Kings, Queens and Dynasties in Britain:Kings, Queens and Dynasties in Britain:

Kings, Queens and Dynasties YearsCeltics 800 years

Romans 460 years

Anglo-Saxon and Vikings 470 years

Norman 150 years

Plantagenet 183 years

Lancanstrian and Yorkist 86 years

Tudor 118 years

Stuart 111 years

Hanoverian 187 years

CeltsCelts

• Tribal Societies/ Iron Age / Celtic Languages• Began Arriving around 700BC • Central Europe, further East, Southern Russia• Iron Works• Celts drove existent people to Wales, Scotland and Ireland.• Polytheistic Religion / Rites and Sacrifices by Druids

Celts

• Ancestors of many people in Highland Scotland / Wales / Ireland / Cornwall

• Celtic Languages have been continuously used in some areas since that time

• Last Arrivals Belgic Tribes.• Boudicca's Rebellion

Romans in Britain:Romans in Britain:

55 BC: Julius Caesar heads first Roman Invasion.43 AD: Caesar Claudius invades Britain, and Britain becomes part of the Roman Empire.

Roman legacy: Education (writing and reading), Architecture (baths, aqueduct, heating)

122 - 128 AD: Emperor Hadrian builds a wall (the Hadrian’s Wall) on the Scottish border; creation of nowadays boundaries.

ROMAN BRITANIA

Romans in Britain:Romans in Britain:

• 142 AD: Roman Emperor Antoninus Pous begins to build The Antonine Wall.

• Caledonia: Latin name given by the Roman to the land in today’s Scotland north.

• 367 AD: The Picts and Scots attack the border.• 409 AD: The Romans withdraw from Britain: Rome pulls its

last soldiers out of Britain.

Anglo-SaxonsAnglo-Saxons

• After 430 AD Germanic Tribes began to settle in Britain.• Saxons, Angles, Jutes• Warlike and illiterate• Farmers, sea farmers, trading, raids.• English monk Bede: Ecclesiastical History of the English

people.

Anglo-SaxonsAnglo-Saxons

Anglo-SaxonsAnglo-Saxons

Viki

ngsi

nEng

land

The Normans: Norman Conquest – The Normans: Norman Conquest – Black Black Death (1066-1438)Death (1066-1438)

1066 – 1087: William of Normandy William the Conqueror Feudalism: Every man had a lord, and every lord had land. To serve in war for up forty days. Service and goods.Homage.Military service and rent. 1086: “The domesday book” is compiled, a complete inventory of Britain

The Normans: Norman Conquest – The Normans: Norman Conquest – Black Black Death (1066-1438) Death (1066-1438)

1087 – 1100: William II “Rufus”

1100 – 1135: Henry I Normandy and England were reunited under one ruler.

1135 – 1154: Stephen of Blois

House of Plantagenet and the House of Plantagenet and the Middle AgesMiddle Ages

1154 – 1189: Henry II Ruler of far more land that any previous king. Trial by Jury. 1162: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury. 1170: Thomas Becket’s death.

1189 – 1199: Richard I “The Lionheart King”

House of Plantagenet and the Middle House of Plantagenet and the Middle AgesAges

1199 – 1216: John II “Lackland” 1204: The English nobles lost their lands in

Normandy. 1215: Magna Carta: The king promised all

“freemen” protection from his officers and the right to a fair and legal trial. Political freedom.

1216 – 1272: Henry III 1258: Simon of Montfort Earl of Leicester

parliament; council of nobles.

House of Plantagenet and the House of Plantagenet and the Middle AgesMiddle Ages

1272 – 1307: Edward I Creation of the first “representative institution”

House of Commons. Conquest of Wales. Scottish Nationalism; William Wallace, Robert Bruce.

1307 – 1327: Edward II 1314: The Battle of Bannockburn; Scotland defeated

England led by Robert Bruce.

House of Plantagenet and the Middle House of Plantagenet and the Middle AgesAges

1327 – 1377: Edward III A constant period of war.War with Scotland and France. (Economic and

authoritarian reasons)Edward III declared war on France in 1337

Hundred Year War (1337- 1453)1348: Black Death, more than one-third of the

entire population of Britain died. End of serfdom

House of Plantagenet and the House of Plantagenet and the Middle AgesMiddle Ages

1377 – 1399: Richard IIIntroduction of a new tax payment for every person over the age of fifteen.1381: The aforementioned tax was increased to three times the previous amount which led to revolt in the richer parts of the country.1381: Peasants’ revolt led by Wat Tyler. Main ideas of the Peasants’ revolt; Stop enforcing the tax, labour shortage.

Lancastrian and YorkistLancastrian and Yorkist

Medieval literary works in Middle English:Medieval literary works in Middle English:

Geoffrey Chaucer -> The Canterbury TalesGeoffrey Chaucer -> The Canterbury Tales

Middle English Bible translation (Wycliffe)Middle English Bible translation (Wycliffe)

Utopia by Thomas More.Utopia by Thomas More.

(1422-1491 AD)

William Caxton: First British printer, no more Latin William Caxton: First British printer, no more Latin or French, spread or French, spread Renaissance ideas. ideas.

War of the RosesWar of the Roses

• Henry VI The last king of The House of Lancastrian

(1455AD-1485AD)

War of the Roses: dynastic civil war, Lancastrian (Red Rose) vs. York (White rose).

Origin: fighting for the throne. Richard II was overthrown by Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster (1399)

Consequences: end of Plantagenet dynasty, Tudor rulers(Welsh) won after Henry VII (father of Henry VIII).

The Tudors

The Tudors (16th Century)

Henry VIII:

Wanted a male heir

Founder of the Church of England, Anglican Church Papal dispensation-> annulment-> 1. Catherine of Aragon PASSED

2. Anne Boleyn FAILED(Clement VII)

The TudorsThe Tudors

• Thomas Cromwell: Dissolution of the monasteries, propaganda, submission of the Clergy (1533AD) , beheaded A.Boleyn

(1534AD)

Act of Supremacy ‘Supreme Head on Earth of the Church of England’

(1536AD)

Henry VIII, the Act of Union joined England and Wales

The TudorsThe Tudors

• Deaths: Treasons Act - > John Fisher, Thomas More, Anne Boleyn.

1549AD Thomas Crammer set England as a protestant country.

imposed the ‘Book of Common Prayer’ in English

• Catholic Restoration under Mary I (1553-1558). Spanish influence, Marian Persecutions -> Bloody Mary. Influenced gothic literary movement in the 18th C.

ElizabethElizabeth II

1558AD-1606AD Elizabeth I, ‘the Virgin Queen’. Crowned at Westminster Abbey. Elizabethan

Era.

• Restore and consolidate Protestantism, expanded England’s power overseas (strong navy) and commerce, defeated the Spanish Armada, Elizabethan theaters were opened to the public.

• English Renaissance: William Shakespeare changed many aspects of drama and poetry.

• Consequences: Protestantism (Anglicanism, the Book of Common Prayer, influence on the 13th American colonies), strong monarchy, navy (Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Francis Drake) and economy, Tudor English. Collapse of feudalism, nationalism.

Stuart Dynasty and the Republican Stuart Dynasty and the Republican BritainBritain 1603 – 1625: James I

Divine right of kings. Only God could judge him. Sir Edward Coke Law

1625 – 1649: Charles I “Parliaments are together in my power … As I find the fruits of them good or evil, they are to continue or not to be” Parliament was dissolved. Civil War Royalist; Cavaliers v/s Roundheads. Roundheads were supported by the navy, the merchants and by the population of London.

Stuart DynastyStuart Dynasty

1645: Defeat of the Royalist army at Naseby. 1649: King Charles I was executed.

1649 – 1660: English Council of State, Britain became a Republic Oliver Cromwell.

God’s kingdom in England. Law and order maintained by the army.Very unpopular republic; people were forbidden to celebrate Christmas and Easter, or to play games on Sunday.1658: Oliver Cromwell died and so did the republican administration.

Stuart Dynasty and the Republican Stuart Dynasty and the Republican BritainBritain 1660 – 1685: Charles II

Act of Cromwell’s government were automatically cancelled.

Louis XIV “The state it’s myself” First English political parties: Whigs and Tories

1685 – 1688: James II & VII Algernon Sidney and John Locke; Governments

based on the consent of people The Parliament.

1688: The Glorious Revolution Deposition of James II (Catholic) and the accession of his daughter Mary II and her husband William III.

Stuart Dynasty and the Republican Stuart Dynasty and the Republican BritainBritain

1707AD

Future monarch must belong to the Church of England.

• Act of Union: Unite England, Scotland and Wales as the U.K.

• Scottish Enlightenment: 75% level of literacy, age of empiric knowledge and reason, base of science as we know it today.

• First major philosopher was Francis Hutcheson. “The greatest happiness for the greatest numbers”. “Essay on the Nature”

Hanover Dynasty 1606-1714

Hanover Dynasty 1606-1714

• Important Figures:

• Adam Smith, “The Wealth of Nations”, first work of modern economic. Father of modern Capitalism

• Alexander Campbell, Adam Ferguson, James Hutton, Benjamin Franklin, David Hume, Sir Isaac Newton.

• Literature figures: John Bunyan, Jane Austen as a critic (Pride and Prejudice).

– Society was conventional, mechanized humans.

• Industrial Revolution: Conditions of work, children labor, filthy slums, pollution, materialistic progress, health problems,

Hanover Dynasty 1606-1714

1773AD

Boston Tea Party: An organized refusal by Samuel Adams and Boston merchants against the taxes and British monopoly. Patriots dressed as Mohawks, boarder several British tea into Boston harbor.

1776AD

U.S. Declaration of Independence: -> Thomas Jefferson

• 1768AD

Act of Union: George III signs it. Add the Kingdom of Ireland to Great Britain

Final ActivityFinal Activity1. Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. If false

explain why.

Caledonia was the Roman name for Ireland.

Hadrian’s Wall was built by the Normans to protect their territory from the Vikings.

The Act of Union of 1707 officially united the kingdoms of Scotland and England.

2. Complete the following statements:

Charles I believed in the ______________ right of ______ and struggled with ________ over _______ and __________.

The Scottish Enlightenment was characterized by ________ and inductive __________. Outstanding Scottish philosophers were ________ and _______.

Henry VIII’s quarrel with ________ had nothing to do with _______. It was because he ________.