1 14/10/2013
French - IFSTTAR activities
ERMES
Brussels, 26-27 September 2013 Yao LIU, Michel ANDRÉ
Laboratoire Transports et Environnement
2 14/10/2013
French activities (Ifsttar–Lab. Transport &
Environment)
Emission factors / transport contribution
French data elaboration: fleet, traffic
Emission model application
3 14/10/2013
Emission factors / transport contribution
Emission factors from the traffic
On-road real-world
Chassis dynamometer
Interested
compounds
NOxCOHCPMPN
Regulated compounds
Followed regularly
Non-regulated compoundsN2O, NH3
VOCPAHCarbonyl compoundsBlack carbon…
Environment and health impacts
Emission factors not updated
4 14/10/2013
Kerbside measurements (other labs)
Emission factors / transport contribution
On-road (in-situ) real-world and chassis dynamometer emissions
measurements for characterizing the traffic contribution
Project : CORTEA PM-DRIVE (Particulate DiRect and Indirect Vehicular Emissions)
(IFSTTAR, col. LGGE, LCME, LCP, Cerea, 2011-2014)
5 types of vehicle Emission Factors • Regulated compounds
• Non-regulated compounds:
PAH, VOC, Carbonyl compounds
Particle chemical
characterization • Non-regulated compounds:
about 100 organic compounds,
metals, black carbon
Particle size number
distribution
Chassis dynamometer measurement Gas phase
Particulate phase
Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4
Diesel w/o DPF 1 1
Diesel DPF 1
Gasoline 1 1
5 14/10/2013
On-road (in-situ) real-world and chassis dynamometer emissions
measurements for characterizing the traffic contribution
Emission factors / transport contribution
Tunnel measurements (other labs)
Non-exhaust emissions (other labs)
7 types of vehicle Emission Factors • Regulated compounds
Particle chemical
characterization • Non-regulated compounds:
about 300 organic compounds
Particle size number
distribution
Chassis dynamometer measurement
Both PM-DRIVE and URBE : Measurement of specific molecular tracers for inclusion
in CMB source profiles representative of European fleet
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
Diesel w/o DPF 1 2
Diesel DPF 1 1
Gasoline 1 1 1
Gas phase
Particulate phase
Project : URBE (Source apportionment of URBan Emissions of primary particulate matter)
(coop. Univ of Aveiro, Portugal, CSIC Barcelona, Univ. Birmingham,
IFSTTAR, 2013-2014)
6 14/10/2013
Emission factors / transport contribution
Chassis dynamometer emissions measurements for
characterizing the traffic contribution
Project : CORTEA FEVER (Emission Factor of Recent VEhicles)
(IFSTTAR, Sept. 2013 – Aug. 2015)
5 types of vehicle
Emission Factors • Regulated Compounds
• Non-Regulated Compounds
PAH, VOC,
Carbonyl compounds
Emission Factors • Black Carbon
• PAH
Particle size
number
distribution
Emission Factors for Artemis Urban, Road
and Highway cycles
Identify and quantify the key of non-
regulated pollutants
Gas phase Particulate phase Euro 4 Euro 5
Diesel w/o
DPF 1
Diesel DPF 2 3
Gasoline 1 2
7 14/10/2013
French data elaboration: fleet, traffic
Vehicle fleet and traffic activity
A whole exercise was completed in 2013, covering all vehicle
categories (Pass. cars, Light and Heavy duty vehicles, Urban bus,
Coaches, 2 wheelers), over the period 1980-2030, and including :
– Revision of several assumptions (survival rates, annual mileage),
– Large data collection (detailed registrations over 10 years, systematic
review of the mobility surveys)
– Setting-up of prospective scenario as regards new technologies based
on a ADEME - car manufacturers prospective study (2012)
(French Environment and Energy Management Agency)
The French dataset is ready for inclusion in the HBEFA
tools
But also available with the COPERT structure
However new technologies segments should be considered in the
software ! (otherwise, the propsective exercise would be difficult)
8 14/10/2013
French data elaboration: fleet, traffic
exemple: Evolution of the French fleet over 1980-2030
New technologies should represent 31% of the traffic
(veh x km)
and
27% of the fleet
Conv. Diesel 49%
Conv. Petrol 20%
Plug-in petrol 5%
Electric 4%
Hybrid Petrol 15%
Hybrid Diesel 7%
0,0E+00
5,0E+07
1,0E+08
1,5E+08
2,0E+08
2,5E+08
3,0E+08
3,5E+08
4,0E+08
4,5E+08
5,0E+08
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
i-PCnotspecified-1h-PCPHEVPetrol
g-PCBEV
f-Hybrideessence
e-HybrideDiesel
d-PCE85
c-PCLPG
b-Essence
a-DieselThese new
technologies should be
considered in software
9 14/10/2013
French data elaboration: fleet, traffic
It should be noted that strong discrepancies were observed
between different database for France (EMISIA, CITEPA,
IFSTTAR)
Varied from 30% and up to 100%, depending on:
– absolute levels (number of vehicles, or total traffic)
– distribution between categories.
2015 PV
Diesel Petrol
Number of vehicles
CITEPA 65 34
EMISIA 49 44
IFSTTAR-LTE 65 34
Discrepancies % 34 32
Total traffic
CITEPA 71 29
EMISIA 58 34
IFSTTAR-LTE 76 23
Discrepancies % 32 44
Example of
comparison
between diesel
and petrol
passenger
vehicles
Induce strong
differences on
emission
calculations
10 14/10/2013
French data elaboration: fleet, traffic – local data
Experiments have been perfomed to monitor local fleet
composition
In Grenoble, (MOCOPO research project):
4 video cameras have been set up
Around 1 Million of observations during one month, with technology
information details
Monitoring of the traffic (speed and flow) and of air quality near the road
In Paris and area, (ZaParC research project):
9 different places to monitor different vehicle fleets
Around 500,000 observations, for which the technology data have been
collected through the registration file
In both cases, build up the real-world fleet composition
Analysis of the spatial and temporal variability
Analysis of the sensitivity of the emission calculation
In progress...
11 14/10/2013
Emission model application – pertinence, coherency
Intercomparison of tools (in progress)
COPERT4 - HBEFA expert-version - COPCETE (GIS tool including
French data for road project impact studies, based on COPERT4)
Study Cases : a few streets and a whole city
Coupling of models and assessment methodologies (1 PhD)
Create a modeling chain to estimate traffic impact on air and water
quality
Validate the modeling chain with experimental data
Traffic model – emission models
Two research projects (TRAFIPOLLU and CoerT-P) aiming at
implementing traffic (Static/Dyn) and emission models (COPERT,
HBEFA, PHEM) at different scales
12 14/10/2013
Emission model application – pertinence, coherency
Urban mobility plans, traffic management measures Case of Nantes
Multidisciplinary approach for environmental impact assessment
Detailed and critical analysis of the whole model chain
High focus on the traffic modelling and emission calculation (DAVISUM travel and traffic modelling, + CIRCUL’AIR plate-forme based on COPERT)
In the Paris area - Case of the Low Emission Zones Large scale measurements of air quality, black carbon and tunnel
experiment
Real world vehicle fleet and traffic observation
HEAVEN (plate-form from AirParif, based on COPERT methodology) modelling chain for traffic modelling and emission estimation and validation with air quality measurement
13 14/10/2013
Conclusions
Emission factors / transport contribution
PM-DRIVE, URBE and FEVER focus on:
– Emission factors of PAH, VOC, Carbonyl compounds, black carbon
– Particle size number distribution
– Tunnel, Kerbside measurements and Non-exhaust emissions
French data elaboration: fleet, traffic
Experiments have been performed to monitor local fleet composition
– Grenoble, (MOCOPO research projet)
– Paris and area, (ZaParC research project)
Emission model application
Intercomparison of COPERT4 - HBEFA expert-version - COPCETE
Coupling traffic emission-air quality models
14 14/10/2013
Proposals for ERMES
Non-regulated-pollutants
ERMES Research Issue No. 10
Guidance on and benchmarking of models, uncertainty, test
cases
ERMES Research Issue No. 24
15 14/10/2013
16 14/10/2013
Proposals for ERMES –
Non-regulated-pollutants
A high concern, due to health and environment impacts with emerging
technologies and fuels
Three short term phases (24 months)
Identify key non-regulated pollutants with evolution of vehicle
technologies
Collect literature and data into a database of emission factors
Literature review on current sampling and analysis methods for each
family of compounds (PAH, VOC, Aldehyde…)
Then a tests program should be designed according to the above, to
measure emissions data around the key NRP.
Tests program
Establish a test program on 30-40 diesel and gasoline vehicles (more
or less recent Euro 2-6), with several partner laboratories (JRC, EMPA,
LAT…)
Data synthesis and elaboration of emission factors
17 14/10/2013
Proposals for ERMES –
Guidance on and benchmarking of models, uncertainty, test cases
Four phases are proposed: To question the emission models : accuracy and domain of
pertinence, through a review, inter-comparisons. COPERT, HBEFA and PHEM should be considered.
To question the data and assumptions for emission estimation (fleet and traffic data, prospective scenario, various assumptions): analyse their importance, quality and the sensitivity of the emissions calculation to these data. Particular point : the use of national data instead of local data
To question the use of emission models within larger chains of models. These combinations require adaptations, or even reprogramming of the tools. Assumptions and interfaces should be examined carefully. Validity of the coupling with micro or macro traffic models should be demonstrated. Detailed analysis should enable determining the pertinence of these chains, and setting-up recommendations.
… (cont.) …
18 14/10/2013
Proposals for ERMES –
Guidance on and benchmarking of models, uncertainty, test cases
Four phases are proposed:
…
To analyse the practices for the assessment of the air pollution from
road transport: to get lessons from real-cases of applications (French
recent studies, EC works on green cities, CIVITAS program, etc.).
Special care should concern the real-world practices, the setting-up
of scenarios, the users and their advices on the emission tools, and
even the lessons or benefits gained from the implantation of various
transport / traffic measures,
Expected results : a better knowledge of the contexts in
which emissions models are used, of their accuracy, limits
and domain of pertinence, recommendation around the
assessment approaches.
19 14/10/2013
Introduction
Objective: To create a modelling chain to estimate
traffic impact on air and water quality
20 14/10/2013
Model integration