Front Matter

Front MatterSource: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Vol. 178 (1887), pp. i-xvPublished by: The Royal SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/91691 .

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PHILOSOPHICAL

OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY

OF

LONDON.

(B.)

FOR THE YEAR MDCCCLXXXVII.

VOL. 178..

LONDON:

PRINTED BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN S LAN'S, W.C.,

MDCECLXXXVIII.



ADVERTISEMENT.

THE Committee appointed by the Royal Society to direct the publication of the

Philosophical Transactionis take this opportunity to acquaint the public that it, fully

appears, as well from the Council-books and Journals of the Society as from repeated

declarations which have been made in several former Transactions, that the printing of

them was always, from time to time, the single act of the respective Secretaries till

the Forty-seventh Volume; the Society, as a Body, never interesting themselves any

further in their publication than by occasionally recommending the revival of them to

some of their Secretaries, when, from the particular circumstances of their affairs, the

Transactions had happened for any length of time to be intermitted. And this seems

principally to have been done with a view to satisfy the public that their usual

meetings were then continued, for the improvement of knowledge and benefit of

mankind: the great ends of their first institution by the Royal Charters, and which

they have ever since steadily pursued.

But the Society being of late years greatly onlarged, and their communications more

numerous, it was thought advisable that a Comwittee of their members should be

appointed to reconsider the papers read before them, and select out of them such, as

they should judge most proper for publication in the future Transactions; which was

accordingly done upon the 26th of March, 1752. And the grounds of their choice are,

and will continue to be, the importance and singularity of the subjects, or the

advantageous manner of treating them; without pretending to answer for the

certainty of the facts, or propriety of the reasonings contained in the several papers

so published, which must still rest on the credit or judgment of their respective

authors.

It is likewise necessary on this occasion to remark, that it is an established rule of

the Society, to which they will always adhere, never to give their opinion, as a Body, a 2



[ iv ]

upon a subject, either of Nature or Art, that comes before them. And therefore the

thanks, which are frequently proposed from the Chair, to be given to the authors of

such papers as are read at their accustomed meetings, or to the persons through whose

hands they received them, are to be considered in no other light than as a matter of

civility, in return for the respect shown to the Society by those communications. The

like also is to be said with regard to the several projects, inventions, and curiosities of

various kinds, which are often exhibited to the Society; the authors whereof, or those

who exhibit them, frequently take the liberty to report, and even to certify in the

public newspapers, that they have met with the highest applause and approbation.

And therefore it is hoped that no regard will hereafter be paid to such reports and

public notices; which in some instances have been too lightly credited, to the

dishonour of the Society.



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Observatories.

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Institutions.

Birmingham. Free Central Library. Calcutta ........ Asiatic Society.

Geological Museum. Cambridge ......... Philosophical Society. Cape Town...... South African Library. Cooper's Hill .. . Engineering College. Dublin ........ Royal Dublin Society.

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Chemical Society. Entomological Society. Geological Society. Geological Survey of Great Britaiii. Guildhall Library. Institution of Civil Engineers. Institution of Naval Architects. Linnean Society. London Institution. Royal Asiatic Society. Royal Astronomical Society. Royal College of Physicians. Royal College of Surgeons. Royal Engineers. Head Quarters Library. Royal Geographical Society. Royal Horticultural Society. Royal Institute of British Architects. Royal Institution of Great Britain. Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. Royal Society of Literature. Royal United Service Institution. Society of Antiquaries. Society of Arts. The Queen's Library. The Treasury Library. The War Office. Zoological Society.

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Oxford .. . . Ashmolean Society. Radeliffe Library.

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University Library. Wellington ........ New Zealand Institute. Woolwich ........ Royal Artillery Library.

America (South). Buenos Ayres ...... Museo Publico.

Austria.

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Museum. Prague . K6nigliche bohmische Gesellschaft der Wissen-

schaften. Vienna .K aiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften.

K. K. Geographische GeselIlschaft. K. K. Geologische Reichsanstalt.

Belgium. Brussels ....... Acade'mie Royale de Medecine.

Acade'mie Royale des Sciences. Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique.

Liege ....... Societe des Sciences. Louvain ....... L'Universite.

Denmark.

Copenhagen ...... Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Finland.

lelsingfors. . Societe des Sciences.

France.

Lyons ..... Academie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts. Montpellier ....... Academie des Sciences et Lettres.

Faculte de Me'decine. Paris ........ Academie des Sciences de l'Ilnstitut.

Depot de la Marine. Ecole des Mines. Ecole Normale Superieure. Ecole Polytechnique. Faculte des Sciences de la Sorbonne. Jardin des Plantes. L'Observatoire. Societe d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie

Nationale. Societe de Geographie. Societe Entomologique. Societe Geologique.

Toulouse .......Acade'mie des Sciences.



Gerrnaiy.

Berlin .. Te Sternwarte. 6nigliche Akadernie der Wissenschaften.

Physikalisehe Gesellschaft. Danzig. Narnforschende GeselIschaft. Emden. . Nat-arforschende Gesellsehaft. Frankfurt-a-M. Senekenbergische naturforschende Gesell-

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Akademie der Naturforscher. Hamburg .Naturwissensehafticher Verein. Heidelberg .e*..* * Universitit. Jena. . . XiedicinischaiNaturwissenschaftliehe Gesell-

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Universitht. KSlngsberg. K6nigliche physikalischl- konomische Gesell-

schaft. Leipzig .Astronomische Gesellsehaft.

K6nigliche Sitehsische Geselisehaft der Wissen- schaften.

Munich .......... K6nigliche Bayerische Akademie der Wissen. schaften.

MUnster ..K..ni.. eeE igliche theologische und philosophische Akademie.

Rosock .......... Universitdt. Wiirzburg ..Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellsehaft.

Ilungarj.

Pesth . . Magyar Tudos TArsasag-Die -Ungarisebe Akademie der Wissensebaften.

Itay.

Bologna . ....Aceademia delle Scienze dell Istituto. Catania .......... Accadeiaia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali, Florence .......... Reale MUseo di Fisica. Milan' .. . . qReale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze, Lettere

ed Arti. Societa' Italiana di Scienze Naturali.

Naples ............ Societa Reale, Accadeniia delle Sciouze. Zoologische Station (Dr. Dohrn).

Palermuo.. Consiglio di Perfezionamento (Societa di Scienze Natrali ed Economiiche).

Rome .c.......... Reale Accademia dei Lincei. Osservatorio del Collegio Romano. Societa Italiana delle Scienze.

Turin. Reale Accademia delle Scienze. Yenice. . . ..... Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed

Arti.

Java.

Batavia .. ..... Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetelnsehappon .

Nethe iilands. Amsterdam . . . Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen Haarlem .......... Hollandsche Maatschappij de Wetenschappen. Rotterdamn ........ Bataafsch Genootschap der Proefondervinde

lijke Wijsbegeerte.

Portitgal. Coimbra .U........ mniversidade. Lisbon . Academia Real das Sciencias.

ussia. Kazan . Imperatorsky Kaza sky Universitet. Moscow .......... Societe Impe'riale des Naturalistes.

Le Mnse'e Public. Pulkowa.. . N.....Wicolai-Ha-upt-Sternwarte. St. Petersb urg .... Academie Imperiale des Sciences.

Comit' Geologique. L'Observatoire Physique Central.

SP aim. Cadiz .Observatorio de S. Pernando. Madrid . .Real Academia de Ciencias.

Sweden and orway. Bergen ............. Bergen ske M seum. Christiania . K...... Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitet. Gottenbnrg ..... . I o.lon. Vetenskaps och Vitterhets Samhalle. L-und .U iversitet., Stockholm ........ Kongliga Svenska Vetensk ps-Akademie.

Sveriges Geologiska Undersdkning. Trondhjem .......K. ongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab. Upsala...... U ..... Universitet.

Switzertland. Bern .A.g.. ellg Sehweizerische Gesellsehaft. Geneva ......... Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Natnrelle.

Instit t National Genevois. Zurich..Das Schweizerisehe Polytechnikum.

United States. Albany .. . New York State Library. Baltimore ....... Johns Hopkins University. Boston ... American Academy of Sciences.

Boston Society of Natural History. Cambridge. . Harvard University. Chicago .* Academy of Sciences. New Haven (Conn.) The Editors of the American Journal.

Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. Philadelphia . .Academy of Nat-ural Sciences.

American Philosophical Society. Salem (Mass.) ... . Peabody Academy of Science. San Francisco .... California Academy of Sciences. Washington ...... Office of the Chief Signal Officer.

Smithsonian Institution. U. S. Coast Survey. U. S. Geological Survey. U. S. Naval Observatory.

West Point (N. Y.). . U. S. Military Academy.

The fift Foreign Mfembers of the Royal Society.



List of Public Institutions and Individuals entitled to receive a Copy of the Proceedings of the Royal Society.

Adelaide Royal Society of South Australia. Belfast ....... ., Queen's College. Brisbane . Royal Society of Queensland. Bristol. Merchant Verturers' School. Calcutta ...... Great Trigonometrical Survey of India.

Meteorological Committee's Office. Cambridge . Union -Society. Cork. Philosophical Society. Dudley_... ..Dudley and Midland Geological and

Scientific Society. Edinburgh .Geological Society.

Royal Medical Society. Royal Physical Society. Royal Scottish Society of Arts.

Galway . Queen's College. Glasgow .Philosophical Society. Hamilton, CanadaWest.. Scientific Association. Hobart. Royal Society of Tasmania. Leeds .Philosophical Society. Liverpool ... .. Historic Society of Lancashire and

Cheshire. Literary and Philosophical Society.

London ..Anthropological Institute. Electrician. Geologists' Association. Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Iron and Steel Institute. London Library. Mathematical Society. Meteorological Office. Odontological Society. Pharmaceutical Society. Quekett Microscopical Club. Royal Engineers (for Libraries abroad

six copies). Royal Meteorological Society. Royal Microscopical Society. Royal Statistical Society. Society of Biblical Archoeology. Standard Weights and Measures Depart-

ment. Victoria Institute.

Manchester........... Geological Society. Owens College.

Mauritius Royal Society of Arts and Sciences. Melbourne .Observatory.

Royal Society of Victoria. Montreal .............. Natural-History Society. Netley ................ Royal Victoria Hospital. Newcastle-upon-Tyne . . Chemical Society.

North of England Institute of Mining Engineers.

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Plymouth . Plymouth Institution. Salford .......R........ Royal Museum and Library. Shanghai ...... China Branch of the Royal Asiatic

Society. Stonyhurst . .The College. Sydney (N.S.W.) ...... The Linnean Society of New South Wales. Toronto . . . . . .. . Canadian Institute. Windsor, Nova Scotia . . King's College Library.

America (South). Caracas . .. University Library. Cordova .Academia Nacional de Ciencias. Rio de Janeiro ........ Imperial Observatorio.

Austria.

Agram.. .. . Societas Historico-Naturalis Croatica. Innsbruck ...... ...... Naturwissenschaftlich - Medicinischer

Verein. Prague .......,.,.Spolek Chemikfrv Ceskych (Bohemian

Chemical Society). Schemnitz K. Ungarische Berg- und Fdrst-Akademie. Trieste .Societa' Adriatica di Scienze Naturali.

Museo di Storia Naturali. Vienna .Anthropologische Gesellschaft.

Naturhistorisches Hof-Museum. CEsterreichische Gesellschaft fur Meteoro-

logie. K. K. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft.

Belgiurm. Brussels ...... Observatoire Royal.

Societe Malacologique de Belgique. Liege ...... Societe Geologique de Belgique. Luxemburg .Societe des Sciences Naturelles.

Finland. Hlelsingfors. . Societas pro Fauna et Flora Feunica.

France. Bordeaux ....,....., Academie des Sciences.

Faculte des Sciences. Societe de Medecine et de Chirurgie. Societe des Sciences Physiques et

Naturelles. Cherbourg . . Societe des Sciences Naturelles. Dijon ....... ......... Academie des Sciences. Paris . ............... Association Franyaise pour l'Avancement

des Sciences. Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. Societe de Biologie. Societe de Physique. Societe Mathematique. Societe Meteorologique de France. Cosmos (M. l'Abbe Valette). Revue Scientifique (Mons. Richet).



Gerawny. Bremen . Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein. Breslau . Schlesische Gesellsehaft fiirVaterliindische

Kultur. Dresden ....., .e Verein fUr Erdkunde. Erlangen .. . . Physikalisch-Medicinische Societat. Frankfurt-a-M. Zoologische Gesellschaft. Frankfurt-a-O ..0..... . Naturwissenschaftiicher Verein. Freiburg im Breisgau . . Naturforschende Gesellsehaft. G6rlitz ................ Naturforschende Gesellsehaft. ialle ................ Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein f. Sachsen

und Thuiringen. Heidelberg ............. Naturhistorisch-Medicinische Gesellsehaft. Leipzig. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Magdeburg . .. . Naturwissenschaftlicher Verem. Munich ............. Zeitschrift fur Biologie.

Thsngary. Pesth ..K.........Konigl. Ungarische Geologische Anstalt.

Italy. Florence ..... Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale. Pisa .... ..... Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali. Rome ..... .... R. Comitato Geologico d' Italia. Siena. R. Accademia de' Fisiocritici. Turin Laboratorio di Fisiologia. Venice .... ..... Ateneo Veneto.

Jap an.

Tokio .... # ...... Imperial University. Yokohama .Asiatic Society of Japan.

Netherlands. Amsterdam .K. Zoologisch Genootschap 'Natura Artis

Magistra.' Delft .cole Polytechnique. Haarlem .......... Musee Teyler. Utrecht .Provinciaal Genootschap van Kunsten en

Wetenschappen.

Portugal. Lisbon. ... Sec9ao dos Tra bahos Geologicos of

Portugal.

Russia. Odessa. . . Societe des Naturalistes de la Nouvells.

Russie. St. Petersburg ........ Compass Observatory.

Spain. Madrid ............ Comision del Mapa Geologico de Espaiia.

Switzerland. Basel ......,...... Naturforschende Gesellsehaft. Bern .Naturforschende Gesellsehaft. Lausanne ........Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. Neuchatel ..... ,..... Societe des Sciences Naturelles Zurich . . . Naturforschende Gesellschaft.

United States. Charleston .Elliott Society of Science and Art

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American Museum of Natural History. New York Medical Journal. New York Academy of Sciences. School of Mines, Columbia College.

Philadelphia ...F......Franklin Institute. St. Louis .Academy of Science. Salem (Mass.) . Essex Institute. Washington .Department of Agriculture.

- Indviduals. Brioschi, II Signor Francesco . .Milan.

Costa, Cavalier Achille . . Naples. Wartmann, Professor Elie. Geneva. Wolf, Professor R.. Zulrich.



ADJUDICATION of the MEDALS of the ROYA L SOCIETY for the year 1887, by the PRESIDENT and COUNCIL.

The COPLEY MEDAL to Sir JOS EPH DALTON HOOKER, K.C.S.I., F.R.S., for his services to Botanical Science as an investigator, author, and traveller.

A ROYAL MEDAL to Professor HENRY NOTTIDGE MOSELEY, F.R.S., for his numerous Researches in Animal Morphology, and especially his Investigations on Corals and on Peripatus.

A ROYAL MEDAL to Colonel ALEXANDER Ross CLARKE, R.E., C.B., for his Comparison of Standards of Length and Determination of the Figure of the Earth.

The DAVY MEDAL to JOHN A. R. NEWLANDS for his Discovery of the Periodic Law of the Chemical Elements.

The Bakerian Lecture, " On the Dissociation of some Gases by the Electric Discharge," was delivered by Professor J. J. THOMSON, F.R.S.

The Croonian Lecture, " On Pcarieasacinus bombidens (OWEN), and the Significance of its Affinities to Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals" was delivered by Professor H. G. SEELEY, F.R.S.

N1DOCCLXXXVII.-B. b



C O N T E N T S.

(B.)

VOL. 178.

I. Additional Evidence of the Affinities of the Extinct Marsupial Quadrtuiped Thylacoleo carnifex (OWEN). By Sir RICHARD OWEN, K. C.B., F].R.S., &c. page 1

II. Remiarks on the Cloaca and on the -Copulatory Organs of the Amniota. By HANS GADOW, Ph.D., M.A., Lecturer on the advanced Morjphology of Verte- brata, and Strickland curator in the University of Cambridge. Conmunicated by Professor M. FOSTER, Sec. R. S.5

III. On the Changes in the Proteids in the Seed which accompany -Cerrmination. By J. R. GREEN, B.Sc., B.AI., Demonstrator of Physiology in the University of Cambridge. Com'nnunicated by Professor M. FOSTER, Sec. R.S. 39

IV. The Carbonic Acid, Organic Matter, and Mlicro-organtsmis in Air, mriore especially of Dwellings and Schools. By Professor THOS. CARNELLEY, D.Sc., and J. S. HALDANE, M.A., M.B., University Coilege; and A. M. ANDERSON, M.D., Medical Officer of Health, Dundee. Communicated by Sir HENRY E. ROSCOE,

F. R. S.6 1

V. A New Method for the Quantitative Estimation of the Micro-organisnms present in the Atmosphere. By PERCY F. FRANKLAND, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.C.S, Fr.I.C., Associate of the Royal School of Mines. Communicated by Professor FRANKLAND, D..L., LL.D., JD., F.R.S. 113

b 2



Xii

VI. A Minute Analysis (Ecxperimental) of the Various Movements produced by stimulating in the Monkey different Regions of the Cortical Centre for the

Upper Limb, as defined by Professor FERR1ER. By CHA:RLES E. BEE VOR,

M.D,, M.R. C.P., and VICTOR HOISELEY, B.S., FR. CS., 1.R.S., Brown Professor of Pathology at University College, London . page 153

VII. Supplemental Note on Polacanthus Foxii, describing the Dorsal Shield and some Parts of the Endoskeleton, impe~fectly known in 1881. By J. W. HULKE, F. R. S. 169

VIII. On the Structure and Life-Hlistory of Entyloma Ranuneuli (BONORIDEN). By H. MARSHALL WARD, M.A., F.L.S., Fellow of Christ's (College, Cambridge, and Professor of Botany in the Indian Civil Engineering College (Forestry School), Cooper's Hill. Co~m)unicated by W. T. THISELTON DYER, C.M. G., F.R.S., Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew. 173

IX. Researches on the Structure, Organization, and Classificat ion of the Fossil Reptilia.-I. On Protorosaurus Speneri (VON AMEYER). By H. G. SEELEY,

F.R.S., Professor of Geography in King's College, London. 187

X. On the Action of the Excised Mammalian Heart. By AUGUSTUS D. WALLER,

M.D., and E. WAYMOUTH iEREID, B.A., M.B. Communicated by Professor BURDON SANDERSON, F. R. S. 215

XI. Studies on some Neu) Micro-organismis obtained from Air. By GRACE C. FRANKLAND and PERCY F. FRANKLAND, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), F.C.S., F.I.C., Assoc. Roy. Sch. of Mines. Comnmunicated by E. RAY LANKESTER, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Zoology, University College, London .257

XII. On the Oryanisation of the Fossil Plants of the Coal-Measures.-Part XIII.

Heterangium TiLiaeoides (WILLIAMSON) and Kaloxylon Hookeri. By W. C. WILLIAMSON, LL.D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany in the Owens College and in the Victoria University. 289

XIII. On Gasterolichenes: a New Type of the group Lichenes. By GEORGE MASSEE.

ComimutMtcated by W. T. THISELTON ]DYER, M.A., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director, Royal Gardens, Kew . ..305

XIV. An Enquiry into the Cause and Extent of a Special Colour-relation between certain exposed Lepidopterous Pupa3 and the Surfaces which immtediately surrnound them. By EDWARD B. POULTON, M.A., F. L.S. (Comnunicated by Professor E. RAY LANKESTER, Fi.R.S. . ....O.....311



[ xiii ]

XV. On the, Homologies and Succession oj the Teeth in the Dasyuride, with an Attenpt to trace the History of the Evolution of Mammalian Teeth in general. By OLDFIELD THOMAS, British Mluseum. (Yatural History). Comm'unicated by Dr. GVNTHER, F.R.S. page 443

XVI. The Emnbryology of Aifonotremnata and Marsupialia.-Part I. By W. H. CALD- WELL, M.A., Barfour Student in the University, and Fellow of Gonville and CGius College, Cambridge. Communicated by Professor M. FOSTER, Sec. R.S. . 463

XVII. The Electromotive Properties of the Electrical'Organ of Torpedo Marmorata. By FRANCIS GOTCH, ALA. Oxon., B.A., B.Sc. London. Communicated by Professor BURDON SANDERSON, M. D., F.R.S.. 487

XVIII. On the Tubercular Swellings on the Roots of Vicia Faba. By H. MARSHALL WARD, ALA., F.L.S., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, and Professor of Botany in the Forestry School, Royal Indian College, Cooper's Hill. Com- municated by Professor M. FOSTER, Sec. R.S. . 539

Index . .63



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate l.-Sir RICHARD OWEN on Additional Evidence of the Affinities of the Extinct Marsupial Quadruped Thylacoleo ctruifex (OWEN).

Plates 2 to 5.--Dr. I1I. GADOW on the Cloaca and the Copulatory Organs of the Amniota.

Plate 6.-Professor T. CAIRNELLEY. Mr. J. S. HALDANE, and Dr. A. M. ANDERSON

on the Carbonic Acid, Organic Matter, and Micro-organisms in Ailr more especially of Dwellings and Schools.

Plate 7.--Dr. C. E. BEEVOR and Professor V. HORSLEY on a Minute Analysis (Experimental) of the Various Movements produced by stimulating in the Monkey different Regions of the Cortical Centre for the Upper Limb, as defined by Professor FERRIER.

Plates 8 and 9.-Mr. J. W. HULKE on Polacanthus Foxii, describing the Dorsal Shield and some Parts of the Endoskeleton, imperfectly known in 1881.

Plates 10 to 13.---Professor H. MARSHALL WARD on the Structure and Life-History of Entyloma Ranuncutli (BONORDEN).

Plates 14 to 16.-Professor H. G. SEELEY on the Structure, Organization, and Classification of the Fossil Reptilia.

Plates 17 to 20.--Mrs. G. C. FRANKLAND and Dr. P. F. FRANK LAND on some New Micro-organisms obtained from Air.

Plates 21 to 24.--Professor W. C. WILLIAMSON on the Organization of the Fossil Plants of the Coal-MIjeasures.

Plate 25.-Mr. G. MASSES on G.asterolichenes: a New Type of the group Lichenes.

Plate 26.-Mr. E. B. POULTON on the Cause and Extent of a special Colour-relation between certain exposed Lepidopterous Pupae and the Surfaces which imme-, diately surround them.

Plates 27 and 28.-Mr. 0. THOMAS on the Homologies and Succession of the Teeth in the Dasyuridae, with an Attempt to trace the History of the Evolution of Mammalian Teeth in general.

Plates 29 to 31.-Mr. W. H. CALDWELL on the Embryology of Monotreinata and Marsu-pialia.

Plates 32 and p3.-P'rofessor H. MARSHALL WARD ON the Tubercular Swellings on the Roots of Vicia Faba.



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