FRENCH NEWSPAPERS AND EPHEMERA FROM THE 1848 REVOLUTION MORNA DANIELS THE British Library has exceptionally fine holdings relating to the French Revolution of 1789. The three collections purchased from or on the recommendation of John Wilson Croker comprise 48,579 pieces and have been briefly listed with some indication of subject, but not all have been catalogued.^ The 'R* set, the last to be purchased in 1856, includes a few items from the revolution of 1830. In 1898 Francois Chevremont, Marat's biographer, presented seventy volumes of works by or about Marat. ^ Croker himself lived to see the French Revolution of 1848. This event sparked off uprisings thoughout Europe, in Milan, Hanover, Munich, Prague, Vienna, Hungary, Prussia and Poland, and encouraged the Chartist movement in London. It swept away the 'bourgeois' King Louis-Philippe, and ushered in a period of political instability in France which led to the rise to power of Louis-Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon I. It is represented in the British Library by an interesting small collection of newspapers, prints, election material and other ephemera, placed at shelfmark HS.74/1217. Who formed this collection is not entirely clear. Included among the ephemera is a registration form to vote in the plebiscite of 1852 filled in by Charles Viennot, an 'employe' (clerk) born in i8i8, and hving at 9 rue des Mathurins, noted as being in the ist arrondissement (fig. i). The rue des Mathurins, now in the 8th and 9th arrondissements, was named after a farm belonging to the Mathurin order."^ On maps of the time it is marked as rue neuve des Mathurins, as there was another rue des Mathurins near the Roman baths (now the Cluny Museum), which has since been destroyed. In the early nineteenth century the arrondissements were numbered across Paris from top left to lower right, so the rue neuve des Mathurins was indeed in ist arrondissement.* In i860 the suburbs were incorporated and the present pattern established. Furthermore, a poster among the ephemera is addressed in ink to 'Theodore Vienot' [sic]. Presumably, therefore, a Viennot assembled the collection, but as the items were not stamped with an acquisition date, it has not been possible to discover when they arrived in the British Museum. To set the collection in its historical context, the third French Revolution began in February 1848.^ Harvests had been bad in 1845 and 1846 and potato blight had also struck in 1846. The drop in demand for goods produced in Paris had lead to half of the Parisian workforce being unemployed. During 1847 public banquets had been held to 219
Transcript
FRENCH NEWSPAPERS AND EPHEMERA FROM
THE 1848 REVOLUTION
MORNA DANIELS
T H E British Library has exceptionally fine holdings relating to the French Revolutionof 1789. The three collections purchased from or on the recommendation of John WilsonCroker comprise 48,579 pieces and have been briefly listed with some indication ofsubject, but not all have been catalogued.^ The 'R* set, the last to be purchased in 1856,includes a few items from the revolution of 1830. In 1898 Francois Chevremont, Marat'sbiographer, presented seventy volumes of works by or about Marat. ̂
Croker himself lived to see the French Revolution of 1848. This event sparked offuprisings thoughout Europe, in Milan, Hanover, Munich, Prague, Vienna, Hungary,Prussia and Poland, and encouraged the Chartist movement in London. It swept away the'bourgeois' King Louis-Philippe, and ushered in a period of political instability inFrance which led to the rise to power of Louis-Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon I. It isrepresented in the British Library by an interesting small collection of newspapers,prints, election material and other ephemera, placed at shelfmark HS.74/1217.
Who formed this collection is not entirely clear. Included among the ephemera is aregistration form to vote in the plebiscite of 1852 filled in by Charles Viennot, an'employe' (clerk) born in i8i8, and hving at 9 rue des Mathurins, noted as being in theist arrondissement (fig. i). The rue des Mathurins, now in the 8th and 9tharrondissements, was named after a farm belonging to the Mathurin order."̂ On maps ofthe time it is marked as rue neuve des Mathurins, as there was another rue des Mathurinsnear the Roman baths (now the Cluny Museum), which has since been destroyed. In theearly nineteenth century the arrondissements were numbered across Paris from top leftto lower right, so the rue neuve des Mathurins was indeed in ist arrondissement.* Ini860 the suburbs were incorporated and the present pattern established. Furthermore,a poster among the ephemera is addressed in ink to 'Theodore Vienot' [sic]. Presumably,therefore, a Viennot assembled the collection, but as the items were not stamped withan acquisition date, it has not been possible to discover when they arrived in the BritishMuseum.
To set the collection in its historical context, the third French Revolution began inFebruary 1848.̂ Harvests had been bad in 1845 and 1846 and potato blight had alsostruck in 1846. The drop in demand for goods produced in Paris had lead to half of theParisian workforce being unemployed. During 1847 public banquets had been held to
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D^partcmcnt de la Seine.
(!e Paris. " Arrondissement,
SUR LE PLEBISCITE SOUMiS AU PEUPLE
Conform I? ment au tiiifrct du 7 novfrnbrc fS52.
Diin'cdu
scniLin.21 it 22 iiovcmlire, do 8 heures du matin & 6 heurcs du soir.
Exlruil ih in Lisle, Eleciorale.
Fait a Paris, lo 15 novenibre 1852.
Le'lUaire,
Les tlfcleursriiiinrtrrciil Ifnrs luiilrlinspii'ijniV's cmiclioisde lusscniblt!'?. Cos bulletins cotilienrlroii!sculcm le nioi Oil on le n;al MON; c'cst-&-(lire racccpiaiion ou la non accci)iaiioii du PIt-biseitc.r e s biilltiir.E -proiU Iniprimi^'; cii mniiu?criis, .'̂ ur papier hlnnr, (*t sans sifjiie esK'ricur.
Fig. I. Registration certificate entitling Charles Viennot to vote in the plebiscite of 1852.
HS.74/1217
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call for universal suffrage, but Louis-Philippe and his chief minister Guizot resistedreform. A ban was placed on a banquet and a huge procession of workers scheduled for22 February, but the procession and demonstrations took place. Attempts by soldiers andpolice to clear the streets lead to street fighting, an attack on Guizot's mansion, and theerection of barricades. That evening, a gun was fired at the municipal guards, perhapsby accident, perhaps as provocation, and the guards fired on the crowd, killing fifty-twoof the demonstrators. The dead were dragged on carts through the poor districts.Fighting and destruction ensued.
On the 24th King Louis-Philippe, who lost hope on the defection of the NationalGuard, abdicated. The Palais Royal and the Tuileries were sacked (though not burneddown as in 1870). The King's eldest son had been killed in a carriage accident in 1842.His widow failed to persuade the National Assembly to accept her young son as King,and the Paris mob who swept her out of the Chamber ensured the election of aProvisional government which included the poet Alphonse de Lamartine, the physicistand astronomer Francois Arago, Pierre Marie, Adolphe Cremieux, Alexandre Ledru-RoUin, one of the founders and the chief financial supporter of La Reforme^ Flocon, itschief editor, the sociahst Louis Blanc, Marrast, editor of Le National, and Albert, aParisian workman.
They were installed in the Hotel de Ville. The red flag had so far been the emblemof the insurgents. In 1791 the National Guard had fired on a demonstration after martiallaw had been declared and indicated by a small red flag. From then on the red flagbecame the symbol of protest, and was flown in 1830 and 1848, together with black flags,to symbolize readiness to die.^ The Provisional government voted to retain the tricouleur^and Lamartine (though personally in favour of the red flag) made a stirring speech in itsdefence in front of the Hotel de Ville. The French Republic was proclaimed on the 27thand French funds fell in London. Reforms included universal suffrage, a ten-hour dayfor Paris (eleven hours for the provinces), the abolition of slavery in the colonies, and theestablishment of National Workshops for the unemployed. The LuxembourgCommission was set up to debate social reforms. Unfortunately nothing much practicalresulted, and the collapse of the economy due to loss of confidence made it impossiblefor the government to subsidize the workshops for long. Taxes were still collected, anda 45% tax was imposed on land, which alienated the peasantry, who felt they weresubsidizing the urban poor.
Stamp duties on newspapers were suspended, as was the deposit of caution money forthe duration of the elections. Nearly 400 newspapers appeared, many with titles recalhngthe Revolution of 1789, and others supporting the monarchy. The papers were cheap,or even free. Collectors sought out the most ephemeral.'^ Political clubs sprang up,demanding more reforms and nationalization of financial institutions. The more ardentsocialists were called Montagnards after the radicals of 1789 who had sat in the highestpart of the Assembly. A communist manifesto was issued by the Club of the Rights ofMan. The fiery leader of workers' demonstrations was Louis Auguste Blanqui who
2 2 1
denounced the weakness and trickery of the government, and demanded bread, freedomfrom taxation and the right of association for the workers.
The well-organized conservatives did surprisingly well in the April elections to theNational Assembly, provoking Radical anger, and violence in the provinces. On May 2General Cavaignac was recalled from Algeria to restore order. On 15 May another hugeRadical procession invaded the National Assembly and attempted to overthrow thegovernment, but the hall was cleared by the National Guard. Blanqui, Sobrier, Raspail,Cabet-Barbes and Albert the workman were arrested and sent to the fortress ofVincennes. Louis Blanc fled into exile.
When half the working population of Paris had enrolled in the workshops, thegovernment decided to run them down gradually while trying to create work on therailways, although lack of finance made this difficult. On hearing of the decision theworkers took to the streets and on 21 June fighting broke out. Next day barricades wereerected in the east of the city, along the Faubourg St Antoine and at the Portes St Denisand St Martin. The battle raged all day with heavy casualties. General Cavaignacdirecting the government forces. The insurgents were defeated on the 24th, after about10,000 had been killed or seriously injured. The Archbishop of Paris, MonseigneurAffre, who tried to mediate, was shot through the back and died on the 27th. Anothermediator. General Brea, was also killed. La Presse and ten other journals were banned.Most were allowed to reappear ten or eleven days later, except the Presse which had to
wait till 6 August.'Cavaignac formed a new government and a reaction began. The insurgents were
rounded up, the workshops closed and the National Guard disarmed. Caution moneywas again demanded for political newpapers. Though some in the National Assemblytried to amend the constitution so that the Assembly elected the leader of the country,which would have favoured Cavaignac, who had strong support in the Assembly, thisamendment was defeated, and on 11 December Louis-Napoleon was elected Presidentby universal male suffrage, the first such election in any country in the world (fig. 2). TheIllustrated London News ridiculed women's political clubs which proposed that, aswomen were not able to vote for the President, they should choose a President's wife,since both Cavaignac and Louis-Napoleon were single.
1849 saw a continuation of the ferment of debate in Paris, fuelled by ultra-Republicanand Bonapartist newspapers, but in January political clubs were gradually closed down,only six remaining at the end of the month out of thirty-seven which had existed in July1848. The Left protested at Napoleon's use of French troops to suppress the RomanRepublic. In March the imprisoned insurgents were tried at Bourges to avoiddemonstrations in the capital, and by May 1,220 had been sentenced to transportation.The rest were gradually released. Large numbers of troops in the capital controlled anti-government demonstrations and foiled an attempted coup d'etat by radicals, includingLedru-Rollin, on 13 June.
On 13 June new restrictive legislation on the press was passed.^ Members of theNational Assembly could not publish newspapers. Subscriptions could not be raised to
2 2 2
Candidal presence par Nicolas, appuye par la Presse.
PHf/SSl
MAIS HON; PUI5QUE C'EST LE CHAPEAU
DE L' E M P ' R E U R .
HA CA ! . . . . IHAIS M A I S C EST
U N A N E !
Fig. 2. Anti-Bonapartist caricature, showing Louis-Napoleon as a dotikey sponsored by TsarNicholas I, 1848. HS.74/1217
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Fig. J. The destruction of the printing presses of M. Boule. Illustrated London News, 23 June1849, p. 421
pay the fines of editors. Papers could be suspended and editors imprisoned for incitingcivil war, seducing troops from their allegiance, or circulating false information. Sixradical papers: Le Peuple^ La Republique Democratique et Sociale^ La Vraie Re'publique,La Democratie Pacifique^ La Reforme^ and La Tribune were closed down. Mihtary postswere established in the editorial offices. Police called at the offices of Le National, LeSiecle, and La Presse, and warned them that if they printed socialist articles they wouldbe closed down. M. Boule, a printer of revolutionary papers, had his presses smashedby national guards (see fig. 3).
During 1850 attacks on radicalism continued. Newspapers were overwhelmed withfines, public meetings were forbidden and Republicans dismissed from pubhc service.On 2 December 1851 Louis-Napoleon staged a coup d*etat to seize power permanently.The police occupied major newspaper offices and the Presse and Opinion publique weresuspended. Other papers were allowed to continue if they did not comment on the coup.A Republican rising in protest was crushed, both in Paris and in the provinces, and aplebiscite approved Louis-Napoleon's actions. A decree on 17 February 1852 announcedthat newspapers could only be established with government permission, on the paymentof twice the previous amounts as surety. Owners could nominate editors, but they wereappointed by the Minister of the Interior. Only official bulletins of parliamentary debates
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could be published, and it became an offence to publish under its own or any other namea journal that had been suppressed. (Some journals had constantly reappeared underdifferent names.) Another plebiscite confirmed Louis-Napoleon as emperor in 1852.
The Provisional government was correct in blaming newspapers for incitinginsurrection. In March 1848 Les droits de Pkomme. Tribune des proletaires (The rights ofman. Tribune of the workers) denounced the crushing of nationalist uprisings in Galicia,Naples, Palermo and Portugal, where the Queen was destroying the constitution. Itrather optimistically announced an annual subscription of 8 francs. Le vrai pere Duchenede 1848, journal des classes ouvrieres (the true Pere Duchene of 1848, a paper of theworking classes) used a traditional revolutionary pseudonym. No. i, 21-3 May 1848,calls for the abolition of the exploitation of the workers, the voluntary association ofworkers and masters, and denounces the 'trickery' of 15 May, when the National Guarddrove Radical protestors from the National Assembly. It asks its readers if they know the'agents provocateurs' who provoked the excesses which lead to arrests and repressivemeasures, and denounces Ledru-Rollin and Marrast for betraying the FebruaryRevolution. On i and 2 June Le tocsin des travailleurs (The workers' alarm-bell) attackedthe dissolution of the National workshops and the Luxembourg commission.
La carmagnole. Journal des enfants de Paris (named after a dance of the first revolution,but not for children) attacked the National Assembly in its first issue (i June), and wasin favour of divorce for women. Uaccusateur public was published by AlphonseEsquiros and the Club du Peuple from 28, rue Monsieur-le-Prince, north-east of thePalais du Luxembourg in the university area. It accused the Provisional government ofmerely re-creating the government of Louis-Philippe in a less stable form, and of havingimpoverished the rich without enriching the poor. The government was also denouncedfor spending as much in three months as Louis-Philippe had spent in a year, and formaking arbitrary arrests. The paper claimed that the radical Blanqui suffered prisonconditions worse than he would have done under the monarchy, and it looked backnostalgically to the hopes of February.
There were several papers for women (see fig. 4). La voix des femmes called foreducation for women and regulation of their working conditions. La politique des femmes^nos. I and 2 (18 June and 2 August 1848), demanded a union for women workers, andsupport for the very poor. It includes a dialogue between a rich and a poor girl, whodefends communists, and points to the injustice that the poor have to work up to eighteenhours a day, and the rich do no work at all. U opinion des femmes^ no. i (21 August 1848),argues for the association of workers, the education of working women, and, in anothershort piece, rejects ' Malthusianism' (birth-control) as unchristian. La Mere Michel,Gazette des vieilles portieres (Mother Michel, gazette of old door-keepers) contains alament in issue i, August 1848, for a lost cat 'Minette-Liberte'.
Uimpitoyable (Pitiless) was published only once, on 3 September 1848, and, despiteits title, is mild and Utopian in tone. It criticizes the whole of the administrative andworking system of France for harshness and unfairness towards workers and the poor,and demands ideals of fairness and social security scarcely realizable today. La bouche
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Fig. 4. The idea of women soldiers caricatured in Le journal pour rive, no. 10 (8 April 1848).HS.74/1217
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d'acier (Steel mouth) was issued from 2 rue Vivienne, now part of the old BibliothequeNationale complex, on 2 September 1848, and bemoans the deceived hopes of therevolution. The administrative abuses have not been reformed, it claims, only the nameschanged. Le Bohe'mien de Paris which appeared from 4 Place des Victoires in July 1848,claims the right to work for all, and urges the taxation of the rich. It objects to thesureties the newspaper publishers have to pay, and urges a subscription to help thefamilies of detained insurgents. Le defenseur du peuple, no. i, November 1848,published in the rue de l'Arbre Sec, greets the revolutionaries in the rest of Europe. Itclaims a right to life and a right to work, and wants the state to provide work in winterfor agricultural workers, and a savings bank to provide loans to workers. It also demandsinsurance societies to protect against future inability to work, and central state shops. Itcalls for new universal state regulation of agricultural production and employment,health care and education, and free access to justice for all.
The socialist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon is well represented in the collection. He firstcame to public attention with an essay on the question 'Qu'est-ce la propriete.'" (Whatis property ?), to which he answered ' La propriete, c'est le vol' (Property is theft). At firsta friend of Marx, he fell out with him because he did not want to create a new dogma,and was against revolutionary action. He did not take part in the June insurrection. Aswell as a number of issues of Le representant du peuple which Proudhon edited betweenI April and 21 August 1848, the collection contains a copy of the speech he made to theNational Assembly on 31 July, after the success of his paper had won him enoughsupport to gain a seat. He defends a paper proposing a tax of a third on income fromproperty. He wants the money raised to be used to found a bank to provide free loansand rent-free land and housing (apart from administrative costs), a suggestion greetedwith 'Hilarite generale, prolongee'. Also included is a Spe'cimen^ which represents hisattempt to launch a successor-paper Le peuple in September 1848, but he was frustratedby his inability to deposit a surety. However, the paper was relaunched from November1848 to 13 June 1849 ^s Le peuple. Journal de la Republique Democratiqiie et Sociale.Proudhon secured contributions so that his paper could be distributed free in soldiers'barracks. In March 1849 he was charged with sedition and fled for a while to Belgium.On his return he was tried and sentenced to five years in prison and a 6,000 franc fine.Soldiers had been moved out of Paris to escape the baleful influence of the paper.^
As will be clear from this account, many of the newspapers in the collection lasted onlya few issues and were shut down in July or August 1848 after the crushing of theinsurrection. The more moderate were allowed to continue until another abortiveuprising in June 1849. In 1850 overwhelming fines and lawsuits crushed theremaining Radical papers. The newspapers represented in the collection are listed inAppendix I. Fuller runs of most of them are also held at the Newspaper Library atColindale. Indeed, a sampling of the holdings at Colindale reveals that the Library hasabout half the items hsted in La presse parisienne of 1848.^"
As well as newspapers, the collection includes lithographic prints of portraits of themajor personalities of the time, and political cartoons, some at the expense of Louis-
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Napoleon. There are also other ephemera connected with the revolution and thesubsequent elections. These are listed in Appendix IL
APPENDIX I
FRENCH NEWSPAPERS OF 1848
The issues held in this collection are given first, followed in brackets by those in the NewspaperLibrary at Colindale {abbrev. Col.). The holdings at Colindale are more extensive, but this smallcollection holds issues for the most turbulent days of the revolution. Some issues appeared weeklyor twice-weekly and have inclusive dates.
Vaccusateur public, nos. 1-4: n - 1 4 , 14-18, 18-21, 21-25/6/48. (Col. Same issues)Uaimable faubourien. no. 3: 8-11/6/48. {Col. nos. 1-5: 1-4- 15-18/6/48)Vamour de la patrie. no. i : 16/4/48. {Col. Same issue)Uassemblee nationale. no. 69: 8/5/48. (Col. From no. 14: 1 5 / 3 / - 24/11/48 with gaps)Uavenir de la France, no. i ; 1/8/48. {Col. Same issue)Les betises de la semaine. no. 2: 3/6/48. {Col. nos. i, 2: 27/5, 3/6/48)Le bohemien de Paris, no. i : juill. 1848. Only one published. (Col. Same issue)Le bonapartiste. no. i : 14/6/48. (Col. nos. i, 2: 14, 17/6/48)Le bonheur public et general, ou les confessions du montagnard. no. i : 8/4/48. (Col. nos. i, 2: 8/4
and 26/7/48)Le bonnet rouge, no. 2: 15-18/6/48. (Col. nos. i, 2: 11, 15-18/6/48)La boucbe defer, no. i : 21/8/48. (Col. Same issue)La carmagnole, no. i : 1/6/48. (Col. nos. 1-4: i - 11-15/6/48)La chandelle democratique et sociale. Printed on pink paper, no. 2: av. 49. (Col. nos. i, 2: mar.,
av. 49)Le Charivari, nos. 59, 60, 179, 289, 344: 28, 29/2/48, 27/6/48, 26/8/48, 9/12/48. (Col. ann.
1-84: 1/12/1832-18/7/1915)La colere et le desespoir d^un vieux re'publicain. no. i : n.d. (Col. nos. i, 2: [1848])La commune de Paris. Moniteur des clubs, nos. 34, 38, 40, 69, 79: 11, 14, 17/4, 15, 31/5/48. 3
sheets, two undated, and one dated 23/5/48 protesting against harassment andproclaiming revolutionary ideals. (Col. 1-87: 9 / 3 - 8 / 6 / 4 8 . fev., mar. 1849)
La commune sociale. no. i : dec. 1848. (Col. nos. 1-3 {1-5 on microfilm): dec. 48-mai 49.Le c oust it ut tonne I. nos. 150, 164, 239, an. 2, no. 6: 29/5, 15/6, 26/8/48, 6/1/49. Supplement of
15/1/52 with text of new constitution. (Col. 1815-1914 on microfilm)Le croque-mort de la presse. nos. i, 2: 12/48. (Col. nos. 1-6: dec. 1848-jan. 1849). This lists
journals, pamphlets, satires, song-sheets and almanachs issued between February andDecember 1848 in Paris and other main cities and gives details of editors and editorialoffices.
Le defenseur du peuple. no. i : 11/48. (Col. nos. i, 2 (1-6 on microfilm): nov. 48-av. 49).La depeche. Courrter du soir. no. 3: 23/3/48. (Col. nos. 1-5: 20-25/3/48)Les droits de Phomme. no. 3: 9/3/48. (Col. nos. 1-3: 1-9/3/48)Ueducation republicaine. no. i : 20/5/48. (Col. nos. 1-4: 20/5-juill. 48)
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La France libre. nos. 1-4: 26/4, 12/5, 4/6, 8/7/48. (Col. nos. 1-5: 26 /4 -8 /10 /48)La France nouvelle. no. 20: 13/6/48. (Col. nos. 13, 15, 18, 20-1, 23, 26-9: 4-23/6/48.Gazette des tribunaux. no. 6576; 31/7 and 1/8/48. (Col 1/11/1825-1/3/1941)Vimpitoyable. no. i : 3/9/48. (Col. Same issue)Le journal, nos. 2, 6, 30, 42: 29/7, 2/8, 26/8, 7/9/48. (Col. nos. 1-96: juill.-oct. 1848)Journal de la vraie republique. nos. i, 3: 29/3, 3i/3/49- (Col. 1-77: 29/3 - 15/6/49)Journal de Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, no. i : dec. 48. (Col. Same issue)Journal des debuts politiques et litteraires. 21/2, 13/3, 30/5, 26-27/8/48. (Col. 1800-1944)Journal des pauvres. no. i : sept. 48. (Col. Same issue)Journal des sans-culottes. no. 3: 8-11/6/48. (Col. nos. 1-4 (1-6 on microfilm): 2 8 / 5 - 1 / 6 / 4 8 -
Le peuple constituant. nos. i, 16, 131, 134: undated [27/2], 13/3, 8/7, 11/7/48. (Col. nos.1-134: 27/2-11/7/48)
Le pilori. nos. i, 2: 18, 21/6/48. (Col. Same issues)M. Pipelet. undated sheet. (Not at Col.)La politique des femmes. Two issues numbered i : 18-24/6 and 21/8/48; no. 2: aout 1848. (Col.
Same issues)Le pot aux roses, no. i : Dec. 1848. (Col. Same issue.) Not recorded at Bibliotheque nationale.La presse. Edited by Emile de Girardin. nos. 4300, 4308, 34[i.e. 43]8i, 4399, 4421, 4426, 4453,
Le Republicain rouge, no. i : jan. 1849. (Col. no. i. nos. 1-5: jan.-mai 1849 on microfilm)La republique des arts. no. i : 5/3/48. (Col. Same issue)La Republique fran^aise. nos. 9, 14: 6, 11/3/48. (Col. nos. 1-30: 16/2-28/3/48)La Republique rouge, no. i : 10-12/6/48. (Col. nos. 1-4: 10 /12- 16/18/6/48)Le revelateur. Journal prophetique. nos. 2, 4: juill., aout 48. (Col. nos. 1-4: 18-25/6 - aout 48)La revolution democratique et sociale. nos. 1-24, 33, 38, 57, 68, 81, 86, 89: 7/11-30/11, 9/12,
14/12/1848; 3/1, 14/1, 27/1, 1/2, 4/2/1849. (Col. nos. 1-216: 7/11/48-13/6/49)Le Robespierre, no. i : 1/6/48. (Col. nos. 1-4: i - 11/6/48)Les saltimbanques. no. i : 11/6/48. (Col. nos. 1-2: juin 48)Le salut social, nos. i, 2: 18-21, 23-25/6/48. (Col. Same issues)Le spartacus. nos. i, 2: 18-22, 22-25/6/48. (Col. Same issues)Le spectateur republicain. nos. i, 2, 41: 29-30/7, 7/9/48. (Col. nos. 1-41: 29 /7-7 /9 /48)Le tocsin des travailleurs. nos. i, 2: i and 2/6/48. (Col. nos. 1-24: 1-24/6/48)Le travail. Journal ...du Club de la Revolution, no. 11: 21-23/6/48. (Col. nos. i - i i : 2 8 / 5 -
21-23/6/48)Le trovailleur par la Mere Duchene. no. 6: 22-24/6/48. (Col. nos. 1-6: 27-29/5 - 22-24/6/48)Le tribunal revolutionnatre. no. i : 21-23/6/48. (Col. nos. i, 2: 21-23, 23-26/6/48)L'unite nationale. no. 2: 17/5/48. (Col. nos. 1-14 (1-27 on microfilm): 16/5 - 14/6/48)La verite. no. 3: 6/7/48. (Col. nos. 1-3: 5/3, 5/7, 6/7/48)Le vieux cordelier, no. 4: 26-27/5/48. (Col. nos. 1-6. 19 /20 /5-31 mai/i juin 48)La voix des femmes. nos. i, 2: 20, 23/3/48. (Col. nos. i (specimen), 1-45. 1 9 / 3 - \il^l\%)La voix du peuple. 29/2/48. (Col. 27/2 - 1/3/48)Le volcan. no. i : 15-18/6/48. (Col. nos. i, 2: 15-18, 18-22/6/48)Le vra-i pere Duchene de 1848. no. i : 21-23/5/48. (Col. nos. 1-4: 21-23 - 28-30/5/48)La vraie raie pubUque. No date (probably soon after June 48). (Col. same issue)
APPENDIX II
SUMMARY CATALOGUE OF EPHEMERA
The ephemera are listed in roughly chronological order. (Single sheets unless pages specified.)
Programme de PEcole phalanstenenne. 1848.Courte exposition d'un systeme social rationnel par Robert Owen, [n.d.] 6p.
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Declaration des droits de Phomme...formules en 1793. A poster on pink paper.Lettre a Henri de Bourbon par un gamin de Paris. Single sheet ending 'je te dis: zut'.Les Robert-macaires de la Republique. [n.d.]Programme de la Jete du 4 mai.A poster on pink paper calling for support for the Poles, signed Brawa^ki, and addressed on the
back to 'Theodore Vienot'.Le miserere^ ou la penitence (Tun roi^ par P.J. Proudhon. [n.d.] 8p.Reponse du citoyen Auguste Blanqui. 12 Apr. 1848.Four proclamations from the Provisional government, one poster size and three roughly A2 size
announcing its existence, calling for support from the army and for support for thetricolour.
Several broadsheets setting out political demands addressed to the Provisional government.Le statu [sic] quo et ses reaction contre les Repuhliques par M. Stephanopoli-Comnene. [n.d.]Le socialisme de'voile par Gustave-Biard. [n.d.] 4p.Reponse a Monsieur Thiers par Louis Blanc, [n.d.] 4p.Opinion d^un chiffonier de Paris sur Monsieur Lamartine. Pere Jean, [n.d.]Le droit au travail, [n.d.]Undated sheets complaining about economic conditions from investors.Lettre au citoyen E. Delamothe^ se disant Emile de Girardin sur sa nouvelle candidature a PAssemble'e
Nationale. L. F. Leroux de Mongreffier. 4p.Three sheets with biographies of Girardin.Marc Gaussidiere a ses concitoyens. i juin 1848. 4p.Candidature du citoyen Proudhon. [n.d.] Lettre au citoyen Proudhon.Le colere de M. Pahbe' de Lamennais. [n.d.]Lamartine. [A poem by] Barthelemy. [n.d.]Lettre d^une femme a Athanase Goquerel. Jeanne Deroin. [n.d.]Histoire des 4 jours. Eight broadsheet pages of description of the insurrection of 23-26 June 1848,
with a map of the barricades.Notice historique et biographique sur PArcheveque de Paris.Le general Gavaignac devant PAssemble'e nationale. Three versions of a defence by the general of
his actions during the insurrection.Des deux cotes de la barricade. J. Arago. [n.d.]Documens [sic] pour servir a Phistoire. Revolution fran^aise de 1848. [n.d.] 4p.Broadsheet letters from Emile Barrault to Thiers, Rothschild and Lamartine. July 1848. Response
from Alex. Dumas and sheet commenting on this from Louvet.Sheet announcing judgements on Blanqui and Michelot. 18 juill. 1848.Poster in Italian and French calling for independence of Italy. Signed C. Cabella, Genoa, 28
August 1848.Piece justicative sur Pinsurrection... 19 aout 1848. 4p.Projet de constitution. [Published 30 Aug. 1848.] 8p.Discours du citoyen Pierre Leroux... ;^o aout sur la fixation des heures de travail. i6p.Algerie! Algerie! Lettre au General Gavaignac par Emile Barrault. 18 sept. 1848.La guerre, sept. 1848.
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Reponse d^un socialiste a Marechal Bugeaud par le citoyen Creppo. i8 sept. 1848. 20p.Le droit au travail et le droit de propriete\ par P.J. Proudhon. Oct. 1848.Banquet de la Republique democratique et sociale du Mardi ij octobre 1848. Eight-page report.Plan et vue de Pinterieur de PAssemblee Nationale [listing all the representatives on 25 Oct. 1848,
and showing on a numbered plan where they sat].Lithograph portraits of Louis-Napoleon, Pierre Leroux, Victor Considerant, Raspail, Louis
Blanc, Cavaignac, Proudhon, Armand Barbes, Cabet, Marc Caussidiere andMonseigneur Affre and some collective portraits of the Provisional government.
Various hthographed cartoons, including ones showing Louis-Napoleon as a donkey wearingNapoleon I's hat and others showing that society was much the same underNapoleon III as it had been under Louis-Philippe, despite a revolution.
A number of broadsheets extolling or attacking the presidential candidates. General Cavaignacand {most of them) Louis-Napoleon. Les candidats a la Presidence, an eight-page leafletdescribing all the candidates. Another, more biased, by Alphonse Karr decribesCavaignac and Bonaparte as *Les guepes' {the wasps). An attack on Ledru-RoUin.
Le debarquement de Louis-Napoleon a Boulogne. Sa proclamation au peuple franfais. Single sheet.The landing was in 1840, but this was probably printed for the election.
A poster announcing the results of the presidential elections of iiA sheet of 'argot and jargon' and its translations.A manuscript of a song entitled 'La Republique' by M. Liadieres, dated June iiThe text of the constitution of November 1848.Requete sur la transportation des insurges de juin. Barillon. [suggesting they go to Algeria.]Au juges des insurges. J. Arago. [suggesting they go to Patagonia.]Posters and electoral forms for the plebiscite of 1851.Two programmes for the celebrations organized for 15 August 1852, reviving the celebration of
Napoleon Vs birthday which had not been held since the fall of the First Empire.Although not dated, they refer to Louis-Napoleon as Prince-President and 1852 is theonly August he bore this title.
Le droit a PEmpire. 1853. Four-page broadsheet defending Louis-Napoleon's creation of anEmpire with himself as Emperor.
Communication de S, M. PEmpereur...a Poccasion de son mariage. 1853. 3p. A poster announcing
the marriage and extolling the future Empress.A large poster carrying the Emperor's speech on the declaration of the Empire.Discours prortonce par ...PEmpereur a P overture de le session legislative de 18^3.Le comte Leon au Prince Napoleon-Louis Bonaparte. Single sheet by one who claimed to be
Napoleon I's natural son.
1 Stt French Revolutionary Collections in the British Bibliographer" at the British Library', BritishLibrary, list of the contents... compiled by G. K. Library Journal, xix {1993), pp. 44-57.Fortescue, rev. A. C. Brodburst (London, 1979), 3 Jacques Hillairet, Dictiofinaire historique des ruesand Audrey Brodhurst, 'French Revolutionary de Paris, 7th edn. (Paris: Minuit, 1987).Collections in the British Library', British 4 Nouveau dictionnaire des rues de Paris en iSsgLibrary Journal, ii (1976), pp. 13S-S8. {Paris: Typ. Cosson, 1859), and Tableau de
2 Jacques de Cock, ' "The Collection of Marat's Paris... {Paris, 1839).
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5 Accounts of the 1848 revolution can be found in 9 Edited by Edgar Leon Newman (ed.). Historicalthe British Library General Catalogue {to igjs) Dictionary of France from the 1815 Restoration tounder the heading' Paris - Appendix - History'. the Second Empire (London, 1987).
6 Maurice Dommanget, Histoire du drapeau rouge, 10 Henri Izambard, La presse Parisienne (Paris,des origines a la guerre de igjg (Paris: Editions 1848), ire serie, 4p. (in newspaper format): aLibrairie de I'Etoile, 1966). listing of 383 newpaper titles, giving editors for
7 Irene Collins, The Government and the News- some publications, and explanatory notes for apaper Press in France 1814-1881 (Oxford, 1959). few.
8 A specimen was a free sample copy to temptsubscribers.
