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FROM TYPING TO SWIPINGA Brief History of Interaction Design
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HOW WE TALK TO COMPUTERSHOW MACHINES TALK BACK
FIT THE PERSON TO THE MACHINE
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FIT THE MACHINE TO THE PERSON
WHO’S THE USER?
WHAT’S THE INTERFACE?
HOW WAS IT USED?
WHO BOUGHT THEM?
COUNTING
GEARS AND CRANKS
BEFORE 1945
MECHANICAL TOOLS
How is it used?
Who bought them?
Who’s the user?
What’s the interface?
IT DEPENDS
1, 2, 3, 4...
MAD SCIENTISTS
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An undetected error in a logarithmic table is like a sunken rock at sea yet undiscovered, upon which it is impossible to say what wrecks may have taken place.
—Sir John Herschel (1842)
First published table of Logarithms by John Napier, 1614http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gallery/images/dan/napier_logtable.jpg
CHARLES BABBAGE(1791–1871)
10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CharlesBabbage.jpg
“As soon as an Analytical Engine exists, it will necessarily guide the future course of the science. Whenever any result is sought by its aid, the question will then arise — by what course of calculation can these results be arrived at by the machine in the shortest time?
—Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, ch. 8 “Of the
Analytical Engine”
THE DIFFERENCE ENGINE(1822)
11http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/45/Difference_engine.JPG
THE ANALYTICAL ENGINE(1833)
12web.arch.usyd.edu.au/~sriz8189/computing7.html
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DIFFERENTIAL ANALYZER(1930–40s)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KayMcNultyAlyseSnyderSisStumpDifferentialAnalyzer.jpg
VANNEVAR BUSH(1890 – 1974) “Vannevar Bush is a great name for
playing six degrees of separation. Turn back the clock on any aspect of information technology — from the birth of Silicon Valley and the marriage of science and the military to the advent of the World Wide Web — and you find his footprints. As historian Michael Sherry says, "To understand the world of Bill Gates and Bill Clinton, start with understanding Vannevar Bush.
—G. Pascal Zachary, The Godfather
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BRUTE FORCE ARITHMETIC
MOVING CABLES AROUND
1945–1950
THE NEW INVENTION
How is it used?
Who bought them?
Who’s the user?
What’s the interface?
THE MILITARY
THE INVENTORS
PRESPER ECKERT & JOHN MAUCHLEY (1946)
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“One would think that if a man invented a machine that revolutionized the world, took out a patent on that machine, and had the full financial and legal resources of a major American corporation on his side, he would spend most of the rest of his life enjoying fortune and fame.
Edison did. Bell did.
By and large, Pres Eckert and John Mauchley did not.
—Shurkin, Engines of the Mind
17
ENIAC (1946)
18http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/SlideShow/slides/computer/eniac.html
ENIAC(1946)
19http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/eniac4.png
“The principle flaw was ENIAC’s inability to hold easily altered instructions in its memory. Every time the machine needed reprogramming, operators had to run around the room turning dials, throwing switches, replugging cables, and rolling function tables about.
It was realized that this whole method of programming was a clumsy method, and archaic… but it did not matter with firing tables, which permitted the same program to run for weeks.
—Joel Shurkin, Engines of the Mind20
1950 –1960
THE CALCULATOR
ROCKET SCIENTISTSHIGH SPEED CALCULATIONS
PUNCH CARDS AND TAPEEXPERTS AND PIONEERS
How is it used?
Who bought them?
Who’s the user?
What’s the interface?
HERMAN HOLLERITH(1860 – 1929)
22http://www.census.gov/history/img/Hollerith.jpg http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/1890-card.gif
THE CENSUS(1880)
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HOLLERITH CENSUS TABULATOR(1890)
24http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/census-tabulator.html
25http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/census-tabulator.html
READING PUNCH CARDS1. Card reader2. Cups of mercury3. Tabulating dials4. Sorting compartment
1 2
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F.W. TAYLOR(1856 – 1915)
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“Now one of the very first requirements for a man who is fit to handle pig iron as a regular occupation is that he shall be so stupid and so phlegmatic that he more nearly resembles in his mental make-up the ox than any other type. The man who is mentally alert and intelligent is for this very reason entirely unsuited to what would, for him, be the grinding monotony of work of this character.
http://explorepahistory.com/images/ExplorePAHistory-a0j8p9-a_349.jpg
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
27http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=bd5182b00cffc073
28http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/images/4506VV2015.jpg
29http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV9002.html
30
1925
http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/
1933
19641949
“One place where IBM did succeed was in keeping viable the basic input medium of the punched card, and with that the basic flow of data through a customer’s installation. The same card, encoded the same way and using a keypunch little changed since the 1930s, served IBMs computers through the 1960s and beyond. The sequential processing and file structure, implicit in punched card operations, also survived in the form of batch processing common to most mainframe computer centers of the 1960s.
—Ceruzzi, A History of Modern Computing31
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PUNCHED HOLE FUNCTIONS1. Adds2. Subtracts3. Multiplies4. Divides5. Lists itself6. Reproduces itself7. Classifies itself8. Selects itself9. Prints to an IBM Card10. Automatic balance forward11. Files itself12. Posts itself13. Reproduces and prints14. Punch from pencil mark15. Print total16. Compare to something17. Advance/eject a form
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IBM ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS (1950s)
http://www.digibarn.com/collections/ads/ibm-50s/index.html
TELETYPE AND TERMINAL
INFORMATION INTENSIVE BUSINESSESBATCH PROCESSING
COMPUTER CENTER ACOLYTES
1960 –1970
THE GIANT BRAIN
How is it used?
Who bought them?
Who’s the user?
What’s the interface?
MAN-COMPUTER SYMBIOSIS
“The hope is that, in not too many years, human brains and computing machines will be coupled together very tightly and that the resulting partnership will think as no human brain has ever thought and process data in a way not approached by the information-handling machines we know today.
—J.C.R. Licklider Man-Computer Symbiosis
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36http://www.digibarn.com/collections/ads/univac-50s/stand-alone/index.htm http://www.digibarn.com/collections/ads/univac-50s/divide-by-zero/index.htm
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38http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/comphist/objects/univac.htm
UNIVAC(1951)
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GRACE MURRAY HOPPER(1906 – 1992)
40http://www.flickr.com/photos/publicresourceorg/493885707/
“A ship in port is safe; but that is not what ships are built for. Sail out to sea and do new things.
“It's easier to ask forgiveness than it is to get permission.
“Not only would a programmer hardly ever see the computer, he or she might never even see the keypunch on which the programs were entered into the computer.
—A History of Modern Computing
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HENRY DREYFUSS(1904 – 1972)
“The products we design are going to be ridden in, sat upon, looked at, talked into, activated, operated, or in some way used by people individually or en masse. If the point of contact between the product and the people becomes a point of friction, then the industrial designer has failed. If, on the other hand, people are made safer, more comfortable, more eager to purchase, more efficient—or just plain happier—the industrial designer has succeeded.
42http://perpenduum.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/henrydreyfuss.jpg
DESIGNING FOR PEOPLE(1955)
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44
1970 –1985
PINK COLLAR LABOR
MOST BUSINESSESTIME SHARING
GREEN-SCREEN ALPHANUMERICDATA ENTRY OPERATORS
How is it used?
Who bought them?
Who’s the user?
What’s the interface?
WHIRLWIND (1952)
http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102622503http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/Whirlwind-1949.htm
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WHIRLWIND
COMMAND LINE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
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DATA ENTRY
“By the mid-1960s, data processing computers for business had become well established. The commercial computer installation was characterized by a large, centralized computer manufactured by IBM or one of the other half-dozen mainframe computer companies, running a batch-processing or real-time application.
The role of the user in this computing environment was to feed data into the computer system and interact with it in the very restricted fashion determined by the application.
—Kelly and Aspray, “Computer”49
WHIRLWIND
COMMAND LINE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
50
BATCH PROCESSING
TIME SHARING
51
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DIRECT MANIPULATION
IVAN SUTHERLAND(b.1938)
“The Sketchpad system makes it possible for a man and a computer to converse rapidly through the medium of line drawings. Heretofore, most interaction between man and computers has been slowed down by the need to reduce all communication to written statements that can be typed; in the past, we have been writing letters to rather than conferring with our computers. The Sketchpad system, by eliminating typed statements (except for legends) in favor of line drawings, opens up a new area of man-machine communication.
53http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_fall/projects/abowd_team/ivan/ivanbw_45.jpg
SKETCHPAD (1963)
54http://images.businessweek.com/ss/08/10/1006_ceo_guide/image/ivanssketchpad600gimpr.jpghttp://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/images/ivan-sutherland.jpg
DOUGLAS ENGELBART(b. 1925) “By augmenting man's intellect
we mean increasing the capability of a man to approach a complex problem situation, gain comprehension to suit his particular needs, and to derive solutions to problems. One objective is to develop new techniques, procedures, and systems that will better adapt people's basic information-handling capabilities to the needs, problems, and progress of society.
—Douglas Englebart55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Engelbartmice.jpg
X/Y POSITION INDICATOR ALSO KNOWN AS “THE MOUSE” (1964)
56http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Mouse-patents-englebart-rid.png
The number of buttons on a mouse is one of the most controversial issues in the industry. People get religious.
—Bill Gates
NLS – ONLINE SYSTEM (60s)
57http://www.dougengelbart.org/
THE MOTHER OF ALL DEMOS(1968)
58http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/files/2008/12/engelbart-demo.jpg http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8734787622017763097
GUIs
PACKAGED SOFTWARE APPS UPWARDLY MOBILE HOME USERS
1985 –1995
PERSONAL COMPUTING
How is it used?
Who bought them?
GEEKS
Who’s the user?
What’s the interface?
MITS ALTAIR 8800 (1975)
60
ALTAIR BASIC
61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altair_Basic_Sign.jpg
PERSONAL COMPUTING (1975)
63http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Homebrew_Computer_Club_Sep1976.png
64http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Apple_I_Computer.jpg
Apple II
Commodore PET Tandy Radio Shack TRS-80
IBM 5150
Commodore VIC-20
HOME COMPUTERS (Late 70s)
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Command Line
VisiCalc
APPLICATION INTERFACES (70s)
WordStar
Hierarchical Menus
XEROX PARC(1970s)
_Laser Printer_Ethernet local area computer network
_Computer generated bitmap graphics
_Graphical user interface featuring windows and icons
_WYSIWYG text editor
67
XEROX ALTO (1973)
68
XEROX STAR (1981)
69
APPLE LISA (1983)
APPLE MACINTOSH (1983)
71
First Web Browser/Editor, 1990
Netscape, 1994
Yahoo, 1994
WORLD WIDE WEB (1990s)
THEY’RE CHEAP! BUY SEVERAL!WEB-ENABLED TOOLS
EVERYONE.
1995 – ?
NETWORKED UBIQUITY
How is it used?
Who bought them?
Who’s the user?
What’s the interface?
GUIs