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From Quantity to Quality:From Quantity to Quality:AID FOR TRADE in Latin America and the CaribbeanAID FOR TRADE in Latin America and the Caribbean
Marcelo M. Giugale Marcelo M. Giugale DirectorDirector
Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Poverty Reduction and Economic Management THE WORLD BANKTHE WORLD BANK
Symposium on Aid for Trade – Kingston, Jamaica – June 16-17, 2008
An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:
1. New Brands1. New Brands
Stagnant Trade Penetration for Latin Stagnant Trade Penetration for Latin America and the Caribbean…America and the Caribbean…
Penetration of Asia & LAC in World Trade(X & M as a share of World Trade)
LAC
Asia
Caribbean (right-hand side scale)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2. Smarter Technologies2. Smarter Technologies
An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:
Slow Productivity GrowthSlow Productivity Growth(annual average productivity growth, 2001-2006)(annual average productivity growth, 2001-2006)
-1.0% 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0%
CRIHNDDOM
SLVMEXGTM
NICPRYLACBOLARGBRACHLCOLKORMYSPANPERCHL*
IDNIND
CHN
Source: Summers, Heston : WDI. *Chile average : 1991-2000
ALCPromedio
-1.0% 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0%
CRIHNDDOM
SLVMEXGTM
NICPRYLACBOLARGBRACHLCOLKORMYSPANPERCHL*
IDNIND
CHN
Source: Summers, Heston : WDI. *Chile average : 1991-2000
LACAverage
……and Little Emphasis on R&Dand Little Emphasis on R&DExpenditure in Research & Development in Selected Caribbean
Countries and Regional Groups (% of GDP)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5C
uba
St. L
ucia
St. V
ince
nt a
nd th
e G
rena
dine
s
Tri
nida
d an
d T
obag
o
Jam
aica
Wor
ld
Eur
o ar
ea
Eas
t Asi
a &
Pac
ific
Lat
in A
mer
ica
& C
arib
bean
Sout
h A
sia
Hig
h in
com
e
Low
er m
iddl
e in
com
e
Mid
dle
inco
me
Low
& m
iddl
e in
com
e
Upp
er m
iddl
e in
com
e
Low
inco
me
Source: WDI. Data corresponds to 2005 or latest year available.
An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:
3. More Jobs3. More Jobs
Brain Drain in the CaribbeanBrain Drain in the Caribbean(Share of Educated Among Migrants, 2000)(Share of Educated Among Migrants, 2000)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Mex
ico
Cen
tral
Am
eric
a
And
ean
Sou
th A
mer
ica
Cub
a
Dom
inic
an R
ep.
Hai
ti
Jam
aica
Ant
igua
-Bar
buda
Bah
amas
Bar
bado
s
Dom
inic
a
Gre
nada
St.
Kit
ts-N
evis
St.
Luc
ia
St.
Vin
cent
Tri
nida
d &
Tob
ago
While Remittances Remain Uneven…While Remittances Remain Uneven…
Caribbean and Selected Economies: Flow of Remittances, 2006 (% of GDP)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Guy
ana
Hai
ti
Jam
aica
Dom
inic
an R
epub
lic
Bel
ize
Gre
nada
Bar
bado
s
Dom
inic
a
St. V
ince
nt a
nd th
e G
rena
dine
s
Ant
igua
and
Bar
buda
St. K
itts
and
Nev
is
Tri
nida
d an
d T
obag
o
St. L
ucia
Suri
nam
e
Mid
dle
Eas
t & N
orth
Afr
ica
Sout
h A
sia
Lat
in A
mer
ica
& C
arib
bean
Sub-
Saha
ran
Afr
ica
Eas
t Asi
a &
Pac
ific
Eur
ope
& C
entr
al A
sia
Eur
o ar
ea
An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:
4. Better Infrastructure4. Better Infrastructure
The Caribbean Lags behind Asia in LogisticsThe Caribbean Lags behind Asia in Logistics
Logistics Performance Index
1 2 3 4 5
Guyana
Haiti
Jamaica
Low income
Lower middle income
Latin America & Caribbean
Upper middle income
India
China
Korea, Rep.
Taiwan, China
High income
Source: World Bank LPI
Export Costs Are Too LargeExport Costs Are Too Large
Caribbean and Selected Economies: Cost to export (US$ per container)
0
400
800
1,200
1,600
2,000
Bel
ize
St.
Vin
cent
and
the
Gre
nadi
nes
Jam
aica
Hai
ti
St.
Luc
ia
Dom
inic
a
Ant
igua
and
Bar
buda
Sur
inam
e
Guy
ana
Gre
nada
Dom
inic
an R
epub
lic
St.
Kit
ts a
nd N
evis
Tai
wan
, C
hina
Kor
ea
Tri
nida
d an
d T
obag
o
Indo
nesi
a
Tha
ilan
d
Sin
gapo
re
Chi
na
Sub
-Sah
aran
Afr
ica
Eas
tern
Eur
ope
& C
entr
al A
sia
Sou
th A
sia
Lat
in A
mer
ica
& C
arib
bean
Mid
dle
Eas
t &
Nor
th A
fric
a
OE
CD
Eas
t A
sia
& P
acif
ic
Source: Doing Business Indicators
An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:
5. Quicker Institutions5. Quicker Institutions
Export Procedures Are SlowExport Procedures Are Slow Caribbean and Selected Economies:
Time for Export (days)
0
20
40
60
Hai
ti
Guy
ana
Suri
nam
e
Bel
ize
Jam
aica
Indo
nesi
a
Chi
na
Ant
igua
and
Bar
buda
Gre
nada
St. L
ucia
Tha
iland
Dom
inic
a
St. V
ince
nt a
nd th
e
St. K
itts
and
Nev
is
Tri
nida
d an
d T
obag
o
Tai
wan
, Chi
na
Dom
inic
an R
epub
lic
Kor
ea
Sing
apor
e
Sub-
Saha
ran
Afr
ica
Sout
h A
sia
Eas
tern
Eur
ope
& C
entr
al
Mid
dle
Eas
t & N
orth
Afr
ica
Eas
t Asi
a &
Pac
ific
Lat
in A
mer
ica
& C
arib
bean
OE
CD
Source: Doing Business Indicators.
An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:
6. Tailored Finance6. Tailored Finance
An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:
7. Smoother Transformations7. Smoother Transformations
An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:
8. Less Informality8. Less Informality
An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:
9. Greener Businesses9. Greener Businesses
An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:
10. Cuba: Challenge and Opportunity10. Cuba: Challenge and Opportunity
An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:An Agenda for “Trade Quality” in LAC:
1.1. New BrandsNew Brands2.2. Smarter TechnologiesSmarter Technologies3.3. More JobsMore Jobs4.4. Better InfrastructureBetter Infrastructure5.5. Quicker InstitutionsQuicker Institutions6.6. Tailored FinanceTailored Finance7.7. Smoother TransformationsSmoother Transformations8.8. Less InformalityLess Informality9.9. Greener BusinessesGreener Businesses10.10. Cuba: Challenge and OpportunityCuba: Challenge and Opportunity
Thank You.Thank You.