From Vitamins to BakedGoods: Answer Key

Kieran Gallagher, (KGallagher)Lizhi Fan, (LFan)

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Printed: November 18, 2014

AUTHORSKieran Gallagher, (KGallagher)Lizhi Fan, (LFan)

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Contents www.ck12.org

Contents

1 From Vitamins to Baked Goods - Answers 11.1 What’s in a Name? IUPAC Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 Functional Group: Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 Functional Group: Aldehydes and Ketones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.4 Functional Group: Carboxylic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.5 Functional Group: Ethers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.6 Functional Group: Esters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.7 Functional Group: Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.8 Functional Group: Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

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www.ck12.org Chapter 1. From Vitamins to Baked Goods - Answers

CHAPTER 1 From Vitamins to BakedGoods - Answers

Chapter Outline1.1 WHAT’S IN A NAME? IUPAC NOMENCLATURE

1.2 FUNCTIONAL GROUP: ALCOHOLS

1.3 FUNCTIONAL GROUP: ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

1.4 FUNCTIONAL GROUP: CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

1.5 FUNCTIONAL GROUP: ETHERS

1.6 FUNCTIONAL GROUP: ESTERS

1.7 FUNCTIONAL GROUP: AMINES

1.8 FUNCTIONAL GROUP: BENZENE

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1.1. What’s in a Name? IUPAC Nomenclature www.ck12.org

1.1 What’s in a Name? IUPAC Nomenclature

Review Questions

Name the following skeletal structures.

1.

2.

3.

Answers

1. 2-propanol2. Hexane3. 3-methylheptane

2

www.ck12.org Chapter 1. From Vitamins to Baked Goods - Answers

1.2 Functional Group: Alcohols

Review Questions

Basic

1. Describe two factors that affect how drunk a person will become from consuming alcohol.2. True or False: When alcohol is mixed with water, alcohol will float on the surface. Explain why or why not.

Intermediate

3. Describe two ways that ethanol slows down body functions.4. Why was the root beer you made bubbly?5. True or False: Using hand sanitizer is more effective than washing hands with soap and water. Explain why

or why not.

Advanced

6. A person has a rare disorder that causes the body to be deficient in the amino acid glutamate. What would thesymptoms of this deficiency be?

Answers

1. Possible answers:

a. Weight - People who weigh more will be less affected by alcoholic beverages because they will have agreater volume of blood and therefore a lower concentration of alcohol in their blood.

b. Gender - Men tend to be less affected by alcohol than women because they generally have a lesseramount of body fat (alcohol is soluble in fats).

c. Physique - Because alcohol is soluble in fats, people with a larger amount of body fat are more affectedby alcohol.

2. False. Alcohol is soluble in water because both alcohol and water molecules are polar. Instead of floating onthe surface, the alcohol molecules will mix with the water molecules.

3. The two ways are:

a. Ethanol binds to glutamate receptors in the brain, preventing glutamate, the primary excitatory neuro-transmitter, from binding there.

b. Ethanol binds to GABA receptors, which slows down the body. This makes them more active.

4. When glucose is converted to ethanol, gaseous CO2 is released as a byproduct.5. False. Rubbing hand sanitizer on your hands for 30 seconds is just as effective as washing hands with soap

and water. The methanol in hand sanitizer attaches to bacteria membranes and pulls them apart.6. Recklessness, clumsiness, slurred speech, delayed reflexes, decreased inhibition, and other symptoms caused

by alcohol consumption.

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1.3. Functional Group: Aldehydes and Ketones www.ck12.org

1.3 Functional Group: Aldehydes and Ketones

Review Questions

Basic

1. Why are aldehydes and ketones so similar? What makes them different?2. True or False: Ketones smell like oranges.

Intermediate

3. Which would be better to use to clean your house, a disinfectant containing formaldehyde or one containingglutaraldehyde?

4. Compare and Contrast the effects and behavior of opiates and methadone in the body.5. Name the three ketone bodies produced during the metabolism of fatty acids or proteins? Which one is not

actually a ketone?

Advanced

6. Your friend is trying a new diet where she doesn’t eat any carbohydrates. Why would you tell her this is a badidea?

Answers

1. Aldehydes and ketones both contain a formyl group (C=O) and therefore behave similarly. However, theformyl group is located at the end of an aldehyle and in the middle of a ketone.

2. False. Ketones are used to create cherry, honeysuckle, jasmine, and strawberry smells. Aldehydes, however,often do smell like oranges.

3. Both formaldehyde and glutamaldehyde are effective disinfectants. However, formaldehyde can have negativeeffects on the human body, which makes it unsafe to use in a household product.

4. Both opiates and methadone bond to dopamine receptors in the brain and are highly addictive. However,unlike methadone, opiates create a sensation of happiness.

5. Acetone, acetoacetic acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Beta-hydroxybutyric acid is not actually a ketone, itis a carboxylic acid.

6. Your friend’s body will not have the glucose it needs to break down for energy, so her body will begin breakingdown the fats to replace the missing carbohydrates. This will result in a build-up of acetone in her body, whichwill give her bad breath and could result in more serious symptoms, such as those experienced by DKApatients such as abdominal pain, confusion, decreased perspiration, excessive thirst and urination, fatigue,nausea and vomiting, and rapid weight loss. (Note that there are many other side effects of a carbohydrate freediet that are unrelated to acetone buildup.)

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www.ck12.org Chapter 1. From Vitamins to Baked Goods - Answers

1.4 Functional Group: Carboxylic Acids

Review Questions

Basic

1. Describe two reasons why salicylic acid is a key component to good acne medication.2. Describe five benefits of increased omega-3 consumption.

Intermediate

3. How does consuming more omega-3 decrease your risk of heart disease?4. True or False: Consuming citric acid is unhealthy for you.

Advanced

5. Before modern medicine, to patients suffering from pain, inflammation and fevers would be instructed to chewon willow bark. Why was this helpful?

6. Alex, Leslie and Sam are on the track team. Alex runs the 100m, Leslie runs the 800m, and Sam runs the3000m. Who builds up the most lactic acid in their muscles during their race?

Answers

1. Salicylic acid exfoliates dead skin cells and dissolves oils that allow bacteria to stick to pores.2. Reduced chance of cardiovascular diseases, reduced inflammation (especially good for arthritis patients),

reduced asthma symptoms, increased cognitive activity (memory etc.), lower triglycerides and reduced symp-toms of osteoporosis.

3. Omega-3 increases the elasticity of your arteries, and lowers cholesterol (fat which lines arterial walls).4. False. Citric acid is neither healthy nor unhealthy. It is used to enhance other foods by preserving, adding

flavor and helping absorption.5. Willow bark contains acetylsalicylic acid, which binds to clyooxygenase-2 and prevents them from producing

prostaglandins, which produce the sensation of pain and inflammation. It also affects the hypothalamus,causing the fever to be reduced.

6. Leslie has built up the most lactic acid. Alex can inhale enough oxygen to make it through the 100m, becauseof the ATP he has stored up and the NAD+ in his cells that pick up the hydrogen ions and reduce the acidity.Though Sam’s race is the longest, he needs to run much slower to go for such a long distance. Therefore, hismuscles have enough time to get rid of the acid in his muscles, and his lungs have enough time to inhale moreoxygen. Because Leslie is running both relatively fast and long, he builds up the most lactic acid.

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1.5. Functional Group: Ethers www.ck12.org

1.5 Functional Group: Ethers

LAB: Solubility - Test Your Understanding

1. Would this have happened if water were used instead of milk?

2. Why would fat free milk not have worked in this lab?

Answers

1. The experiment would not have worked with water. There are no nonpolar substances present in water.2. Fat or some other polar substance is necessary for this experiment to work.

Review Questions

Basic

1. What is the general formula of an ether?2. What are the some benefits of using dimethyl ether as fuel instead of diesel?3. How do plants make use of anisoles?

Intermediate

4. Why is diethyl ether used as a solvent in laboratories?5. Why can ethers be considered slightly polar?6. Ethers have oxygens and hydrogens. Why do they NOT experience hydrogen bonds?

Advanced

7. Name these ethers:

a.

b.

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www.ck12.org Chapter 1. From Vitamins to Baked Goods - Answers

Answers

1. R-O-R’2. Dimethyl ether has a higher cetane number than diesel and will also combust more completely and cleanly.

Also, dimethyl ether does not release sulfur and other aromatic compounds.3. Many plants release anisoles to attract insects to spread its spores.4. Diethyl ether is nonpolar and does not mix with water. It easily dissolves other nonpolar substances such as

fats, waxes, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums.5. The oxygen-carbon bond in ether is polar because oxygen is much more electronegative than carbon. However,

the rough symmetry around the oxygen atom makes it so that it is only slightly polar. Ethers are generallyconsidered nonpolar.

6. Although ethers have hydrogens and oxygen, the two elements are not bonded to each other. The differencein electronegativity between carbon and hydrogen is not as great as the electronegativity difference betweenoxygen and hydrogen, so the compound does not contain strong enough dipoles to form hydrogen bonds.Hydrogen only forms hydrogen bonds if it is bonded to oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen.

7. Answers:

a. Diethyl etherb. Dimethyl ether

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1.6. Functional Group: Esters www.ck12.org

1.6 Functional Group: Esters

Review Questions

Basic

1. How are esters produced?2. What are acetates and lactones?3. What are five scents attributed to esters?

Intermediate

4. Why are methyl parabens controversial?5. What is the use of denatonium benzoate?

Challenging

6. How does the solubility of esters make it useful for many industries?

Answers

1. Esters are produced by the condensation of carboxylic acid and an alcohol.2. Acetates are esters that are formed from acetic acid or vinegar. Lactones are cyclic esters.3. Raspberries, grapes, apples, nail polish remover, and rum all get their smells from esters.4. Methyl parabens are used in many cosmetics, toothpastes, hair care products, moisturizers, and deodorants.

However, it has many harmful side effects. Scientists are also not quite sure about the full scope of the effectsof methyl paraben once it enters the body.

5. Denatonium Benzoate is put in harmful chemicals to prevent people from being tempted to drink them.6. Esters are able to bond to both water and fats. Under normal circumstances, water and fat would not mix

because water is polar but fats are nonpolar. However, esters can act as a connector to bind water with fats.This allows it to be used for many purposes, such as quick drying coat finishes and cosmetics.

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www.ck12.org Chapter 1. From Vitamins to Baked Goods - Answers

1.7 Functional Group: Amines

Review Questions

Basic

1. What smells are amines generally associated with?2. What are three ways to decrease your intake of heterocyclic amines?3. How are histamines connected with allergies?

Intermediate

4. Why are amines considered bases?5. Why do amines have a higher boiling point than alkanes?6. Why are long chains of amines less soluble than smaller chains?

Advanced

7. Why are hydrogen bonds only possible when hydrogen is bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine?8. A woman (tt) has trimethylaminuria. Her husband (Tt) is a carrier for the disease. What are the chances that

their child also shows the symptoms for trimethylaminuria?

Answers

1. Amines are generally associated with bad smells, like raw fish.2. To reduce your intake of heterocyclic amines, you can eat muscle meats less or eat them “rare” or “medium

rare.” Microwaving or marinating meat before it is cooked also decreases HCA production.3. When an allergen enters the body and comes in contact with the antibody IgE, it triggers a release of histamine.

This histamine is responsible for many of the symptoms of allergies, such as swelling, shortness of breath, andmuscle cramps.

4. The lone pair on the nitrogen attracts loose H+ atoms. However, it is a very weak base.5. Amines have hydrogens bonded to their nitrogen. These hydrogens can form hydrogen bonds with the dipole

on the nitrogen of other amine molecules. This makes it harder to break apart individual molecules, causing ahigher boiling point.

6. Long chains of amines break apart the bonds between the water molecules. Smaller chains do not have toforce its way between water molecules to form hydrogen bonds.

7. Nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine are all extremely electronegative elements. When bonded to a hydrogen, theyreadily take hydrogen’s electron. Hydrogen now only has a proton. It is very positively charged. The othermore electronegative element is now negatively charged. Hydrogen experiences a strong bond with the dipoleon the negatively charged portion of the other molecules. Nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine are the only elementselectronegative enough to take the electron from hydrogen.

8. (USE PUNNET SQUARE) 50%

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1.8. Functional Group: Benzene www.ck12.org

1.8 Functional Group: Benzene

Review Questions

Basic

1. Why are many workers who are helping to clean up the BP oil spill getting sick?

Intermediate

2. True or False: A person you know has ingested benzene and is not breathing. First administer CPR, then givehim or her something to make them throw up the substance they ingested.

3. True or False: The only way to be safe from benzene poisoning is to avoid all products containing benzene.

Advanced

4. A person works as a fuel carrier, bringing gas to war planes. No one in his family has had cancer, yet he fallsill with leukemia. How would you explain this?

5. True or False: The concentration of benzene in the air is higher inside than outside.6. You receive a warning that large amounts of benzene have just been released inside your school. What do you

do?

Answers

1. Crude oil contains high concentrations of benzene, which can cause alterations to DNA. This causes bothshort-term effects like coughing and long term effects like leukemia.

2. False. Do not administer CPR in case the person vomits. Do not try to make them throw up. Professionalmedical attention is necessary, so call 911.

3. False. An extremely large portion of all the products we encounter in our lives contain or were made usingbenzene, yet the concentrations are so small that no effects have been noticed.

4. Fuel contains benzene, so as a fuel carrier, he probably frequently came in contact with large amounts ofbenzene. Because benzene alters DNA, his bone marrow cells began to function abnormally, causing leukemia.

5. True. Benzene is given off by many substances, such as glues and paints, and can become trapped inside thebuilding.

6. Exit the building as quickly and go home. Then, remove all of your clothing and cut off anything that needsto be pulled over your head. Take a shower and use soap. Finally, dispose of all your clothing using rubbergloves or tongs. You can use a urine or blood test to determine the amount of benzene in your bloodstream.

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