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From Virtual Learning Environments to Pervasive Learning Environments
Yvan PeterLIFL – Université Lille 1 -
France
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 2
Course objectives
Give an idea of the specific issues arising from the design & development of mobile learning
Provide example works that illustrate these issues
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 3
E-Learning Occur through a Virtual Learning
Environment or Learning Management System Manages users (course registration…) Provides a structure for courses Gives access to learning resources Can be collaborative or not
Collaborative features can be Synchronous (chat, IM, videoconference…) Asynchronous (mail, forums, blogs…)
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 4
E-Learning
Web based system Provides access “anywhere, anytime” LMS & resources target PC platform
Known screen size, input and output capabilities
Stable connectivity (more or less)
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 5
E-Learning architecture
Multi-tier architecture
Presentation layer Data layerLogic layer
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 6
E-Learning architecture
Example with Java technology
Presentation layer Data layerLogic layer
ServletsJSP
Tag libraries
Enterprise JavaBeans
Persistent storee.g., relational
database
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 7
E-Learning architecture
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 8
Mobile, pervasive, ubiquitous
[Lyytinen & Youngjin, 2002]
Level of embeddedness
Level of mobility
Pervasive computing
Traditional computing
Ubiquitous computing
Mobile computing
HighLow
Low
High
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 9
Mobile, pervasive, ubiquitous
[Lyytinen & Youngjin, 2002]
Level of embeddedness
Level of mobility
Pervasive computing
Traditional computing
Ubiquitous computing
Mobile computing
HighLow
Low
High
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 10
Enabling technologies Smaller (cheaper) and more
powerful devices, embedded technology Available anywhere, anytime
Wireless networks Enable connectivity in an
infrastructure or ad hoc manner Sensors and location awareness
Provide context information
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 11
Elements of design
Management & use of context Learning in & across contexts
Relation between Devices Tasks / activities Social aspects
Context and its use
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 13
A few words on context
Used to drive adaptation Of resources, activities, interfaces…
Context is any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity. An entity is a person, place, or object that is considered relevant to the interaction between a user and an application, including the user and applications themselves [Dey, 2001]
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 14
A few words on context
Used to drive adaptation Of resources, activities, interfaces…
Context is any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity. An entity is a person, place, or object that is considered relevant to the interaction between a user and an application, including the user and applications themselves [Dey, 2001]
And/or to the learning
experience
And also between users
through the application
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 15
Classification by context use
[Froehberg, 2006]
Context aware systems
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 16
Sample context aware applications
Digital context Virus game [Collela, 2000]
Simulates spreading of a virus
System is driven by approaching people
Savannah Learn to be a lion… Predefined areas trigger
events & media
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 17
Sample context aware applications
Physical context Ambient Wood [Harris et al, 2004,
Rogers et al, 2005] Environment related access to media Data collection
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 18
The case of location Location is THE main context of many
mobile learning systems Location can be computed in various ways
Explicit localisation GPS (outdoor) Triangulation : Wifi spots or cellular network
antennas Current cell in cellular network
Implicit localisation Any id reading : QR code/datamatrix, RFID Bluetooth detection
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 19
Reference model for mobile social software
[de Jong et al, 2008]
Context dimensions
Device aspect
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 21
Device Aspect
The form factor has an impact on the interaction & activity support Weight Screen size Input/output capabilities
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 22
Device Aspect
Device performance and function will also have their importance Processing power Memory Battery life Communication media supported
(bluetooth, Wifi, 3G) Sensors : GPS, camera…
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 23
Wireless communication
Personal Area
Network (PAN)
Local Area
Network (LAN)
MobilePhone
networks
Bluetooth
Wifi
GSM (low bandwidth)GPRS (medium bandwidth)UMTS (high bandwidth)HSDPA (high bandwidth)
~10 meters rangeDevice discovery
~100 meters rangeInfrastructure or ad hoc
Technical frameworks
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 25
Types of technologies
Type of client Thin client
Through the device’s browser Fat client
Requires software deployment
Type of communication Client-server Ad hoc / peer-to-peer
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 26
Thin client Requires
A browser on the device Good connectivity
Problems Pull mode Historical development of mobile markup Location is not transmitted by the
browser Except blackberry
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 27
Thin client : markup & protocols
WAP 1.x & Wireless Markup Language (WML)
Imode & CHTML WAP 2.0 & XHTML Mobile Profile
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 28
Thin client
Knowing the device (& the user) CC/PP (Composite
Capabilities/Preference Profiles) RDF vocabulary to define
Device hardware & software User preferences
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 29
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 30
Thin client
Knowing the device (& the user) UAProf (User Agent Profile)
Definition of the WAP 2.0 protocol extension to support profile transmission
Uses CC/PP vocabulary
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 31
Thin client Device Context Delivery (DELI) from HP
Lab software library to handle CC/PP & UAProf http://delicon.sourceforge.net
WURLF (Wireless Universal Resource File) Open source project to provide
A database of device specifications (XML file) APIs to take advantage of the database
PHP, Java, Perl, Ruby, Python http://wurfl.sourceforge.net/
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 32
Fat client
Development depends on the system
Problems Needs software deployment Heterogeneity of hardware & software
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 33
Fat client
Development environment .Net
Requires Windows mobile (PDA) Java
Need a JVM on device FlashLite
Needs a player on device
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 34
Fat client : Java
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 35
Flash Lite
The mobile version of Flash player & development environment
Programming language : ActionScript With restricted features compared to
PC platform
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 36
Flash Lite
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 37
Mobile Widgets
Information specific interface to be embedded on the user interface
At the time very much tied to the vendor environment
Frameworks & architectures
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 39
AMULETS project [Skipol et al, 2008]
Innovative learning activities Collaborative learning In context Authentic setting (supported by
ubiquitous technologies)
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 40
AMULETS architecture
[Skipol et al, 2009]
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 41
Reference Architecture
Reference Architecture for Context-Aware Learning Support Systems [Schmidt, 2008] 6 layers architecture
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 42
Reference Architecture
Interface level context
awareness
[Schmidt, 2008]
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 43
Reference Architecture: in use
Applied in the Learning in Process project Integration of working and learning on
a process level Learning management, knowledge
management, human capital management and collaboration solutions on a technical level
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 44
Reference Architecture: in use
[Schmidt, 2008]
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 45
Reference Architecture: in use
[Schmidt, 2008]
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 46
Mobilearn
Next-generation paradigms and interfaces for technology supported learning in a mobile environment exploring the potential of ambient intelligence
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 47
Mobilearn architecture
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 48
Open Mobile ApplicationFramework (OMAF)
[Dahn, 2003]
Conclusion
Mobile Learning Summer School - 2009 50
Maturity is still ahead
Heterogeneity of hardware platforms & software environments is a big issue
There is no consensus yet on the definition of the relevant services for mobile learning