From Here to There

Know how to use navigational aids.1. State the elements of a map.

2. Describe how to use air navigational charts.

3. State the importance of flight planning.

4. State how to perform a preflight plan.

5. List the elements of flight.

6. State the procedures to perform when lost.

Overview

1. Map Elements

2. Air Navigation Charts

3. Flight Planning

4. Pilotage Preflight

5. The Flight

6. Lost!!!

Map Elements

• The Four Elements of Navigation• Position - Some place that can be identified.• Legend - The position of one point in space

relative to another without reference to the distance between them.

• Distance - The space between two points measured by the length of a line joining them.

• Time - An elapsed interval.

Map Elements

• Legend• A key to explain the meaning of the symbols on

a map.• Identifies roads that are paved, under

construction, finished, or a proposed route. • Lists the approximate sizes of towns and cities.• Identifies location of airports, campgrounds,

county seats and county lines.• Lists State Capitols, points of interest, State

parks, universities, rest areas, National and State forests.

Map Elements

• Relief Features• Physical features as related to the height of the

land surface.• Mountains, hills, plateaus, plains, and valleys.• Shown by various methods, such as shading,

contour lines, spot elevations and variations in color.

Map Elements

• Contour• A line connecting points of equal elevation.• On steep slopes, the contours are close together

and, on gentle slopes, they are farther apart.

Map Elements

• Spot Elevation• The height of a particular point of terrain above

sea level.• Usually denoted by a number next to a dot

indicating the height above sea level.

Map Elements

• Gradient Tints• Different colors are used to designate areas of

different elevation. • Shading or darkening as the height decreases is

a version of gradient tint.

Map Elements

• Cultural Features• Populated places, roads, railroads, installations,

dams, and bridges are some of the many kinds of cultural features portrayed.

• Standardized coded symbols denoting cultural features are usually shown on a map legend.

• Some maps use pictorial symbols, which are self-explanatory and require no explanations in the legend.

Map Elements

• Hydrographic Features• Oceans, coastlines, lakes, rivers, streams, swamps,

and reefs are portrayed by either tinting or blank spaces on maps.

• Some maps show vegetation, such as park areas, orchards, hedgerows, and vineyards.

Air Navigation Charts

• A pilot of a light aircraft navigates primarily by landmarks and needs a chart emphasizing the landmarks easily identifiable from air.

• An airline pilot is usually only near enough to the ground to navigate by landmarks during takeoff and landing.

Air Navigation Charts

• The type of navigational charts depends on the mission to be flown. These charts are designed primarily for landmark flying.• Jet Navigation Charts• Operational Navigation Charts• Sectional Aeronautical Charts

Air Navigation Charts

• The primary difference in the charts is their scale. • The scale may be given by a simple statement,

such as, “1 inch equal 10 miles.” • The scale may also be given as a representative

fraction, such as 1:500,000 or 1/500,000. • Another means of showing scale is the graphic

scale.

Air Navigation Charts

• Jet Navigation (JN) Chart• The Jet Navigational Chart has a scale of

1:2,000,000. The chart shows pertinent hydrographic and cultural features.

• It is designed for planning and navigation for flights by long-range, high-speed aircraft.

Air Navigation Charts

• Operation Navigation Chart (ONC)• The ONC shows more detail of hydrographic

and cultural features than the JN.• The ONC scale of 1:1,000,000 is larger than the

JN and, usually does not cover as large an area on a single chart.

• The ONC is used for medium- and some low-level navigation for flights by higher speed aircraft.

Air Navigation Charts

• Sectional Aeronautical Chart• Considered the basic aeronautical chart of the

United States. Its chart scale is 1:500,000 and it has the largest scale of the three basic aeronautical charts used for landmark flying.

• Provides detailed ground features that are good for visual ground-chart orientation at predetermined checkpoints.

Air Navigation Charts

• Sectional Aeronautical Chart• It shows many types of hydrographic and

cultural features. It also depicts all important navigation aids and air facilities.

• Produced by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Air Navigation Charts• Parts of Sectional Chart

• Title Information• Location of the section.

• Identifies the edition of the chart. Also identifies when the chart becomes obsolete.

Air Navigation Charts

• Parts of Sectional Chart• Relief Features

• The terrain elevation scale is usually divided into various shades of color.

• Examples of the coloring are: pale green at sea level; dark green from 1,000 to 2,000 feet; pale yellow from 2,000 to 3,000 feet; dark yellow from 3,000 to 5,000 feet; and salmon colored from 5,000 to the highest elevation depicted on the chart.

Air Navigation Charts

• Airports

• Airports with services

•

Air Navigation Charts

• Airport Data

Air Navigation Charts

• Radio aids to navigation and communication boxes.

Air Navigation Charts

• Airport traffic service

and airspace information.

Air Navigation Charts

• Airport Traffic Area

Tower Controlled Airport.

Air Navigation Charts

• Topographical Information

Air Navigation Charts

• Prohibited, Restricted, Warning, and Alert Areas.

• Explains restrictions that apply in a particular area and who is responsible for the area.

• Also an explanation of what is a prohibited, restricted, or alert area.

• Identifies if you are permitted to fly into a prohibited area.

• What the restrictions are for an alert area.

• Who to contact if you wanted to fly through a particular area.

Flight Planning

• Pilotage• The navigation of an aircraft using

landmarks and maps, rather than an aircraft's own navigation systems.

• In the United States, as long as the weather is good, it is possible to fly almost anywhere by pilotage.

Flight Planning

• Airman’s Information Manual (AIM)• Check Chapter 4, Section 3 closely for

information about the destination airfield.• Look for the NOTAMS, in Chapter 5

Section 1, to ensure that none of these affect your flight.

• After selecting a chart and checking the AIM, check the weather reports, forecasts for enroute and destination weather, winds at altitude, and pilot weather reports (PIREPS).

Flight Planning

• Airman’s Information Manual (AIM)• Since navigation will be done by pilotage or

landmark flying the pilot must maintain visual contact with the ground at all times.

• This type of flying comes under visual flight rules (VFR).

• For IFR flight, a flight plan must be filed with a FAA Flight Service Center (FSS).

• For VFR flight, the FAA does not require a flight plan. However, military VFR requires a flight plan.

FLIGHT PLAN

Pilotage Preflight• Preflight – check the aircraft – plan the

route.

• Plan the route of flight in detail. This includes the four elements of navigation: position, direction, distance, and time.

• Take an up-to-date chart and locate the departure and destination points (position).

• With an Air Navigation Plotter, figure a True Course.

Pilotage Preflight

• To prepare the chart for easy reference and to figure distance, mark the line in 10-mile increments.

• To solve the element of time, determine the cruising speed of the aircraft and divide the miles to be flown by the speed.

• Determine if the chosen route is the safest.

Pilotage Preflight

• As you plan your flight, be sure to include several linear features.

• The FAA produces VFR Pilot Exam-O-Gram, which are brief and timely explanations of important aeronautical items.

• Check the weather and annotate the Estimated Time Enroute on the flight plan.

The Flight

• After takeoff, open your flight plan with the FSS and climb to your designated altitude.

• As you fly at your designated altitude and course, crosscheck your position using predetermined landmarks.

The Flight

• As you continue on the flight, continue to cross-check your position at predetermined interval until you reach the destination airport.

• After landing, parking and going into operations, call the FSS and close the flight plan.

Lost!!!

• The FAA gives some excellent advice on what to do when you find yourself unsure of where you are.• Don’t fight the problem; solve it.• Analyze and evaluate.

• Fuel available and consumption rate

• Weather

• Equipment

• Terrain

• Daylight

Lost!!!

• The following steps should be taken if fuel, daylight, weather, etc., is okay. • Keep going straight. • Use information about your last known

position, elapsed time, approximate wind and ground speed.

• Use this distance as a radius and draw a semicircle ahead of the last known position on the chart.

• Start some first class pilotage.

Lost!!!

• What should you do if you become lost and have other problems? • Get the aircraft on the ground. Most accidents

are the product of mistakes that have multiplied over a period of time.

• If terrain or other conditions make it impossible to get down at the moment, don’t waste time.

Lost!!!

• The FAA also gives good advice when you’re lost and have other problems.• Never fly until the fuel is exhausted.• Never fly until the Sun slowly sets.• Never fly into bad weather.

Review Questions

CPS Questions

(9-10)

Summary

1. Map Elements

2. Air Navigation Charts

3. Flight Planning

4. Pilotage Preflight

5. The Flight

6. Lost!!!