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Friday (February 18, 2011)
Today’s Agenda:
(1) Journal Question: What is a biome?
*(2) Lecture III: Ecosystems & Responses to a Changing Environment (slide 33)
(3) Begin working on Biome Project
a. Select a biome
b. Follow the instructions in your unit packet
(4) Homework: Each group member should do some research on their biome for Wednesday
-Read Chapter 22 (pp. 414 – 435)
04/21/23 1
04/21/23 2
Lecture III: Ecosystems & Responses to a Changing Environment
By Dr. Rick Woodward
04/21/23 3
Food Chains
04/21/23 4
Species
A. The first step in investigating a biotic community may be simply to catalogue all the species present.
(You will be doing this for your group biome project today)
04/21/23 5
Recall: Taxonomy
04/21/23 6
SpeciesB. Species are the different kinds
of plants, animals, and microbes in the community.
04/21/23 7
SpeciesC. The biological definition of a
species is the entirety of a population that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring, whereas members of different species generally do not interbreed.
04/21/23 8
SpeciationA. Two species arise from one.
(1). Allopatric Speciation that occurs when 2 or more populations
of a species are geographically isolated from one another
The allele frequencies in these populations change Members become so different that that can no no
longer interbreed
(2). Sympatric Populations evolve with overlapping ranges Behavioral barrier or hybridization or polyploidy
04/21/23 9
Speciation
Adapted to heatthrough lightweightfur and long ears, legs, and nose, whichgive off more heat.
Adapted to coldthrough heavierfur, short ears,short legs, shortnose. White furmatches snowfor camouflage.
Gray Fox
Arctic Fox
Different environmentalconditions lead to differentselective pressures and evolutioninto two different species.
Spreadsnorthwardandsouthwardandseparates
Southernpopulation
Northernpopulation
Early foxpopulation
04/21/23 10
Populations A. Each species in a biotic
community is represented by a certain population; that is, by a certain number of individuals that make up the interbreeding, reproductive group.
04/21/23 11
The Ecosystem ConceptA. Ecosystems join together the
biotic community (fish) and the abiotic conditions (salt water) that it lives in.
04/21/23 12
The Ecosystem ConceptC. Examples of ecosystems:
1. Polar2. Tundra3. Coniferous Forest4. Deciduous Forest5. Grassland6. Tropical Rain Forest7. Temperate Rain Forest 8. Ocean (Marine); Coral Reefs9. Freshwater Biome (Lakes, Ponds, Rivers, Streams)
(Biome Project Presentations)(1) Terrestrial Biomes –on land.(2) Aquatic Biomes –water.
-You select one of the above for your project. (pp. 767-776)
04/21/23 13
EcologyB. The study of ecosystems and
the interactions that occur interactions that occur among organisms and their among organisms and their environmentenvironment belongs to the science of ecology.
04/21/23 14
An EcotoneA. Ecosystems are not
isolated from one another.
04/21/23 15
An EcotoneB. One ecosystem blends into the
next through a transitional region called an ecotone.
C. An ecotone contains many species common to both systems.
04/21/23 16
Ecosystem Boundaries: Ecotones
Land zone Transition zone Aquatic zone
Numberof species
Species in land zoneSpecies in aquatic zone
Species in transition zone only
04/21/23 17
The BiosphereA. All the species on Earth, along
with all their environments, make up one vast ecosystem, often called the biosphere.
04/21/23 18
Overlapping of the Spheres
04/21/23 19
Ecosystem Organization Organisms
Made of cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
Species Groups of organisms that resemble one
another in appearance, behavior, and genetic make up
Sexual vs Asexual reproduction Production of viable offspring in nature 1.5 million named; 10-14 million likely
Populations Genetic diversity
Communities Ecosystems Biosphere
Fig. 4.2, p. 66
BiosphereBiosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
04/21/23 20
Sustaining Life on Earth… One way flow of
high quality energy The cycling of
matter (the earth is a closed system)
Gravity Causes
downward movement of matter
Biosphere
Carboncycle
Phosphoruscycle
Nitrogencycle
Watercycle
Oxygencycle
Heat in the environment
Heat Heat Heat
04/21/23 21
CommunityCommunity
Association of different Association of different populations of organisms that populations of organisms that live and interact together in the live and interact together in the same place at the same time.same place at the same time.
04/21/23 22
Responses to a Changing Environment
A. Organisms are able to survive within a wide range of environmental conditions.
(1) Temperature Conditions
04/21/23 23
Responses to a Changing EnvironmentB. Tolerance Curve
(1) A graph or performance versus values of an environmental variable, such as temperature, is called a tolerance curve.
04/21/23 24
Acclimation
A. Some organisms can adjust their tolerance to abiotic factors through a process of acclimation.
04/21/23 25
Acclimation B. Spending a few weeks at a high
elevation, you will acclimate to reduced oxygen levels, or “thin air.” –over time the number of red blood cells in your body will increase.
(i.e. training for a marathon)
04/21/23 26
Control of Internal Conditions
A. Ways an organism deals with changes to its environment:
(1) Conformers
(2) Regulators
04/21/23 27
ConformersA. Conformers are organisms
that do not regulate their internal conditions; they change as their external environment changes.
04/21/23 28
Conformers (1) Example: The body
temperature of desert lizards rises and falls with the temperature of the lizard’s environment.
04/21/23 29
Regulators
A. Regulators are organisms that use energy to control some of their internal conditions.
(1) Regulators can keep an internal condition within the optimal range over a wide variety on environmental conditions.
-Example: Humans –Our body temperature remains constant throughout the day.
04/21/23 30
Escape from Unsuitable Conditions
1. Dormancy
2. Migration
04/21/23 31
Dormancy
A. Entering into a state of reduced activity is called dormancy.
(1) During the winter many reptiles and amphibians survive by hiding underground and becoming dormant until spring.
04/21/23 32
MigrationA. Moving to a more favorable habitat with
better climate conditions is referred to as migration.(1) A familiar example of migration is the seasonal movements of birds, which spend spring and summer in cooler climates and migrate to warmer climates in the fall.
04/21/23 33
Stop Here! Group Project Today-Work in groups of four-Select a biome-Draw pictures to describe your selected
biome1. List and draw 4-8 animals. 2. List and draw 4-8 plants.3. List climate conditions and the location of
your specific biome. -Present your poster to the class.a. Take notes in your composition book on
your classmates biomes. (You will be tested on your classmates
projects)