From Antarctica to Outer Space Life in Isolation and Confinement
Albert A. Harrison Yvonne A. Clearwater Christopher P. McKay Editors
From Antarctica to Outer Space Life in Isolation and Confinement
Foreword by E. K. Eric Gunderson
With 26 illustrations
Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona
ALBERT A. HARRISON, PH.D., Department of Psychology, University of CaliforniaDavis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
YVONNE A. CLEARWATER, PH.D., Aerospace Human Factors Research Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
CHRISIDPHER P. McKAY, PH.D., Space Science Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data From Antarctica to outer space: life in isolation and confinement /
Albert A. Harrison, Yvonne A. Clearwater, Christopher P. McKay, editors.
p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-7759-0
001: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3012-0
e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-3012-0
I. Research - Psychological aspects. 2. Space flightPsychological aspects. 3. Antarctic regions - Psychological aspects. 4. Social isolation - Psychological aspects. I. Harrison, Albert A. II. Clearwater, Yvonne A. III. McKay, Christopher P. QI80.55.P75F76 1990 155.9-dc20 90-36364
Printed on acid-free paper.
© 1991 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1991
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Foreword
Human factors problems in spaceflight operations were first addressed by Dr. Robert Voas, who analyzed available laboratory and flight report data from the Mercury program. Bob and I were graduate students together at UCLA, and when I began studies of Antarctic communities in the early 1960s, we were eager to compare methods and approaches. In 1963, Bob, Dr. Paul Nelson, and I seriously discussed placing an experimental capsule in Antarctica to simulate some aspects of confined living in space, but at the time the idea did not receive much support. I also was greatly stimulated by the work of Dr. Ben Weybrew of the U.S. Navy; Drs. Jay Shurley, Chet Pierce, and Kirmach Natani of the University of Oklahoma; Drs. Roland Radloff and Robert Helmreich (SEALAB and TEKTITE); Dr. Otto Edholm of the British Antarctic Survey; Dr. Jean Rivolier of the French Polar Program; Dr. Tony Taylor of Victoria University, Wellington; and Dr. Desmond Lugg of the Australian Antarctic Program.
I was delighted to hear of the Sunnyvale Conference and to learn of this major effort to review and integrate Antarctic and related research for possible application to problems of long-duration spaceflight. The editors have succeeded in assembling a valuable and fascinating account of many critical issues that may affect success or failure in space missions and the safety, survival, productivity, and quality of life of crews and scientists.
The Antarctic experience has provided a useful model not only for difficult field behavioral research but also for international and multidisciplinary cooperation. Lessons learned in the Antarctic and other extreme settings should facilitate interplanetary exploration and establishment of permanent settlements in space.
E. K. ERIC GUNDERSON
Naval Health Research Center
Acknowledgments
This volume is based on papers presented at The Human Experience in Antarctica: Applications to Life in Space. Both the coriference and the preparation of this volume were supported by National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant NCC-2-469 and National Science Foundation Grant DPP-87-00325. We are deeply appreciative of the encouragement and support of Arnauld Nicogossian, Mel Averner, Peter Willkness, Ted DeLaca, Polly Penhale, and many other people from both agencies. We are also grateful for the assistance of Barrett Caldwell, Philip Crabtree, Janet Lasick, Lisa Lockyear, Chuck Stovitz, and Nancy Struthers, who provided invaluable assistance at various points and who directly or indirectly helped to bring this manuscript to completion.
Contents
Foreword................................................ v E. K. ERIC GUNDERSON
Acknowledgments ........................................ vii
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xiii
Introduction ............................................ . ALBERT A. HARRISON, YVONNE A. CLEARWATER,
AND CHRISlOPHER P. McKAy
Part I. Settings ............................................. 7
1. Life in Antarctica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 PATRICK E. CORNELIUS
2. An Experiential Perspective on Conducting Social and Behavioral Research at Antarctic Research Stations ...................... 15 MARC LEVESQUE
3. A Review of Antarctic Behavioral Research ARREED F. BARABASZ
21
4. Current International Human Factors Research in Antarctica 31 DESMOND J. LUGG
x Contents
5. The Research Program of the International Biomedical Expedition to the Antarctic (IBEA) and its Implications for Research in Outer Space........................................ ........... 43 A. 1. W. TAYLOR
6. The Antarctic Experience SIDNEY M. BLAIR
7. Personnel Deployment Systems: Managing People in Polar and
57
Outer Space Settings ...................................... 65 PHILIP R. HARRIS
8. Psychological and Sociological Aspects of Manned Spaceflight .............................................. 81 WILLIAM K. DOUGLAS
9. Scientists and Seamen BEN FINNEY
10. Three Decades of Nuclear Submarine Research: Implications for
89
Space and Antarctic Research .............................. 103 BENJAMIN B. WEYBREW
11. National Park Service Areas as Analogues for Antarctic and Space Environments ............................................ 115 ROBERT J. VALEN AND BARRETT S. CALDWELL
Part II. Orientations and Perspectives. . . ... . .. . . . . . . . ... ..... 123
12. Theoretical Approaches to Adaptation to Antarctica and Space ............................................... 125 CHESTER M. PIERCE
13. Groups in Isolation and Confinement: Environments and Experiences ............................................ " 135 PETER SUEDFELD
14. Environmental Design Cybernetics: A Relativistic Conceptual Framework for the Design of Space Stations and Settlements 147 WOLFGANG F. E. PREISER
15. Small Groups and Confined Microsocieties ................... 161 JOSEPH V. BRADY AND MARY A. ANDERSON
16. Applications of Living Systems Theory to Life in Space ........ 177 JAMES GRIER MILLER
Contents xi
Part III. Isolation and Confinement Effects. . . ... ... . .. .. .... 199
17. Effects of Isolation on States of Consciousness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 201 ARREED F. BARABASZ
18. Imaginative Involvement in Antarctica: Applications to Life in Space ................................................... 209 MARIANNE BARABASZ
19. Psychological Effects of Isolation and Confinement of a Winter-Over Group at McMurdo Station, Antartica . . . . . . . . . . .. 217 DONNA C. OLIVER
20. Winter-Over Stress: Physiological and Psychological Adaptation to an Antarctic Isolated and Confined Environment . . . . . . . . . . .. 229 SYBIL CARRERE, GARY W. EVANS, AND DANIEL SlOKOLS
21. Group Adaptation and Individual Adjustment in Antarctica: A Summary of Recent Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 239 LAWRENCE A. PALINKAS
22. International Biomedical Expedition to the Antarctic: Physiological Studies in the Field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 253 IAN F. G. HAMPlON AND RAINER GOLDSMITH
23. The Third-Quarter Phenomenon: Do People Experience Discomfort After Stress Has Passed? ........................ 261 ROBERT B. BECHTEL AND AMY BERNING
24. Communication Issues of Spaceflight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 267 MARY M. CONNORS
Part IV. Interventions and Outcomes ........................ 281
25. The International Biomedical Expedition to the Antarctic: Psychological Evaluations of the Field Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 283 JEAN RIVOLIER, GENEVIEVE CAZES, AND IAN MCCORMICK
26. Crew Selection for an Antarctic-Based Space Simulator ......... 291 JEAN RIVOLIER, CLAUDE BACHELARD, AND GENEVIEVE CAZES
27. The Psychophysiology of Adaptation and Competence: Altered States of Consciousness During Antarctic Wintering ........... 297 KiRMACH NATANI
xii Contents
28. Psychological Effects of Long-Duration Space Missions and Stress Amelioration Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 305 ARLENE S. LEVINE
29. Proxemics and Privacy: Managing the Problems of Life in Confined Environments ................................... 317 DOUGLAS RAYBECK
30. Functional Esthetics to Enhance Well-Being in Isolated and Confined Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 331 YVONNE A. CLEARWATER AND RICHARD G. COSS
31. Windows: Their Importance and Functions in Confining Environments ............................................ 349 RICHARD F. HAINES
32. Decreasing Stress Through the Introduction of Microenvironments ....................................... 359 PAUL N. KLAUS
33. Keeping the Peace in Space: A Neighborhood Model for a Community-Based, Conflict-Resolution-Oriented Justice System. 363 DONALD M. Scon
34. Antarctica and Outer Space: Emerging Perspectives and Perceptions .............................................. 373 HARRY H. ALMOND, JR.
35. Justice in the Antarctic, Space, and the Military. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 383 F. KENNETH SCHWETJE
Conclusion: Recommendations for Future Research . . . . . . . . . . .. 395 ALBERT A. HARRISON, YVONNE A. CLEARWATER,
AND CHRISTOPHER P. McKAy
Index ................................................... 403
Contributors
HARRY H. ALMOND, JR. D.C., USA
National Defense University, Washington,
MARY A. ANDERSON School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
CLAUDE BACHELARD de Reims, France
Laboratoire de Psychologie Apliquee, Universite
ARREED F. BARABASZ Department of Counseling Psychology, Washing-ton State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
MARIANNE BARABASZ Department of Counseling Psychology, Washing-ton State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
ROBERT B. BECHTEL Tucson, Arizona, USA
Department of Psychology, University of Arizona,
AMY BERNING USA
U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.,
SIDNEY M. BLAIR Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services Uni-versity of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
JOSEPH V. BRADY School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
BARRETT S. CALDWELL Department of Industrial Engineering, Universi-ty of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
SYBIL CARRERE Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
xiv Contributors
GENEVIEVE CAZES Reims, France
Laboratoire de Psychologie Apliquee, Universite de
YVONNE A. CLEARWATER Aerospace Human Factors Research Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
MARy M. CONNORS Aerospace Human Factors Research Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
PATRICK E. CORNELIUS Houston, Texas, USA
NASA-Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center,
RICHARD G. Coss Department of Psychology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
WILLIAM K. DOUGLAS Space Station Division, McDonnell-Douglas Space Systems Company, Huntington Beach, California, USA
GARY W. EVANS Program in Social Ecology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
BEN FINNEY Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii, Ho-nolulu, Hawaii, USA
RAINER GOLDSMITH Department of Human Sciences, The University, Loughsborough, England, United Kingdom
RICHARD F. HAINES Research Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
IAN F. G. HAMPlON Department of Physiology, The University, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
PHILIP R. HARRIS Harris International, LaJolla, California, USA; and Netrologic, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
ALBERT A. HARRISON Department of Psychology, University of Califor-nia-Davis, Davis, California, USA
PAUL N. KLAUS USA
Jamie Cannon Associates, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri,
MARC LEVESQUE Graduate Program in Adult Education and Human Resource Development, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine, USA
ARLENE S. LEVINE ia, USA
DESMOND J. LUGG Australia
NASA-Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virgin-
Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania,
IAN MCCORMICK Department of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
Contributors xv
CHRISTOPHER P. McKAy Space Science Division, NASA-Ames Re-search Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
JAMES GRIER MILLER Department of Psychiatry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
KlRMACH NATANI McDonnell Douglas Missile Systems Company, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
DONNA C. OLIVER California, USA
United States International University, San Diego,
LAWRENCE A. PALINKAS Department of Community and Family Medi-cine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
CHESTER M. PIERCE Faculties of Medicine and Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
WOLFGANG F. E. PREISER College of Design, Architecture, Art and Plan-ning, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
DOUGLAS RAYBECK Department of Anthropology, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, USA
JEAN RIVOLIER Reims, France
Departmente de Psychologie Appliquee, Universite de
F. KENNETH SCHWETJE Compliance, Testing and Space Division, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, D.C., USA
DONALD M. SCOTT fornia, USA
Wider Focus NASA Projects, San Francisco, Cali-
DANIEL STOKOLS Program in Social Ecology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
PETER SUEDFELD Department of Psychology and Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
A. J. W. TAYLOR Department of Psychology, Victoria University of Wel-lington, Wellington, New Zealand
ROBERT J. VALEN National Park Service, Guadalupe Mountains Nation-al Park, Texas, USA
BENJAMIN B. WEYBREW Department of Psychology, University of New Haven, New Haven, Connecticut, USA