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8/12/2019 From the Phoneme to the Morpheme
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From the phoneme to the morpheme
Phonology to morphology
Contrastive analysis in morphological
constructions in English and Spanish
COURSE: INGL 4235
PROF. ANBAL MUOZ CLAUDIO
TUESDAYS & THURSDAYS
3:00-4:20 P.M. ROOM: LCS 101
www1.uprh.edu/animun
http://www1.uprh.edu/animunhttp://www.msnusers.com/http://www.msnusers.com/http://www1.uprh.edu/animun8/12/2019 From the Phoneme to the Morpheme
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PREVIEW
Preview Definitions
Inflectional Paradigms
Derivational Paradigms
Intonation Patterns
Position or Word Order
Form Class Words
(Lexiconmeaning)
NounsClass I, Pronouns, VerbsClass II, AdjectivesClass III,AdverbsClass IV
Function Words(determiners, conjunctions,
others)
Compound nouns
Anglicism, calques,
borrowings, andlanguage evolution
Semantic equivalents
Connotations
idiomatic expressions Morphemes of gender
and number in nouns,pronouns,verbs,articles, adjectives, and
adverbs Lexical units vs.
function words
Affixationsuffixes and
prefixes
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Definitions
Phoneme- any of a small set of basic unitsof sound, different for each language, by
which utterances are represented.
eg. /t/, /d/, /k/, /a/, //
Morphemeany of the minimal
grammatical units of a language that cannotbe divided into smaller grammatical parts
(smallest unit of meaning or lexical unit)
eg. a, at, be, s, ness, ly, ic,
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Paradigms
ParadigmsThe devices used by structuralists for establishing word classes inEnglish include consideration of ways in which certain types of
words can be grouped into sets, called paradigms, on the basisof the inflectional and derivational affixes (prefixes and suffixes)that they will take.
1. Inflectional paradigmsThey are sets of forms. Each set is made up of a base form
(singular), plus whatever morphemic changeseither the addition
of suffixes or sound changes or bothmay be used to adapt thebase form to certain functions without changing the lexicalmeaning.(1999, Herndon)For example, the inflectional paradigm for the class form(NOUNS) is made up as follows.
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Base
(singular)
Base Form +
plural
Base Form +
possessive
Base Form +
Possessive
plural
teacher teachers teachersThe teachers
book
teachersThe teachers
book
student students students students
Nounsinflectional paradigms
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Spanish inflectional contrast
Base
(singular)
Base Form +
plural
Base Form +
possessive
Base Form +
Possessive
plural
maestro
maestra
maestros
maestras
teachersteachers book
El libro
del maestro
de la maestra
teachers
teachers bookEl libro de los
maestros
El libro de las
maestras
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Derivational Paradigms
Derivational paradigms are made up of
sets of endings that may be attached to
bases that may shift their lexicalmeaning or part ofspeech or both.Some examples of noun-marking
derivational suffixes are hood, -ship, -
ness, and
ment. Words having theseendings are recognized, even in isolation,
as nouns. (1999, Herndon)
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LEXICAL UNITS
Derivational paradigms
friend
neighbor
dark (adj.)
neighborhood
darkness (N)
establish (V)
Establishment (N)
friendship
NOUNS
ADJECTIVES
VERBS
Spanish derivational paradigms
Noun: amigo
amistad, amigable, amistoso, etc.
Adjective: oscurooscuridad, oscurecer, etc.
Verb: establecer
Establecimiento, estable, etc.
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Content (Form) words
(carry lexical/ meaning)
1. NounsClass I Words1. Inflectional paradigmgenerally speaking, nouns are forms that will
accept inflections. (slide # 5)
2. Derivational paradigmsmany forms may be recognized as nouns
on the basis of various noun-marking derivational suffixes addedeither to bound bases or to other wordsoften words belonging toother classes. There are literally dozens of these endings. Forexample, -er, -or, and mentadapt verbs to use as nouns;
Examples: verbs + derivational suffix = noun
work + er = worker
play + er = player
stimulate + or = stimulator
govern + ment = government
3. Intonation Patterndifferences of stress may distinguish nounsfrom verbs (slide # 7). Heavier stress on the first syllable almostalways signals a noun; heavier stress on the second signals a verb.noun-sspect / verb -suspct
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Position and word order
Nouns fill certain characteristic positions in relation toother parts of speech. The most obvious is that just beforethe verb.
Examples: The _____ is here. These _____ arebeautiful!
5. Function Words
In English, noun determinersimmediately precede nouns or precede them with certainwords in between. Some noun determiners never appearexcept when followed by a noun and invariably signal itscoming. These are the articles the, a, and an and thepossessive pronouns my, your, our, and their.Other
pronouns are quite frequently used as determiners, buthave other functions as well. These are thedemonstratives this, that, these,and those and the otherpossessive pronouns, his, her, and its.
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Pronouns
When considered a separate class, pronouns are Class IIwords, but most school texts consider them a subcategoryof nouns.
In contrast to nouns, pronouns constitute a closed classno new pronouns have been added to English for
hundreds of years. If anything, the class has becomesmaller instead, as few speakers now make use of theforms thee, thou, thy, and thine.
Personal pronouns fall into an inflectional paradigm that issimilar to, but not exactly like, that for nouns. Forms show
both number and the possessive case, but they also showgender and the nominative and objective cases.
Example: he / his / him (see enclosures)
Pronouns, in most cases are identifiable by the ability ofeach to substitute for a type of noun or noun phrase.
(1999, Herndon)
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2. Verbs Class II Words
a. Inflectional ParadigmEnglish verbs commonly have five forms ,the base form and four inflected forms. These inflections are the present 3rd
person singular, the past, the present participle, and the past participle
form. (see example below)
The present 3rdsingular is similar in many ways to the noun inflections
The past tense, or preterit, is commonly formed with the ed ending,
but there are several irregular allomorphs.
The present progressive is formed by aningsuffix. The past participle makes use of edandenendings or internal vowel
changes. In a class by itself in many ways is the verb be, which has
eight inflected forms (be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been)
base 3rd
sing. past present prog. past part.
eat eats ate eating eaten
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Verbs (cont.)b. Derivational Paradigm
Some verbs are marked bysuffixes such as the ateending added to boundbases and nouns, theizeadded to bound bases,nouns, and adjectives, andthe fy added to bound
bases, nouns, andadjectives, and the prefix enadded to nouns andsome other verbs.
Examples: summarize,beautify, locate, etc.
c. Intonation PatternSeecontrasts with nouns marked byintonation
d. Position or WordOrderSome positions mark verbs.
Verbs commonly occupythe first position inrequests, a positionbetween two nouns orpronouns, or betweennoun and adjective oradverb. Heres a simple
set of test frames forverbs.
1. The child may___ something.
2. The children ___ friendly.
3. ___ you ____ me that?
e. Function Wordsfunctionwords that work with verbs arethe various forms of have andbeand the modals can, may,should, will, and others. (1999,Herndon)
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Adjectivesa. Inflectional Paradigms
True adjectives commonlyshow comparative andsuperlative degrees by addinger and est inflections.Derived adjectives make useof the function words moreand most for this purpose.
b. Derivational ParadigmsTrue adjectives fit intoderivational patterns withnouns formed by adding thesuffixnessto true adjectivesand adverbs formed by adding
the suffix
lyto the sameadjectives. (1999, Herndon)
happy-happiness-happi ly
b. (Cont.) Adjectives are derived
from other words by addingsuch endings as y, ic, andous to nouns and bound bases;-ful and lessto nouns; -able,-ent, and iveto verbs andbound bases.
1. greed greedy2. class classic3. danger dangerous4. need needful5. home homeless6. manage manageable7. differ different8. persuade persuasive
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Adverbs
a. Inflectional ParadigmIn a few cases adverbs admitthe comparative andsuperlative degree endings(er, est), usually they usemore and most. Some adverbshave a base form that also
serves as an adjective (fast,hard). In this case the classwill depend upon otherstructural devices. (1999, Herndon)
b. Derivational Paradigmthemost common adverb-marking suffix is thely
added to adjectives(common + ly), (soft+ ly),(bare + ly). .There are other
combinations.
c. Intonation PatternsThe intonation patterns oflarger structures often showadverbs patterning closely withverbs, in contrast to adjectiveswhich usually pattern withnouns.
d. Word OrderMost adverbs in English areextremely mobile. Varioustypes may fill any of severalpositions or positionalcombinations, but almost allcan fill the position following a
noun-verb-complementsequence like the following.
The boy ate his cookies_____.(1999, Herndon)
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Function Words
(do not carry lexicon)
Some words in Englishmay not make use of thestructural paradigms. Theyhave no inflectional or
derivational endings. They perform a function in thesystemoutside of thegrammatical relationships theysignify, they have little or nomeaning.
The categories of function
words are often called closedclassesbecause new forms arerarely, if ever, added to them.
Function words represent only afew hundred of the more thanhalf a million words in English.(1999, Herndon)
subordinators
conjunctions
prepositionsinterrogatives
qualifiers
Auxiliary
verbs
determiners
Function
words
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Function Words
DeterminersThe workings of the determiner class of functionwords is described in some detail under the form class with whichthey appear, the nouns or class I words. The most commonly usedmembers are the, a, an,and some.
Auxiliary VerbsForms of the auxiliaries have and bework withvarious inflected forms of verbs. Modals are usually considered asubcategory because their operation is somewhat different fromthat of have and be. Other auxiliaries are forms of get and do.
QualifiersThey work with both adjectives and adverbs. Some ofthe most frequently used are more, most, very, quite, rather, and
somewhat.
PrepositionsThey introduce modifying or qualifying phrases setapart by intonation pattern and the presence of the prepositionform. They indicate the relation of words with other words. (eg.location, direction, time, etc.)
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ConjunctionsThey always work as
coordinators of linguistics forms or syntactic unitshaving equal value. The two most frequentlyused are and and but.
Subordinatorsthey connect dependentclauses and include words such as because,after, although, unless, and so on, as well as therelative pronouns who, whose, which, andthat.
Interrogativesthey operate in the formation ofquestions and include words such as when,where, why, howand so on, as well as theinterrogative pronouns who, which, and what
Function Words
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Other considerations when contrasting
English and Spanish morphology
Compound nouns
English takes many compound nouns (two words) in contrast to
Spanish.
mochila o bultobook bag
bomberofirefighter
baobathroom
salaliving roomcuaderno-workbook
abuelo(s)grandfather
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Anglicism, borrowings, and language
evolution
Anglicisma word, idiom, or
characteristic feature of the English
language occurring or borrowed byanother language.
eg. Parking, hanguear, badtrip,