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From Torah to From Torah to From Torah to From Torah to RabbinicsRabbinicsRabbinicsRabbinics: : : :
What a librarian needs to What a librarian needs to What a librarian needs to What a librarian needs to
know about Jewish know about Jewish know about Jewish know about Jewish
bibliographybibliographybibliographybibliography————al regel ehat
(while standing on one foot)
Daniel D. Stuhlman [email protected]
President, Stuhlman Management Consultants, adjunct instructor for Drexel University, North Carolina Central University and
Chicago State University.
Http://stuhlman.biz
Chicago, IL
June 2006
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Torah Scrolls ס פ רי תורה
The Torah the first part of the Tanakh תנ �ך
The root of the word, Torah is <YRH> ירה[ ] means to teach or guide. “Torah”
has several meanings “the law" or "doctrine,“ or the parchment scroll read in the
synagogue. A Torah scroll turns a room into a sanctuary. The Torah is the
cornerstone of Jewish religion and law. The scrolls are considered the most holy
of Jewish religious objects. Every synagogue maintains several scrolls, each of
which are covered and protected by a covering of rich fabric, mantel, in the
Ashkenazi tradition or in a box in the Sephardi tradition. They are decorated with
silver ornaments on the front and top.
The term Torah also is used to refer to the entire corpus of Jewish literature.
The Bible is called the written law, תורה שבכ תב, and the the commentaries, the
legends of the Aggadah, the Mishnah, the Talmud and all the legal works are call
the oral law, תורה ש ב ע ל פה. The commentaries range from the ancient to the
most modern or contemporary.
See also
"Torah," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2001
http://encarta.msn.com © 1997- 2001 Microsoft Corporation.
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Torah Scrolls 2
A Sefer Torah can only be written by a trained Sofer (Scribe). There are 304,805
letters in a Sefer Torah. If one letter is extra or missing it renders the Torah
invalid.
To a Jewish community a Torah is more than a scroll; it is the story of a
people. In the Mishnah it is written, “The World stands on three things – on the
Torah, on the service of G- d, and upon acts of loving- kindness.” The Torah, our
story, is part of our community and essential to a Jewish life. Up until now, our
Jewish community had our people’s story only in memory.
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Isaiah Scroll
Ashkenazi Megillah(fourteenth- fifteenth centuries?). This scroll is one of the oldest extant. The shape of the letters as well as the condition of the parchment help to establish where it was created and the date of its completion. From Library of Congress.
Ashkenazi Megillah (fourteenth- fifteenth centuries?). This scroll is one of the
oldest extant. The shape of the letters as well as the condition of the parchment
help to establish where it was created and the date of its completion. From
Library of Congress.
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Talmud 1
The Talmud
[The Talmud is the] body of Jewish civil and religious law, including
commentaries on the Torah, or Pentateuch. The Talmud consists of a codification
of laws, called the Mishnah, and a commentary on the Mishnah, called the
Gemara. The material in the Talmud that concerns decisions by scholars on
disputed legal questions is known as the Halakah; the legends, anecdotes, and
sayings in the Talmud that are used to illustrate the traditional law are known as
Haggada [sic., i.e. Aggada].
Two compilations of the Talmud exist: the Palestinian Talmud, sometimes called
the Jerusalem Talmud, and the Babylonian Talmud. Both compilations contain
the same Mishnah, but each has its own Gemara. The contents of the Palestinian
Talmud were written by Palestinian scholars between the 3rd century AD and the
beginning of the 5th century; those of the Babylonian Talmud, by scholars who
wrote between the 3rd century and the beginning of the 6th century. The
Babylonian Talmud became authoritative because the rabbinic academies of
Babylonia survived those in Palestine by many centuries.
The Talmud itself, the works of talmudic scholarship, and the commentaries
concerning it constitute the greatest contributions to rabbinical literature in the
history of Judaism. One of the most important of the works of scholarship is the
Mishneh Torah (Repetition of the Torah, c. 1180) by the Spanish rabbi,
philosopher, and physician Maimonides; it is an abstract of all the rabbinical legal
literature in existence at his time. The most widely known commentaries are
those on the Babylonian Talmud by the French rabbi Rashi and by certain
scholars known as tosaphists, who lived in France and Germany between the
12th and 14th centuries and included some of Rashi's grandsons.
The Babylonian Talmud and the Palestinian Talmud were first printed in 1520- 22
and in 1523 in Venice by the printer Daniel Bomberg. The entire Babylonian
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Responsa of Maimonides
Teshuvot ha-Rambam (Responsa)
Maimonides responded frequently to queries from near and far on halakhic
issues. Most responsa were written in Judeo- Arabic and some in Hebrew. The
length of the responsum was suited to the level of the questioner’s knowledge.
He would attach proof from the Talmud for learned scholars and would
sometimes engage in discussions of halakha with them. For the less educated,
he would respond in a succinct manner and simply present his decision. Dozens
of his responsa were published in Hebrew in various editions, the first in
Constantinople , ca.1510. Up to the present, more than five hundred of his
responsa are known and published, some of which are extant in the Cairo
Geniza, some in his own hand.
Various responsa of Maimonides in Hebrew. In: Higayon ha-nefesh ha-azuva le-
R. Avraham bar Hiyya ha-Sefaradi. Ashkenazi script. 14- 15 th century. Heb. 8°
1994. Fols. 21a- 23a. 260 x 189 mm.
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SeferSeferSeferSefer hahahaha----TashbetsTashbetsTashbetsTashbets
Duran, Simeon ben Zemah, 1361-
1444.
Sefer ha-Tashbets [Teshuvot Shimon
ben Zemah]
Amsterdam: Naphtali Hertz Levi, 1738-
1741.
A book of responsa written by a
prominent Spanish doctor, philosopher
and rabbinic scholar, who was forced
by persecutions to flee from Aragon to
Algiers in 1391. Three hundred years
after his death, his descendant, Rabbi
Solomon ben Zemah Duran, printed his
great-great grandfather’s manuscript
and appended his own responsa as a
fourth part.
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Primary texts
Tanakhim (Bibles)
Commentaries
Mishnah and Talmud
Commentaries
Prayer books (siddurim and mahzorim)
Halakha, Jewish law codes
Responsa
Historical documents
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Humashim 1
The Pentateuch and Haftorahs :
Soncino Press, 1966. The Chumash : the Torah, haftaros
and five megillos with a commentary
On the left, popularly known as the “Hertz Chumash,” this
Hebrew-English edition of the Five Books of Moses, with
corresponding Haftorahs, is used in synagogues and
classrooms throughout the English-speaking world. The
“Stone Chumash” on the left, published by Messorah
Publications has been replacing the Hertz Chumash in
English speaking congregations.
Rabbi Dr. Joseph Hertz, provides readers with a lucid
exposition of the text and the spiritual and ethical teachings
of the Torah, culled from a wide range of scholarly literature.
.
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Stone Chumash Title Page
The Chumash : the Torah, haftaros and five megillos
with a commentary … Stone ed. [Brooklyn, NY,
Mesorah Publications, 1998.
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Hertz Pentateuch
The Pentateuch and
Haftorahs : Hebrew text,
English translation and
commentary, edited by J. H.
Hertz. 2nd ed. London,
Soncino Press, 1966.
(Originally published in 1937.)
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JPS Tanakh 1985
Tanakh = ך"תנ : a new translation of The Holy Scriptures : according to the
traditional Hebrew text. Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society, 1985. (This is a
one volume edition of the translation originally published in three parts 1962-
1982. It comes in several sizes and bindings. Call Number: BS895 .J4 1985
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JPS Tanakh 1917
The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic text. A new translation with the
aid of previous versions and with constant consultation of Jewish authorities.
Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society of America, 5677- 1917. xv, 1136 p. 18
cm. Call Number:BS895 .J4 1917.
Printed in a large variety of bindings and sizes including leather flexible, white
and black leatherette, blue buckram, black buckrum, red buckram.
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Bible Introduction 1
The Hebrew Bible is the central book of Judaism. The Bible ך "תנ is the written law and all the rabbinic literature of the Talmud and Midrash are the oral law.
The Bible serves as a basis for rabbinic law and wisdom.
The books of the Hebrew Bible are in a traditional order.
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Bible Introduction 2
The abbreviation,
Tanakh ך " תנ , is made of three words:
Torah תורה Five books of Moses or Pentateuch
Nevi’im נביאים Prophets
Ketuvim כתובים Writings
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Names of the Bible Books 1
Torah תור ה
Genesis בראשית
Exodus שמות
Leviticus ויקרא
Numbers במדבר
Deuteronomy דברים
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Names of the Bible Books 2The prophetsJoshua
Judges
Samuel I, II
Kings I, II
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Ezekiel
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micha
Nahum
Habbakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
נב יא י ם NAF, Authorized Versionיהושע Bible.‡pO.T.‡pJoshuaשופטים Bible.‡pO.T.‡pJudgesב,שמואל א Bible.‡pO.T.‡pSamuelב,מלכים א Bible.‡pO.T.‡pKings
ישעיה Bible.‡pO.T.‡pIsaiahירמיה Bible.‡pO.T.‡pJeremiahיחזקאל Bible.‡pO.T.‡pEzekielהושע Bible.‡pO.T.‡pHoseaיואל Bible.‡pO.T.‡pJoelעמוס Bible.‡pO.T.‡pAmosעבדיה Bible.‡pO.T.‡pObadiahיונה Bible.‡pO.T.‡pJonaמיכה Bible.‡pO.T.‡pMicahנחום Bible.‡pO.T.‡pNahumחבקוק Bible.‡pO.T.‡pHabakkukצפניה Bible.‡pO.T.‡pZephaniahחגי Bible.‡pO.T.‡pHaggaiBible.‡pO.T.‡pZechariah זכריהמלאכי Bible.‡pO.T.‡pMalachi
The 12 prophets are considered one book in the Hebrew Bible. Kings, Samuel
and Chronicles are not divided in the Hebrew Bible and Ezra and Nehmiah are
one book that is why there are 24 books in the count and it looks like more.
Order in the Catholic Bible.
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth,
1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings, 1 Chronicles, 2 Chronicles, Ezra,
Nehemiah, Tobit*, Judith*, Esther, 1 Maccabees*, 2 Maccabees*, Job,
Psalms, Proverbs,
Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon*, Ben Sirach*, Isaiah,
Jeremiah, Lamentations, Book of Baruch*, Ezekiel,
Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk,
Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi.
* These are books from the Apocrypha which are in the Catholic cannon, but not
the Jewish or Protestant cannon.
Order of the Protestant Bible
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1
Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings, 1 Chronicles,
2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes,
Song of Solomon, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel,
Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai,
Zechariah, Malachi.
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Names of the Bible Book 3
Writings כתוב י ם NAF, Authorized Version
Psalms תה יל י ם Bible.‡pO.T.‡pPsalms
Proverbs משל י Bible.‡pO.T.‡pProverbs
Song of Songs ש יר הש יר י ם Bible.‡pO.T.‡pSong of Solomon
Ruth רו ת Bible.‡pO.T.‡pRuth
Lamentations אי כה Bible.‡pO.T.‡pLamentations
Ecclesiastics Bible.‡pO.T.‡pEcclesiastes קהלת
Esther אסתר Bible.‡pO.T.‡pEsther
Daniel דנ י אל Bible.‡pO.T.‡pDaniel
Ezra עזרא Bible.‡pO.T.‡pEzra
Nehemiah נחצ י ה Bible.‡pO.T.‡pNehemiah
Chronicles 1, 2 ב ,דבר י ה י מ י ם א Bible.‡pO.T.‡pChronicles
NAF= Library of Congress Name Authority File.
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Terms
Verse פסוק
Chapter פרק
Book ספר
Targum תרגום Aramaic translation of the Bible
Rashi Medieval French commentator on the Bible
Parasha פר שה weekly Torah portion. The
Torah is divided into 54 weekly portions. In addition
there are readings for each holiday.
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Mishnah and Talmud
The Soncino Press Complete Babylonian
Talmud (Thirty-volume set) Translation edited by Isidore
Epstein
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MishnahMishnahMishnahMishnah משנה
The Mishnah is the body of oral law that is post-Biblical until about the 2nd century C.E. The word refers to both the entire work and a single statement. “To learn a mishnah” means to learn one statement. The Mishnah is divided into 6 orders סד רו ת[sidarot]. Each order is divided into tracktates מסכת ו ת [mesekhtot] then chapters פרקי ם [perakim] References to the Mishnah need tracktate , chapter, and mishnah number.
Ex. Avot 4:5 refers to the 5th mishnah in chapter 4 of tracktate Avot.
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MishnahMishnahMishnahMishnah משנה 2 2 2 2
Mishnah may also refer to statements made
by the rabbis of the post-Biblical era and
works such as Mishnayot Gedolot.
Yehudah ha-Nasi (known as ‘Rabbi’),2nd
century C.E., was the editor and redactor of
the Mishnah.
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Talmud תלמוד
The root of the word lamad למד means to learn.
The Gemara is an explanation and expansion of
the oral tradition of the Mishnah. The Talmud is
divided into the same orders and tractates as the
Mishnah. However there are several tractates of
the Mishnah that do not have Gemara sections.
The Talmudic period was from about 200 – 600
C.E. There are two talmuds– Yerushalmi (in
English Jerusalem) and Bavli (Babylonian)
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Vocabulary
Mishnah משנה – The word means to repeat, study, or teach.
Tanna תנא -- A teacher or rabbi from the Mishnah or Mishnaic times.
Amora אמ ו רא – A teacher from the post-Mishnaic or Talmudic period.
Gemara –גמ ו רא This is the portion of the Talmud that was written after the mishnah.
Talmud = Mishnah plus Gemara.
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Vocabulary 2
Midrash --מדרש The word means to
search out. Midrash are the stories and
literary expositions on the Bible.
Halakhah הלכה – The word means to go or
to follow. These are the teachings dealing
with rules or statutes. It could also mean a
codification of the laws.
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Prayer books
Siddurim and Mahzorim
Siddur:
Sabbath
Haggadah
Treasury
Machzor: Rosh
Hashanah
Siddur Sim Shalom
Edited by Jules Harlow
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Citations
"Ethics, copyright laws, and courtesy to readers require authors to identify the sources of direct quotations and of any facts or opinions not generally known or easily checked."-- Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition (Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press), p. 594
Writers include citations to give evidence, precedence, basis,
background and credit to the sources used to create the work and
document the arguments. Citations provide evidence and credibility to
the work by demonstrating that the author sought and considered other
resources. Citing sources is standard practice in written, oral, and
electronic works. Citations provide a trail for the reader to follow the
research and judge the writer contribution to the field. Librarians are
the experts in the interpretation of bibliographic citations and how to
help readers find the original sources.
Found on : http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/Style.html
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Citing a Source
• When citing a source in a book one can depend on a standard edition. Even if a book is reprinted or revised, a citation will point the reader to the source.
• This principle does not always work with primary Jewish sources because edition control is difficult. For some rabbinic books, there is no standard edition or easy way of referring to a page or chapter.
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Citing the Bible
• Cite by book and verse for text or translation.
Ex. Leviticus 19:16, Genesis 4:20.
• Cite a particular edition, translation, or
commentary by the page number.
• If citing Rashi or other commentary and you
don’t have a standard edition, use the Biblical
verse associated with the commentary. For
example Rashi’s commentary on Leviticus
16:16.
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Citing the Mishnah
Use the mesekhta (tractate) chapter then
mishna number.
For example Berakhot 5:4 means chapter 5,
mishnah 4 of Berakhot.
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Citing the Talmud 1
There are two talmuds, Babylonian (in Hebrew Talmud Bavli ,(תלמוד ירושלמי in Hebrew) and Jerusalem (תלמוד בבלי also called Palestinian Talmud or the Talmud of Jerusalem. Since the Babylonian Talmud is more complete and more often studied, references to the Talmud are assumed to be from the Babylonian unless the Jerusalem Talmud is explicitly mentioned.
Most contemporary Talmud editions use the page layout called the Vilna Shas, named after the city where it was first printed in this format. The Talmud text is in big print inthe middle with commentaries on the left right and bottom.
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Talmud 1
First page of early
printed Soncino
Talmud of 1483--
Jewish Theological
Seminary
This is not the Vilna
Shas layout.
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Citing the Talmud 2
Daf דף is the Hebrew word for what librarians call a leaf and most people call a page. One daf includes a side 1 and side 2 (recto and verso in library lingo, amud עמוד in Hebrew.) Daf Yomi is the study program to learn one full page per day.
Refer to leaves and the recto or verso by “a” or “b”. In Hebrew this means page aleph or bet. For example: Berakhot 23a means the recto or first page of leaf 23 in mesekhet Berakhot. All books of the Talmud start with leaf numbered 2. This shows we are never beginners in our study. Sometimes “T.B.” is used for Babylonian Talmud and “T.Y.” for the Jerusalem Talmud. Without a designator, the Babylonian Talmud is assumed.
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Citing the Talmud 3
• If citing a standard translation such as
Soncino or ArtScroll use volume name,
the page of the volume and the standard
Talmud page.
• If citing a commentary such as Rashi or
Tosafot use the standard Talmud page
where you found it.
Rashi, 1040- 1105. LC authorized heading.
Previous and alternative headings: Solomon ben Isaac, called RaSHI, 1040-
1105; Solomon ben Isaac, |d 1040- 1105; Shelomoh ben Yitshrakr, |d 1040- 1105;
Isaac, Solomon ben, 1040- 1105; Yitzhraqi, Shlomo, 1040- 1105; Shlomo Yitzhraqi,
1040- 1105.
French commentator on Bible and Talmud; born at Troyes in 1040; died there
July 13, 1105.
The authors of the Tosafot are known as Tosafists ("ba'ale ha- tosafot"). They
wrote critical and explanatory glosses on the Talmud. Their commentaries are
printed on the opposite side of the page as Rashi.
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Tractates of the Talmud
with the spelling used by Library of Congress
Avodah
zarah
Avot (Aboth)
Ahilot
Arakhin
Bava
kamma
Bava meẓia
Bava batra
Beḥirta
Ketubbot
Kiddushin
Kilayim
Kinnim
Ma’aser sheni
Ma’aserot
Makhshirin.
Mashkim
Makkot
Mashkim
Mashkin
Megillah
Menaḥot
Middot
Mikva’ot
Mo’ed katan
Nazir
Nedarim
Nega’im
Niddah
Oholot (Ahilot)
Orlah
Parah
Pe’ah
Pesaḥim
Rosh ha-Shanah
Sanhedrin
Shabbat
Shevi’it (Shebi’it)
Shevu’ot (Shebu’ot)
Sheḥitat kodashim
Shekalim
Shevu’ot
Sotah
Sukkah
Ta’anit
Tamid
Tevul yom
Temurah
Terumot
Tohorot
Ukẓin
Yadayim
Yevamot
Yoma
Zavim
Zevaḥim
Sheḥitat kodashim
Zevaḥim
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Tractates of the Talmud
with the spelling used by ArtScroll
Arachin
Avodah Zarah
Bava Basra
Bava Kamma
Bava Metziah
Bechoros
Beitzah
Berachos
Chagigah
Chullin
Eduyos
Eruvin
Gittin
Hoyraos
Keddushin
Kennim
Kereisos
Kesubos
Megillah
Meilah
Menachos
Middos
Moed Katan
Nazir
Nedarim
Niddah
Pesachim
Rosh Hashanah
Sanhedrin
Shabbos
Shekalim
Shevuos
Sotah
Succah
Taanis
Tamid
Temurah
Yevamos
Yoma
Zevachim
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Citing the Tosephta 1
The word Tosephta means addition or supplement., The work is printed in the same volume as the Talmud is supplements. It is arranged chapters and mishnayot the same as the Mishnahm, but differs from the Mishnah in the subject arrangement and in the division of the Perakim (chapters).
There are in all sixty Masekhtot and 452 Perakim. The Tosephtacontains mainly the remnants of the earlier compilations of the Halacha made by R. Akiba, R. Meir, R. Nehemia, and others not adopted in the Mishna, and, besides additions made after R. JehudaHanasi's death by his disciples, R. Chiya, R. Oshaya, Bar Kapparaand others. The Toesephta also contains many sayings and decisions of later Amoraim of the Babylonian and Palestinian schools. In its present shape it belongs to the fifth or sixth century."
Cite the Tosephta by Meskhta, chapter and mishnah. Ex. TosephtaSotah 1:2.
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Sample Citations
• Rabbenu Asher, Commentary to Sanhedrin 4:6
Interpretation – Rabbenu Asher (in library catalogs: Asher ben Jehiel, ca. 1250-1327) also known as the Ro”sh), wrote a collection of laws according to the order of the tractates of Talmud. These are found in the back of standard Talmud volumes arranged by chapters with numbered statements or laws. This citation is for the 6th
law in chapter 4.
• T.B., Taanit 16a
Babylonian Talmud, tractate Ta’anit page 16 first side.
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Sample Legal Citations
Feinstein, Moshe. Iggerot Moshe, Yoreh De'ah II:174(3).
Interpretation: Name in library catalogs: Feinstein, Moses, 1892-1986. Title on the book להש יב לש ואל ים א ו תי ... : ספר אגר ות מש ה
מ שה פי ינש טי י ן ... / מתל מ יד י ו חבר י . Sefer Igrot Mosheh : ... le-hashivla-sho’alim oti mi-talmidai ṿe-ḥaverai ...
The word, “sefer” means “book.” When “sefer” is the first word of a book title it is usually ignored as it is a very common, sort ofcomparable to “the.” However, since the word “sefer” may be significant, the decision to include it in cataloging is a cataloger’s decision. Since the computer program can’t make that decision, the library catalog will include it when not properly coded for skipping. Note in this citation the systematic Romanization according to AACR/LC differs from this author’s citation. “Yoreh De’ah” is a section of the book. “II” is part 2 of that section. 174 (3) means section 174 law 3.
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Sample Legal Citations 2
• Joseph Karo, Shulhan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah
151:1.
Interpretation: Name in library catalogs:
Karo, Joseph ben Ephraim, 1488-1575. This is
an important work of Jewish law that appears in
many editions. Many later law books are based
on the same section titles and order of laws as
found here. Yorah De’ah is one of the large
divisions. 151 is the chapter and 1 is the law.
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Sample Legal Citations 4
• Citation as found in an article:
Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Laws of Murder and Guarding One's Life, 2:2.
Interpretation—
The author’s name in library catalogs is: Maimonides, Moses, 1135-1204. The title of the work is: Mishneh Torah which may also be spelled Mishnah Torah. This work is divided into volumes based on the names of the orders of the Mishnah. This citation is from the chapter titled: “Laws of Murder and Guarding One’s Life.”[In Hebrew Philip Birnbaum’s [רו צח וש מ יר ת נפש : translation uses the title: “Homicide and life preservation.” The citation is from chapter 2 and is second law.
Birnbaum’s translation is: “…If a man hired a murderer to kill somebody, or sent servant to kill him … he deserves to die by an act of God, but is not executed by the court.”
Mishneh Torah Maimonides’ code of Jewish Law and Ethics / abridged and
translated from the Hebrew by Philip Birnbaum. New York : Hebrew Publishing
Company, 1974.
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Resources
Web sites for librarians
Judaic Studies Resources at Princeton University LibraryJudaic Studies Resources at Princeton University LibraryJudaic Studies Resources at Princeton University LibraryJudaic Studies Resources at Princeton University Library
http://www.princeton.edu/~pressman/jewprin.htm
Hebraica Team Yale University Library צ וו ת ל קטל וג עבר ית
http://www.library.yale.edu/cataloging/hebraicateam/
Both sites have internal cataloging documents, links for Hebraica tools,
and links for Judaica data bases
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University and Research
Libraries • Baltimore Hebrew University
• Brandeis University
• Columbia University
• Gratz College
• Harvard University
• Hebrew Theological College
• Hebrew Union College
• Jewish Theological Seminary
• Library of Congress
• New York Public Library
• New York University
• Ohio State University
• Princeton University
• Spertus Institute of Jewish Studies
• Stanford University
• Touro College
• University of California -- Berkeley
• University of California – Los Angeles (UCLA)
• University of Michigan
• University of Pennsylvania (includes Center for Judaic Studies)
• Yale University
• Yeshiva University