Carrier truck totals = 178,000 Carrier truck totals = 178,000 truckstrucks

Speed Governor Speed Governor PrevalencePrevalence

63% carriers utilize speed 63% carriers utilize speed governorsgovernors

79% private79% private 64% TL64% TL 58% specialized58% specialized 54% LTL54% LTL

71% govern 100% of fleet71% govern 100% of fleet

Fleet Size and Governor Fleet Size and Governor UseUse

Larger fleets more likely to Larger fleets more likely to utilize speed governorsutilize speed governors

Used by 80% of carriers Used by 80% of carriers operating 100+ trucks operating 100+ trucks

Just 37% of fleets operating 10 Just 37% of fleets operating 10 or fewer trucks report use of or fewer trucks report use of speed governorsspeed governors

Not Using Speed Not Using Speed GovernorsGovernors

Reasons cited for not using:Reasons cited for not using: 52% cite safety concerns ( e.g. 52% cite safety concerns ( e.g.

car-truck speed differentials)car-truck speed differentials) 16.7% cite strain on 16.7% cite strain on

company/driver relationscompany/driver relations 12.5% cite refusal of owner-12.5% cite refusal of owner-

operators to use governorsoperators to use governors

Speed SettingsSpeed Settings

Mean Speed: 69 mphMean Speed: 69 mph

Governor Speed Settings (Per Carrier)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

60 - 65 66 - 70 71 - 75 76 and up

Speed (MPH)

Underlying FactorsUnderlying FactorsPrimary Factor Determining Speed Settings

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Safe

ty

Concern

s

Poste

d L

egal

Lim

it

Fuel M

ileage

Insura

nce

Requirem

ents

Pre

serv

ation

of

Fle

et

Uniform

ity

Driver

Rela

tions

57% use posted 57% use posted speedspeed

Training Impacts on SafetyTraining Impacts on Safety

Statistical comparison of driver safety Statistical comparison of driver safety outcomes with prescribed training elementsoutcomes with prescribed training elements

Research outcomes expected to answer:Research outcomes expected to answer: Which training strategies and exercises are most effective at Which training strategies and exercises are most effective at

improving safety?improving safety? What is the optimal means of administering these exercises?What is the optimal means of administering these exercises? What duration is necessary for an exercise to have its What duration is necessary for an exercise to have its

desired effect on safety?desired effect on safety? What combination of exercises produces the highest overall What combination of exercises produces the highest overall

safety outcomes?safety outcomes?

Training Impacts on Training Impacts on SafetySafety

Technical Advisory Committee being Technical Advisory Committee being formed to provide guidance to formed to provide guidance to research design, review draft findingsresearch design, review draft findings

Members represent carriers, drivers, Members represent carriers, drivers, driver training institutionsdriver training institutions

Methodology focusing on carrier level Methodology focusing on carrier level analysisanalysis

Carriers will be recruited to provide Carriers will be recruited to provide data on training program/curriculum data on training program/curriculum utilized; driver safety datautilized; driver safety data

Disease and DisasterDisease and Disaster

Research focused on trucking’s role in Research focused on trucking’s role in keeping supply chain moving in face of keeping supply chain moving in face of events of regional/national significanceevents of regional/national significance

Goal of integrating trucking into public Goal of integrating trucking into public sector emergency response planssector emergency response plans

Also looking to include trucking as Also looking to include trucking as “first responder”“first responder”

Industry input needed – submit real-life Industry input needed – submit real-life stories via ATRI websitestories via ATRI website www.atri-online.orgwww.atri-online.org

Employer Notification Employer Notification SystemSystem

Earlier study supported safety Earlier study supported safety ROIsROIs

1,000 drivers in system1,000 drivers in system 4,500+ drivers’ data analyzed 25 4,500+ drivers’ data analyzed 25

statesstates Well accepted by industryWell accepted by industry FMCSA regulatory changes FMCSA regulatory changes

possiblepossible

On-Board Safety Systems: On-Board Safety Systems: Economic Analysis and Economic Analysis and Deployment Activities Deployment Activities

Quantify and document tangible industry Quantify and document tangible industry benefitsbenefits

Design industry deployment & testing plansDesign industry deployment & testing plans Naturalistic field test of systems, including Naturalistic field test of systems, including

potential for test of integrated after-market potential for test of integrated after-market system system

Develop & co-host national industry webinarsDevelop & co-host national industry webinars Lane Departure Warning SystemsLane Departure Warning Systems Roll Stability ControlRoll Stability Control Collision Warning SystemsCollision Warning Systems

What’s Up with ULSD?What’s Up with ULSD?

Assessing potential energy loss from Assessing potential energy loss from transition to ULSD (effective October 2006)transition to ULSD (effective October 2006)

The Way We Were…The Way We Were… Sulfur levels averaged 276 ppm; ranged Sulfur levels averaged 276 ppm; ranged

from a high of 415 ppm to a low of 48 ppmfrom a high of 415 ppm to a low of 48 ppm Lowest sulfur levels found in California (required Lowest sulfur levels found in California (required

15 ppm effective 9/1/06)15 ppm effective 9/1/06) The per gallon energy content varied by as The per gallon energy content varied by as

much as 2.3%much as 2.3% Samples pulled from same 15 locations in Samples pulled from same 15 locations in

May – analysis underway; results to be May – analysis underway; results to be released later this monthreleased later this month

ATRI Research ATRI Research

Safety and Human FactorsSafety and Human FactorsRoad Speed Impacts on Road Speed Impacts on

Safety and OperationsSafety and OperationsTraining Impacts on SafetyTraining Impacts on SafetyENS Pilot Test (FMCSA) ENS Pilot Test (FMCSA) Safety Impacts of New HOSSafety Impacts of New HOSSafety Culture Synthesis Safety Culture Synthesis

(TRB)(TRB)Driver Health and Wellness Driver Health and Wellness

Synthesis (TRB)Synthesis (TRB)Safety Certification Safety Certification

Synthesis (TRB)Synthesis (TRB)

Safety and Human FactorsSafety and Human FactorsNorth American FMP North American FMP

(FMCSA/TC)(FMCSA/TC)TIM Performance Measures TIM Performance Measures

(FHWA)(FHWA)TIM Self-Assessment TIM Self-Assessment

(FHWA)(FHWA)Driving Simulator EvaluationDriving Simulator EvaluationTruck Driver Injury and Truck Driver Injury and

Health Survey (NIOSH)Health Survey (NIOSH)National Traffic Incident National Traffic Incident

Management Coalition Management Coalition Business Model Business Model Development (AASHTO)Development (AASHTO)

ATRI ResearchATRI Research

Economic AnalysisEconomic AnalysisOn-Board Safety On-Board Safety

Technologies Technologies Economic Analysis and Economic Analysis and Deployment (FMCSA) Deployment (FMCSA)

Border Efficiency Border Efficiency Assessment (CBP)Assessment (CBP)

Canadian Issues Study Canadian Issues Study (FMCSA)(FMCSA)

Highway Funding AnalysisHighway Funding AnalysisFreight Capacity ModelFreight Capacity ModelState Economic Data and State Economic Data and

AnalysisAnalysis

Economic Analysis Economic Analysis Annual Top Industry Annual Top Industry

Issues SurveyIssues SurveyCalculating the Calculating the

Operational Costs of Operational Costs of TruckingTrucking

Savannah Roadway Savannah Roadway Survey (Georgia State Survey (Georgia State Road and Tollway Road and Tollway Authority)Authority)

ATRI ResearchATRI Research

TechnologyTechnologyFreight Performance Freight Performance

Measures (FHWA)Measures (FHWA)CVISN Motor Carrier CVISN Motor Carrier

Business Case Business Case (FMCSA)(FMCSA)

Columbus Electronic Columbus Electronic Freight Manifest Freight Manifest (FHWA)(FHWA)

National Trucking National Trucking Industry Data Industry Data ClearinghouseClearinghouse

Transportation Transportation SecuritySecurity

Delivering Goods in Delivering Goods in the Face of Disease the Face of Disease and Disasterand Disaster

ATRI ResearchATRI Research

Environmental FactorsEnvironmental FactorsIdle Reduction Technologies Idle Reduction Technologies

Demonstration Project (EPA)Demonstration Project (EPA)Idling Regulations CompendiumIdling Regulations CompendiumMeasuring the Impacts of ULSDMeasuring the Impacts of ULSDSmartway Technology Survey Smartway Technology Survey

(Baltimore Metropolitan Council)(Baltimore Metropolitan Council)Alternative Fuels FeasibilityAlternative Fuels Feasibility

Recently ReleasedRecently Released

Highway Funding AnalysisHighway Funding Analysis Assessing the Impact of ACE Trucking Assessing the Impact of ACE Trucking

e-Manifest on Trucking Operationse-Manifest on Trucking Operations Health and Wellness Programs for Health and Wellness Programs for

Commercial DriversCommercial Drivers The Role of Safety Culture in The Role of Safety Culture in

Preventing Commercial Motor Vehicle Preventing Commercial Motor Vehicle CrashesCrashes

Coming Soon…Coming Soon…

Operational Costs of TruckingOperational Costs of Trucking Freight Capacity ModelFreight Capacity Model Training Impacts on SafetyTraining Impacts on Safety ULSD Energy AnalysisULSD Energy Analysis 2007 Top Industry Issues Survey2007 Top Industry Issues Survey

www.truckline.com/TopIndustryIssueswww.truckline.com/TopIndustryIssues

ATRI on XMATRI on XM

Dave Nemo Show on XM Channel Dave Nemo Show on XM Channel 171171

Thursdays, 8:00 a.m. CTThursdays, 8:00 a.m. CT

September 20 – Women in TruckingSeptember 20 – Women in Trucking

October 4 – Have You Locked Your October 4 – Have You Locked Your Doors?Doors?

Questions?Questions?

Rebecca BrewsterRebecca Brewster

770-432-0628770-432-0628

rbrewster@trucking.orgrbrewster@trucking.org

www.atri-online.orgwww.atri-online.org