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Origin and formation of waters
The hydrosphere originates from the bowels of the earth through the volcanic gorges. It is close related to the processes in the atmosphere.
Ground waters
● Artesian - waters between two waterproof layers
● Mineral- water naturally impregnated with mineral salts or gasses
● Karsts – underground waters reach of CaCO³
RiversEurope’s three largest rivers, the Volga (1),
the Danube (2) and the Dnepr (3), drain one quarter of the continent.
However, they are relatively small by world standards; their catchments ranking 14th, 29th and 48th, respectively.
Natural lakes
L ake s are u su ally b od ies of stan d in g fresh w ate r, th ou g h th ey m ay also slig h tly sa lty . Th e y are ch arac te rised b y: -p h ysic a l featu res of th e lake b asin, su ch as lake are a an d w ate r d ep th-th e ch arac te rist ic s of th e catch m en t are a, su ch as size an d top og rap h y.
Types of lakes
in Europeaccording their origin
endogen exogenic
tectonic volcanic coastal oxbow glacial karsts
Albano
Lakes in Europe
M o r e than 5 0 0 0 0 0 natur al l ake s l arg er than 0 .0 1 km2 (1 ha) i n E ur o pe .
Thr e e quar te r s o f the l ake s - l ocate d i n N o r w ay, Sw e de n, F i nl and andthe K ar e l o -Ko l a par t o f R ussi a.
2 4 E ur o pe an l ake s l arg er than 4 0 0 km 2 .
The l arg est , L ake L ado g a (1 ) , R ussi a
The seco nd l arg est l ake i n E ur o pe , L ake O ne g a (2 ) .
1 9 natur al l ake s l arg er than 4 0 0 km 2 i n Sw e de n, F i nl and, E s to ni a andthe no r th-w ester n par t o f R ussi a
3 i n ce ntr al E ur o pe
L ake B al ato n (1 9 ),
B o de nsee /L ake C o nstanc e (2 1 ).
Reservoirs and dams to ta l E uro pe a n re se rvo ir s urfa c e - m o re tha n 1 0 0 0 0 0k m 2 ; 5 0 % o f w hic h lie s in the E uro pe a n pa rt o f R us s ia .
T he s ix la rg e s t re se rvo irs a re lo c a te d in the V o lg a rive rs ys te m in R us s ia .
T he m e m be r s ta te w ith the la rg e s t n u m be r o f re se rvo irsis S pa in (a pp ro x. 1 2 0 0 ),
T urk e y (a pp ro x. 6 1 0 ),
N o rw a y (a pp ro x. 3 6 4 )
the U K (a pp ro x. 5 7 0 ).
Ita ly (a pp ro x. 5 7 0 ),
F ra nc e (a pp ro x. 5 5 0 )
B ulg a ria (a pp ro x.2 0 0 0 -b ig a nd s m a ll)
Water abstraction
a p pr ox im a te ly 10 % o f E ur o pe ’s to ta l fr e sh w a te rre so urce is a b str ac te d a n n u a lly .
to e n sur e w a ter su p p ly m a n y co untr ie s ha ve b u iltre ser vo ir s.
S p a in , T u r ke y a n d R o m a n ia - are a b le to store m o r etha n 4 0 %
C y pr u s, B ulgar ia , U kr a ine , S w e de n a n d the C ze c hR e p u b lic - h ig h stor age ca pac itie s.
Water use by sectors
4 4 % o f to ta l w a ter a b str ac tio n in E ur o pe is u se d fo ra gr ic u lture ,
4 0 % fo r in d u str y a n d e nergy pr o d uc tio n (c oo ling in p o w e rp la n ts)
1 5 % fo r p u b lic w ater su p p ly .
T h e m a in w a ter co nsu m p tio n sec tor s are :
irr igatio n ,
ur b a n ,
m a n u fa c tur in g in d u str y .
First main problemWater scarcity and drought
Measures:●The use of economic instruments, such as water pricing and metering ●Water-reuse and recycling ●Increased efficiency of domestic, agricultural and industrial water use ●Water saving campaigns supported by public education programmes
Second main problemFloods
During the last five years in Europe - 100 major damaging floods
Since 2000, floods in Europe have caused:● at least 700 deaths,● the displacement of about half a million people ● at least 25 billion € in insured economic losses.