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Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident Dr. Beth A. Middleton U.S. Geological Survey, National Wetlands Research Center, LA
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Page 1: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident

Dr. Beth A. Middleton U.S. Geological Survey, National Wetlands Research Center, LA

Page 2: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Deepwater Horizon Drilling Rig Drilling 1500 m below surface

Fire, April 20, 2010 Plugged, September 20

Hydrologic remediation effort begun…

Wikipedia, 2010 Wikipedia, 2010

Are there any lessons for restoration?

Page 3: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Mississippi River – 2010 water release to Jean Lafitte NHP&P (PT-ECP; CRMS)

1 2 3 km N

Page 4: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

May 2010 sign test p<0.0001 water level > salinity level <

Davis Pond Release Jean Lafitte NHP&P

*normal operation=Sep 2010

ns

-

+

+

- +

water salinity

Davis Pond CRMS 0188 CRMS 0234

Page 5: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Deepwater Horizon Incident: natural experiment LA coast sinking. Vegetation response to 6x water?

Page 6: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Are swamps resilient after water/salinity changes? elevation, production, decomposition

SET - Sediment Elevation Table

Roberts/Middleton NSF RAPID DEB-1049838

Page 7: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.
Page 8: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Jean Lafitte NP

Big Thicket NP St Marks NWR

Roberts/Middleton NSF RAPID DEB-1049838

NABSCN sites NABSCN-RAPID

Page 9: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Annual Production

dendrometer tree growth

root ingrowth

leaf litter

Page 10: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

2010 = good year for trees? Middleton/Johnson/Roberts – in review

root production↑ litter production↑

Page 11: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

baldcypress: higher growth in lower salinity

North American Baldcypress Swamp Network

Page 12: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Regime shift: elevation increase with remediation?

before remediation

after remediation

piecewise linear regression F = 30.1, p < 0.0001

Page 13: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Model SS df F p

X11 2578.6 1 45.6 <0.0001

X22 699.5 1 12.6 0.0005

X33 716.6 1 12.9 0.0004

Error 5012.5 12 30.2 <0.0001

Elevation change at SETs, 2007-10 vs. 2011, Jean Lafitte NHP&P Piecewise regression model output using second order polynomials. Linear regression model lack of fit: SS = 6082.3, F = 17.5, p < 0.0001.

Page 14: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

LA 2011: less decomposition at >10 cm depth after remediation

LA 2011: > wood decomposition faster after remediation

Decomposition and hydrologic remediation

Page 15: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Resilience hypothesis: coastal building with more freshwater? *production ? *decomposition ? *elevation ?

Lessons – freshwater remediation increases -above ground production -elevation

Page 16: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Hydrologic remediation – good for coasts? dying Texas wetland trees: high salinity, water abstraction

fresh water release?

Dying trees atypical needle drop resprouting needles peeling bark dead tree 2012 Texas survey

dead tree survey, drought, 2012 > 20 m tall: 7.7% ~ 10-20 m tall: 50.0% < 10 m tall: 81.3%

Texas tidal freshwater swamp (high salinity: 4–6 ppt)

Page 17: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Deepwater Horizon Drilling Rig Drilling 1500 m below surface

Fire, April 20, 2010 Plugged, September 20

Lesson: freshwater remediation reduces coastal salinity

Wikipedia, 2010 Wikipedia, 2010

Page 18: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Justin Stelly

Guodong Wang

Thanks: USGS, National Science Foundation DEB1049838 RAPID, ESA Seeds, Japanese/Korean/Turkish/Chinese Academies of Science

Lei Ting

Serge Farinas

Mel McCollough

Inyoung Jang

Matt Ripley

Onur Turker

Sam Primer

Evelyn Anemaet.

Page 19: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Swamp Resilience & Hydrologic Remediation -decomposition/production/denitrification higher in low salinity -balance of processes related to elevation -can higher production offset losses?

Page 20: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

absolute elevation Trimble RTK unit

Page 21: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

tree stress & water release: remote sensing photosynthesis

DOI & State Land Owners Cypress Creek NWR & IDNR IL Reelfoot Lake & Lake Isom NWR TN White River NWR AR Morgan Brake & Hillside NWR MS Tensas NWR LA Cat Island NWR LA Big Thicket NHP&P TX Jean Lafitte NHP&P LA St Marks NWR Big Bend/Aucilla WMA FL

Importance to coastal management...

AVIRIS

Page 22: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Abnormal drought in 2012? Restoration -genetics of live vs. dying cypress – Tachida/Middleton Strategic water release to combat rising coastal salinity, water abstraction?

Lake Bayou, Texas

Page 23: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Freshwater from Mississippi diversion pushed oil offshore. Downstream wetlands had lower salinity. Hydrologic remediation useful for wetland management.

Page 24: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Future coastal sea level rise & drought – salinity increase *freshwater wetland may shift to brackish and salt marshes

pore water salinity

elevation

IPCC 2012

Page 25: Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from ... Presentations/Jul… · Freshwater restoration of tidal swamps: lessons from remediation during the Deepwater Horizon Incident.

Thanks U.S. Geological Survey National Science Foundation


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