Fresh Field Mtc 003 Section 1

8/9/2019 Fresh Field Mtc 003 Section 1

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BTS Cell PlanningSection OneTraffic and Coverage

Planning


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2001 Freshfield Communications Limited.Company Confidential

Slide 2

Customer and Operator Requirements Cell Planning Process

Traffic and Coverage Analysis

Nominal Cell Planning (Macrocells)

Radio Link Budget Cell Plans, Splitting, Sectorisation

Number of Cells

Initial Cell Site Positioning

Predictions

Traffic Planning Frequency Planning

Outputs of Frequency Planning Process

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline


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Slide 3

At the end of this course, attendees will: Have an appreciation of traffic forecasting,traffic dimensioning and cell planning principles

ObjectivesObjectives


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Slide 4

Guaranteed Access Coverage / Capacity

Choice of Services BW and Demand

Affordability Implementation and

Maintenance at Low Cost

Quality Cell Optimisation

Customer Network Operator

Customer and OperatorCustomer and Operator

RequirementsRequirements


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Slide 5

Traffic & Coverage

Analysis

Nominal

CellPlan

SurveysSystemDesign

Implementation

System

Optimisation

Cell Planning ProcessCell Planning Process


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Slide 6

Traffic and Coverage Analysis The purpose of this analysis is to prove there is aneed for coverage in an area and to estimate theamount of resources required to meet thecustomers requirements

Nominal Cell Plan (NCP) A nominal cell plan can be produced from the data

compiled in the traffic and coverage analysis. Thisplan provides the theoretical basis for furtherplanning. Normally the formulation of this planinvolves using measurement techniques and radioplanning tools.



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Slide 7

Surveys

Site surveys are carried out for all proposed site locationsand will include checks for space, facilities, etc.

Systems Design

Once the planning parameters have been adjusted to meetthe results of the surveys, the system can be fully designed.

This will involve the production of a final cell and equipmentplan to meet the coverage and capacity requirements

Implementation & Optimisation

After the system has been installed, it is continuouslymonitored to ensure that it meets the demand



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Slide 8

Analysis produces information aboutgeographical area and expected trafficdemand

Information includes:

Capacity Coverage

Grade-of-service

Available frequencies

Speech quality

System growth capability

Traffic Coverage and AnalysisTraffic Coverage and Analysis


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Slide 9

Geographical distribution of traffic demandcan be calculated from data such as:

Population distribution

Transport infrastructure and usage

Income level distribution Land usage data

Telephone usage statistics

Subscription and call charges and the price of

MSs Type of MSs subscribers use

Traffic and Coverage AnalysisTraffic and Coverage Analysis


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Slide 10

Portable

In-Car

In-Building

TrainSea

Oil Refinery

Areas and MobileTypes Coverage

Intended Depth ofIntended Depth of

PenetrationPenetration


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Slide 11

Intended Depth of Penetration

On-street at start-up

In-building coverage in subsequent roll-out years or fromday 1 e.g. Orange, UK. The radio engineer must knowwhen the operator intends to introduce in-buildingcoverage. The provision of superior quality communications in-building requires a

very dense network at start-up. In urban areas, sites can be as closeas 1.5 - 2 km

Usually operators rely on into-building coverage with the BTS deployedoutside and coverage being provided inside. This approach requiresthe availability of a good on-street propagation model for prediction

outside and penetration loss figures for different buildings e.g. glassfrontage buildings in business areas such as Sharq, buildings inresidential areas such as Qurain, Yarmouk, Khaldiya and Faiha.



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Slide 12

Intended Depth of Penetration Some buildings are considered to be very important andwill require the deployment of within-building transmitterse.g. microcell or picocell. Usually this deployment requiresa preliminary survey. For example, Holiday Inn inFarwaniya, MTC building in Shuwaikh.

The choice of in-building coverage will also determinewhich mobile classes are supported e.g. 0.8Whandportable or 2W mobiles.



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Slide 13

Train station platform, airports, sea ports and oil

refineries coverage in subsequent roll-out years. For underground train station platforms, the deployment of a

single base station is not enough. Usually special techniquessuch as leaky feeders are used.

Sea ports are usually covered with low base antenna sites to

prevent interference across the sea e.g. a site in Doha which ismounted at a high elevation, can still provide coverage to theArabian Gulf road in Sharq. Therefore it must be of a low height.

In oil refineries and petrochemical plants, there areconsiderable and sometimes severe restrictions on where basestations can be placed for very good reasons. Therefore sitepositioning in these areas must be done carefully.



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Slide 14


Coverage may be

provided in Sharq,Dasman and all areas

within the first ring roadfrom year 1

Coverage may beprovided in Farwaniya,

Khaldiya, Cordoba in year2


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Slide 15

Intended Geographical ExtentIntended Geographical Extent

Phase 1 may be the provision of coverage:

in the business areas e.g. Sharq, Dasman and other areas within theFirst Ring Road. Operators will usually begin with good coverage inbusiness and urban districts e.g. Orange UK in the M25 orbital.

in some important residential areas based upon the income levels ofthe inhabitants e.g. Yarmouk, Khaldiya, Faiha, Mishrif

Phase 2 may be the provision of coverage:

along important highways and in other dense residential areas where alarge proportion of subscribers will be expected to be e.g. Jabriya, andSalmiya, Salwa, on the outskirts of the main city e.g. Andalous,Firdous, Abu Halifa

in areas where there is an inadequacy of PSTN service and mobile

traffic will be expected to be higher e.g. Qurain

Phase 3 may be the provision of coverage: Along the desert roads, in the oil refineries, in sea ports



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Slide 16

Intended Market Penetration and Service ProvisionIntended Market Penetration and Service Provision

Based upon estimated population in different regions and throughmarket surveys, the determination of the number of subscribers tomake the operators business plans feasible.

Intended service at start-up and in subsequent roll-outs

All operators start out providing speech services only. In subsequent years (year 2onwards for example), operators introduce short message service and features of

GSM phase 1 such as call barring, forwarding. In subsequent years, operators will provide almost all GSM phase 1 and phase 2

service associated with speech e.g. calling line identification, call waiting, callhold. In subsequent years, support may be made available for bearer servicescontained in both GSM Phase 1 e.g. transmission of fax and computer data atbetween 2400 and 9600 bps



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Slide 17

Intended business and private traffic mixThis helps the radio engineer to quantify the volume of

traffic given the number of subscribers and estimatedusage for business and consumer users.

Intended Speech CODEC e.g. full-rate, enhancedfull rate or half-rate

the type of CODEC will also determine the number ofRCUs deployed.



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Slide 18

Measurement of Traffic



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Slide 19

timeoveralldurationaverageperiodaincallsof.n=flowTraffic

ErlangFlowTrafficofUnit =

hour1foruseconstantin(timeslot)channeltraffic1=Erlang1

025.03600

901scriberErlang/Sub

e.g.

=

=

subsperErlangssubs.ofno.ErlangsTotal =

Traffic Units - ErlangsTraffic Units - Erlangs


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Slide 20

1 subscriber subscriber does not use 1 Erlang. Instead

users have a % of an Erlang allocated to them whichdepends upon the average call length.

The formula for calculating the number of Erlangs for asubscriber is given as:

where A = traffic flow, C = number of calls in a period, td= average duration of one call and T = overall time.

In Kuwait, we usually set A = 0.060 Erlangs persubscriber. Assuming that we have C = 2 calls per hour,this means that the average call duration is 108seconds.


T

tC=A

d


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Slide 21

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Traffic

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Hours

The Busy HourThe Busy Hour


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Slide 22

The uninterrupted period of 60 minutes during which

the traffic is maximum is known as the busy hour and isgenerally used as the basis for traffic calculations.

The busy hour may vary on different days withvariations of three kinds:

Long-term growth or decline of traffic

Cyclical variations, weekly or seasonal Random variations due to unpredictable factors affecting general

level of demand in a cell on a particular day

Shorter peaks can occur in special circumstances e.g.natural disasters; system design however does not

normally account for all such eventualities In MTC Kuwait there are two significant busy hour

periods - 12pm-1pm and 6pm-7pm

The Busy HourThe Busy Hour


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Slide 23

Equipment ProvisionEquipment Provision

If just sufficient equipment were provided to carry theaverage traffic flow, an unacceptably high proportionof calls would encounter blocking.

Increasing the equipment beyond a certain limit would

not produce any significant improvement in service. The grade-of-service is the probability thatThe grade-of-service is the probability that

when a call request is made, all channelswhen a call request is made, all channels

are in use.are in use.

Typically operators use 2% grade-of-service

The Erlang B model is used

Grade of ServiceGrade of Service


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Slide 24

Model AssumptionsModel Assumptions

There are no reserved traffic channels

The number of users is greater than the number ofchannels

Call requests arrive randomly (Poisson distribution)

Blocked calls are lost (not held in a queue) Blocked calls abandon the attempt immediately I.e.

subscribers do not re-attempt the call when blocked.

The Erlang B model has been convertedThe Erlang B model has been converted

into a lookup table for ease of use.into a lookup table for ease of use.

Erlang B ModelErlang B Model


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Slide 25

Extract from Erlang B TableExtract from Erlang B Table

Determine

number oftimeslots

Select theGrade-of-Service

Determine

OfferedTraffic(2.8767Erlangs)


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Slide 26

If Offered traffic = A

Blocked traffic = A x Grade of ServiceCarried Traffic = A x (1 Grade of Service)e.g.7 Channels with a Grade of Service = 2% (fromErlang B Tables)

A = 2.9354

Therefore

Blocked Traffic = 2.9354 x 0.02 = 0.0587 Erlangs

Carried Traffic = 2.9354 x (1 0.02) = 2.8767Erlangs

Offered and Carried TrafficOffered and Carried Traffic


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Slide 28

Cell 1: Area = 2km2

Subscribers = 1000

A = 0.025 Erlangs / subscriber

Total Erlangs required = No subscribers x Erlangs per subscriber

= 1000 x 0.025= 25 Erlangs

From Erlang B table @ 2% Blocking 34 TFC+ 2 Timeslots for Control (BCCH, CCCH, SDCCH)

Therefore 36 timeslots total

= 5 Transceivers

Cell 2: Area = 2km2

Subscribers = 500

Total Erlangs required = 500 x 0.025 = 12.5 ErlangsFrom Erlang B table @ 2% Blocking 20 TFC

+2 Timeslots for Control (BCCH, CCCH, SDCCH)Therefore 22 timeslots total

= 3 Transceivers

Cell Resource RequirementsCell Resource Requirements


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Slide 29

x Cells: Area = 4km2 Subscribers = 150

A = 0.025 Erlangs / Subscriber

tal Erlangs required = No. of Subscribers x Erlangs per subscri= 1500 x 0.025= 37.5 Erlangs

From Erlang B table @ 2% Blocking 48 TFC

EACH CELL SUPPORTS24 Traffic Channels

+ 2 Timeslots for Control (BCCH, CCCH, SDCCH)26 timeslot total

= 4 Transceivers / Cell

Cell Resource RequirementsCell Resource Requirements


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Slide 30

Cell Resource Requirements - FrequencyCell Resource Requirements - Frequency

DrivenDrivenArea = 4 km2 Subscribers =

1500

No ARFCNs per cell = 2A = 0.025 Erlangs / subscriber

Total Erlangs required = No subscribers x Erlangs per subscriber= 1500 x 0.025= 37.5 Erlangs

From Erlang B table @ 2% Blocking 48 TFC

Traffic Channels / cell = (16 2 Control Timeslots)= 14 TFC

No of Cells = Total No TFCNo of TFC/Cell

= 4814

= 3.43 Cells

Total = 4 Cells, 8 Transceivers


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Slide 31

Traffic ForecastingTraffic Forecasting

The determination of traffic forecastsThe determination of traffic forecasts

for a GSM/ETACS network is undertakenfor a GSM/ETACS network is undertaken

using two approaches:using two approaches:

Market Research At Startup At network startup, traffic estimates in terms of number of

subscribers is obtained by conducting a market survey. Samples are taken of the number of people who would make

use of mobile telephone services given pricing levels for themobile phone, line rental and call charges. Initial penetrationfigures in most countries are usually between 5% and 10%.

Based upon penetration and total population figures, thetotal subscriber demand which must be supported by anetwork is determined. In Kuwait, with an estimatedpopulation of 2 million and 5% penetration, an initial startupdemand will be 100,000 subscribers.


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Slide 32

Business Area 30Industrial 5 %

Tourist

Residential 50 %

Traffic ForecastingTraffic ForecastingGiven the totalsubscriber figure,an Erlang densitymap can becreated basedupon clutter

weighting


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Slide 33


Traffic Measurements From the Mobile SwitchingTraffic Measurements From the Mobile Switching

CentreCentre For advanced operators such as MTC, traffic measurements in

terms of number of Erlangs per cell are available from the MSCon an hourly basis.

The number of milliErlangs per customer can be estimated by

considering the percentage of successful calls as recorded bythe MSC and the maximum number of Erlangs recorded duringthe busy hour.

Traffic estimates are therefore made by considering:

Current average number of Erlangs per site

Measured annual growth rates

Projected number of milliErlangs per subscriber


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Slide 34


In MTCs present position, trafficIn MTCs present position, traffic

forecasting will be based upon trafficforecasting will be based upon trafficmeasurements.measurements.

Traffic forecasting is concluded byTraffic forecasting is concluded by

assigning proportions of the total numberassigning proportions of the total number

of subscribers to the major roads such asof subscribers to the major roads such asthe First-Seventh Ring Roads and thethe First-Seventh Ring Roads and the

different regions.different regions.

Given a traffic demand figure of 200KGiven a traffic demand figure of 200K

subscribers, district traffic demand maysubscribers, district traffic demand maybe estimated as shown in the table on thebe estimated as shown in the table on the

next page.next page.


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Slide 35


Reg io n C urre n tAverage

Er langs

Current Shareof T otal T raffic

New E st im atesof Erlan gs for

2 0 0 K s u b s .

C entral K uwait 1500 19.58% 2349.6

Yarm ouk 100 1.31% 157.

Qortoba 100 1.31% 157.2Qura in 1000 13.05% 1566

A hmadi 60 0 .78% 93.6

Jahra 200 2.61% 313.2

A z Zawr 800 10.44% 1252.8

S alm iya 800 10.44% 1252.8

Hawali 800 10.44% 1252.8

Jabriya 100 1.31% 157.2Fourth Ring Rd. 1500 19.58% 2349.6

F ifth Ring Rd. 1500 19.58% 2349.6


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Slide 36


The objective of traffic planning is to determine the

number of DRCUs required for each cell for a givenspectrum allocation, grade-of-service and traffic demand.

From every BTS in the network, the maximum number oferlangs can be measured on a weekly basis. It should benoted that the maximum should be selected and not theaverage over the week since in resort area such as Al-

Zawr, there is virtually no traffic throughout the week withtraffic peaks over the weekend.

To establish traffic growth rates, regression line analysisshould be done fitting the number of measured erlangs tothe number of weeks.

Utilising the projected figures, realistic estimates can thenbe made of traffic demand for 3 months, 6 months andindeed 1 year in advance.


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Slide 38

Control ChannelsControl Channels

Each cell must support BCCH, CCCH and SDCCH inEach cell must support BCCH, CCCH and SDCCH in

order that signalling and synchronisation dataorder that signalling and synchronisation datacan be transferred between the BTS and the MSscan be transferred between the BTS and the MSs

One complete control message takes fourOne complete control message takes four

consecutive burstsconsecutive bursts

Combined into 1 multiframe

Non-combined in which case 2 separate multiframes exist ondifferent timeslots

BCCH in GSM is always on timeslot 0 of oneBCCH in GSM is always on timeslot 0 of one

transceivertransceiver

Configuration of other control channels (CCCHConfiguration of other control channels (CCCHand SDCCH) is up to the system vendorand SDCCH) is up to the system vendor

Control ChannelControl Channel


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Slide 39

COMBINED CONTROL MULTI-FRAME

TIMESLOT 01 BCCH message3 CCCH messages4 DCCH messages

NON-COMBINED CONTROL MULTI-FRAMES

TIMESLOT 01 BCCH message + 9 CCCH messages

ANY REMAINING TIMESLOT (e.g. T/S 1)8 DCCH messages

Control ChannelControl Channel

ConfigurationsConfigurations


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Slide 40

Calculating CCCH RequirementsCalculating CCCH Requirements

Total Required CCCH = PCH + AGCH

One CCCH block is transmitted every 51 frame multiframe, of duration 235.65 ms.

The message capacity of each CCCH block is therefore 4.25 messages per second.

PAGING BLOCKSPaging channel capability must be the same for all cells within a location area.

TYPE 1 Page 2 MSs using either IMSI or TMSI

TYPE 2 Page 3 MSs : 1 MS using either IMSI or TMSI

2 MSs using TMSI

TYPE 3 Page a maximum of 4 MSs using TMSI

Paging Capability = (No. of MS paged per message

No. of Messages per second)

e.g. Using TYPE 3 paging request messages

Paging rate = 4 4.25= 17 MS pages/sec


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Slide 41

Mobile Paging RateMobile Paging Rate

e.g.

Subscribers in a Loc. Area = 30,000

Traffic Flow = 0.025 Erlangs / Subscriber

Average Call Duration = 90 seconds

No. of pages per call = 2

% Calls MS Terminated = 25%Type of paging message = TMSI

Total Loc. Area Traffic = 30,000 0.025

= 750 Erlangs

Loc. Area Call Rate = 750 / 90

=8.333 calls per second

Mobile Paging Rate = 8.33 2 0.25

= 4.2 MS pages / second

No. of CCCH blocks = 4.2 / 17 = 0.25

Mobile Paging Rate = Location Call Rate Number of Pages Per Call % MS Terminated calls


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Slide 42

e.g.

Cells Traffic capacity = 37.5 Erlangs

Traffic Flow = 0.025 Erlangs / Subscriber

Ratio Loc. Updates Calls = 2.2

Ratio SMS Calls = 0.2

Ratio Supp. Service Calls = 0.3

Ratio IMSI detach Calls = 0.2

Cell Call Rate = 37.5 / 0.025

= 1,500 Calls / Busy Hour

Loc. Updates = 1,500 2.2 = 3,300

SMS messages = 1,500 0.2 = 300

Supp. Services = 1,500 0.3 = 450

IMSI Detaches = 1,500 0.2 = 300

TOTAL = 4,350

Total Access Grant = 1,500 + 4,350

Events in Busy Hour = 5,850 / Hour 1.63/secNo. of CCCH blocks = 1.63 / 8.5 0.19

No. of CCCH Blocks = Total Access Grant Events

One CCCH Block access granting capability

Access GrantingAccess Granting


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Slide 43

SDCCHSDCCH


1 BCCH + 3 CCCH messages

4 SDCCH messages

NON-COMBINED CONTROL MULTI-FRAMES

1 BCCH message + 9 CCCH messagesAny Timeslot(s): 8 SDCCH messages

Call set-up probability of SDCCH blocking will be less than that for traffic channelsLocation updating automatic & periodically

IMSI attach/detach SMS point to point messages Supplementary Services

COMBINATIONS OF CONTROL MULTI-FRAMES


SDCCH NON-COMBINED CONTROL MULTI-FRAME

(T/S 0)

(T/S 1)

SMS CELL BROADCASTCBCH replaces 1 SDCCH message


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Slide 44

Calculating SDCCH Traffic FlowCalculating SDCCH Traffic Flow

Traffic Flow = No. of Calls DurationTime

e.g.Cells Traffic capacity = 37.5 Erlangs

Traffic flow = 0.025 Erlangs/Subscriber

Ratio Loc. Updates Calls = 2.2

Ratio SMS Calls = 0.2

Duration of Call Set-up = 3 seconds

Duration of Loc. Set-up = 4 seconds

Duration ofSMS = 6 seconds

Cell Call Rate = 37.5 / 0.25 = 1,500 Calls/Busy Hour

SDCCH Traffic Flow = (No. of SDCCH Calls Duration)Time

Loc. Updates = 1,500 2.2 = 3,300

SMS messages = 1,500 0.2 = 300

Call Set-up = 1,500 3 = 4,500

Loc. Updates = 3,300 4 = 13,200

SMS messages = 300 6 = 1,800TOTAL = 19,500

Erlangs = 19,500 / 3600 = 5.4167

No. of SDCCH Channels @ 1% = 12

ontro anne son ro anne s


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Slide 45

ontro anne son ro anne sDimensioningDimensioning

The control channel (BCCH, CCCH andThe control channel (BCCH, CCCH and

SDCCH) dimensioning is usually doneSDCCH) dimensioning is usually done

entirely by the systems vendorentirely by the systems vendor

(Motorola or Nokia)(Motorola or Nokia)

MTC however can dimension trafficMTC however can dimension traffic For GSM systems, the channel to carriermapping used by Motorola gives an indication ofthe number of carriers to be deployed in thecell.Number of Carriers Number of available Traffic TCH Timeslots or channels

1 6 (1 BCCH + 1 SDCCH)

2 14 (1 BCCH + 1 SDCCH)

3 22 (1 BCCH + 1 SDCCH)

4 29 (1 BCCH + 2 SDCCH)

5 37 (1 BCCH + 2 SDCCH)


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Slide 46

Traffic And Coverage AnalysisTraffic And Coverage Analysis

Coverage CriteriaCoverage Criteria


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Slide 47

Coverage ReliabilityCoverage Reliability

Coverage reliability must be specified for:Coverage reliability must be specified for:

on-street in urban, dense-urban, rural and businessdistricts e.g. 95%

in-car in urban, dense-urban, rural and business districts

e.g. 94% in-building in urban, dense-urban, sub-urban and

business e.g. 90%

Link budget calculations for both uplink andLink budget calculations for both uplink and

downlink enable the determination of thedownlink enable the determination of therequired signal levels at the mobile torequired signal levels at the mobile to

guarantee the selected coverage criteriaguarantee the selected coverage criteria


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Slide 48


Nominal Cell PlanNominal Cell Plan


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Slide 49

Nominal Cell PlanningNominal Cell Planning

The nominal cell planning process involves the creation of aThe nominal cell planning process involves the creation of a

plan of base station structures/cells modelled on a cellular grid.plan of base station structures/cells modelled on a cellular grid. Key factors in designing an NCP are:Key factors in designing an NCP are:

Location of cell sites

Antenna parameters

Base station output power

Propagation models

Cellular grids adopted Channel distribution and group allocation

Coverage CriteriaCoverage Criteria


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Slide 50

Input InformationInput Information

Defined service areas and roll-out plans e.g. intending to cover First Ring Road, Second Ring Road,

Fahaheel Expressway

e.g. provision of in-building coverage

Handportable and mobile role Projection of number of customers and

approximate geographical location

System usage per customer in the busy hour

obtaining the number of milliErlangs per subscriber Acceptable grade of service (blocking)

e.g. 2% excluding blocking on the PSTN

NCP InputsNCP Inputs


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NCP N k Pl i T l


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Slide 52

NCP - Network Planning ToolsNCP - Network Planning Tools

i h d lNCP D i M th d l


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Slide 53

Determine radio link budgetDetermine radio link budget

Calculate the maximum pathloss for different mobile units

Calculate required level of service.

Use radio propagation models to determineUse radio propagation models to determine

the maximum cell radius for different terrainthe maximum cell radius for different terrain

environments within the service area fromenvironments within the service area fromcoverage point-of-view.coverage point-of-view.

Evaluate traffic projections to determine theEvaluate traffic projections to determine the

optimum number of cells to support theoptimum number of cells to support the

number of subscribers.number of subscribers.

Based upon the figure obtained from coverageBased upon the figure obtained from coverageand traffic determine cell radius for bothand traffic determine cell radius for both

coverage and capacity.coverage and capacity.

NCP Design MethodologyNCP Design Methodology

NCP D i M h d lNCP D i M th d l


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Slide 54

Establish initial radio site locations and aEstablish initial radio site locations and a

cellular grid.cellular grid. Perform network wide propagation predictionsPerform network wide propagation predictions

and statistical coverage analysis.and statistical coverage analysis.

Re-evaluate traffic performance and considerRe-evaluate traffic performance and consider

the suitability of the initial cellular structure.the suitability of the initial cellular structure. Evaluate growth plans and cell splitEvaluate growth plans and cell split

requirements for each siterequirements for each site

Define cell reuse strategy and undertake initialDefine cell reuse strategy and undertake initial

frequency planningfrequency planning

Optimise frequency planOptimise frequency plan

NCP Design MethodologyNCP Design Methodology

R di Li k B dR di Li k B d t


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Slide 55

Radio Link BudgetRadio Link Budget

Parameter Example ValueStandard deviation of received signal on-street 7 dBStandard deviation of received signal in-building 7dB, overall std. 9.9 dBStandard deviation of received signal in-car 3 dB, overall std 7.6 dB

Urban in-building penetration loss 15 dBSub-urban and rural in-building penetration loss 10 dB

In car penetration loss 5 dBTri-sector base station antenna

Type 60 degree sector

Gain 18 dBiBeamwidth 65 H/ 6.5VMobile station antennaType OmniGain -2dBi

Transmitter Feeder Loss - 2dB

Transmitter Combiner Loss 2.5 dBReceiver Sensitivity -102 dBm (mobile end)

-107 dBm (base end)

Body Loss 3 dBDiversity Gain 3 dB

Mobile Output Power 0.8 WNominal Transmitter Power 44 dBm (25 W)

R di Li k B d tR di Li k B d t


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Slide 56

Radio Link BudgetRadio Link BudgetOn-street Coverage @ 95 %

Area probability

In-car coverage @ 94 % Area

probability

Urban In-building Coverage

@ 90% Area Probability

Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink

TransmitterTX Peak Power (A) 43 dBm 29 dBm 43dBm 29 dBm 43 dBm 29 dBm

Combiner Loss (B) -4.5 dB 0 dB -4.5 dB 0 dB -4.5 dB 0

Feeder Loss (C) -2.5 dB 0 dB -2.5 dB 0 dB -2.5 dB 0

TX Antenna Gain (D) 18 dBi -2 dBi 18 dBi -2 dB 18 dBi -2dBi

Body Loss (E) 0 dB 3 dB 0 dB 3 dB 0 dB 3 dB

TX EIRP (F) 54 dBm 24 dBm 54 dBm 24 dBm 54 dBm 24 dBm

Receiver

Receiver Sensitivity (G) -102 dBm -107 dBm -102 dBm -107 dBm -102 dBm -107 dBmDiversity Gain (H) 0 dB 4 dB 0 dB 4 dB 0 dB 4 dB

RX Antenna Gain (J) -2dBi 18 dBi -2 dBi 18 dBi -2dBi 18 dBi

Body Loss (K) 3 dB 0 dB 3 dB 0 dB 3 dB 0 dB

Feeder Loss (L) 0 dB 2.5 dB 0 dB 2.5 dB 0 dB 2.5 dB

Penetration Loss 0 dB 0 dB 5 dB 5 dB 15 dB 15 dB

Overall std Deviation 7 dB 7 dB 7.6 dB 7.6 dB 9.9 dB 9.9 dB

Fading Margin,

n=3.314 (M)

7.4 dB 7.4 dB 7.5 dB 7.5 dB 7.8 dB 7.8 dB

Isotropic Required RXSignal Level (N)

-89.6 dBm -119.1 dBm -84.5 dBm -114 dBm -74.2 dBm -103.7 dBm

Maximum Pathloss (P) 143.6 dB 143.1 dB 138.5 dB 138 dB 128.2 dB 127.7 dB

a o n u geta o n u ge


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Slide 57

ggCalculationsCalculations

Procedure:Procedure:

Calculate the EiRP for the uplink F = A + B + C + D

Calculate the expected isotropic received signallevel for uplink:

N = G - H - J + K + L + N + M

Calculate the maximum pathloss as perceived inthe uplink

P = F - N

Calculate the expected isotropic received signallevel for the downlink N = G - H - J + K + L + N + M



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Slide 58


Procedure:Procedure:

Calculate the required downlink EIRP F = P+N

Calculate the required downlink transmitterpower

A = F - B - C - D

Select the most appropriate transmitter level assupplied by the manufacturer

Reproduce link budget table using the readily

available transmitter and BTS antenna.



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Slide 59


Note:Note:

Overall in-building and in-car standard deviation are calculated as:

in-building

in-car

overall on street in building

=

+

2 2

overall on street in building

=

+

2 2


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Slide 60

Cell Link BalancingCell Link Balancing

Both up- and downlinks must be balanced to exclude the

possibility of having regions where the base is able toprovide coverage, but the mobile cannot transmitsufficient power in the uplink or detect sufficient signal inthe downlink. An example is when a subscriber connectedto the PSTN cannot clearly hear what the mobile user issaying but the mobile user can hear what is being said on

the PSTN.

Since the uplink is usually the limiting link, cell balancingusually requires the adjustment of BTS transmit power orthe selection of different antenna type.


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Slide 61

Cell Link BalancingCell Link Balancing

Signal enhancing techniques such as antenna

diversity, increased receiver sensitivity andmasthead amplifiers are also used at the basestation to improve the uplink.

Co- and Adjacent ChannelCo- and Adjacent Channel


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Slide 62

To achieve high network capacity and high

quality interference free service, a relativelyhigh carrier-to-interference ratio is required.

Theoretical predictions indicate that a C/Imargin of 9 dB is suitable for acceptable speech

quality. In a practical network, operators should design

systems for no less than 15 dB over 90% oflocations !

jj

InterferenceInterference


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2001 Freshfield Communications Limited.

Company Confidential

Slide 64

C/I Cumulative DistributionC/I Cumulative Distribution

A

C C

A 80% of calls must have a C/I better

than C/I80 where C/I80 =9 dB

0.8

0.9

1

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.2

0.1

0

50403020100-10

Pr

ob

abi

lity

C/I (dB)

C

A

e ans, p tt ng ane ans, p ng anS i iS t i ti


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Slide 65

p gp gSectorisationSectorisation

Reuse PatternsReuse Patterns

In cellular, frequencies are reused to maximise traffic handlingcapability of a network with limited frequency allocation.

Cell plans can be based upon

7/7 i.e. seven cell repeat with omni-directional base stations

7/21 i.e. seven cell repeat with each site divided into three sectors served by threedirectional antennas

4/4 i.e. four site repeat with omni-directional base stations

4/12 i.e. four site repeat with tri-sector cell base stations (also called 4/3)

3/3 i.e. three site repeat with omni-directional base stations

3/9 i.e. three site repeat with tri-sector cell base stations (also called 3/3)

The appropriate cell reuse pattern must be selected to match thetraffic and co-channel interference requirements.

e ans, p tt ng ane ans, p ng anS i iS t i ti


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Slide 66


Omni cell siteOmni cell site

Tri-sector cell siteTri-sector cell site

Cell Site

e ans, p tt ng ane ans, p ng anS t i tiS t i ti


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Slide 67


1

45

36

7 2

7 Site Repeat, Omni-cells (Also called7 Site Repeat, Omni-cells (Also called

7/7)7/7)

1

4536

7 2

1

45

36

7 2

5


68/104

12 Cell Reuse Pattern12 Cell Reuse Pattern


69/104



Slide 69

C G

B

H

I

D

K

LJ

E

F

A

5

19

7

G

20

8

H

21

9

I

22

10

J

23

11

K

24

12

L

15

3

C

16

4

D

17

5

E

18

6

F

1413

21

Channels

BAGroup

Channels Available

1 -24

12 Cell Reuse Pattern12 Cell Reuse Pattern



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Slide 70

SectorisationSectorisation

Traditional analog systems such asTraditional analog systems such as

ETACS and TACS employ the 7/21ETACS and TACS employ the 7/21reuse pattern for control channels andreuse pattern for control channels and

the 4/12 reuse pattern for voicethe 4/12 reuse pattern for voice

channels.channels.

GSM systems employ 3/9 and 4/12GSM systems employ 3/9 and 4/12

depending upon the spectrumdepending upon the spectrum

allocation.allocation.



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Slide 71


With a 7/21 reuse pattern, the total spectrum allocation

must be divided into 21 groups With a 4/12 reuse pattern, the total spectrum allocation

must be divided into 12 groups

With a 3/9 reuse pattern, the total spectrum allocationmust be divided into 9 groups

The smaller the reuse pattern the higher theThe smaller the reuse pattern the higher thecapacity the system can support e.g. 3/9 cancapacity the system can support e.g. 3/9 can

support a higher capacity than the 7/21.support a higher capacity than the 7/21.

However, the lower the available co-channelHowever, the lower the available co-channel

interference margin e.g. 7/21 provides a C/I ininterference margin e.g. 7/21 provides a C/I in

excess of 20 dB for 90% of locations comparedexcess of 20 dB for 90% of locations comparedto 10-11 dB for 90% of locations for 3/9.to 10-11 dB for 90% of locations for 3/9.

e ans, p tt ng ane ans, p ng anS t i tiSectorisation


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Slide 72


Cell are split i.e. reduced in coverage area,Cell are split i.e. reduced in coverage area,

to increase the traffic handling capabilityto increase the traffic handling capabilityof the systemof the system

Usually smaller cells of radius between 1.5Usually smaller cells of radius between 1.5

km and 2km are deployed in urban areaskm and 2km are deployed in urban areas

where traffic demand is higherwhere traffic demand is higher In sub-urban areas, cell sizes typicallyIn sub-urban areas, cell sizes typically

range between 3km and 7km.range between 3km and 7km.

In rural and desert areas, cell sizes rangeIn rural and desert areas, cell sizes range

between 7km and 10-12 km.between 7km and 10-12 km. GSM has a maximum limit of 35 km radiusGSM has a maximum limit of 35 km radius

on cell size.on cell size.



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Slide 73


Cell splitting can be carried out usingCell splitting can be carried out using

any one of two methods:any one of two methods: Face splitting: In face splitting, the original cell

area is divided into four equal parts, and the newcell radius after splitting is half the original size.

Corner splitting: In corner splitting, the originalcell area is divided into three equal parts and thenew cell radius after splitting is sqrt(3) x originalcell radius.

The corner splitting method is mostThe corner splitting method is mostcommonly used since it results incommonly used since it results in

fewer cells overall.fewer cells overall.



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Slide 74


Corner Splitting Face Splitting

The new hexagon has

an area 1/3rd of theoriginal hexagon size

The new hexagon has

an area 1/4th of theoriginal hexagon size

cornerface

C i C ll / IUOC t i C ll / IUO


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Slide 75

Concentric Cells / IUOConcentric Cells / IUO

1 Call Set-Up2 Traffic

Under-Laid

Mini Cell

Over-Laid

Macro Cell

BCCH Carrier

Tighter Frequency ReuseTighter Frequency Reuse


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Slide 76

A2A3

A1

D2D3

D1

C2C3

C1

B2B1

B3

7

C2

8

D2

9

A3

10

B3

11

C3

12

D3

3

C1

4

D1

5

A2

6

B2

21Channels

B1A1Group

Macro Layer 4 Site 3 Cell Re-Use

A2A3

A1

D2D3

D1

C2C3

C1

B2B1

B3

9

A3

10

B3

5

A2

6

B2

21Channels

B1A1Group

Underlay Layer 2 Site 3 Sector Re-Use

Tighter Frequency ReuseTighter Frequency Reuse

Number of CellsNumber of Cells


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Slide 77


The number of cells to deploy to cover theThe number of cells to deploy to cover the

service area is governed by two factors:service area is governed by two factors: Size of the coverage area

Traffic Demand

The number of cells required to support theThe number of cells required to support the

expected traffic demand may exceed theexpected traffic demand may exceed thenumber of cells required for coverage andnumber of cells required for coverage and

vice versa.vice versa.

The systems designer must thereforeThe systems designer must therefore

calculate the expected number utilising bothcalculate the expected number utilising both

approaches and then select the higher value.approaches and then select the higher value.

Number of Cells (Example)Number of Cells (Example)


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Slide 78


Given the following input parameters:Given the following input parameters:

Frequency spectrum of 15 MHz i.e. 75 GSM carriers

4/12 frequency reuse pattern and therefore 12 carriergroups

A system loading of 66-75% at roll-out

A grade-of-service of 2% blocking Erlang B traffic model

An Erlang per subscriber figure of 0.06

A uniformly distributed subscriber base of 100,000

and the GSM carriers to traffic channel mappingshown in the table



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Slide 79


N u m b e r o f C a r r ie r s

o r D R C U s

N u m b e r o f G S M F u l l -

R a te T r a f fic C h a n n e l s

O ffe r e d E r la n g s

a t 2 % b l o c k i n g

O f fe r e d f u ll -r a t e

s u b s c r i b e r s

1 6 2 .2 8 3 8

2 1 4 8 .2 0 3 7

3 2 1 1 4 .0 4 2 3 44 2 9 2 1 .0 4 3 5 1

5 3 6 2 7 .3 4 4 5 6

6 4 3 3 3 .7 6 5 6 3

7 5 1 4 1 .1 9 6 8 6

8 5 8 4 7 .7 6 7 9 6



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Slide 80


then the required number of cells tothen the required number of cells to

satisfy traffic can be calculated assatisfy traffic can be calculated asfollows:follows:

With 75 carriers available, between 6 and 7carriers can be used in each cell in a 4/12 reuse

pattern. Assuming a maximum of 6 with 66% loading, a

total of 4 carriers (or DRCUs) can be used.

From the carrier to channel mapping table, 4

carriers will give 29 traffic channels. 29 traffic channels will support a total of 21.04

Erlangs at a blocking probability of 2%.



81/104



Slide 81


Therefore, assuming an Erlang per subscriber

figure of 0.06, the number of subscribers whichcan be supported in each cell on average is 351.

With a uniformly distributed traffic load of100,000 subscribers, the network will require

100,000/351 = 285 cells or 95 sites. Thus the total number of sitesThus the total number of sites

required for traffic purposes is 95.required for traffic purposes is 95.



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Slide 82


The number of cells required from aThe number of cells required from a

coverage area point of view can becoverage area point of view can bedetermined as follows:determined as follows:

Having calculated the minimum acceptablesignal level (e.g. -88 dBm) and the required BTS

transmit power to provide communications fromthe link budget, the expected cell area can bedetermined in different environments.

For example, Sharq which is a business district

area will require a cell size smaller than Ahmadior Manqaf which are low residential areas.



83/104



Slide 83


The cell area is determined using a planning

tool such as ARTEMIS or PlaNET by arbitrarilypositioning up to five sites in the intendedservice area, calculating the average coveragearea from a site at the threshold of -88 dBm.

The traditional method of calculating cell sizes

for individual clutter types using thepropagation model is not valid since clutter isnot necessarily homogeneous throughout cellarea and because mapping data used today

may consist of up to 25 categories some ofwhich will have very small coverage.



84/104



Slide 84


Assuming tri-sectors, the theoretical area from a site

is given as:

thus the number of sites required = total area forservice / site area.

The figure obtained from this analysis should becompared with the result obtained for traffic demand.

The higher of the two values should be selected.

The expected cell radius can be determined from thesite area which is determined as:

site area = total service area / number of sites

3 3

8

2R

Initial Cell Site PositioningInitial Cell Site Positioning


85/104



Slide 85


Cellular radio networks are often shownCellular radio networks are often shown

as a regular pattern of hexagons withas a regular pattern of hexagons withsites nicely ordered along hexagonalsites nicely ordered along hexagonal

clutter patterns. This is very seldom theclutter patterns. This is very seldom the

case in reality where reluctant landlordscase in reality where reluctant landlords

or indeed the terrain limit the choice ofor indeed the terrain limit the choice ofsite positions. Also sites will usually besite positions. Also sites will usually be

placed in important areas for coverageplaced in important areas for coverage

reasons and where a lot of traffic isreasons and where a lot of traffic is

expected such as main road junctions,expected such as main road junctions,

shopping centres and industrial areas.shopping centres and industrial areas.



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Slide 86


Some of the guidelines for cell placement include:Some of the guidelines for cell placement include:

A regular grid structure should be maintained as far as possible inorder to control interference.

Site roll out should commence from the urban areas where the smallersizes will be deployed and gradually move towards the sub-urban andresidential areas where larger sizes will be deployed.

At the transition between cells in urban areas and cells in suburbanareas, a cell size mid-way between the both sizes should be used to

further improve interference. For example, in making the transitionfrom Sharq to Mansouriya, cell size change should be gradual to keepinterference low.



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Slide 87


For coverage around highways or linear towns where continuousFor coverage around highways or linear towns where continuous

area coverage is not required, then cells with two sectors can bearea coverage is not required, then cells with two sectors can be

used as illustrated.used as illustrated.

Two sector sites along a major roadTwo sector sites along a major road



88/104



Slide 88


Coverage in some isolated populationCoverage in some isolated population

centres or in mountainous regionscentres or in mountainous regionsmay be easily covered by an omni sitemay be easily covered by an omni site

instead of a sectored site since theinstead of a sectored site since the

increase in range offered by sectoredincrease in range offered by sectored

sites with directional antennas willsites with directional antennas willonly result in additional unpopulatedonly result in additional unpopulated

areas being covered. An example isareas being covered. An example is

the Ab-daly area. Using sectored sitesthe Ab-daly area. Using sectored sites

will cost more per site but will notwill cost more per site but will not

result in fewer sites being used.result in fewer sites being used.



89/104



Slide 89


Antenna heights above sea level should beAntenna heights above sea level should be

kept constant as far as possible i.e. Antennaskept constant as far as possible i.e. Antennason relatively high terrain locations such ason relatively high terrain locations such as

Ahmadi should be lower compared to antennaAhmadi should be lower compared to antenna

heights used in South Sabahiya or Al Zawr.heights used in South Sabahiya or Al Zawr.

Stretched out cells should be avoided e.g.Stretched out cells should be avoided e.g.

MTC Site 103 which has considerableMTC Site 103 which has considerable

coverage across the sea to the Arabian Gulfcoverage across the sea to the Arabian Gulf

causes considerable interference in Sharq.causes considerable interference in Sharq.

re ct ons an tat st care c ons an a s caAnalysisAnalysis


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Slide 90

AnalysisAnalysis

After the deployment of cells, it is necessary to predictsignal level from each of the sites.

Most radio planning tools enable the prediction of signalstrength (or pathloss) over a circular area surrounding thesite.

To examine the effects of coverage and interference, each

site should be predicted over at least a 40 km radius withincities e.g. Sharq, Yarmouk and over at least 50 km area inrural and open areas such as Ahmadi

Traffic PlanningTraffic Planning


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Slide 91


Traffic Planning is the next stage afterTraffic Planning is the next stage after

sites have been positionedsites have been positioned The objective of traffic planning is toThe objective of traffic planning is to

determine the number of DRCUsdetermine the number of DRCUs

required for each cell for a givenrequired for each cell for a given

spectrum allocation, grade-of-servicespectrum allocation, grade-of-service

and traffic demand.and traffic demand.

An Erlang density map will have beenAn Erlang density map will have been

created either from marketing surveycreated either from marketing surveydata for new networks or from livedata for new networks or from live

data imported from the OMCdata imported from the OMC



92/104



Slide 92


The traffic spreading process also requires the use

of clutter ratios. Clutter ratios enable the systemsengineer to weight traffic demand assignment inurban areas differently from that assigned to openareas or desert areas. It therefore introduces a non-uniform distribution of traffic which is more realistic

than uniform spreading. The clutter ratio for Urban and Business District

areas will be expected to be at least 8 times as highas the factor for Mixed Barren Land areas. Similarly,to prevent spreading of traffic to sea regions, the

clutter weighting for sea, ocean, streams andcanals should be set to 0.



93/104



Slide 93


Traffic planning also involves moving traffic from one cell to anotherthrough cell antenna re-orientation in order to reduce the loading on

a cell.

In order to allow for anticipated expansion of the network, it iscustomary not to permit any one of the cells to have the maximumconfiguration of DRCUs allowed. For example, in the present MTCGSM system, each cell can accommodate a maximum of between 6and 7 DRCUs. If system plans permit the deployment of this

maximum figure at any of the sites, then any growth in traffic mayresult in congestion from day 1 and an immediate need to introduceanother un-planned site !

Traffic loading during planning should not exceed 90% of themaximum load carrying capability.

requency ss gnment anrequency ss gnmen anPlanningPlanning


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Slide 94

PlanningPlanning

The objective of frequency planning is to assign

carrier to cells in such a way as to ensure thatthe co-channel and adjacent interference levelsare kept below an acceptable threshold for goodcommunications.

The traditional way to allocate frequencies is todivide the available spectrum into frequencygroups. For example, MTC has access to 15 MHzof spectrum for its GSM system yielding a total of

75 channels. These have been divided into 12groups (because of the use of a 4/12 pattern)thus giving approximately 6-7 carriers per group.



95/104



Slide 95

PlanningPlanning

Groups are usually designated A1, A2, A3 .....

D1, D2 and D3. The carriers in group A1 are atleast 12 channels apart from each other e.g.channels 51 and 63; similarly the channels ingroup A2 are also spaced apart by 12 channelse.g. 55 and 67. Groups with the same

alphabetic code such as A1, A2 and A3 have achannel separation of 4. Since these are alwaysco-sited, this guarantees that little adjacentchannel interference will occur.



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Slide 96

PlanningPlanningGroups Frequency Carriers

A1 51 63 75 87 99 111 123

A2 55 67 79 91 103 115

A3 59 71 83 95 107 119 124

B1 52 64 76 88 100 112

B2 56 68 80 92 104 116

B3 60 72 84 96 108 120

C1 53 65 77 89 101 113

C2 57 69 81 93 105 117

C3 61 73 85 97 109 121

D1 54 66 78 90 102 114D2 58 70 82 94 106 118

D3 62 74 86 98 110 122 50C3

q The channel numbering scheme is the same as that used for GSM. Note

that grouping is carried out by assigning channels in numerical order to

groups in the sequence A1, B1, C1, D1, A2, B2, C2, D2, A3, B3, C3, D3.

q The choice of A, B, C and D arises because the pattern is a 4 site repeat

pattern. The choice of 1, 2 and 3 arises because there are three cells

per site.



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Slide 97

PlanningPlanning

The 4 site / 3 cell repeat patternThe 4 site / 3 cell repeat pattern

guarantees just over 12 dB C/I (co-guarantees just over 12 dB C/I (co-channel) in 90% of locations.channel) in 90% of locations.

Two methods can be employed in theTwo methods can be employed in the

assignment of groups or carriers toassignment of groups or carriers to

the cells:the cells:

Manual or traditional frequency planning

Automatic frequency planning



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Slide 98

PlanningPlanning

With manual frequency planning, the assignment of carriersis done through a row and column approach whilst maintain aregular reuse. The systems engineer will be aided by theradio planning tool which will produce co-channel andadjacent channel interference maps. Advantage can be takenof the interference blocking of hills and mountains as well asthe antenna front-to-back ratio.

The frequency plan would also be expected to take intoaccount all carrier exceptions such as may occur at theborder of the country e.g. at the Kuwait-Saudi border, or suchas may occur due to other types of equipment in the area e.g.data link transmissions in Sharq area.



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Slide 99

PlanningPlanning

Automatic frequency planning carries out assignment

automatically without user intervention, provided acomplete set of inputs are supplied: Anticipated neighbours list

Allocated frequency spectrum

Minimum channel spacing between cells at a site

Minimum channel spacing within a cell

Minimum channel spacing between a cell and its neighbour Carrier exceptions at each cell

Number of required carriers for a cell (from traffic analysis)

Available frequency spectrum

Acceptable co-channel and adjacent channel interference thresholds

Automatic frequency planning does not make use offrequency groups. Instead carriers are assigned on anindividual basis.

utputs o t e ann ngu pu s o e ann ngProcessProcess


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Slide 100

ProcessProcess

The outputs of the radio planningThe outputs of the radio planning

process, which form part ofprocess, which form part ofmanagement reports, include themanagement reports, include the

following information:following information:

Summary roll-out coverage and subscriber

distribution for each yearThis will include:

Areas covered in each phase e.g. Sharq, Yarmouk

Percentage of total covered area in each phase

Percentage population in each phase

Overall number of sites in each phase

Overall number of cells for each phase

Overall number of transceivers required for each phase

Overall number of subscribers supported from each phase



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Slide 101

ProcessProcess

An example from a GSM networkAn example from a GSM network

planned for the Northern region ofplanned for the Northern region ofTaiwanTaiwanR o l l - O u t

P h a s eC o v e r e dA r e a

P e r c e n t a g eo f t o t a l

c o v e r e da r e a

P o p u l a t i o np e r c e n t a g e

N u m b e r o f s i t e s

N u m b e r o f t r a n s c e i v e r s

N u m b e r o f s u b s c r i b e r s

Y e a r 1 T a ip e i c ity ,C h i l ung c i t y ,

T a i p e ic o u n t y , T a o -Y u a n c o u n ty

3 2 % 8 3 % 1 9 8 1 3 8 8 2 2 5 ,0 0 0

Y e a r 3 W h o le o f N o r t he r n

R eg ion

1 0 0 % 1 0 0 % 2 5 4 1 7 6 1 3 0 0 ,0 0 0

Y e a r 5 W h o le o f

N o r t he r nR e g io n

1 0 0 % 1 0 0 % 3 2 1 2 2 9 0 4 0 0 ,0 0 0



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Slide 102

Processocess

The outputs of the planning processThe outputs of the planning process

which also form part of managementwhich also form part of managementreports include:reports include:

Detailed statistics on a city-by-city basisshowing

Number of subscribers Number of sites

Number of cells

Number of transceivers

On-street coverage area probability

In-building area probability On-street C/I performance

In-building C/I performance



103/104



Slide 103

Process

An example from a GSM networkAn example from a GSM network

planned for the Northern region ofplanned for the Northern region ofTaiwanTaiwan

County/City Number of

Subscribers

Number of

Sites

Number of

cells

Number of

transceivers

On-street

coverage

C/I 15 dB

Taipei City 105,750 88 264 663 100% 91%

Taipei County 88,650 80 230 532 97% 87%

Chilung City 10,125 10 27 62 97% 98%

Tao-Yuan

County

20,475 20 57 131 97% 94%



104/104

ocess

Information which will be passed to theInformation which will be passed to the

installation team on a site-by-site basis forinstallation team on a site-by-site basis forsystem roll-out includes the following:system roll-out includes the following:

Site Identification Code and name, if applicable

Number of sectors

Coordinates - easting and northing or latitude and longitude

City or county area Antenna height

Antenna tilt

Antenna orientation

Allocated frequency groups

Allocated frequency carriers

BCCH carrier

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