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From Interaction to Trajectories Steve Benford Mixed Reality Laboratory University of Nottingham
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From Interaction to Trajectories
Steve Benford
Mixed Reality Laboratory
University of Nottingham
Desert Rain (1997)
Uncle Roy All Around You (2003)
Fairground: Thrill Laboratory (2006)
Day of the Figurines (2006)
Trajectories
• All four experiences combine interactivity with live performance
• They also exhibit complex and extended spatial and temporal structures
• They are unified by the approach of creating a coherent journey through the experience
• Building on recent studies of interactive exhibits, these journeys can be described in terms of trajectories
Trajectories through hybrid space
Mixed Reality Continuum (Milgram and Kishino)
Virtual Reality
(Everyday) Reality
Augmented Reality
Augmented Virtuality
immersion ubiquity
Our experiences combine multiple points
on the continuum to form complex hybrid space
through which participants move
Trajectories through hybrid time
Story time The temporal structure of the underlying story world
Plot time The temporal structure of the narration of the story
Interaction time The times at which a participant chooses or is able to interact
Schedule time The times at which the narration is made available
Perceived time The timing of interactions as perceived by the participant
Time as conceived by the author
Time as perceived by the participant
Trajectories through roles
SpectatorsAudience
Bystanders
ParticipantsStreet players
Online players
PerformersActors
Orchestrators
each role follows its own trajectory
and there are trajectories
between roles
Trajectories through interfaces
• Interfaces are designed and also arranged to establish a trajectory of interaction
Transitions and Traversals
Trajectories have to negotiate various transitions and traversals during which
continuity may be at risk
Transitions and Traversals
beginnings
Trajectories have to negotiate various transitions and traversals during which
continuity may be at risk
Transitions and Traversals
beginnings
Role and interface transitions
Trajectories have to negotiate various transitions and traversals during which
continuity may be at risk
Transitions and Traversals
beginnings
Role and interface transitions
Temporal episodes
Trajectories have to negotiate various transitions and traversals during which
continuity may be at risk
P507_Floss 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 2P510_Max_Ernst 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 0 0 0P511_xiaocondom 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 2P512_Nikita 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2P513_Max 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P514_Junior 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P515_Samantha 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2P516_Natalie 4 4 4 4 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P517_Mondrag 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2P518_Tin_Man 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2P522_The_Me 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2P523_Bernard 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P526_robinhood787 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 2P527_daodao 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 2P528_Daisy 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2P529_AX 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2P530_Adolf 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P531_Cindy 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 6 0 0 0P532_Dark_Angel 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 2P536_Kellar 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2P508_sonboss 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2P521_DJ_Raj 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 2P525_Trugoy 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 0 0 0 0 0P534_IJ 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4P519_Droffilc 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2P520_Dr_No 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 2P509_Roger 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P524_Miss_Biscuit 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P533_C_est_moi 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2P535_Mrs_Stam 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P539_Dorothy 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2P537_Karn4 0 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0P538_Willy_Wonka 0 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P540_betty 0 0 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P541_Whiplash 0 0 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2P542_Orchard_Man 0 0 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2P543_Hero 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P544_Nicki 0 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P545_Emelia 0 0 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 0 0 0 0P546_Athan 0 0 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2P547_ZencatWoman 0 0 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2P548_Hea_Mi_Lee 0 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P549_Midnite 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2P550_DeShawn 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 0 0 0P551_Iago 0 0 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2P552_Mermaid69 0 0 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2P553_Shaun 0 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P554_Sidney 0 0 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2P555_Hunx 0 0 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0P556_Deric 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2P557_sammi 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2P558_June 0 0 0 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 6 0 0 0 0P559_Nadja 0 0 0 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P560_OngLSD 0 0 0 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P561_Arathorn 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4P562_Granny_Fly 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2P563_Popey 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P564_Tikko 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P565_Fat_Chef 0 0 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P566_johnny 0 0 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2P567_Ganthrive 0 0 0 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P568_Aidan 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4P569_Suitcaseman 0 0 0 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2P570_ws 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P571_Mr_Rumble 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2P572_Black 0 0 0 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P573_Eve 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2P574_Nilalalah 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 2P575_Campbell 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P576_Ouyang_Xun 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P577_Jeffery 0 0 0 0 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P578_Bal 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2P579_Scott 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P580_Junkai44 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P581_junkai444 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P582_alex 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P583_Gel 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 0 0 0 0 0P584_Ninja_Su 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0P585_beach_bunny 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 2P586_Kai_Shi 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P587_vyon 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 0 0 0 0 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0P604_LOLITA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0P605_Sara_naeato 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 0 0 0 0P606_HISASHI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P607_Nakey 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P608_ELFIE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P609_Gioia_pris 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0P610_ELHIZEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2P611_Candi_XXX 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2P612_Idiot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P613_Min 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P614_Jenny_Vixen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 2P615_Halo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 2P616_Deb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2P617_Princess 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2P618_Gene 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 2P619_Gerald444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2
Transitions and Traversals
beginnings
Role and interface transitions
Temporal episodes
Physical-virtual traversals
Trajectories have to negotiate various transitions and traversals during which
continuity may be at risk
Transitions and Traversals
beginnings
Role and interface transitions
Temporal episodes
Physical-virtual traversals
Access to physical resources
Trajectories have to negotiate various transitions and traversals during which
continuity may be at risk
Transitions and Traversals
beginnings
Role and interface transitions
Temporal episodes
Physical-virtual traversals
Access to physical resources
Seams
Trajectories have to negotiate various transitions and traversals during which
continuity may be at risk
Transitions and Traversals
beginnings
Role and interface transitions
Temporal episodes
Physical-virtual traversals
Access to physical resources
Seams endings
Trajectories have to negotiate various transitions and traversals during which
continuity may be at risk
Negotiating Trajectories
Participant trajectory
Canonical trajectory
Canonical and participant trajectories represent an author’s ideal journey and a participant’s actual journey respectively
Negotiating Trajectories
Participant trajectory
Canonical trajectory
Interactivity drives
divergence
Canonical and participant trajectories represent an author’s ideal journey and a participant’s actual journey respectively
Negotiating Trajectories
Participant trajectory
Canonical trajectory
Orchestration drives
convergence
Canonical and participant trajectories represent an author’s ideal journey and a participant’s actual journey respectively
Interleaving Trajectories
Multiple trajectories can represent different participants
or different applications
Participant ‘red’
Participant ‘blue
Interleaving Trajectories
Multiple trajectories can represent different participants
or different applications
Participant ‘red’
Participant ‘blue
Mutual awareness and encounters
when trajectories come together
Interleaving Trajectories
Multiple trajectories can represent different participants
or different applications
Participant ‘red’
Participant ‘blue
Steer trajectories apart to avoid contention or
to minimise distractions and interruptions
Interleaving Trajectories
Multiple trajectories can represent different participants
or different applications
Participant ‘red’
Participant ‘blue
Pacing involves keeping trajectories
together
Summary of Trajectories
• A trajectory describes a journey through an extended user experience emphasising continuity and coherence
• Trajectories pass through hybrid structures of space, time, roles and ecologies of interfaces
• Trajectories have to cross key transitions including beginnings, endings, role and interface transitions, physical-virtual transitions, temporal episodes, physical resources and seams
• Canonical trajectories and participant trajectories represent author and participant control and diverge and converge due to interactivity and orchestration
• Interleaved trajectories describe collaborative and/or multi-tasking situations and address encounters, awareness, separation, pacing and prioritisation
Putting Trajectories to Work
• Providing sensitising concepts for empirical studies• A vehicle for compiling craft knowledge• Identifying requirements for new technologies• Towards a dramaturgy of interactive user experience
‘Serious’ experiences?
• Cultural experiences may provoke reflection and debate– Addressing challenging themes– Using ambiguity to provoke interpretation
• Wider applications of trajectories– Designing complete VR experiences– Supporting learning
Further Information• www.mrl.nott.ac.uk • www.blasthoery.co.uk• www.thrilllaboratory.com • Papers and videos available at: www.mrl.nott.ac.uk/~sdb
– Benford, Giannachi, Koleva & Rodden, ‘From Interaction to Trajectories: Designing Coherent Journeys Through User Experiences’, ACM CHI 2009
– Benford &Giannachi, ‘Temporal Trajectories in Shared Interactive Narratives’, ACM CHI 2008
– Benford et al, ‘The Frame of the Game’, ACM CHI 2006– Reeves, Benford, O’Malley and Fraser, ‘Designing the Spectator
Interface, ACM CHI 2005– Gaver, Beaver & Benford, ‘The Role of Ambiguity in Interfac Design’,
ACM CHI 2003
