FricativesFricatives

PlacePlace VoicelessVoiceless VoicedVoiced

LabiodentalLabiodental /f//f/ /v//v/

InterdentalInterdental //// ////

AlveolarAlveolar /s//s/ /z//z/

PalatalPalatal //// ////

GlottalGlottal /h//h/ ////

Are

a (c

m2 )

Length (cm)

////

Fluid FlowFluid Flow

Equation for TurbulenceEquation for Turbulence

Re= V*h/Re= V*h/ Re: Reynolds numberRe: Reynolds number V: flow velocityV: flow velocity : kinematic coefficient : kinematic coefficient

of viscosityof viscosity h: characteristic h: characteristic

dimension (size of dimension (size of constriction)constriction)

Source CharacteristicsSource Characteristics

Flat spectrum Flat spectrum Similar across all Similar across all

places of articulationplaces of articulation

Frequency

Am

plitu

de

Source CharacteristicsSource CharacteristicsF

requ

ency

Am

plitu

de

Time

Source Characteristics: VoicedSource Characteristics: VoicedA

mpl

itude

Frequency

+

Filter CharacteristicsFilter CharacteristicsA

rea

(cm

2 )

Length (cm)

lipsglottis

Anterior constriction

FrontCavity*Back

Cavity

* Front cavity length Largely dictates resonant frequency

Fricatives:Fricatives:

AlveolarAlveolar front cavity length ~ 2.5 cmfront cavity length ~ 2.5 cmF1=34000/4*2.5 = 3400 HzF1=34000/4*2.5 = 3400 Hz Intense energy at/above 3400 HzIntense energy at/above 3400 Hz

Source Filter TheorySource Filter Theory

Sibilants: Spectrum EnvelopeSibilants: Spectrum Envelope

// (~2-3 KHz) /s/ (> 3.5-4 KHz)

Am

plitu

de

Frequency

SpectrogramSpectrogram

// /s/

/s//h/

/f/

Waveform and Spectrogram Amplitude Spectrum

/z/ /s/

VoicingVoicing

/z/

/s/

sht ch

///t//t/

AffricateAffricate

Rise-time: stops vs. affricatesRise-time: stops vs. affricates

/t/

/t/